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Wang L, Wang L, Sun X, Fu L, Wang X, Wang X, Chen L, Huang Y. Detection of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 for pancreatic cancer imaging and treatment via a "turn-on" fluorescent probe. Analyst 2024; 149:2877-2886. [PMID: 38567989 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is expressed ubiquitously in cancer cells and can metabolize exogenous substances. Studies show higher UGT1A1 levels in pancreatic cancer cells than normal cells. Therefore, we need a method to monitor the activity level of UGT1A1 in pancreatic cancer cells and in vivo. Here, we report a fluorescent probe, BCy-panc, for UGT1A1 imaging in cells and in vivo. Compared with other molecular probes, this probe is readily prepared, with high selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of UGT1A1. Our results show that BCy-panc rapidly detects UGT1A1 in pancreatic cancer. In addition, there is an urgent need for evidence to clarify the relationship between UGT1A1 and pancreatic cancer development. The present investigation found that the increase of UGT1A1 by chrysin was effective in inducing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. These results indicate that the synergistic effect of chrysin and cisplatin at the cellular level is superior to that of cisplatin alone. The UGT1A1 level may be a biomarker for early diagnosis of cancer. Meanwhile, UGT1A1 plays a crucial role in pancreatic cancer, and the combination of chrysin and cisplatin may provide effective ideas for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Jinan Zhangqiu District People's Hospital, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Lili Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Xinlei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Lingxin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
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Belhadj Z, Offei S, Jacobson BA, Cambron D, Kratzke RA, Wang Z, Xie J. Cancer sensitizing effect of deazaflavin analogs is associated with increased intracellular drug accumulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106686. [PMID: 38159687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As part of our efforts geared towards developing mechanism-based cancer sensitizing agents, we have previously synthesized and characterized novel deazaflavin analogs as potent tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) inhibitors for combination treatments with topoisomerase II (TOP2) poisons. Interestingly, the sensitizing effect of a few analogs toward TOP2 poison etoposide (ETP) was associated with a significant increase in intracellular drug accumulation, which could be an alternative mechanism to boost the clinical efficacy of ETP in cancer chemotherapies. Hence, we evaluated more deazaflavin TDP2 inhibitors for their impact on drug retention in cancer cells. We found that all but one tested TDP2 inhibitors substantially increased the ETP retention in DT40 cells. Particularly, we identified an exceptionally potent analog, ZW-1226, which at 3 nM increased the intracellular ETP by 13-fold. Significantly, ZW-1226 also stimulated cellular accumulation of two other anticancer drugs, TOP2 poison teniposide and antifolate pemetrexed, and produced an effect more pronounced than those of ABC transporter inhibitors verapamil and elacridar in human leukemic CCRF-CEM cells toward ETP. Lastly, ZW-1226 potentiated the action of ETP in the sensitive human CCRF-CEM cells and a few resistant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, including H460 and H838 cells. Collectively, the results of this study strongly suggest that deazaflavin analog ZW-1226 could be an effective cancer sensitizing agent which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Belhadj
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel Offei
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Blake A Jacobson
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Cambron
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert A Kratzke
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Hu DG, Marri S, Hulin JA, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI, Meech R. The Somatic Mutation Landscape of UDP-Glycosyltransferase (UGT) Genes in Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36428799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGTs) superfamily has a critical role in the metabolism of anticancer drugs and numerous pro/anti-cancer molecules (e.g., steroids, lipids, fatty acids, bile acids and carcinogens). Recent studies have shown wide and abundant expression of UGT genes in human cancers. However, the extent to which UGT genes acquire somatic mutations within tumors remains to be systematically investigated. In the present study, our comprehensive analysis of the somatic mutation profiles of 10,069 tumors from 33 different TCGA cancer types identified 3427 somatic mutations in UGT genes. Overall, nearly 18% (1802/10,069) of the assessed tumors had mutations in UGT genes with huge variations in mutation frequency across different cancer types, ranging from over 25% in five cancers (COAD, LUAD, LUSC, SKCM and UCSC) to less than 5% in eight cancers (LAML, MESO, PCPG, PAAD, PRAD, TGCT, THYM and UVM). All 22 UGT genes showed somatic mutations in tumors, with UGT2B4, UGT3A1 and UGT3A2 showing the largest number of mutations (289, 307 and 255 mutations, respectively). Nearly 65% (2260/3427) of the mutations were missense, frame-shift and nonsense mutations that have been predicted to code for variant UGT proteins. Furthermore, about 10% (362/3427) of the mutations occurred in non-coding regions (5' UTR, 3' UTR and splice sites) that may be able to alter the efficiency of translation initiation, miRNA regulation or the splicing of UGT transcripts. In conclusion, our data show widespread somatic mutations of UGT genes in human cancers that may affect the capacity of cancer cells to metabolize anticancer drugs and endobiotics that control pro/anti-cancer signaling pathways. This highlights their potential utility as biomarkers for predicting therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes.
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Ishii H, Shibuya M, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Sato F, Kuroda T, Yamada M, Leung GNW. Pharmacokinetic Study of Vadadustat and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Characterization of its Novel Metabolites in Equines for the Purpose of Doping Control. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:850-865. [PMID: 36017833 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220825093945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vadadustat, a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) inhibitor, is a substance which carries a lifetime ban in both horse racing and equestrian competition. A comprehensive metabolic study of vadadustat in horses has not been previously reported. OBJECTIVE Metabolism and elimination profiles of vadadustat in equine plasma and urine were studied for the purpose of doping control. METHODS A nasoesophageal administration of vadadustat (3 g/day for 3 days) was conducted on three thoroughbred mares. Potential metabolites were comprehensively detected by differential analysis of full-scan mass spectral data obtained from both in vitro studies with liver homogenates and post-administration samples using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. The identities of metabolites were further substantiated by product ion scans. Quantification methods were developed and validated for the establishment of the excretion profiles of the total vadadustat (free and conjugates) in plasma and urine. RESULTS A total of 23 in vivo and 14 in vitro metabolites (12 in common) were identified after comprehensive analysis. We found that vadadustat was mainly excreted into urine as the parent drug together with some minor conjugated metabolites. The elimination profiles of total vadadustat in post-administration plasma and urine were successfully established by using quantification methods equipped with alkaline hydrolysis for cleavage of conjugates such as methylated vadadustat, vadadustat glucuronide, and vadadustat glucoside. CONCLUSION Based on our study, for effective control of the misuse or abuse of vadadustat in horses, total vadadustat could successfully be detected for up to two weeks after administration in plasma and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0851, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Zip 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mariko Shibuya
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0851, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Zip 105-0003, Japan
| | - Yu Sone
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Zip 105-0003, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kamiya
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, 835-1 Ne, Shiroi, Chiba, Zip 270-1431, Japan
| | - Ai Wakuno
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, 835-1 Ne, Shiroi, Chiba, Zip 270-1431, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School, Japan Racing Association, 835-1 Ne, Shiroi, Chiba, Zip 270-1431, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyata
- JRA Equestrian Park Utsunomiya Office, 321-4 Tokamicho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0856, Japan
| | - Fumio Sato
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Zip 329-0412, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kuroda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Zip 329-0412, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0851, Japan
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Zip 320-0851, Japan
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Yuan L, Zhang L, Yao N, Wu L, Liu J, Liu F, Zhang H, Hu X, Xiong Y, Xia C. Upregulation of UGT1A1 expression by ursolic acid and oleanolic acid via the inhibition of the PKC/NF-κB signaling pathway. Phytomedicine 2021; 92:153726. [PMID: 34536821 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isomeric ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) compounds have recently garnered great attention due to their biological effects. Previously, it had been shown that UA and OA can exert important pharmacological action via the protein kinase C (PKC) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, and that they can induce the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) in HepG2 cells. This study aims to investigate the role of PKC/NF-κB signaling in regulating the expression of UGT1A1 and examine how UA and OA induce UGT1A1 based on this signaling pathway. METHODS HepG2 cells, hp65-overexpressed HepG2 cell and lentivirus-hp65-shRNA silenced HepG2 cells were stimulated with PKC/NF-κB specific agonists and inhibitors for 24 h in the presence or absence of UA and OA. The expression of UGT1A1, PKC, and NF-κB were determined by qRT-PCR, western blot, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. RESULTS PKC/NF-κB activation downregulates UGT1A1 expression. This effect is countered by UA and OA treatment. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the agonists of PKC and NF-κB signaling, respectively, significantly inhibit hp65-mediated UGT1A1 luciferase activity. UA, OA, and the PKC/NF-κB inhibitors suppress this effect. PMA and LPS do not affect UGT1A1 activity in p65-silenced HepG2 cells; however, UA and OA mildly influence UGT1A1 expression in these cells. CONCLUSION The activation of PKC/NF-κB signaling can significantly downregulate UGT1A1 expression. By inhibiting the PKC/NF-κB signaling pathway, UA and OA promote UGT1A1 expression in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lingming Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Na Yao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lingna Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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Zhang W, Gou P, Dupret JM, Chomienne C, Rodrigues-Lima F. Etoposide, an anticancer drug involved in therapy-related secondary leukemia: Enzymes at play. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101169. [PMID: 34243013 PMCID: PMC8273223 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Etoposide is a semi-synthetic glycoside derivative of podophyllotoxin, also known as VP-16. It is a widely used anticancer medicine in clinics. Unfortunately, high doses or long-term etoposide treatment can induce therapy-related leukemia. The mechanism by which etoposide induces secondary hematopoietic malignancies is still unclear. In this article, we review the potential mechanisms of etoposide induced therapy-related leukemia. Etoposide related leukemogenesis is known to depend on reactive oxidative metabolites of etoposide, notably etoposide quinone, which interacts with cellular proteins such as topoisomerases II (TOP2), CREB-binding protein (CREBBP), and T-Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (TCPTP). CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 metabolize etoposide to etoposide catechol, which readily oxidizes to etoposide quinone. As a poison of TOP2 enzymes, etoposide and its metabolites induce DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB), and the accumulation of DSB triggers cell apoptosis. If the cell survives, the DSB gives rise to the likelihood of faulty DNA repair events. The gene translocation could occur in mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene, which is well-known in leukemogenesis. Recently, studies have revealed that etoposide metabolites, especially etoposide quinone, can covalently bind to cysteines residues of CREBBP and TCPTP enzymes, . This leads to enzyme inhibition and further affects histone acetylation and phosphorylation of the JAK-STAT pathway, thus putatively altering the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). In brief, current studies suggest that etoposide and its metabolites contribute to etoposide therapy-related leukemia through TOP2 mediated DSB and impairs specific enzyme activity, such as CREBBP and TCPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhang
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris F-75013, France.
| | - Panhong Gou
- Inserm UMR-S1131, Université de Paris, IRSL, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | | | - Christine Chomienne
- Inserm UMR-S1131, Université de Paris, IRSL, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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Wang Z, Wang X, Wang Z, Jia Y, Feng Y, Jiang L, Xia Y, Cao J, Liu Y. In vitro inhibition of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 by osimertinib, and prediction of in vivo drug-drug interactions. Toxicol Lett 2021; 348:10-17. [PMID: 34044055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Osimertinib is the only third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This study aimed to know the inhibitory effect of osimertinib on human UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs) and human liver microsomes (HLMs), as well as to identify its potential to cause drug-drug interaction (DDI) arising from the modulation of UGT activity. High inhibitory effect of osimertinib was shown towards UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A10, 2B7 and 2B15. Especially, osimertinib exhibited competitive inhibition against UGT1A1 with a Ki,u of 0.87 ± 0.12 μM. It also noncompetitively inhibited SN-38 glucuronidation in pooled HLMs with a Ki,u of 3.32 ± 0.25 μM. Results from quantitative prediction study indicated that osimertinib administered at 80 mg/day may result in a 4.83 % increase in the AUC of drugs mainly metabolized by UGT1A1, implying low risk of DDI via liver metabolism. However, the ratios of [I]gut/Ki,u are much higher than 11 in HLMs and recombinant UGT1A1, indicating a risk for interaction in intestine. The effects of osimertinib on intestinal UGT should be paid more attention on to avoid unnecessary clinical DDI risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Yaqin Jia
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Yuyi Feng
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Yangliu Xia
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
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Wang X, Wang Z, Fan X, Yan M, Jiang L, Xia Y, Cao J, Liu Y. Comparison of the drug-drug interactions potential of ibrutinib and acalabrutinib via inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 424:115595. [PMID: 34038714 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ibrutinib and acalabrutinib are two Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors which have gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of various B cell malignancies. Herein, we investigated the effects of the two drugs on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities to evaluate their potential risk for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) via UGT inhibition. Our data indicated that ibrutinib exerted broad inhibition on most of UGTs, including a potent competitive inhibition against UGT1A1 with a Ki value of 0.90 ± 0.03 μM, a noncompetitive inhibition against UGT1A3 and UGT1A7 with Ki values of 0.88 ± 0.03 μM and 2.52 ± 0.23 μM, respectively, while acalabrutinib only exhibited weak UGT inhibition towards all tested UGT isoforms. DDI risk prediction suggested that the inhibition against UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 by ibrutinib might bring a potential DDIs risk, while acalabrutinib was unlikely to trigger clinically significant UGT-mediated DDIs due to its weak effects. Our study raises an alarm bell about potential DDI risk associated with ibrutinib, however, the extrapolation from in vitro data to in vivo drug interactions should be taken with caution, and additional systemic study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Mingrui Yan
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yangliu Xia
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
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Khatri R, Fallon JK, Sykes C, Kulick N, Rementer RJB, Miner TA, Schauer AP, Kashuba ADM, Boggess KA, Brouwer KLR, Smith PC, Lee CR. Pregnancy-Related Hormones Increase UGT1A1-Mediated Labetalol Metabolism in Human Hepatocytes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655320. [PMID: 33995076 PMCID: PMC8115026 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-related hormones (PRH) are recognized as important regulators of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme expression and function. However, the impact of PRH on the hepatic expression and function of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) remains unclear. Using primary human hepatocytes, we evaluated the effect of PRH exposure on mRNA levels and protein concentrations of UGT1A1, UGT2B7, and other key UGT enzymes, and on the metabolism of labetalol (a UGT1A1 and UGT2B7 substrate commonly prescribed to treat hypertensive disorders of pregnancy). Sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) from female donors were exposed to the PRH estradiol, estriol, estetrol, progesterone, and cortisol individually or in combination. We quantified protein concentrations of UGT1A1, UGT2B7, and four additional UGT1A isoforms in SCHH membrane fractions and evaluated the metabolism of labetalol to its glucuronide metabolites in SCHH. PRH exposure increased mRNA levels and protein concentrations of UGT1A1 and UGT1A4 in SCHH. PRH exposure also significantly increased labetalol metabolism to its UGT1A1-derived glucuronide metabolite in a concentration-dependent manner, which positively correlated with PRH-induced changes in UGT1A1 protein concentrations. In contrast, PRH did not alter UGT2B7 mRNA levels or protein concentrations in SCHH, and formation of the UGT2B7-derived labetalol glucuronide metabolite was decreased following PRH exposure. Our findings demonstrate that PRH alter expression and function of UGT proteins in an isoform-specific manner and increase UGT1A1-mediated labetalol metabolism in human hepatocytes by inducing UGT1A1 protein concentrations. These results provide mechanistic insight into the increases in labetalol clearance observed in pregnant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Khatri
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Craig Sykes
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Natasha Kulick
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca J B Rementer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Taryn A Miner
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Amanda P Schauer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kim A Boggess
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Craig R Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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10
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Mieszkowska A, Nowicka AM, Kowalczyk A, Potęga A, Pawłowska M, Kosno M, Augustin E, Mazerska Z. Metabolic Profiles of New Unsymmetrical Bisacridine Antitumor Agents in Electrochemical and Enzymatic Noncellular Systems and in Tumor Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:317. [PMID: 33915981 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New unsymmetrical bisacridines (UAs) demonstrated high activity not only against a set of tumor cell lines but also against human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Representative UA compounds, named C-2028, C-2045 and C-2053, were characterized in respect to their physicochemical properties and the following studies aimed to elucidate the role of metabolic transformations in UAs action. We demonstrated with phase I and phase II enzymes in vitro and in tumors cells that: (i) metabolic products generated by cytochrome P450 (P450), flavin monooxygenase (FMO) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoenzymes in noncellular systems retained the compound’s dimeric structures, (ii) the main transformation pathway is the nitro group reduction with P450 isoenzymes and the metabolism to N-oxide derivative with FMO1, (iii), the selected UGT1 isoenzymes participated in the glucuronidation of one compound, C-2045, the hydroxy derivative. Metabolism in tumor cells, HCT-116 and HT-29, of normal and higher UGT1A10 expression, respectively, also resulted in the glucuronidation of only C-2045 and the specific distribution of all compounds between the cell medium and cell extract was demonstrated. Moreover, P4503A4 activity was inhibited by C-2045 and C-2053, whereas C-2028 affected UGT1A and UGT2B action. The above conclusions indicate the optimal strategy for the balance among antitumor therapeutic efficacy and drug resistance in the future antitumor therapy.
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11
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Miners JO, Rowland A, Novak JJ, Lapham K, Goosen TC. Evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of human drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase reaction phenotyping. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107689. [PMID: 32980440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily contribute to the elimination of drugs from almost all therapeutic classes. Awareness of the importance of glucuronidation as a drug clearance mechanism along with increased knowledge of the enzymology of drug and chemical metabolism has stimulated interest in the development and application of approaches for the characterisation of human drug glucuronidation in vitro, in particular reaction phenotyping (the fractional contribution of the individual UGT enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of a given drug), assessment of metabolic stability, and UGT enzyme inhibition by drugs and other xenobiotics. In turn, this has permitted the implementation of in vitro - in vivo extrapolation approaches for the prediction of drug metabolic clearance, intestinal availability, and drug-drug interaction liability, all of which are of considerable importance in pre-clinical drug development. Indeed, regulatory agencies (FDA and EMA) require UGT reaction phenotyping for new chemical entities if glucuronidation accounts for ≥25% of total metabolism. In vitro studies are most commonly performed with recombinant UGT enzymes and human liver microsomes (HLM) as the enzyme sources. Despite the widespread use of in vitro approaches for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation by HLM and recombinant enzymes, evidence-based guidelines relating to experimental approaches are lacking. Here we present evidence-based strategies for the characterisation of drug and chemical glucuronidation in vitro, and for UGT reaction phenotyping. We anticipate that the strategies will inform practice, encourage development of standardised experimental procedures where feasible, and guide ongoing research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Hassenberg C, Clausen F, Hoffmann G, Studer A, Schürenkamp J. Investigation of phase II metabolism of 11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolite verification by chemical synthesis of 11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-glucuronide. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:2105-2119. [PMID: 32808050 PMCID: PMC7578173 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ((-)-Δ-9-THC) is the main psychoactive constituent in cannabis. During phase I metabolism, it is metabolized to (-)-11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ((-)-11-OH-Δ-9-THC), which is psychoactive, and to (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ((-)-Δ-9-THC-COOH), which is psychoinactive. It is glucuronidated during phase II metabolism. The biotransformation of (-)-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-glucuronide ((-)-Δ-9-THC-Glc) and (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-glucuronide ((-)-Δ-9-THC-COOH-Glc) is well understood, which is mainly due to the availability of commercial reference standards. Since such a standardized reference is not yet available for (-)-11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-glucuronide ((-)-11-OH-Δ-9-THC-Glc), its biotransformation is harder to study and the nature of the glucuronide bonding-alcoholic and/or phenolic-remains unclear. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the biotransformation of (-)-11-OH-Δ-9-THC-Glc in vitro as well as in vivo and to identify the glucuronide by chemically synthesis of a reference standard. For in vitro analysis, pooled human S9 liver fraction was incubated with (-)-Δ-9-THC. Resulting metabolites were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer (HPLC-HRMS) with heated electrospray ionization (HESI) in positive and negative full scan mode. Five different chromatographic peaks of OH-Δ-9-THC-Glc have been detected in HESI positive and negative mode, respectively. The experiment set up according to Wen et al. indicates the two main metabolites being an alcoholic and a phenolic glucuronide metabolite. In vivo analysis of urine (n = 10) and serum (n = 10) samples from cannabis users confirmed these two main metabolites. Thus, OH-Δ-9-THC is glucuronidated at either the phenolic or the alcoholic hydroxy group. A double glucuronidation was not observed. The alcoholic (-)-11-OH-Δ-9-THC-Glc was successfully chemically synthesized and identified the main alcoholic glucuronide in vitro and in vivo. (-)-11-OH-Δ-9-THC-Glc is the first reference standard for direct identification and quantification. This enables future research to answer the question whether phenolic or alcoholic glucuronidation forms the predominant way of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hassenberg
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstr, 23, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Clausen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Grete Hoffmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schürenkamp
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstr, 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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13
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Moeung S, Chevreau C, Marsili S, Massart C, Fléchon A, Delva R, Gravis G, Lotz JP, Bay JO, Gross-Goupil M, Filleron T, Delmas C, Lafont T, Chatelut E, Thomas F. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacogenetic Study of Etoposide in High-Dose Protocol (TI-CE) for Advanced Germ Cell Tumors. Pharm Res 2020; 37:147. [PMID: 32676789 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Etoposide dosing is based on body surface area. We evaluated if further dose individualization would be required for high dose (HD) etoposide within the TI-CE (taxol, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide) protocol. METHODS Eighty-eight patients received 400 mg/m2/day of etoposide as a 1-hour IV infusion on 3 consecutive days over 3 cycles as part of a phase II trial evaluating efficacy of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of carboplatin in the TI-CE HD protocol. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data were analyzed using population PK model on NONMEM to quantify inter- and intra-individual variabilities. Relationship between etoposide exposure and pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoints, and between selected genetic polymorphisms and tumor response or toxicity were evaluated. RESULTS The inter-patient, inter- and intra-cycle variabilities of clearance were 16%, 9% and 0.1%, respectively. The PK-PD relationship was not significant despite a trend toward higher etoposide exposure in patients responding to treatment. A significant correlation was found between exposure and extended neutropenia at cycle 3. A significant association between UGT1A1*28 polymorphism and late neutropenia was observed but needs further evaluation. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that neither a priori dose individualization nor dose adaptation using TDM is required validating body surface area dosing of etoposide in the TI-CE protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotheara Moeung
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sabrina Marsili
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Rémy Delva
- Institut De Cancérologie de l'Ouest Paul Papin, Angers, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Delmas
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Lafont
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Chatelut
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France. .,CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, France.
| | - Fabienne Thomas
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.,CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, France
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14
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Zhu YD, Pang HL, Zhou QH, Qin ZF, Jin Q, Finel M, Wang YN, Qin WW, Lu Y, Wang DD, Ge GB. An ultra-sensitive and easy-to-use assay for sensing human UGT1A1 activities in biological systems. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:263-270. [PMID: 32612873 PMCID: PMC7322753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), one of the most essential conjugative enzymes, is responsible for the metabolism and detoxification of bilirubin and other endogenous substances, as well as many different xenobiotic compounds. Deciphering UGT1A1 relevance to human diseases and characterizing the effects of small molecules on the activities of UGT1A1 requires reliable tools for probing the function of this key enzyme in complex biological matrices. Herein, an easy-to-use assay for highly-selective and sensitive monitoring of UGT1A1 activities in various biological matrices, using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FD), has been developed and validated. The newly developed LC-FD based assay has been confirmed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, precision, quantitative linear range and stability. One of its main advantages is lowering the limits of detection and quantification by about 100-fold in comparison to the previous assay that used the same probe substrate, enabling reliable quantification of lower amounts of active enzyme than any other method. The precision test demonstrated that both intra- and inter-day variations for this assay were less than 5.5%. Furthermore, the newly developed assay has also been successfully used to screen and characterize the regulatory effects of small molecules on the expression level of UGT1A1 in living cells. Overall, an easy-to-use LC-FD based assay has been developed for ultra-sensitive UGT1A1 activities measurements in various biological systems, providing an inexpensive and practical approach for exploring the role of UGT1A1 in human diseases, interactions with xenobiotics, and characterization modulatory effects of small molecules on this conjugative enzyme. An easy-to-use assay for sensing UGT1A1 activities has been developed, using LC-FD. The newly developed assay is fully validated. The LC-FD based assay is currently the most sensitive UGT1A1 activity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Di Zhu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui-Lin Pang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Qi-Hang Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zi-Fei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Yi-Nan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei-Wei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
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15
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Yao N, Zeng C, Zhan T, He F, Liu M, Liu F, Zhang H, Xiong Y, Xia C. Oleanolic Acid and Ursolic Acid Induce UGT1A1 Expression in HepG2 Cells by Activating PXR Rather Than CAR. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1111. [PMID: 31611795 PMCID: PMC6777376 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oleanolic acid (OA) and its isomer ursolic acid (UA) have recently emerged as research foci based on their biologic activities. We previously demonstrated that UA can inhibit the activities of UGT1A3 and UGT1A4, and OA inhibits UGT1A3 activity in liver microsomes. However, whether OA and UA affect the expression of UGT1As in HepG2 cells and the underlying regulatory mechanism remain unclear. Purpose: The present study aimed to explore the effect of OA and UA on the expression of UGT1As in HepG2 cells and the regulatory mechanisms on UGT1A1 based on the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) signaling pathways. Methods: We analyzed the effect of OA and UA on UGT1A expression and on the PXR/CAR regulatory pathway in HepG2 cells, hPXR-silenced HepG2 cells, and hCAR-silenced HepG2 cells by Q-PCR, Western blotting, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. Results: In HepG2 cells, OA and UA both significantly induced the expression of UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, and UGT1A9 and upregulated the expression of PXR. However, OA and UA did not affect CAR expression. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that OA and UA could markedly promote PXR-mediated UGT1A1 luciferase activity, whereas OA and UA did not affect CAR-mediated UGT1A1 luciferase activity. In hPXR-silenced HepG2 cells, OA and UA did not elevate UGT1A1 activity compared to the control group. However, the expression of UGT1A1 in hCAR-silenced HepG2 cells was markedly elevated compared to the control group or with non-silenced HepG2 cells treated with OA (10, 20, and 40 μM) or UA (10, 20, and 40 μM). Conclusions: OA and UA significantly induce the expression of UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, and UGT1A9 in HepG2 cells, and their induction on UGT1A1 is mediated by PXR activation, not CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Caiwen Zeng
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Oncology, Jiangxi Province Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Zhan
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang He
- Pharmacy Department, Jiangxi Province Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingyi Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Steventon
- Consultant in ADMET, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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17
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Balasubramaniam S, Redon CE, Peer CJ, Bryla C, Lee MJ, Trepel JB, Tomita Y, Rajan A, Giaccone G, Bonner WM, Figg WD, Fojo T, Piekarz RL, Bates SE. Phase I trial of belinostat with cisplatin and etoposide in advanced solid tumors, with a focus on neuroendocrine and small cell cancers of the lung. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:457-65. [PMID: 29420340 DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The standard-of-care for advanced small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is chemotherapy with cisplatin+etoposide (C+E). Most patients have chemosensitive disease at the outset, but disease frequently relapses and limits survival. Efforts to improve therapeutic outcomes in SCLC and other neuroendocrine cancers have focused on epigenetic agents, including the histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat. The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of the combination of belinostat (B) with C+E. Belinostat was administered as a 48-h continuous intravenous infusion on days 1-2; cisplatin was administered as a 1-h intravenous infusion on day 2; and etoposide was administered as a 1-h intravenous infusion on days 2, 3, and 4. Twenty-eight patients were recruited in this single-center study. The maximum tolerated dose was belinostat 500 mg/m/24 h, cisplatin 60 mg/m, and etoposide 80 mg/m. The combination was safe, although some patients were more susceptible to adverse events. Hematologic toxicities were most commonly observed. Objective responses were observed in 11 (39%) of 28 patients and seven (47%) of 15 patients with neuroendocrine tumors (including SCLC). Patients carrying more than three copies of variant UGT1A1 (*28 and *60) had higher serum levels of belinostat because of slower clearance. DNA damage peaked at 36 h after the initiation of belinostat, as did global lysine acetylation, but returned to baseline 12 h after the end of infusion. The combination of B+C+E is safe and active in SCLC and other neuroendocrine cancers. Future phase II studies should consider genotyping patients for UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*60 and to identify patients at an increased risk of adverse events.
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18
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Lv X, Xia Y, Finel M, Wu J, Ge G, Yang L. Recent progress and challenges in screening and characterization of UGT1A1 inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:258-278. [PMID: 30972276 PMCID: PMC6437557 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is an important conjugative enzyme in mammals that is responsible for the conjugation and detoxification of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Strong inhibition of UGT1A1 may trigger adverse drug/herb-drug interactions, or result in metabolic disorders of endobiotic metabolism. Therefore, both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have recommended assaying the inhibitory potential of drugs under development on the human UGT1A1 prior to approval. This review focuses on the significance, progress and challenges in discovery and characterization of UGT1A1 inhibitors. Recent advances in the development of UGT1A1 probes and their application for screening UGT1A1 inhibitors are summarized and discussed in this review for the first time. Furthermore, a long list of UGT1A1 inhibitors, including information on their inhibition potency, inhibition mode, and affinity, has been prepared and analyzed. Challenges and future directions in this field are highlighted in the final section. The information and knowledge that are presented in this review provide guidance for rational use of drugs/herbs in order to avoid the occurrence of adverse effects via UGT1A1 inhibition, as well as presenting methods for rapid screening and characterization of UGT1A1 inhibitors and for facilitating investigations on UGT1A1-ligand interactions.
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19
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Anai S, Iwama E, Yoneshima Y, Otsubo K, Tanaka K, Nakanishi Y, Okamoto I. Association of nephrotoxicity during platinum-etoposide doublet therapy with UGT1A1 polymorphisms in small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2018; 126:156-61. [PMID: 30527181 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Etoposide is a key agent in the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is thought to be largely responsible for the glucuronidation of etoposide as well as that of irinotecan, suggesting that polymorphisms of UGT1A1 might be predictive of etoposide toxicity. We therefore examined the relation between UGT1A1 polymorphisms and toxicity profile during platinum-etoposide doublet therapy in SCLC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS SCLC patients who underwent platinum-etoposide doublet therapy and molecular testing for UGT1A1 genotype were reviewed for the occurrence of adverse events during treatment. RESULTS A total of 41 SCLC patients received platinum-etoposide doublet therapy and were genotyped for UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A1*28 alleles. These alleles were detected in 15 (36.6%) patients, with the genotypes of *6/-, *6/*6, *28/-, *28/*28, or *6/*28 being observed in 9 (22.0%), 2 (4.9%), 2 (4.9%), 1 (2.4%), and 1 (2.4%) patients, respectively. The presence of these alleles was significantly associated with an increase in serum creatinine concentration of grade ≥2 (incidence of 66.7% for patients with the alleles versus 11.5% for those without, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis also showed that these UGT1A1 alleles were significantly associated with therapy-induced nephrotoxicity (odds ratio of 19.30, 95% confidence interval of 2.50-149.00, P < 0.005). Although the differences did not achieve statistical significance, the incidence of other severe toxicities including febrile neutropenia was also slightly higher in patients with the UGT1A1*6 or UGT1A1*28 alleles than in those without them. CONCLUSION Our results reveal an association between UGT1A1 polymorphisms and toxicity of platinum-etoposide doublet therapy in SCLC patients, suggesting that close monitoring for toxicity, especially nephrotoxicity, is warranted for patients with such variant alleles receiving this treatment.
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Negoro Y, Yano R, Yoshimura M, Suehiro Y, Yamashita S, Kodawara T, Watanabe K, Tsukamoto H, Nakamura T, Kadowaki M, Morikawa M, Umeda Y, Anzai M, Ishizuka T, Goto N. Influence of UGT1A1 polymorphism on etoposide plus platinum-induced neutropenia in Japanese patients with small-cell lung cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2018; 24:256-261. [PMID: 30328531 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-018-1358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between UGT1A1 polymorphism and etoposide-induced toxicities is still not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the association between uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene polymorphism and severe hematologic toxicities in Japanese patients receiving etoposide plus platinum chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. METHODS This retrospective analysis included patients with small-cell lung cancer who had received their first-line chemotherapy with etoposide plus cisplatin or carboplatin, between October 2008 and April 2018, at the University of Fukui Hospital. The relationship between UGT1A1 polymorphisms and first-cycle neutropenia as well as thrombocytopenia was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 55 patients were enrolled. The incidence of grade 4 neutropenia during the first cycle of etoposide-based chemotherapy was higher in patients with homozygous (hmz) polymorphisms for UGT1A1*28 and *6 (*28/*28, *6/*6, and *6/*28) than in patients with wild-type (wt) (*1/*1) and heterozygous (htz) (*1/*28 and *1/*6) polymorphisms (88% vs 43% P = 0.03). The incidence of febrile neutropenia and grade 4 thrombocytopenia, however, was not significantly different. Multivariate analysis suggested that grade 4 neutropenia associated significantly with an hmz UGT1A1 genotype [odds ratio (OR) 11.3; P = 0.04] and administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) before the neutrophil counts dropped to < 500 cells/µL (OR; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6 mutations might be regarded as predictors for etoposide-induced grade 4 neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Negoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Yano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Suehiro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kodawara
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kyohei Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
- Medical Research Support Center, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakamura
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maiko Kadowaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Miwa Morikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Umeda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masaki Anzai
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Goto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Fukui Hospital, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
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21
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Park JB, Kim D, Min JS, Jeong S, Cho D, Zheng YF, Yoon KD, Bae SK. Identification and characterization of in vitro inhibitors against UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in uva-ursi extracts and evaluation of in vivo uva-ursi-drug interactions. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:651-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Lv X, Zhang JB, Hou J, Dou TY, Ge GB, Hu WZ, Yang L. Chemical Probes for Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases: A Comprehensive Review. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800002. [PMID: 30192065 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UGTs play crucial roles in the metabolism and detoxification of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. The key roles of UGTs in human health have garnered great interest in the design and development of specific probes for human UGTs. However, in contrast to other human enzymes, the probe substrates for human UGTs are rarely reported, owing to the highly overlapping substrate specificities of UGTs and the lack of the integrated crystal structures of UGTs. Over the past decades, many efforts are made to develop specific probe substrates for UGTs and use them in both basic research and drug discovery. This review focuses on recent progress in the development of probe substrates for UGTs and their biomedical applications. A long list of chemical probes for UGTs, including non-fluorescent and fluorescent probes along with their structural information and kinetic parameters, are prepared and analyzed. Additionally, challenges and future directions in this field are highlighted in the final section. All information and knowledge presented in this review provide practical tools/methods for measuring UGT activities in complex biological samples, which will be very helpful for rapid screening and characterization of UGT modulators, and for exploring the relevance of UGT enzymes to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | | | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Tong-Yi Dou
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wen-Zhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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23
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Lapham K, Lin J, Novak J, Orozco C, Niosi M, Di L, Goosen TC, Ryu S, Riccardi K, Eng H, Cameron KO, Kalgutkar AS. 6-Chloro-5-[4-(1-Hydroxycyclobutyl)Phenyl]-1H-Indole-3-Carboxylic Acid is a Highly Selective Substrate for Glucuronidation by UGT1A1, Relative toβ-Estradiol. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1836-1846. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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24
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Lv X, Feng L, Ai CZ, Hou J, Wang P, Zou LW, Cheng J, Ge GB, Cui JN, Yang L. A Practical and High-Affinity Fluorescent Probe for Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1: A Good Surrogate for Bilirubin. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9664-9675. [PMID: 29125289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a practical and high-affinity fluorescent probe for uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), a key conjugative enzyme responsible for the elimination and detoxification of many potentially harmful compounds. Several substrates derived from N-butyl-4-phenyl-1,8-naphthalimide were designed and synthesized on the basis of the substrate preference of UGT1A1 and the principle of photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Following the preliminary screening, substrate 2 was found with a high specificity and high affinity toward UGT1A1, while such biotransformation brought remarkable changes in fluorescence emission. Both inhibition kinetic analyses and molecular docking simulations demonstrated that 2 could bind on UGT1A1 at the same ligand-binding site as bilirubin. Furthermore, this newly developed probe was successfully used for sensing UGT1A1 activities and the high-throughput screening of UGT1A1 modulators in complex biological samples. In conclusion, a practical and high-affinity fluorescent probe for UGT1A1 was designed and well-characterized, which could serve as a good surrogate for bilirubin to investigate UGT1A1-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lv
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203, China.,College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University , Dalian 116600, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chun-Zhi Ai
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jing-Nan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai 201203, China
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25
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Del Re M, Latiano T, Fidilio L, Restante G, Morelli F, Maiello E, Danesi R. Unusual gastrointestinal and cutaneous toxicities by bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin: a case report with pharmacogenetic analysis to personalize treatment. EPMA J 2017; 8:69-73. [PMID: 28620445 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-017-0080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The standard treatment of testicular germ cell tumors is based on the combination of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (PEB). However, this treatment may be associated with severe adverse reactions, such as hematological and non-hematological toxicities. Here, we report a case of a patient suffering from severe PEB-related toxicities, to whom pharmacogenetic analyses were performed, comprising a panel of genes involved in PEB metabolism. The analysis revealed the presence of a complex pattern of polymorphisms in GSTP1, UGT1A1 (TA)6/7, UGT1A7, and ABCB1. The present case shows that a pharmacogenetic approach can help in the management of adverse drug reactions in order to predict, prevent, and personalize treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Del Re
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 55, Via Roma, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Latiano
- Medical Oncology Unit, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
| | - Leonardo Fidilio
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 55, Via Roma, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuliana Restante
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 55, Via Roma, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Franco Morelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
| | - Evaristo Maiello
- Medical Oncology Unit, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 55, Via Roma, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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26
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Yang G, Ge S, Singh R, Basu S, Shatzer K, Zen M, Liu J, Tu Y, Zhang C, Wei J, Shi J, Zhu L, Liu Z, Wang Y, Gao S, Hu M. Glucuronidation: driving factors and their impact on glucuronide disposition. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:105-138. [PMID: 28266877 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1293682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is a well-recognized phase II metabolic pathway for a variety of chemicals including drugs and endogenous substances. Although it is usually the secondary metabolic pathway for a compound preceded by phase I hydroxylation, glucuronidation alone could serve as the dominant metabolic pathway for many compounds, including some with high aqueous solubility. Glucuronidation involves the metabolism of parent compound by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) into hydrophilic and negatively charged glucuronides that cannot exit the cell without the aid of efflux transporters. Therefore, elimination of parent compound via glucuronidation in a metabolic active cell is controlled by two driving forces: the formation of glucuronides by UGT enzymes and the (polarized) excretion of these glucuronides by efflux transporters located on the cell surfaces in various drug disposition organs. Contrary to the common assumption that the glucuronides reaching the systemic circulation were destined for urinary excretion, recent evidences suggest that hepatocytes are capable of highly efficient biliary clearance of the gut-generated glucuronides. Furthermore, the biliary- and enteric-eliminated glucuronides participate into recycling schemes involving intestinal microbes, which often prolong their local and systemic exposure, albeit at low systemic concentrations. Taken together, these recent research advances indicate that although UGT determines the rate and extent of glucuronide generation, the efflux and uptake transporters determine the distribution of these glucuronides into blood and then to various organs for elimination. Recycling schemes impact the apparent plasma half-life of parent compounds and their glucuronides that reach intestinal lumen, in addition to prolonging their gut and colon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Yang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China.,b Hubei Provincial Technology and Research Center for Comprehensive Development of Medicinal Herbs, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Shufan Ge
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Rashim Singh
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Sumit Basu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Katherine Shatzer
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Ming Zen
- d Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jiong Liu
- e Department of Digestive Diseases Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Yifan Tu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Chenning Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jinbao Wei
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jian Shi
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yuan Wang
- g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Song Gao
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Ming Hu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
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27
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Zheng YF, Min JS, Kim D, Park JB, Choi SW, Lee ES, Na K, Bae SK. In Vitro Inhibition of Human UDP-Glucuronosyl-Transferase (UGT) Isoforms by Astaxanthin, β-Cryptoxanthin, Canthaxanthin, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin: Prediction of in Vivo Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions. Molecules 2016; 21:E1052. [PMID: 27529203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of the five major xanthophylls astaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin as dietary supplements, there have been no studies regarding their inhibitory effects on hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Here, we evaluated the inhibitory potential of these xanthophylls on the seven major human hepatic UGTs (UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15) in vitro by LC-MS/MS using specific marker reactions in human liver microsomes (except UGT2B15) or recombinant supersomes (UGT2B15). We also predicted potential dietary supplement-drug interactions for β-cryptoxanthin via UGT1A1 inhibition. We demonstrated that astaxanthin and zeaxanthin showed no apparent inhibition, while the remaining xanthophylls showed only weak inhibitory effects on the seven UGTs. β-Cryptoxanthin mildly inhibited UGT1A1, UGT1A3, and UGT1A4, with IC50 values of 18.8 ± 2.07, 28.3 ± 4.40 and 34.9 ± 5.98 μM, respectively. Canthaxanthin weakly inhibited UGT1A1 and UGT1A3, with IC50 values of 38.5 ± 4.65 and 41.2 ± 3.14 μM, respectively; and lutein inhibited UGT1A1 and UGT1A4, with IC50 values of 45.5 ± 4.01 and 28.7 ± 3.79 μM, respectively. Among the tested xanthophyll-UGT pairs, β-cryptoxanthin showed the strongest competitive inhibition of UGT1A1 (Ki, 12.2 ± 0.985 μM). In addition, we predicted the risk of UGT1A1 inhibition in vivo using the reported maximum plasma concentration after oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin in humans. Our data suggests that these xanthophylls are unlikely to cause dietary supplement-drug interactions mediated by inhibition of the hepatic UGTs. These findings provide useful information for the safe clinical use of the tested xanthophylls.
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28
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Liu YQ, Yuan LM, Gao ZZ, Xiao YS, Sun HY, Yu LS, Zeng S. Dimerization of human uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase allozymes 1A1 and 1A9 alters their quercetin glucuronidation activities. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23763. [PMID: 27025983 DOI: 10.1038/srep23763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A) is a major phase II drug-metabolism enzyme superfamily involved in the glucuronidation of endobiotics and xenobiotics in humans. Many polymorphisms in UGT1A genes are reported to inhibit or decrease UGT1A activity. In this study, two UGT1A1 allozymes, UGT1A1 wild-type and a splice mutant, as well as UGT1A9 wild-type and its three UGT1A9 allozymes, UGT1A9*2(C3Y), UGT1A9*3(M33T), and UGT1A9*5(D256N) were single- or double-expressed in a Bac-to-Bac expression system. Dimerization of UGT1A1 or UGT1A9 allozymes was observed via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and co-immunoprecipitation analysis. SNPs of UGT1A altered the ability of protein-protein interaction, resulting in differential FRET efficiencies and donor-acceptor r distances. Dimerization changed the chemical regioselectivity, substrate-binding affinity, and enzymatic activity of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 in glucuronidation of quercetin. These findings provide molecular insights into the consequences of homozygous and heterozygous UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 allozymes expression on quercetin glucuronidation.
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29
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Li J, He C, Fang L, Yang L, Wang Z. Identification of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 as the Major Isozyme Responsible for the Glucuronidation of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol in Human Liver Microsomes. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:205. [PMID: 27005621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), one of the representative aglycones of ginsenosides, has a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Although phase I metabolism has been investigated extensively, information regarding phase II metabolism of this compound remains to be elucidated. Here, a glucuronidated metabolite of PPD in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and rat liver microsomes (RLMs) was unambiguously identified as PPD-3-O-β-d-glucuronide by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry. The chemical inhibition and recombinant human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms assay showed that the PPD glucuronidation was mainly catalyzed by UGT1A4 in HLM, whereas UGT1A3 showed weak catalytic activity. In conclusion, PPD-3-O-β-d-glucuronide was first identified as the principal glucuronidation metabolite of PPD in HLMs, which was catalyzed by UGT1A4.
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30
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Abstract
The final therapeutic effect of a drug candidate, which is directed to a specific molecular target strongly depends on its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). The disruption of at least one element of ADME may result in serious drug resistance. In this work we described the role of one element of this resistance: phase II metabolism with UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGT function is the transformation of their substrates into more polar metabolites, which are better substrates for the ABC transporters, MDR1, MRP and BCRP, than the native drug. UGT-mediated drug resistance can be associated with (i) inherent overexpression of the enzyme, named intrinsic drug resistance or (ii) induced expression of the enzyme, named acquired drug resistance observed when enzyme expression is induced by the drug or other factors, as food-derived compounds. Very often this induction occurs via ligand binding receptors including AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) PXR (pregnane X receptor), or other transcription factors. The effect of UGT dependent resistance is strengthened by coordinate action and also a coordinate regulation of the expression of UGTs and ABC transporters. This coupling of UGT and multidrug resistance proteins has been intensively studied, particularly in the case of antitumor treatment, when this resistance is "improved" by differences in UGT expression between tumor and healthy tissue. Multidrug resistance coordinated with glucuronidation has also been described here for drugs used in the management of epilepsy, psychiatric diseases, HIV infections, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Proposals to reverse UGT-mediated drug resistance should consider the endogenous functions of UGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Mazerska
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Mróz
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Pawłowska
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustin
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Wang X, Lv X, Li S, Hou J, Ning J, Wang J, Cao Y, Ge G, Guo B, Yang L. Identification and characterization of naturally occurring inhibitors against UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in Fructus Psoraleae (Bu-gu-zhi). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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32
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Marin JJ, Briz O, Rodríguez-Macias G, Díez-Martín JL, Macias RI. Role of drug transport and metabolism in the chemoresistance of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Rev 2016; 30:55-64. [PMID: 26321049 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a clonal but heterogeneous disease differing in molecular pathogenesis, clinical features and response to chemotherapy. This latter frequently consists of a combination of cytarabine and anthracyclines, although etoposide, demethylating agents, and other drugs are also used. Unfortunately, chemoresistance is a common and serious problem. Multiple mechanisms account for impaired effectiveness of drugs and reduced levels of active agents in target cells. The latter can be due to lower drug uptake, increased export or decreased intracellular proportion of active/inactive agent due to changes in the expression/function of enzymes responsible for the activation of pro-drugs and the inactivation of active agents. Characterization of the "resistome", or profile of expressed genes accounting for multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype, would permit to predict the lack of response to chemotherapy and would help in the selection of the best pharmacological regime for each patient and moment, and to develop strategies of chemosensitization.
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Jiang L, Liang SC, Wang C, Ge GB, Huo XK, Qi XY, Deng S, Liu KX, Ma XC. Identifying and applying a highly selective probe to simultaneously determine the O-glucuronidation activity of human UGT1A3 and UGT1A4. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9627. [PMID: 25884245 PMCID: PMC4401096 DOI: 10.1038/srep09627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation mediated by uridine 5′-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase is an important detoxification pathway. However, identifying a selective probe of UDP- glucuronosyltransferase is complicated because of the significant overlapping substrate specificity displayed by the enzyme. In this paper, desacetylcinobufagin (DACB) 3-O- and 16-O-glucuronidation were found to be isoform-specific probe reactions for UGT1A4 and UGT1A3, respectively. DACB was well characterized as a probe for simultaneously determining the catalytic activities of O-glucuronidation mediated by UGT1A3 and UGT1A4 from various enzyme sources, through a sensitive analysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Si-Cheng Liang
- 1] Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China [2] Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Qi
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sa Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ke-Xin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
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Gradinaru J, Romand S, Geiser L, Carrupt P, Spaggiari D, Rudaz S. Inhibition screening method of microsomal UGTs using the cocktail approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 71:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hu DG, Mackenzie PI, Lu L, Meech R, McKinnon RA. Induction of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 Gene Expression by Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs in Liver Cancer HepG2 Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:660-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Joo J, Lee B, Lee T, Liu KH. Screening of six UGT enzyme activities in human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2014; 28:2405-2414. [PMID: 25303469 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes are essential for the clearance of many drugs; however, altered UGT activity is a potential cause of adverse drug-drug interactions (DDI). The early detection of potential DDI is an important aspect of drug discovery that has led to the development of new screening methods for drug interactions. We developed a screening method for the simultaneous evaluation of six human liver UGT enzyme activites using in vitro cocktail incubation and tandem mass spectrometry. METHODS The two in vitro cocktail doses were developed to minimize drug interactions among substrates. The method is based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Electrospray ionization (ESI) in both positive and negative modes was used to quantify the metabolites and the diagnostic loss of the glucuronosyl moiety to form the aglycone product was estimated using the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. RESULTS The method was validated by comparing inhibition data obtained from the incubation of each individual probe substrate alone with data from the cocktail method. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision data for the six UGT metabolites ranged from 92.2 to 100.3% and less than 15.2%, respectively. The IC(50) values showed no significant differences between individual and cocktail incubations. CONCLUSIONS As a screening technique for inhibitory interactions of these six human liver UGT enzymes, this method will be useful for advancing mechanistic understanding of drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Joo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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Kimira Y, Katsumata S, Suzuki K, Ishimi Y, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Adlercreutz H, Uehara M. Comparative Activities of the S -Enantiomer and Racemic Forms of Equol on Bone Fragility in Ovariectomized Mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:1018-21. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Han Z, Tangni EK, Diana Di Mavungu J, Vanhaecke L, De Saeger S, Wu A, Callebaut A. In vitro glucuronidation of ochratoxin a by rat liver microsomes. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2671-85. [PMID: 24351721 PMCID: PMC3873705 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the most toxic mycotoxins, can contaminate a wide range of food and feedstuff. To date, the data on its conjugates via glucuronidation request clarification and consolidation. In the present study, the combined approaches of ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), UHPLC-Orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and liquid chromatography-multiple stage mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) were utilized to investigate the metabolic profile of OTA in rat liver microsomes. Three conjugated products of OTA corresponding to amino-, phenol- and acyl-glucuronides were identified, and the related structures were confirmed by hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. Moreover, OTA methyl ester, OTα and OTα-glucuronide were also found in the reaction solution. Based on these results, an in vitro metabolic pathway of OTA has been proposed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; E-Mail:
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Unit of Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, Tervuren B-3080, Belgium; E-Mails: (E.K.T.); (A.C.)
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (J.D.D.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Emmanuel K. Tangni
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Unit of Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, Tervuren B-3080, Belgium; E-Mails: (E.K.T.); (A.C.)
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (J.D.D.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (J.D.D.M.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Aibo Wu
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-21-6220-2875; Fax: +86-21-6220-3612
| | - Alfons Callebaut
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Unit of Toxins and Natural Components, Leuvensesteenweg 17, Tervuren B-3080, Belgium; E-Mails: (E.K.T.); (A.C.)
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Stingl JC, Bartels H, Viviani R, Lehmann ML, Brockmöller J. Relevance of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase polymorphisms for drug dosing: A quantitative systematic review. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:92-116. [PMID: 24076267 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) catalyze the biotransformation of many endobiotics and xenobiotics, and are coded by polymorphic genes. However, knowledge about the effects of these polymorphisms is rarely used for the individualization of drug therapy. Here, we present a quantitative systematic review of clinical studies on the impact of UGT variants on drug metabolism to clarify the potential for genotype-adjusted therapy recommendations. Data on UGT polymorphisms and dose-related pharmacokinetic parameters in man were retrieved by a systematic search in public databases. Mean estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters were extracted for each group of carriers of UGT variants to assess their effect size. Pooled estimates and relative confidence bounds were computed with a random-effects meta-analytic approach whenever multiple studies on the same variant, ethnic group, and substrate were available. Information was retrieved on 30 polymorphic metabolic pathways involving 10 UGT enzymes. For irinotecan and mycophenolic acid a wealth of data was available for assessing the impact of genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics under different dosages, between ethnicities, under comedication, and under toxicity. Evidence for effects of potential clinical relevance exists for 19 drugs, but the data are not sufficient to assess effect size with the precision required to issue dose recommendations. In conclusion, compared to other drug metabolizing enzymes much less systematic research has been conducted on the polymorphisms of UGT enzymes. However, there is evidence of the existence of large monogenetic functional polymorphisms affecting pharmacokinetics and suggesting a potential use of UGT polymorphisms for the individualization of drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Stingl
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany; Translational Pharmacology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Germany.
| | - H Bartels
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - R Viviani
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - M L Lehmann
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Germany
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Fallon JK, Neubert H, Goosen TC, Smith PC. Targeted precise quantification of 12 human recombinant uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A and 2B isoforms using nano-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2076-80. [PMID: 24046331 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification methods employing stable isotope-labeled peptide standards and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are increasingly being used to measure enzyme amounts in biologic samples. Isoform concentrations, combined with catalytic information, can be used in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies to improve accuracy of in vitro/in vivo predictions. We quantified isoforms of uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and 2B in 12 commercially available recombinant UGTs (recUGTs) (n = 49 samples) using nano-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with selected reaction monitoring). Samples were trypsin-digested and analyzed using our previously published method. Two MRMs were collected per peptide and averaged. Where available, at least two peptides were measured per UGT isoform. The assay could detect UGTs in all recombinant preparations: recUGTs 1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B4, 2B7, 2B15, and 2B17, with limit of detection below 1.0 pmol/mg protein for all isoforms. The assay had excellent linearity in the range observed (2-15.5 pmol/mg, after dilution). Examples of concentrations determined were 1465, 537, 538, 944, 865, 698, 604, 791, 382, 1149, 307, and 740 pmol/mg protein for the respective isoforms. There was a 6.9-fold difference between the maximum and minimum recUGT concentrations. The range of concentrations determined indicates that catalytic rates per mg total protein in vitro will not accurately reflect isoform inherent specific activity for a particular drug candidate. This is the first report of a targeted precise quantification of commercially available recUGTs. The assay has potential for use in comparing UGT amounts with catalytic activity determined using probe substrates, thus allowing representation of catalysis as per pmol of UGT isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Fallon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.K.F., P.C.S.); and Department. of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, (H.N.) and Groton, Connecticut, (T.C.G.)
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Tripathi SP, Bhadauriya A, Patil A, Sangamwar AT. Substrate selectivity of human intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): in silico and in vitro insights. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:231-52. [PMID: 23461702 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.767345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current drug development process aims to produce safe, effective drugs within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Phase II metabolism (glucuronidation) can affect drug action and pharmacokinetics to a considerable extent and so its studies and prediction at initial stages of drug development are very imperative. Extensive glucuronidation is an obstacle to oral bioavailability because the first-pass glucuronidation [or premature clearance by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)] of orally administered agents frequently results in poor oral bioavailability and lack of efficacy. Modeling of new chemical entities/drugs for UGTs and their kinetic data can be useful in understanding the binding patterns to be used in the design of better molecules. This review concentrates on first-pass glucuronidation by intestinal UGTs, including their topology, expression profile, and pharmacogenomics. In addition, recent advances are discussed with respect to substrate selectivity at the binding pocket, structural requirements, and mechanism of enzyme actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
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Rezonja R, Knez L, Cufer T, Mrhar A. Oral treatment with etoposide in small cell lung cancer - dilemmas and solutions. Radiol Oncol 2013; 47:1-13. [PMID: 23450046 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2013-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Etoposide is a chemotherapeutic agent, widely used for the treatment of various malignancies, including small cell lung cancer (SCLC), an aggressive disease with poor prognosis. Oral etoposide administration exhibits advantages for the quality of life of the patient as well as economic benefits. However, widespread use of oral etoposide is limited by incomplete and variable bioavailability. Variability in bioavailability was observed both within and between patients. This suggests that some patients may experience suboptimal tumor cytotoxicity, whereas other patients may be at risk for excess toxicity. Conclusions The article highlights dilemmas as well as solutions regarding oral treatment with etoposide by presenting and analyzing relevant literature data. Numerous studies have shown that bioavailability of etoposide is influenced by genetic, physiological and environmental factors. Several strategies were explored to improve bioavailability and to reduce pharmacokinetic variability of oral etoposide, including desired and undesired drug interactions (e.g. with ketoconazole), development of suitable drug delivery systems, use of more water-soluble prodrug of etoposide, and influence on gastric emptying. In addition to genotype-based dose administration, etoposide is suitable for pharmacokinetically guided dosing, which enables dose adjustments in individual patient. Further, it is established that oral and intravenous schedules of etoposide in SCLC patients do not result in significant differences in treatment outcome, while results of toxicity are inconclusive. To conclude, the main message of the article is that better prediction of the pharmacokinetics of oral etoposide may encourage its wider use in routine clinical practice.
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Opdam FL, Gelderblom H, Guchelaar H. Phenotyping drug disposition in oncology. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:715-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fahrmayr C, König J, Auge D, Mieth M, Fromm MF. Identification of drugs and drug metabolites as substrates of multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) using triple-transfected MDCK-OATP1B1-UGT1A1-MRP2 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1836-1847. [PMID: 21923755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The coordinate activity of hepatic uptake transporters [e.g. organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1)], drug-metabolizing enzymes [e.g. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)] and efflux pumps (e.g. MRP2) is a crucial determinant of drug disposition. However, limited data are available on transport of drugs (e.g. ezetimibe, etoposide) and their glucuronidated metabolites by human MRP2 in intact cell systems. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using monolayers of newly established triple-transfected MDCK-OATP1B1-UGT1A1-MRP2 cells as well as MDCK control cells, single- (OATP1B1) and double-transfected (OATP1B1-UGT1A1, OATP1B1-MRP2) MDCK cells, we therefore studied intracellular concentrations and transcellular transport after administration of ezetimibe or etoposide to the basal compartment. KEY RESULTS Intracellular accumulation of ezetimibe was significantly lower in MDCK-OATP1B1-UGT1A1-MRP2 triple-transfected cells compared with all other cell lines. Considerably higher amounts of ezetimibe glucuronide were found in the apical compartment of MDCK-OATP1B1-UGT1A1-MRP2 monolayers compared with all other cell lines. Using HEK cells, etoposide was identified as a substrate of OATP1B1. Intracellular concentrations of etoposide equivalents (i.e. parent compound plus metabolites) were affected only to a minor extent by the absence or presence of OATP1B1/UGT1A1/MRP2. In contrast, apical accumulation of etoposide equivalents was significantly higher in monolayers of both cell lines expressing MRP2 (MDCK-OATP1B1-MRP2, MDCK-OATP1B1-UGT1A1-MRP2) compared with the single-transfected (OATP1B1) and the control cell line. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Ezetimibe glucuronide is a substrate of human MRP2. Moreover, etoposide and possibly also its glucuronide are substrates of MRP2. These data demonstrate the functional interplay between transporter-mediated uptake, phase II metabolism and export by hepatic proteins involved in drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fahrmayr
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Auge
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Mieth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Scapolla C, Cangemi G, Barco S, Barbagallo L, Bugnone D, Maffia A, Melioli G, Profumo A, Benatti U, Damonte G. Identification and structural characterization by LC-ESI-IONTRAP and LC-ESI-TOF of some metabolic conjugation products of homovanillic acid in urine of neuroblastoma patients. J Mass Spectrom 2012; 47:816-824. [PMID: 22791248 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The levels of urinary catecholamine metabolites, such as homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid, are routinely used as a clinical tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of neuroblastoma (NB) patients. Recently, in the Clinical Pathology Laboratory Unit of G. Gaslini Children Hospital, a commercial method that employs liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection (LC-EC) has been introduced for the measurement of these metabolites in the routine laboratory practice. Using this LC-EC method, an unknown peak could be observed only in samples derived from NB patients. To investigate the nature of this peak, we used a combination of liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-IT-MS). The first approach was used to obtain the elemental composition of the ions present in this new signal. To get additional structural information useful for the elucidation of unknown compounds, the ion trap analyzer was exploited. We were able to identify not just one, but three unknown signals in urine samples from NB patients which corresponded to three conjugated products of HVA: HVA sulfate and two glucuronoconjugate isomers. The enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase confirmed the proposed structures, while the selective alkaline hydrolysis allowed us to distinguish the difference between phenol- and acyl-glucuronide of HVA. The latter was the unknown peak observed in LC-EC separations of urine samples from NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Scapolla
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
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Harbourt DE, Fallon JK, Ito S, Baba T, Ritter JK, Glish GL, Smith PC. Quantification of human uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A isoforms in liver, intestine, and kidney using nanobore liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 84:98-105. [PMID: 22050083 DOI: 10.1021/ac201704a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Uridine-disphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes catalyze the formation of glucuronide conjugates of phase II metabolism. Methods for absolute quantification of UGT1A1 and UGT1A6 were previously established utilizing stable isotope peptide internal standards with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The current method expands upon this by quantifying eight UGT1A isoforms by nanobore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a linear ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometer platform. Recombinant enzyme digests of each of the isoforms were used to determine assay linearity and detection limits. Enzyme expression level in human liver, kidney, and intestinal microsomal protein was determined by extrapolation from spiked stable isotope standards. Intraday and interday variability was <25% for each of the enzyme isoforms. Enzyme expression varied from 3 to 96 pmol/mg protein in liver and intestinal microsomal protein digests. Expression levels of UGT1A7, 1A8, and 1A10 were below detection limits (<1 pmol/mg protein) in human liver microsome (HLMs). In kidney microsomes the expression of UGT1A3 was below detection limits, but levels of UGT1A4, 1A7, 1A9, and 1A10 protein were higher relative to that of liver, suggesting that renal glucuronidation could be a significant factor in renal elimination of glucuronide conjugates. This novel method allows quantification of all nine UGT1A isoforms, many previously not amenable to measurement with traditional methods such as immunologically based assays. Quantitative measurement of proteins involved in drug disposition, such as the UGTs, significantly improves the ability to evaluate and interpret in vitro and in vivo studies in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Harbourt
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Abstract
Inhibition of enzyme activity at high substrate concentrations, so-called "substrate inhibition," is commonly observed and has been recognized in drug metabolism reactions since the last decade. Although the importance of such "atypical" kinetics in vivo remains poorly understood, a substrate with substrate inhibition kinetics has been shown to unconventionally alter the metabolism of other substrates. In recent years, it is becoming increasingly evident that the mechanisms for substrate inhibition are highly complex, which are possibly contributed by multiple (at least two) binding sites within the enzyme protein, the formation of a ternary dead-end enzyme complex, and/or the ligand-induced changes in enzyme conformation. This review primarily discusses the mechanisms for substrate inhibition displayed by the important drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome p450s, UDP-glucuronyltransferases, and sulfotransferases. Kinetic modeling of substrate inhibition in the absence or presence of a modifier is another central issue in this review because of its importance in the determination of kinetic parameters and in vitro/in vivo predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Wu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas, USA.
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Uldam HK, Juhl M, Pedersen H, Dalgaard L. Biosynthesis and Identification of an N-Oxide/N-Glucuronide Metabolite and First Synthesis of an N-O-Glucuronide Metabolite of Lu AA21004. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2264-74. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Abstract
Over the past decade, the number of pharmacogenetic tests has increased considerably, allowing for the development of our knowledge of their clinical application. The uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene (UGT1A1) assay is an example of a pharmacogenetic test. Numerous variants have been found in UGT1A1, the main conjugating enzyme of bilirubin and drugs such as the anticancer drug irinotecan. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended testing for the presence of UGT1A1*28, an allele correlated with decreased transcriptional activity, to predict patients at risk of irinotecan toxicity. The administration of other drugs -- such as inhibitors of the UGT1A1 enzyme -- can clinically mimic the *28 phenotype, whereas inducers of UGT1A1 can increase the glucuronidation rate of the enzyme. The *28 polymorphism is not present in all ethnicities at a similar frequency, which suggests that it is important to study different populations to determine the clinical relevance of testing for UGT1A1*28 and to identify other clinically relevant UGT1A1 variants. Environmental factors such as lifestyle can also affect UGT1A1 activity. This review is a critical analysis of studies on drugs that can be affected by the presence of UGT1A1*28, the distribution of this polymorphism around the globe, distinct variants that may be clinically significant in African and Asian populations and how lifestyle can affect treatment outcomes that depend on UGT1A1 activity.
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Ramírez J, Ratain MJ, Innocenti F. Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase genetic polymorphisms and response to cancer chemotherapy. Future Oncol 2010; 6:563-85. [PMID: 20373870 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics aims to elucidate how genetic variation affects the efficacy and side effects of drugs, with the ultimate goal of personalizing medicine. Clinical studies of the genetic variation in the uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase gene have demonstrated how reduced-function allele variants can predict the risk of severe toxicity and help identify cancer patients who could benefit from reduced-dose schedules or alternative chemotherapy. Candidate polymorphisms have also been identified in vitro, although the functional consequences of these variants still need to be tested in the clinical setting. Future approaches in uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase pharmacogenetics include genetic testing prior to drug treatment, genotype-directed dose-escalation studies, study of genetic variation at the haplotype level and genome-wide studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramírez
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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