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Hua Z, Liu N, Yan X. Research progress on the pharmacological activity, biosynthetic pathways, and biosynthesis of crocins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:741-752. [PMID: 38633914 PMCID: PMC11022409 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Crocins are water-soluble apocarotenoids isolated from the flowers of crocus and gardenia. They exhibit various pharmacological effects, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory properties, hepatorenal protection, and anticancer activity. They are often used as coloring and seasoning agents. Due to the limited content of crocins in plants and the high cost of chemical synthesis, the supply of crocins is insufficient to meet current demand. The biosynthetic pathways for crocins have been elucidated to date, which allows the heterologous production of these valuable compounds in microorganisms by fermentation. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the chemistry, pharmacological activity, biosynthetic pathways, and heterologous production of crocins, aiming to lay the foundation for the large-scale production of these valuable natural products by using engineered microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10 Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Nan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10 Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10 Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
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2
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Varghese R, Buragohain T, Banerjee I, Mukherjee R, Penshanwar SN, Agasti S, Ramamoorthy S. The apocarotenoid production in microbial biofactories: An overview. J Biotechnol 2023; 374:5-16. [PMID: 37499877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a vast group of natural pigments that come in a variety of colors ranging from red to orange. Apocarotenoids are derived from these carotenoids, which are hormones, pigments, retinoids, and volatiles employed in the textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Due to the high commercial value and poor natural host abundance, they are significantly undersupplied. Microbes like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli act as heterologous hosts for apocarotenoid production. This article briefly reviews categories of apocarotenoids, their biosynthetic pathway commencing from the MVA and MEP, its significance, the tool enzymes for apocarotenoid biosynthesis like CCDs, their biotechnological production in microbial factories, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressin Varghese
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tinamoni Buragohain
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ishani Banerjee
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rishyani Mukherjee
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shraddha Naresh Penshanwar
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swapna Agasti
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Ashraf A, Ijaz MU, Muzammil S, Nazir MM, Zafar S, Zihad SMNK, Uddin SJ, Hasnain MS, Nayak AK. The role of bixin as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and skin protecting natural product extracted from Bixa orellana L. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105612. [PMID: 37454777 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Since long, medicinal plants or herbs are being used in different traditional treatment systems as therapeutic agents to treat a variety of illnesses. Bixa orellana L., an medicinal plant (family: Bixaceae), is an Ayurvedic herb used to treat dyslipidemia, diarrhoea, and hepatitis since ancient times. B. orellana L., seeds contain an orange-red coloured component known as bixin (C25H30O4), which constitutes 80% of the extract.Chemically, bixin is a natural apocarotenoid, biosynthesized through the oxidative degradation of C40 carotenoids. Bixin helps to regulate the Nrf2/MyD88/TLR4 and TGF-1/PPAR-/Smad3 pathways, which further give it antifibrosis, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This current review article presents a comprehensive review of bixin as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer,and skin protecting natural product. In addition, the biosynthesis and molecular target of bixin, along with bixin extraction techniques, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Saima Muzammil
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - S M Neamul Kabir Zihad
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Saquib Hasnain
- Department of Pharmacy, Palamau Institute of Pharmacy, Chianki, Daltonganj 822102, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India.
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4
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Moreira VS, de Souza VC, Soares VLF, Sousa AO, de Nascimento KTDS, de Santana MR, Rebouças TNH, Leitão CAE, Goliatt PVZC, Faria DV, Otoni WC, Costa MGC. Dynamics of annatto pigment synthesis and accumulation in seeds of Bixa orellana L. revealed by integrated chemical, anatomical, and RNA-Seq analyses. Protoplasma 2023; 260:1207-1219. [PMID: 36787048 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bixin is a commercially valuable apocarotenoid pigment found in the seed aril of Bixa orellana. The dynamics and regulation of its biosynthesis and accumulation during seed development remain largely unknown. Here, we combined chemical, anatomical, and transcriptomic data to provide stage-specific resolution of the cellular and molecular events occurring during B. orellana seed development. Seeds at five developmental stages (S1-S5) were used for analysis of bixin content and seed anatomy, and three of them (S1, S3, and S4) were selected for Illumina HiSeq sequencing. Bixin accumulated in large quantities in seeds compared with other tissues analyzed, particularly during the S2 stage, peaking at the S4 stage, and then decreasing slightly in the S5 stage. Anatomical analysis revealed that bixin accumulated in the large central vacuole of specialized cells, which were scattered throughout the developing mesotesta at the S2 stage, but enlarged progressively at later stages, until they occupied most of the parenchyma in the aril. A total of 13 million reads were generated and assembled into 73,381 protein-encoding contigs, from which 312 were identified as containing 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (DOXP/MEP), carotenoid, and bixin pathways genes. Differential transcriptome expression analysis of these genes revealed that 50 of them were sequentially and differentially expressed through the seed developmental stages analyzed, including seven carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, eight aldehyde dehydrogenases, and 22 methyltransferases. Taken together, these results show that bixin synthesis and accumulation in seeds of B. orellana are a developmentally regulated process involving the coordinated expression of DOXP/MEP, carotenoid, and bixin biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Santos Moreira
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência E Tecnologia da Bahia, Euclides da Cunha, Bahia, 48500-000, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Carius de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências da Computação, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Lúcia Fontes Soares
- Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Aurizangela Oliveira Sousa
- Centro Multidisciplinar Do Campus Luís Eduardo Magalhães, Universidade Federal Do Oeste da Bahia, Luis Eduardo Magalhães, Bahia, 47850‑000, Brazil
| | | | - Monique Reis de Santana
- Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Tiyoko Nair Hojo Rebouças
- Departamento de Fitotecnia E Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, 45083-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Espolador Leitão
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual Do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, 45083-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Vidal Faria
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcio Gilberto Cardoso Costa
- Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil.
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Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Narváez-Zapata JA, Carballo-Uicab VM, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Us-Camas R, Escobar-Turriza P, Comai L, Rivera-Madrid R. Gene expression profile during seed development of Bixa orellana accessions varying in bixin pigment. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1066509. [PMID: 36875614 PMCID: PMC9975726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1066509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diverse morphological, cellular and physiological changes occur during seed maturation in Bixa orellana when the seed tissues form specialized cell glands that produce reddish latex with high bixin amounts. Transcriptomic profiling during seed development in three B. orellana accessions (P12, N4 and N5) with contrasting morphologic characteristics showed enrichment in pathways of triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and cuticular wax biosynthesis. WGCNA allows groups of all identified genes in six modules the module turquoise, the largest and highly correlated with the bixin content. The high number of genes in this module suggests a diversification of regulatory mechanisms for bixin accumulation with the genes belonging to isoprene, triterpenes and carotene pathways, being more highly correlated with the bixin content. Analysis of key genes of the mevalonate (MVA) and the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathways revealed specific activities of orthologs of BoHMGR, BoFFP, BoDXS, and BoHDR. This suggests that isoprenoid production is necessary for compounds included in the reddish latex of developing seeds. The carotenoid-related genes BoPSY2, BoPDS1 and BoZDS displayed a high correlation with bixin production, consistent with the requirement for carotene precursors for apocarotenoid biosynthesis. The BoCCD gene member (BoCCD4-4) and some BoALDH (ALDH2B7.2 and ALDH3I1) and BoMET (BoSABATH1 and BoSABATH8) gene members were highly correlated to bixin in the final seed development stage. This suggested a contributing role for several genes in apocarotenoid production. The results revealed high genetic complexity in the biosynthesis of reddish latex and bixin in specialized seed cell glands in different accessions of B. orellana suggesting gene expression coordination between both metabolite biosynthesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Cárdenas-Conejo
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)-Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Manuel Carballo-Uicab
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rosa Us-Camas
- Departamento de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní, en el Estado de Campeche, Calkiní, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Pedro Escobar-Turriza
- Segunda División de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación Científica y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luca Comai
- Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Ablazov A, Votta C, Fiorilli V, Wang JY, Aljedaani F, Jamil M, Balakrishna A, Balestrini R, Liew KX, Rajan C, Berqdar L, Blilou I, Lanfranco L, Al-Babili S. ZAXINONE SYNTHASE 2 regulates growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:382-399. [PMID: 36222582 PMCID: PMC9806602 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage, catalyzed by CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASEs (CCDs), provides signaling molecules and precursors of plant hormones. Recently, we showed that zaxinone, a apocarotenoid metabolite formed by the CCD ZAXINONE SYNTHASE (ZAS), is a growth regulator required for normal rice (Oryza sativa) growth and development. The rice genome encodes three OsZAS homologs, called here OsZAS1b, OsZAS1c, and OsZAS2, with unknown functions. Here, we investigated the enzymatic activity, expression pattern, and subcellular localization of OsZAS2 and generated and characterized loss-of-function CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated protein 9)-Oszas2 mutants. We show that OsZAS2 formed zaxinone in vitro. OsZAS2 was predominantly localized in plastids and mainly expressed under phosphate starvation. Moreover, OsZAS2 expression increased during mycorrhization, specifically in arbuscule-containing cells. Oszas2 mutants contained lower zaxinone content in roots and exhibited reduced root and shoot biomass, fewer tillers, and higher strigolactone (SL) levels. Exogenous zaxinone application repressed SL biosynthesis and partially rescued the growth retardation of the Oszas2 mutant. Consistent with the OsZAS2 expression pattern, Oszas2 mutants displayed a lower frequency of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. In conclusion, OsZAS2 is a zaxinone-forming enzyme that, similar to the previously reported OsZAS, determines rice growth, architecture, and SL content, and is required for optimal mycorrhization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Jian You Wang
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), The BioActives Lab, Thuwal, 23955-15 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Aljedaani
- The Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), The BioActives Lab, Thuwal, 23955-15 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aparna Balakrishna
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), The BioActives Lab, Thuwal, 23955-15 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Turin 10135, Italy
| | - Kit Xi Liew
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), The BioActives Lab, Thuwal, 23955-15 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chakravarthy Rajan
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), The BioActives Lab, Thuwal, 23955-15 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamis Berqdar
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), The BioActives Lab, Thuwal, 23955-15 6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- The Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
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Wang YH, Zhang RR, Yin Y, Tan GF, Wang GL, Liu H, Zhuang J, Zhang J, Zhuang FY, Xiong AS. Advances in engineering the production of the natural red pigment lycopene: A systematic review from a biotechnology perspective. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00150-3. [PMID: 35753652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene is a natural red compound with potent antioxidant activity that can be utilized both as pigment and as a raw material in functional food, and so possesses good commercial prospects. The biosynthetic pathway has already been documented, which provides the foundation for lycopene production using biotechnology. AIM OF REVIEW Although lycopene production has begun to take shape, there is still an urgent need to alleviate the yield of lycopene. Progress in this area can provide useful reference for metabolic engineering of lycopene production utilizing multiple approaches. Key scientific concepts of review Using conventional microbial fermentation approaches, biotechnologists have enhanced the yield of lycopene by selecting suitable host strains, utilizing various additives, and optimizing culture conditions. With the development of modern biotechnology, genetic engineering, protein engineering, and metabolic engineering have been applied for lycopene production. Extraction from natural plants is the main way for lycopene production at present. Based on the molecular mechanism of lycopene accumulation, the production of lycopene by plant bioreactor through genetic engineering has a good prospect. Here we summarized common strategies for optimizing lycopene production engineering from a biotechnology perspective, which are mainly carried out by microbial cultivation. We reviewed the challenges and limitations of this approach, summarized the critical aspects, and provided suggestions with the aim of potential future breakthroughs for lycopene production in plants.
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Fu X, Gómez-Gómez L, Rivera-Madrid R. Editorial: Interactions Between Biochemical Pathways Producing Plant Colors and Scents. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:955431. [PMID: 35812921 PMCID: PMC9257432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.955431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Instituto Botánico, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Bertho G, Oumezziane IE, Caradeuc C, Guibout L, Balducci C, Dinan L, Dilda PJ, Camelo S, Lafont R, Giraud N. Structural analysis of unstable norbixin isomers guided by pure shift nuclear magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Chem 2022; 60:504-514. [PMID: 35075680 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the analysis of complex samples obtained during the microwave irradiation/heating of norbixin, which has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this context, identifying the different isomers that are obtained during its degradation is of primary importance. However, this characterization is challenging because, on the one hand, some of these isomers are unstable, and on the other hand, the 1 H spectra of these isomeric mixtures are poorly resolved. We could successfully apply 1D pure shift experiments to obtain ultrahigh-resolution 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the norbixin isomer samples and exploit their information content to analyze complementary 2D NMR data and describe accurately their isomeric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gildas Bertho
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, France
| | - Imed Eddine Oumezziane
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Caradeuc
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - René Lafont
- Biophytis, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Paris-Seine Biology Institute (BIOSIPE), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Giraud
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Paris, France
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10
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Simkin AJ, Kapoor L, Doss CGP, Hofmann TA, Lawson T, Ramamoorthy S. The role of photosynthesis related pigments in light harvesting, photoprotection and enhancement of photosynthetic yield in planta. Photosynth Res 2022; 152:23-42. [PMID: 35064531 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic pigments are an integral and vital part of all photosynthetic machinery and are present in different types and abundances throughout the photosynthetic apparatus. Chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins are the prime photosynthetic pigments which facilitate efficient light absorption in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. The chlorophyll family plays a vital role in light harvesting by absorbing light at different wavelengths and allowing photosynthetic organisms to adapt to different environments, either in the long-term or during transient changes in light. Carotenoids play diverse roles in photosynthesis, including light capture and as crucial antioxidants to reduce photodamage and photoinhibition. In the marine habitat, phycobilins capture a wide spectrum of light and have allowed cyanobacteria and red algae to colonise deep waters where other frequencies of light are attenuated by the water column. In this review, we discuss the potential strategies that photosynthetic pigments provide, coupled with development of molecular biological techniques, to improve crop yields through enhanced light harvesting, increased photoprotection and improved photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Leepica Kapoor
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanja A Hofmann
- OSFC, Scrivener Drive, Pinewood, Ipswich, IP8 3SU, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Yuan Y, Ren S, Liu X, Su L, Wu Y, Zhang W, Li Y, Jiang Y, Wang H, Fu R, Bouzayen M, Liu M, Zhang Y. SlWRKY35 positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis by activating the MEP pathway in tomato fruit. New Phytol 2022; 234:164-178. [PMID: 35048386 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are vital phytonutrients widely recognised for their health benefits. Therefore, it is vital to thoroughly investigate the metabolic regulatory network underlying carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation to open new leads towards improving their contents in vegetables and crops. The outcome of our study defines SlWRKY35 as a positive regulator of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. SlWRKY35 can directly activate the expression of the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (SlDXS1) gene to reprogramme metabolism towards the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, leading to enhanced carotenoid accumulation. We also show that the master regulator SlRIN directly regulates the expression of SlWRKY35 during tomato fruit ripening. Compared with the SlLCYE overexpression lines, coexpression of SlWRKY35 and SlLCYE can further enhance lutein production in transgenic tomato fruit, indicating that SlWRKY35 represents a potential target towards designing innovative metabolic engineering strategies for carotenoid derivatives. In addition to providing new insights into the metabolic regulatory network associated with tomato fruit ripening, our data define a new tool for improving fruit content in specific carotenoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Siyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Liyang Su
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yan Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 572208, China
| | - Yidan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hsihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- GBF, University of Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, 31320, France
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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12
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Frusciante S, Demurtas OC, Sulli M, Mini P, Aprea G, Diretto G, Karcher D, Bock R, Giuliano G. Heterologous expression of Bixa orellana cleavage dioxygenase 4-3 drives crocin but not bixin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2022; 188:1469-1482. [PMID: 34919714 PMCID: PMC8896647 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Annatto (Bixa orellana) is a perennial shrub native to the Americas, and bixin, derived from its seeds, is a methoxylated apocarotenoid used as a food and cosmetic colorant. Two previous reports claimed to have isolated the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) responsible for the production of the putative precursor of bixin, the C24 apocarotenal bixin dialdehyde. We re-assessed the activity of six Bixa CCDs and found that none of them produced substantial amounts of bixin dialdehyde in Escherichia coli. Unexpectedly, BoCCD4-3 cleaved different carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin) to yield the C20 apocarotenal crocetin dialdehyde, the known precursor of crocins, which are glycosylated apocarotenoids accumulated in saffron stigmas. BoCCD4-3 lacks a recognizable transit peptide but localized to plastids, the main site of carotenoid accumulation in plant cells. Expression of BoCCD4-3 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves (transient expression), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves (chloroplast transformation, under the control of a synthetic riboswitch), and in conjunction with a saffron crocetin glycosyl transferase, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits (nuclear transformation) led to high levels of crocin accumulation, reaching the highest levels (>100 µg/g dry weight) in tomato fruits, which also showed a crocin profile similar to that found in saffron, with highly glycosylated crocins as major compounds. Thus, while the bixin biosynthesis pathway remains unresolved, BoCCD4-3 can be used for the metabolic engineering of crocins in a wide range of different plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Frusciante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Olivia Costantina Demurtas
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Sulli
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Mini
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprea
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Center, 00123 Roma, Italy
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13
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Us-Camas R, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Rodríguez-Campos J, Vallejo-Cardona AA, Carballo-Uicab VM, Serrano-Posada H, Rivera-Madrid R. Identifying Bixa orellana L. New Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases 1 and 4 Potentially Involved in Bixin Biosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:829089. [PMID: 35222486 PMCID: PMC8874276 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.829089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carotene cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a large family of Fe2+ dependent enzymes responsible for the production of a wide variety of apocarotenoids, such as bixin. Among the natural apocarotenoids, bixin is second in economic importance. It has a red-orange color and is produced mainly in the seeds of B. orellana. The biosynthesis of bixin aldehyde from the oxidative cleavage of lycopene at 5,6/5',6' bonds by a CCD is considered the first step of bixin biosynthesis. Eight BoCCD (BoCCD1-1, BoCCD1-3, BoCCD1-4, CCD4-1, BoCCD4-2, BoCCD4-3 and BoCCD4-4) genes potentially involved in the first step of B. orellana bixin biosynthesis have been identified. However, the cleavage activity upon lycopene to produce bixin aldehyde has only been demonstrated for BoCCD1-1 and BoCCD4-3. Using in vivo (Escherichia coli) and in vitro approaches, we determined that the other identified BoCCDs enzymes (BoCCD1-3, BoCCD1-4, BoCCD4-1, BoCCD4-2, and BoCCD4-4) also participate in the biosynthesis of bixin aldehyde from lycopene. The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed a peak corresponding to bixin aldehyde (m/z 349.1) in pACCRT-EIB E. coli cells that express the BoCCD1 and BoCCD4 proteins, which was confirmed by in vitro enzymatic assay. Interestingly, in the in vivo assay of BoCCD1-4, BoCCD4-1, BoCCD4-2, and BoCCD4-4, bixin aldehyde was oxidized to norbixin (m/z 380.2), the second product of the bixin biosynthesis pathway. In silico analysis also showed that BoCCD1 and BoCCD4 proteins encode functional dioxygenases that can use lycopene as substrate. The production of bixin aldehyde and norbixin was corroborated based on their ion fragmentation pattern, as well as by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This work made it possible to clarify at the same time the first and second steps of the bixin biosynthesis pathway that had not been evaluated for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Us-Camas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Mexico
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Carballo-Uicab
- CONACYT, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Colima, Mexico
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- CONACYT, Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Colima, Mexico
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Mexico
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14
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Kusmita L, Franyoto YD, Mutmainah M, Puspitaningrum I, Nurcahyanti ADR. Bixa orellana L. carotenoids: antiproliferative activity on human lung cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer cells in vitro. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:6421-6427. [PMID: 35133226 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2036144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence on the potential pro-oxidant effect of carotenoids provokes apoptosis of cancer cells. Bixa orellana L. is native to Central and South America, interestingly, is also cultivated worldwide. Apo-carotenoids present in B. orellana L. are mainly dominated by bixin and norbixin and demonstrate fundamental antioxidant activity. Anti-proliferative activity on human cancer cells is rarely investigated. We isolated bixin from B. orellana L. found in the island of Java using Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography and confirmed the isolated compound using Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS. Bixin and crude extract were examined on human lung cancer (A549), cervical cancer (HeLa), and breast cancer (MCF-7). Anti-proliferative activity revealed to be promising on both, the isolated pigment and crude extract. Further investigation on the mechanism of action and effect on other cell lines, both in vitro and in vivo, are required before clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Kusmita
- Department of Pharmacy, STIFAR Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang, Plamongansari Pucanggading Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Yuvianti Dwi Franyoto
- Department of Pharmacy, STIFAR Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang, Plamongansari Pucanggading Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Mutmainah Mutmainah
- Department of Pharmacy, STIFAR Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang, Plamongansari Pucanggading Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Ika Puspitaningrum
- Department of Pharmacy, STIFAR Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang, Plamongansari Pucanggading Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Agustina D R Nurcahyanti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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15
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Zheng X, Yang Y, Al-Babili S. Exploring the Diversity and Regulation of Apocarotenoid Metabolic Pathways in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:787049. [PMID: 34956282 PMCID: PMC8702529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In plants, carotenoids are subjected to enzyme-catalyzed oxidative cleavage reactions as well as to non-enzymatic degradation processes, which produce various carbonyl products called apocarotenoids. These conversions control carotenoid content in different tissues and give rise to apocarotenoid hormones and signaling molecules, which play important roles in plant growth and development, response to environmental stimuli, and in interactions with surrounding organisms. In addition, carotenoid cleavage gives rise to apocarotenoid pigments and volatiles that contribute to the color and flavor of many flowers and several fruits. Some apocarotenoid pigments, such as crocins and bixin, are widely utilized as colorants and additives in food and cosmetic industry and also have health-promoting properties. Considering the importance of this class of metabolites, investigation of apocarotenoid diversity and regulation has increasingly attracted the attention of plant biologists. Here, we provide an update on the plant apocarotenoid biosynthetic pathway, especially highlighting the diversity of the enzyme carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) from different plant species with respect to substrate specificity and regioselectivity, which contribute to the formation of diverse apocarotenoid volatiles and pigments. In addition, we summarize the regulation of apocarotenoid metabolic pathway at transcriptional, post-translational, and epigenetic levels. Finally, we describe inter- and intraspecies variation in apocarotenoid production observed in many important horticulture crops and depict recent progress in elucidating the genetic basis of the natural variation in the composition and amount of apocarotenoids. We propose that the illustration of biochemical, genetic, and evolutionary background of apocarotenoid diversity would not only accelerate the discovery of unknown biosynthetic and regulatory genes of bioactive apocarotenoids but also enable the identification of genetic variation of causal genes for marker-assisted improvement of aroma and color of fruits and vegetables and CRISPR-based next-generation metabolic engineering of high-value apocarotenoids.
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16
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Shi G, Gu L, Jung H, Chung WJ, Koo S. Apocarotenals of Phenolic Carotenoids for Superior Antioxidant Activities. ACS Omega 2021; 6:25096-25108. [PMID: 34604688 PMCID: PMC8482777 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of para-phenolic carotenes 1 with ortho- and meta-substitutions were respectively prepared utilizing the benzenesulfonyl protection method, which demonstrated the importance of the ring substituents on their effective conjugation, evaluated by their UV absorption values. The corresponding apo-12'-carotenals 2 were devised to improve the conjugation effect of the para-phenolic radical with the polyene chain by the conjugated aldehyde group. Apo-12'-carotenals 2b and 2c without ortho-substituents exhibited superior antioxidant activities to their corresponding symmetrical carotenes 1 as well as β-carotene and apo-12'-β-carotenal in 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaosheng Shi
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Lina Gu
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science
and Technology, Meilong
Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hyunuk Jung
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Sangho Koo
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji
University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science
and Technology, Meilong
Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
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17
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Varghese R, S UK, C GPD, Ramamoorthy S. Unraveling the versatility of CCD4: Metabolic engineering, transcriptomic and computational approaches. Plant Sci 2021; 310:110991. [PMID: 34315605 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are economically valuable isoprenoids synthesized by plants and microorganisms, which play a paramount role in their overall growth and development. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases are a vast group of enzymes that specifically cleave thecarotenoids to produce apocarotenoids. Recently, CCDs are a subject of talk because of their contributions to different aspects of plant growth and due to their significance in the production of economically valuable apocarotenoids. Among them, CCD4 stands unique because of its versatility in performing metabolic roles. This review focuses on the multiple functionalities of CCD4 like pigmentation, volatile apocarotenoid production, stress responses, etc. Interestingly, through our literature survey we arrived at a conclusion that CCD4 could perform functions of other carotenoid cleaving enzymes.The metabolic engineering, transcriptomic, and computational approaches adopted to reveal the contributions of CCD4 were also considered here for the study.Phylogenetic analysis was performed to delve into the evolutionary relationships of CCD4 in different plant groups. A tree of 81CCD genes from 64 plant species was constructed, signifying the presence of well-conserved families. Gene structures were illustrated and the difference in the number and position of exons could be considered as a factor behind functional versatility and substrate tolerance of CCD4 in different plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressin Varghese
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Udhaya Kumar S
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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18
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Kapoor L, Ramamoorthy S. Strategies to meet the global demand for natural food colorant bixin: A multidisciplinary approach. J Biotechnol 2021; 338:40-51. [PMID: 34271054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bixin is an apocarotenoid derived from Bixa orellana L. well known as a food colorant along with its numerous industrial and therapeutic applications. With the current surge in usage of natural products, bixin has contributed immensely to the world carotenoid market and showcases a spike in its requirement globally. To bridge the gap between bixin availability and utility, owed to its bioactivity and demand as a colouring agent in industries the sustainable production of bixin is critical. Therefore, to meet up this challenge effective use of multidisciplinary strategies is a promising choice to enhance bixin quantity and quality. Here we report, an optimal blend of approaches directed towards manipulation of bixin biosynthesis pathway with an insight into the impact of regulatory mechanisms and environmental dynamics, engineering carotenoid degradation in plants other than annatto, usage of tissue culture techniques supported with diverse elicitations, molecular breeding, application of in silico predictive tools, screening of microbial bio-factories as alternatives, preservation of bixin bioavailability, and promotion of eco-friendly extraction techniques to play a collaborative role in promoting sustainable bixin production.
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19
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Jia KP, Mi J, Ablazov A, Ali S, Yang Y, Balakrishna A, Berqdar L, Feng Q, Blilou I, Al-Babili S. Iso-anchorene is an endogenous metabolite that inhibits primary root growth in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2021; 107:54-66. [PMID: 33837613 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid-derived regulatory metabolites and hormones are generally known to arise through the oxidative cleavage of a single double bond in the carotenoid backbone, which yields mono-carbonyl products called apocarotenoids. However, the extended conjugated double bond system of these pigments predestines them also to repeated cleavage forming dialdehyde products, diapocarotenoids, which have been less investigated due to their instability and low abundance. Recently, we reported on the short diapocarotenoid anchorene as an endogenous Arabidopsis metabolite and specific signaling molecule that promotes anchor root formation. In this work, we investigated the biological activity of a synthetic isomer of anchorene, iso-anchorene, which can be derived from repeated carotenoid cleavage. We show that iso-anchorene is a growth inhibitor that specifically inhibits primary root growth by reducing cell division rates in the root apical meristem. Using auxin efflux transporter marker lines, we also show that the effect of iso-anchorene on primary root growth involves the modulation of auxin homeostasis. Moreover, by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrate that iso-anchorene is a natural Arabidopsis metabolite. Chemical inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis led to a significant decrease in the iso-anchorene level, indicating that it originates from this metabolic pathway. Taken together, our results reveal a novel carotenoid-derived regulatory metabolite with a specific biological function that affects root growth, manifesting the biological importance of diapocarotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Peng Jia
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jianing Mi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdugaffor Ablazov
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shawkat Ali
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu Yang
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aparna Balakrishna
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamis Berqdar
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qitong Feng
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, The BioActives Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Gao J, Yang S, Tang K, Li G, Gao X, Liu B, Wang S, Feng X. GmCCD4 controls carotenoid content in soybeans. Plant Biotechnol J 2021; 19:801-813. [PMID: 33131209 PMCID: PMC8051601 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms regulating plant carotenoid metabolism in staple crop, we report the map-based cloning and functional characterization of the Glycine max carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (GmCCD4) gene, which encodes a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase enzyme involved in metabolizing carotenoids into volatile β-ionone. Loss of GmCCD4 protein function in four Glycine max increased carotenoid content (gmicc) mutants resulted in yellow flowers due to excessive accumulation of carotenoids in flower petals. The carotenoid contents also increase three times in gmicc1 seeds. A genome-wide association study indicated that the GmCCD4 locus was one major locus associated with carotenoid content in natural population. Further analysis indicated that the haplotype-1 of GmCCD4 gene was positively associated with higher carotenoid levels in soybean cultivars and accumulated more β-carotene in engineered E. coli with ectopic expression of different GmCCD4 haplotypes. These observations uncovered that GmCCD4 was a negative regulator of carotenoid content in soybean, and its various haplotypes provide useful resources for future soybean breeding practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingNortheast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Suxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingNortheast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Kuanqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingNortheast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingNortheast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE)Northeast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE)Northeast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Education MinistryNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design BreedingNortheast Institute of Geography and AgroecologyChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
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21
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Sharma M, Khurana H, Singh DN, Negi RK. The genus Sphingopyxis: Systematics, ecology, and bioremediation potential - A review. J Environ Manage 2021; 280:111744. [PMID: 33280938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genus Sphingopyxis was first reported in the year 2001. Phylogenetically, Sphingopyxis is well delineated from other genera Sphingobium, Sphingomonas and Novosphingobium of sphingomonads group, family Sphingomonadaceae of Proteobacteria. To date (at the time of writing), the genus Sphingopyxis comprises of twenty validly published species available in List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Sphingopyxis spp. have been isolated from diverse niches including, agricultural soil, marine and fresh water, caves, activated sludge, thermal spring, oil and pesticide contaminated soil, and heavy metal contaminated sites. Sphingopyxis species have drawn considerable attention not only for their ability to survive under extreme environments, but also for their potential to degrade number of xenobiotics and other environmental contaminants that impose serious threat to human health. At present, genome sequence of both cultivable and non-cultivable strains (metagenome assembled genome) are available in the public databases (NCBI) and genome wide studies confirms the presence of mobile genetic elements and plethora of degradation genes and pathways making them a potential candidate for bioremediation. Beside genome wide predictions there are number of experimental evidences confirm the degradation potential of bacteria belonging to genus Sphingopyxis and also the production of different secondary metabolites that help them interact and survive in their ecological niches. This review provides detailed information on ecology, general characteristic and the significant implications of Sphingopyxis species in environmental management along with the bio-synthetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Himani Khurana
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Durgesh Narain Singh
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Ram Krishan Negi
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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22
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Liang MH, He YJ, Liu DM, Jiang JG. Regulation of carotenoid degradation and production of apocarotenoids in natural and engineered organisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:513-534. [PMID: 33541157 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1873242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important precursors of a wide range of apocarotenoids with their functions including: hormones, pigments, retinoids, volatiles, and signals, which can be used in the food, flavors, fragrances, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This article focuses on the formation of these multifaceted apocarotenoids and their diverse biological roles in all living systems. Carotenoid degradation pathways include: enzymatic oxidation by specific carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) or nonspecific enzymes such as lipoxygenases and peroxidases and non-enzymatic oxidation by reactive oxygen species. Recent advances in the regulation of carotenoid cleavage genes and the biotechnological production of multiple apocarotenoids are also covered. It is suggested that different developmental stages and environmental stresses can influence both the expression of carotenoid cleavage genes and the formation of apocarotenoids at multiple levels of regulation including: transcriptional, transcription factors, posttranscriptional, posttranslational, and epigenetic modification. Regarding the biotechnological production of apocarotenoids especially: crocins, retinoids, and ionones, enzymatic biocatalysis and metabolically engineered microorganisms have been a promising alternative route. New substrates, carotenoid cleavage enzymes, biosynthetic pathways for apocarotenoids, and new biological functions of apocarotenoids will be discussed with the improvement of our understanding of apocarotenoid biology, biochemistry, function, and formation from different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jing He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Dhar MK, Mishra S, Bhat A, Chib S, Kaul S. Plant carotenoid cleavage oxygenases: structure-function relationships and role in development and metabolism. Brief Funct Genomics 2020; 19:1-9. [PMID: 31875900 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant communicates within itself and with the outside world by deploying an array of agents that include several attractants by virtue of their color and smell. In this category, the contribution of 'carotenoids and apocarotenoids' is very significant. Apocarotenoids, the carotenoid-derived compounds, show wide representation among organisms. Their biosynthesis occurs by oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, a high-value reaction, mediated by carotenoid cleavage oxygenases or carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs)-a family of non-heme iron enzymes. Structurally, this protein family displays wide diversity but is limited in its distribution among plants. Functionally, this protein family has been recognized to offer a role in phytohormones, volatiles and signal production. Further, their wide presence and clade-specific functional disparity demands a comprehensive account. This review focuses on the critical assessment of CCDs of higher plants, describing recent progress in their functional aspects and regulatory mechanisms, domain architecture, classification and localization. The work also highlights the relevant discussion for further exploration of this multi-prospective protein family for the betterment of its functional understanding and improvement of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Dhar
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Sonal Mishra
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Archana Bhat
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Sudha Chib
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Sanjana Kaul
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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24
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von Lintig J, Moon J, Babino D. Molecular components affecting ocular carotenoid and retinoid homeostasis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100864. [PMID: 32339666 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of vision employs opsins and geometric isomerization of their covalently bound retinylidine chromophores. In different animal classes, these light receptors associate with distinct G proteins that either hyperpolarize or depolarize photoreceptor membranes. Vertebrates also use the acidic form of chromophore, retinoic acid, as the ligand of nuclear hormone receptors that orchestrate eye development. To establish and sustain these processes, animals must acquire carotenoids from the diet, transport them, and metabolize them to chromophore and retinoic acid. The understanding of carotenoid metabolism, however, lagged behind our knowledge about the biology of their receptor molecules. In the past decades, much progress has been made in identifying the genes encoding proteins that mediate the transport and enzymatic transformations of carotenoids and their retinoid metabolites. Comparative analysis in different animal classes revealed how evolutionary tinkering with a limited number of genes evolved different biochemical strategies to supply photoreceptors with chromophore. Mutations in these genes impair carotenoid metabolism and induce various ocular pathologies. This review summarizes this advancement and introduces the involved proteins, including the homeostatic regulation of their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Darwin Babino
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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25
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Abstract
We developed a chemical derivatization based ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) analytical method to identify low-abundant and instable carotenoid-derived dialdehydes (DIALs, diapocarotenoids) from plants. Application of this method enhances the MS response signal of DIALs, enabling the detection of diapocarotenoids, which is crucial for understanding the function of these compounds and for elucidating the carotenoid oxidative metabolic pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Mi
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kun-Peng Jia
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aparna Balakrishna
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The BioActives Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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26
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Tan H, Chen X, Liang N, Chen R, Chen J, Hu C, Li Q, Li Q, Pei W, Xiao W, Yuan Y, Chen W, Zhang L. Transcriptome analysis reveals novel enzymes for apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and allows construction of a pathway for crocetin synthesis in yeast. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:4819-4834. [PMID: 31056664 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crocus sativus is generally considered the source of saffron spice which is rich in apo-carotenoid compounds such as crocins, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which possess effective pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the exact genes involved in apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and the potential mechanism of specific accumulation in the stigma. In this study, we integrated stigmas at different developmental stages to perform in-depth transcriptome and dynamic metabolomic analyses to discover the potential key catalytic steps involved in apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron. A total of 61 202 unigenes were obtained, and 28 regulators and 32 putative carotenogenic genes were captured after the co-expression network analysis. Moreover, 15 candidate genes were predicted to be closely related to safranal and crocin production, in which one aldehyde dehydrogenase (CsALDH3) was validated to oxidize crocetin dialdehyde into crocetin and a crocetin-producing yeast strain was created. In addition, a new branch pathway that catalyses the conversion of geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to copalol and ent-kaurene by the class II diterpene synthase CsCPS1 and three class I diterpene synthases CsEKL1/2/3 were investigated for the first time. Such gene to apo-carotenoid landscapes illuminate the synthetic charactersistics and regulators of apo-carotenoid biosynthesis, laying the foundation for a deep understanding of the biosynthesis mechanism and metabolic engineering of apo-carotenoids in plants or microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Pei
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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27
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Zheng X, Zhu K, Sun Q, Zhang W, Wang X, Cao H, Tan M, Xie Z, Zeng Y, Ye J, Chai L, Xu Q, Pan Z, Xiao S, Fraser PD, Deng X. Natural Variation in CCD4 Promoter Underpins Species-Specific Evolution of Red Coloration in Citrus Peel. Mol Plant 2019; 12:1294-1307. [PMID: 31102783 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids and apocarotenoids act as phytohormones and volatile precursors that influence plant development and confer aesthetic and nutritional value critical to consumer preference. Citrus fruits display considerable natural variation in carotenoid and apocarotenoid pigments. In this study, using an integrated genetic approach we revealed that a 5' cis-regulatory change at CCD4b encoding CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 4b is a major genetic determinant of natural variation in C30 apocarotenoids responsible for red coloration of citrus peel. Functional analyses demonstrated that in addition the known role in synthesizing β-citraurin, CCD4b is also responsible for the production of another important C30 apocarotenoid pigment, β-citraurinene. Furthermore, analyses of the CCD4b promoter and transcripts from various citrus germplasm accessions established a tight correlation between the presence of a putative 5' cis-regulatory enhancer within an MITE transposon and the enhanced allelic expression of CCD4b in C30 apocarotenoid-rich red-peeled accessions. Phylogenetic analysis provided further evidence that functional diversification of CCD4b and naturally occurring variation of the CCD4b promoter resulted in the stepwise evolution of red peels in mandarins and their hybrids. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the genetic and evolutionary basis of apocarotenoid diversity in plants, and would facilitate breeding efforts that aim to improve the nutritional and aesthetic value of citrus and perhaps other fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilian Tan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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28
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Styrczewska M, Zuk M, Boba A, Zalewski I, Kulma A. Use of Natural Components Derived from Oil Seed Plants for Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2241-2263. [PMID: 31333096 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory skin diseases is increasing, so the search for relevant therapeutics is of major concern. Plants are rich in phytochemicals which can alleviate many symptoms. In this review, we concentrate on compounds found in the seeds of widely cultivated plants, regularly used for oil production. The oils from these plants are often used to alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory diseases through synergetic action of unsaturated fatty acids and other phytochemicals most commonly derived from the terpenoid pathway. The knowledge of the chemical composition of oil seeds and the understanding of the mechanisms of action of single components should allow for a more tailored approach for the treatment for many diseases. In many cases, these seeds could serve as an efficient material for the isolation of pure phytochemicals. Here we present the content of phytochemicals, assumed to be responsible for healing properties of plant oils in a widely cultivated oil seed plants and review the proposed mechanism of action for fatty acids, selected mono-, sesqui-, di- and triterpenes, carotenoids, tocopherol and polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Styrczewska
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Boba
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwan Zalewski
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
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29
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Kim D, Alam MS, Chung WJ, Koo S. Bromoacetate Olefination Protocol for Norbixin and Julia-Kocienski Olefination for Its Ester Syntheses. ACS Omega 2019; 4:10019-10024. [PMID: 31460094 PMCID: PMC6648602 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new olefination protocol utilizing ethyl bromoacetate was highlighted, in which magnesium enolate of the ester coupled with C20 dialdehyde 6, and double eliminations of the protected hydroxyl groups and bromine atoms of the coupling bromohydrin product, efficiently produced norbixin 1 after concomitant hydrolysis of the ester. A new (C7 + C10 + C7) disconnection approach was demonstrated for the synthesis of norbixin ethyl ester 2 by the Julia-Kocienski olefination of novel C7 benzothiazolyl-sulfone 11 and C10 2,7-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatrienedial (12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Kim
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Mohammad Shariful Alam
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
| | - Sangho Koo
- Department
of Energy Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Myongji-Ro 116, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, Korea
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30
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Carballo-Uicab VM, Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Vallejo-Cardona AA, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Rodríguez-Campos J, Serrano-Posada H, Narváez-Zapata JA, Vázquez-Flota F, Rivera-Madrid R. Isolation and functional characterization of two dioxygenases putatively involved in bixin biosynthesis in annatto ( Bixa orellana L.). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7064. [PMID: 31275744 PMCID: PMC6592262 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are enzymes that have been implicated in the biosynthesis of a wide diversity of secondary metabolites with important economic value, including bixin. Bixin is the second most used pigment in the world's food industry worldwide, and its main source is the aril of achiote (Bixa orellana L.) seeds. A recent transcriptome analysis of B. orellana identified a new set of eight CCD members (BoCCD4s and BoCCD1s) potentially involved in bixin synthesis. We used several approaches in order to discriminate the best candidates with CCDs genes. A reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) expression analysis was carried out in five developmental stages of two accessions of B. orellana seeds with different bixin contents: (P13W, low bixin producer and N4P, high bixin producer). The results showed that three BoCCDs (BoCCD4-1, BoCCD4-3, and BoCCD1-1) had an expression pattern consistent with bixin accumulation during seed development. Additionally, an alignment of the CCD enzyme family and homology models of proteins were generated to verify whether the newly proposed CCD enzymes were bona fide CCDs. The study confirmed that these three enzymes were well-preserved and belonged to the CCD family. In a second selection round, the three CCD genes were analyzed by in situ RT-qPCR in seed tissue. Results indicated that BoCCD4-3 and BoCCD1-1 exhibited tissue-specific expressions in the seed aril. To test whether the two selected CCDs had enzymatic activity, they were expressed in Escherichia coli; activity was determined by identifying their products in the crude extract using UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The cleavage product (bixin aldehyde) was also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared. The results indicated that both BoCCD4-3 and BoCCD1-1 cleave lycopene in vitro at 5,6-5',6'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Manuel Carballo-Uicab
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Yair Cárdenas-Conejo
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología. CONACYT, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Colima, México
| | - Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología. CONACYT, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Colima, México
| | | | - Felipe Vázquez-Flota
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México
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31
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Mi J, Jia KP, Balakrishna A, Feng Q, Al-Babili S. A Highly Sensitive SPE Derivatization-UHPLC-MS Approach for Quantitative Profiling of Carotenoid-Derived Dialdehydes from Vegetables. AIDS Behav 2019; 67:5899-5907. [PMID: 31055928 PMCID: PMC7722347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative cleavage of carotenoids leads to dialdehydes (diapocarotenoids, DIALs) in addition to the widely known apocarotenoids. DIALs are biologically active compounds that presumably impact human health and play different roles in plant development and carotenoid metabolism. However, detection of DIALs in plants is challenging due to their instability, low abundance, and poor ionization efficiency in mass spectrometry. Here, we developed a solid-phase extraction and derivatization protocol coupled with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantitative profiling of DIALs. Our method significantly enhances the sensitivity of DIAL detection with a detection limit of 0.05 pg/mg of dried food materials, allowing unambiguous profiling of 30 endogenous DIALs with C5 to C24 from vegetables. Our work provides a new and efficient approach for determining the content of DIALs from various complex matrices, paving the way for uncovering the functions of DIALs in human health and plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Mi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kun-Peng Jia
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aparna Balakrishna
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Qitong Feng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, The BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding Author E-mail:
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Naves ER, de Ávila Silva L, Sulpice R, Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A, Peres LEP, Zsögön A. Capsaicinoids: Pungency beyond Capsicum. Trends Plant Sci 2019; 24:109-120. [PMID: 30630668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are metabolites responsible for the appealing pungency of Capsicum (chili pepper) species. The completion of the Capsicum annuum genome has sparked new interest into the development of biotechnological applications involving the manipulation of pungency levels. Pungent dishes are already part of the traditional cuisine in many countries, and numerous health benefits and industrial applications are associated to capsaicinoids. This raises the question of how to successfully produce more capsaicinoids, whose biosynthesis is strongly influenced by genotype-environment interactions in fruits of Capsicum. In this Opinion article we propose that activating the capsaicinoid biosynthetic pathway in a more amenable species such as tomato could be the next step in the fascinating story of pungent crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Rezende Naves
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Ávila Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre (PABC) and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Gomes Pacheco T, de Santana Lopes A, Monteiro Viana GD, Nascimento da Silva O, Morais da Silva G, do Nascimento Vieira L, Guerra MP, Nodari RO, Maltempi de Souza E, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Otoni WC, Rogalski M. Genetic, evolutionary and phylogenetic aspects of the plastome of annatto (Bixa orellana L.), the Amazonian commercial species of natural dyes. Planta 2019; 249:563-582. [PMID: 30310983 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plastome of B. orellana reveals specific evolutionary features, unique RNA editing sites, molecular markers and the position of Bixaceae within Malvales. Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a native species of tropical Americas with center of origin in Brazilian Amazonia. Its seeds accumulate the apocarotenoids, bixin and norbixin, which are only found in high content in this species. The seeds of B. orellana are commercially valued by the food industry because its dyes replace synthetic ones from the market due to potential carcinogenic risks. The increasing consumption of B. orellana seeds for dye extraction makes necessary the increase of productivity, which is possible accessing the genetic basis and searching for elite genotypes. The identification and characterization of molecular markers are essential to analyse the genetic diversity of natural populations and to establish suitable strategies for conservation, domestication, germplasm characterization and genetic breeding. Therefore, we sequenced and characterized in detail the plastome of B. orellana. The plastome of B. orellana is a circular DNA molecule of 159,708 bp with a typical quadripartite structure and 112 unique genes. Additionally, a total of 312 SSR loci were identified in the plastome of B. orellana. Moreover, we predicted in 23 genes a total of 57 RNA-editing sites of which 11 are unique for B. orellana. Furthermore, our plastid phylogenomic analyses, using the plastome sequences available in the plastid database belonging to species of order Malvales, indicate a closed relationship between Bixaceae and Malvaceae, which formed a sister group to Thymelaeaceae. Finally, our study provided useful data to be employed in several genetic and biotechnological approaches in B. orellana and related species of the family Bixaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Túlio Gomes Pacheco
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Santana Lopes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gélia Dinah Monteiro Viana
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Odyone Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gleyson Morais da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leila do Nascimento Vieira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Miguel Pedro Guerra
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rubens Onofre Nodari
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Núcleo de Fixação Biológica de Nitrogênio, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rogalski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Sankari M, Hridya H, Sneha P, Doss CGP, Christopher JG, Mathew J, Zayed H, Ramamoorthy S. Implication of salt stress induces changes in pigment production, antioxidant enzyme activity, and qRT-PCR expression of genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of Bixa orellana L. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:565-74. [PMID: 30694406 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of salt stress on pigment synthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity as well as in the genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of bixin was studied. The 14-day germinated seedlings of Bixa orellana were induced into the various NaCl concentration (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mM). After 45 days, leaves were taken for pigment analysis, antioxidant assays, and gene expression analysis to study the response of salt stress. The pigment content such as chlorophyll level was increased upon salt stress with a reduction in total carotenoid clearly indicating the adaptability of plants towards the stressed state. The level of β-carotene was increased in the highest concentration of salt stress treatment. The secondary metabolites such as bixin and abscisic acid (ABA) content were also high in elevated concentration of salt-treated seedling than control. The antioxidant enzyme activity was increased with the highest dose of salt stress suggesting the antioxidant enzymes to protect the plant from the deleterious effects. The mRNA transcript gene of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway such as phytoene synthase (PSY), 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), phytoene desaturase (PDS), beta-lycopene cyclase (LCY-β), epsilon lycopene cyclase (LCY-ε), carboxyl methyl transferase (CMT), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH), lycopene cleavage dioxygenase (LCD), and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) showed differential expression pattern under salt stress. In addendum, we studied the co-expression network analysis of gene to assess the co-related genes associated in the biosynthesis pathway of carotenoid. From the co-expression analysis result showed, the LCY, PDS, and PSY genes were closely correlated with other genes. These finding may provide insight to the plants to exist in the stress condition and to improve the industrially important pigment production.
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Kumar Y, Phaniendra A, Periyasamy L. Bixin Triggers Apoptosis of Human Hep3B Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells: An Insight to Molecular and IN SILICO Approach. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:971-983. [PMID: 30204479 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1490445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and is known to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy. The use of herbal medicine and supplements has increased over recent decades following side effects and resistant to conventional chemotherapy. The seeds of Bixa orellana L. commonly known as annatto have recently gained scientific attention due to presence of a carotenoid bixin for its substantial anticancer properties. However, molecular mechanisms underlying bixin-induced apoptosis are still unclear. Treatment of bixin significantly decreased the number of Hep3B cells and morphological study revealed the change in cellular and nuclear morphology that trigger the events of apoptosis confirmed by annexin V/PI staining. Further DCFDA and rhodamine 123 spectrofluorimetry study showed elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), respectively. ROS production caused DNA damage and apoptosis was marked by cell cycle arrest, up-regulation of Bax and FasL protein as well as cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-8 and caspase-3 protein. Docking study with pro-apoptotic molecule Bax and surface Fas ligand exhibited energetically favourable binding interaction. Collectively, these results suggest that bixin capable of modulating the extrinsic and intrinsic molecules of apoptosis indicating its potential for development of promising candidate for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Kalapet , India
| | - Alugoju Phaniendra
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Kalapet , India
| | - Latha Periyasamy
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Kalapet , India
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Loewen PC, Switala J, Wells JP, Huang F, Zara AT, Allingham JS, Loewen MC. Structure and function of a lignostilbene-α,β-dioxygenase orthologue from Pseudomonas brassicacearum. BMC Biochem 2018; 19:8. [PMID: 30115012 PMCID: PMC6097328 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-018-0098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stilbene cleaving oxygenases (SCOs), also known as lignostilbene-α,β-dioxygenases (LSDs) mediate the oxidative cleavage of the olefinic double bonds of lignin-derived intermediate phenolic stilbenes, yielding small modified benzaldehyde compounds. SCOs represent one branch of the larger carotenoid cleavage oxygenases family. Here, we describe the structural and functional characterization of an SCO-like enzyme from the soil-born, bio-control agent Pseudomonas brassicacearum. METHODS In vitro and in vivo assays relying on visual inspection, spectrophotometric quantification, as well as liquid-chormatographic and mass spectrometric characterization were applied for functional evaluation of the enzyme. X-ray crystallographic analyses and in silico modeling were applied for structural investigations. RESULTS In vitro assays demonstrated preferential cleavage of resveratrol, while in vivo analyses detected putative cleavage of the straight chain carotenoid, lycopene. A high-resolution structure containing the seven-bladed β-propeller fold and conserved 4-His-Fe unit at the catalytic site, was obtained. Comparative structural alignments, as well as in silico modelling and docking, highlight potential molecular factors contributing to both the primary in vitro activity against resveratrol, as well as the putative subsidiary activities against carotenoids in vivo, for future validation. CONCLUSIONS The findings reported here provide validation of the SCO structure, and highlight enigmatic points with respect to the potential effect of the enzyme's molecular environment on substrate specificities for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Loewen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jacek Switala
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - James P Wells
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Fang Huang
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Anthony T Zara
- Department of BioMedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of BioMedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michele C Loewen
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
- Department of BioMedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Kallscheuer N. Engineered Microorganisms for the Production of Food Additives Approved by the European Union-A Systematic Analysis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1746. [PMID: 30123195 PMCID: PMC6085563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 1950s, the idea of a single harmonized list of food additives for the European Union arose. Already in 1962, the E-classification system, a robust food safety system intended to protect consumers from possible food-related risks, was introduced. Initially, it was restricted to colorants, but at later stages also preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents, sweeteners, and flavorings were included. Currently, the list of substances authorized by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (referred to as "E numbers") comprises 316 natural or artificial substances including small organic molecules, metals, salts, but also more complex compounds such as plant extracts and polymers. Low overall concentrations of such compounds in natural producers due to inherent regulation mechanisms or production processes based on non-regenerative carbon sources led to an increasing interest in establishing more reliable and sustainable production platforms. In this context, microorganisms have received significant attention as alternative sources providing access to these compounds. Scientific advancements in the fields of molecular biology and genetic engineering opened the door toward using engineered microorganisms for overproduction of metabolites of their carbon metabolism such as carboxylic acids and amino acids. In addition, entire pathways, e.g., of plant origin, were functionally introduced into microorganisms, which holds the promise to get access to an even broader range of accessible products. The aim of this review article is to give a systematic overview on current efforts during construction and application of microbial cell factories for the production of food additives listed in the EU "E numbers" catalog. The review is focused on metabolic engineering strategies of industrially relevant production hosts also discussing current bottlenecks in the underlying metabolic pathways and how they can be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Kallscheuer
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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Teixeira da Silva JA, Dobránszki J, Rivera-Madrid R. The biotechnology (genetic transformation and molecular biology) of Bixa orellana L. (achiote). Planta 2018; 248:267-277. [PMID: 29748818 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation allows for greater bixin or norbixin production in achiote. Knowledge of genes that control the biosynthesis of these important secondary metabolites will allow for targeted amplification in transgenic plants. Annatto is a natural dye or coloring agent derived from the seeds, or their arils, of achiote (Bixa orellana L.), and is commercially known as E160b. The main active component of annatto dye is water-insoluble bixin, although water-soluble norbixin also has commercial applications. Relative to other antioxidants, bixin is light- and temperature stable and is thus safe for human consumption. Bixin is, therefore, widely applied as a dye and as an antioxidant in the medico-pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and dye industries. Even though bixin has also been isolated from leaves and bark, yield is lower than from seeds. More biotechnology-based research of this industrial and medicinal plant is needed. Building on provisional genetic transformation studies, it would be advantageous to transform genes that could result in greater bixin or norbixin production. Reliable protocols for the extraction of bixin and norbixin, as well as deeper knowledge of the genes that control the biosynthesis of these important secondary metabolites will allow for targeted amplification in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Dobránszki
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, IAREF, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, Nyíregyháza, 4400, Hungary.
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, CP 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Kopec RE, Failla ML. Recent advances in the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carotenoids and effects of other dietary lipophiles. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Sankari M, Hridya H, Sneha P, George Priya Doss C, Ramamoorthy S. Effect of UV radiation and its implications on carotenoid pathway in Bixa orellana L. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2017; 176:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Singh G, Singh G, Singh P, Parmar R, Paul N, Vashist R, Swarnkar MK, Kumar A, Singh S, Singh AK, Kumar S, Sharma RK. Molecular dissection of transcriptional reprogramming of steviol glycosides synthesis in leaf tissue during developmental phase transitions in Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11835. [PMID: 28928460 PMCID: PMC5605536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia is a natural source of commercially important steviol glycosides (SGs), which share biosynthesis route with gibberellic acids (GAs) through plastidal MEP and cytosolic MVA pathways. Ontogeny-dependent deviation in SGs biosynthesis is one of the key factor for global cultivation of Stevia, has not been studied at transcriptional level. To dissect underlying molecular mechanism, we followed a global transcriptome sequencing approach and generated more than 100 million reads. Annotation of 41,262 de novo assembled transcripts identified all the genes required for SGs and GAs biosynthesis. Differential gene expression and quantitative analysis of important pathway genes (DXS, HMGR, KA13H) and gene regulators (WRKY, MYB, NAC TFs) indicated developmental phase dependent utilization of metabolic flux between SGs and GAs synthesis. Further, identification of 124 CYPs and 45 UGTs enrich the genomic resources, and their PPI network analysis with SGs/GAs biosynthesis proteins identifies putative candidates involved in metabolic changes, as supported by their developmental phase-dependent expression. These putative targets can expedite molecular breeding and genetic engineering efforts to enhance SGs content, biomass and yield. Futuristically, the generated dataset will be a useful resource for development of functional molecular markers for diversity characterization, genome mapping and evolutionary studies in Stevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajni Parmar
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Navgeet Paul
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Radhika Vashist
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Swarnkar
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanatsujat Singh
- Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, PDU Campus, IINRG, Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms and beneficial for human health. Apocarotenoids derived from carotenoid degradation can serve critical functions including hormones, volatiles, and signals. They have been used commercially as food colorants, animal feed supplements, and nutraceuticals for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. This review focuses on the molecular evolution of carotenogenic enzymes and carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) from bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The diversity of carotenoids and apocarotenoids as well as their complicated biosynthetic pathway in different species can shed light on the history of early molecular evolution. Some carotenogenic genes (such as phytoene synthases) have high protein sequence similarity from bacteria to land plants, but some (such as phytoene desaturases, lycopene cyclases, carotenoid hydroxylases, and CCOs) have low similarity. The broad diversity of apocarotenoid volatile compounds can be attributed to large numbers of carotenoid precursors and the various cleavage sites catalyzed by CCOs enzymes. A variety of carotenogenic enzymes and CCOs indicate the functional diversification of carotenoids and apocrotenoids in different species. New carotenoids, new apocarotenoids, new carotenogenic enzymes, new CCOs, and new pathways still need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- b Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA.,c College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China.,d School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
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Chai F, Wang Y, Mei X, Yao M, Chen Y, Liu H, Xiao W, Yuan Y. Heterologous biosynthesis and manipulation of crocetin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:54. [PMID: 28356104 PMCID: PMC5371240 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to excellent performance in antitumor, antioxidation, antihypertension, antiatherosclerotic and antidepressant activities, crocetin, naturally exists in Crocus sativus L., has great potential applications in medical and food fields. Microbial production of crocetin has received increasing concern in recent years. However, only a patent from EVOVA Inc. and a report from Lou et al. have illustrated the feasibility of microbial biosynthesis of crocetin, but there was no specific titer data reported so far. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is generally regarded as food safety and productive host, and manipulation of key enzymes is critical to balance metabolic flux, consequently improve output. Therefore, to promote crocetin production in S. cerevisiae, all the key enzymes, such as CrtZ, CCD and ALD should be engineered combinatorially. RESULTS By introduction of heterologous CrtZ and CCD in existing β-carotene producing strain, crocetin biosynthesis was achieved successfully in S. cerevisiae. Compared to culturing at 30 °C, the crocetin production was improved to 223 μg/L at 20 °C. Moreover, an optimal CrtZ/CCD combination and a titer of 351 μg/L crocetin were obtained by combinatorial screening of CrtZs from nine species and four CCDs from Crocus. Then through screening of heterologous ALDs from Bixa orellana (Bix_ALD) and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (Syn_ALD) as well as endogenous ALD6, the crocetin titer was further enhanced by 1.8-folds after incorporating Syn_ALD. Finally a highest reported titer of 1219 μg/L at shake flask level was achieved by overexpression of CCD2 and Syn_ALD. Eventually, through fed-batch fermentation, the production of crocetin in 5-L bioreactor reached to 6278 μg/L, which is the highest crocetin titer reported in eukaryotic cell. CONCLUSIONS Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered to achieve crocetin production in this study. Through combinatorial manipulation of three key enzymes CrtZ, CCD and ALD in terms of screening enzymes sources and regulating protein expression level (reaction temperature and copy number), crocetin titer was stepwise improved by 129.4-fold (from 9.42 to 1219 μg/L) as compared to the starting strain. The highest crocetin titer (6278 μg/L) reported in microbes was achieved in 5-L bioreactors. This study provides a good insight into key enzyme manipulation involved in serial reactions for microbial overproduction of desired compounds with complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Chai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingdong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
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Ji A, Jia J, Xu Z, Li Y, Bi W, Ren F, He C, Liu J, Hu K, Song J. Transcriptome-Guided Mining of Genes Involved in Crocin Biosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:518. [PMID: 28443112 PMCID: PMC5387100 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides is used in traditional Chinese medicine and has drawn attention as a rich source of crocin, a compound with reported activity against various cancers, depression and cardiovascular disease. However, genetic information on the crocin biosynthetic pathway of G. jasminoides is scarce. In this study, we performed a transcriptome analysis of the leaves, green fruits, and red fruits of G. jasminoides to identify and predict the genes that encode key enzymes responsible for crocin production, compared with Crocus sativus. Twenty-seven putative pathway genes were specifically expressed in the fruits, consistent with the distribution of crocin in G. jasminoides. Twenty-four of these genes were reported for the first time, and a novel CCD4a gene was predicted that encodes carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase leading to crocin synthesis, in contrast to CCD2 of C. sativus. In addition, 6 other candidate genes (ALDH12, ALDH14, UGT94U1, UGT86D1, UGT71H4, and UGT85K18) were predicted to be involved in crocin biosynthesis following phylogenetic analysis and different gene expression profiles. Identifying the genes that encode key enzymes should help elucidate the crocin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijia Ji
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Wu Bi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Fengming Ren
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant CultivationChongqing, China
| | - Chunnian He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant CultivationChongqing, China
| | - Kaizhi Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant CultivationChongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Kaizhi Hu
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant CultivationChongqing, China
- Jingyuan Song
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Sharma S, Shrivastava N. Renaissance in phytomedicines: promising implications of NGS technologies. Planta 2016; 244:19-38. [PMID: 27002972 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plant research is growing significantly in faith to discover new and more biologically compatible phytomedicines. Deposition of huge genome/trancriptome sequence data assisted by NGS technologies has revealed the new possibilities for producing upgraded bioactive molecules in medicinal plants. Growing interest of investors and consumers in the herbal drugs raises the need for extensive research to open the facts and details of every inch of life canvas of medicinal plants to produce improved quality of phytomedicines. As in agriculture crops, knowledge emergence from medicinal plant's genome/transcriptome, can be used to assure their amended quality and these improved varieties are then transported to the fields for cultivation. Genome studies generate huge sequence data which can be exploited further for obtaining information regarding genes/gene clusters involved in biosynthesis as well as regulation. This can be achieved rapidly at a very large scale with NGS platforms. Identification of new RNA molecules has become possible, which can lead to the discovery of novel compounds. Sequence information can be combined with advanced phytochemical and bioinformatics tools to discover functional herbal drugs. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of small RNA species put a light on the regulatory aspect of biosynthetic pathways for phytomedicines. Inter or intra genomic as well as transcriptomic interactive processes for biosynthetic pathways can be elucidated in depth. Quality management of herbal material will also become rapid and high throughput. Enrichment of sequence information will be used to engineer the plants to get more efficient phytopharmaceuticals. The present review comprises of role of NGS technologies to boost genomic studies of pharmaceutically important plants and further, applications of sequence information aiming to produce enriched phytomedicines. Emerging knowledge from the medicinal plants genome/transcriptome can give birth to deep understanding of the processes responsible for biosynthesis of medicinally important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Sharma
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Sarkhej - Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Neeta Shrivastava
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Sarkhej - Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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Cataldo VF, López J, Cárcamo M, Agosin E. Chemical vs. biotechnological synthesis of C13-apocarotenoids: current methods, applications and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5703-18. [PMID: 27154347 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are natural compounds derived from the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids. Particularly, C13-apocarotenoids are volatile compounds that contribute to the aromas of different flowers and fruits and are highly valued by the Flavor and Fragrance industry. So far, the chemical synthesis of these terpenoids has dominated the industry. Nonetheless, the increasing consumer demand for more natural and sustainable processes raises an interesting opportunity for bio-production alternatives. In this regard, enzymatic biocatalysis and metabolically engineered microorganisms emerge as attractive biotechnological options. The present review summarizes promising bioengineering approaches with regard to chemical production methods for the synthesis of two families of C13-apocarotenoids: ionones/dihydroionones and damascones/damascenone. We discuss each method and its applicability, with a thorough comparative analysis for ionones, focusing on the production process, regulatory aspects, and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente F Cataldo
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera López
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Cárcamo
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
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Sankari M, Hemachandran H, Anantharaman A, Babu S, Madrid RR, C GPD, Fulzele DP, Siva R. Identifying a Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 4a Gene and Its Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation in Bixa orellana L. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:697-714. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Carotenoids are precursors of carotenoid derived molecules termed apocarotenoids, which include isoprenoids with important functions in plant-environment interactions such as the attraction of pollinators and the defense against pathogens and herbivores. Apocarotenoids also include volatile aromatic compounds that act as repellents, chemoattractants, growth simulators and inhibitors, as well as the phytohormones abscisic acid and strigolactones. In plants, apocarotenoids can be found in several types of plastids (etioplast, leucoplast and chromoplast) and among different plant tissues such as flowers and roots. The structural similarity of some flower and spice isoprenoid volatile organic compounds (β-ionone and safranal) to carotenoids has led to the recent discovery of carotenoid-specific cleavage oxygenases, including carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases and 9-cis-epoxydioxygenases, which tailor and transform carotenoids into apocarotenoids. The great diversity of apocarotenoids is a consequence of the huge amount of carotenoid precursors, the variations in specific cleavage sites and the modifications after cleavage. Lycopene, β-carotene and zeaxanthin are the precursors of the main apocarotenoids described to date, which include bixin, crocin, picrocrocin, abscisic acid, strigolactone and mycorradicin.The current chapter will give rise to an overview of the biosynthesis and function of the most important apocarotenoids in plants, as well as the current knowledge about the carotenoid cleavage oxygenase enzymes involved in these biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile.
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49
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Louro RP, Santiago LJM. Development of carotenoid storage cells in Bixa orellana L. seed arils. Protoplasma 2016; 253:77-86. [PMID: 25786349 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The arils of Bixa orellana L. seeds contain carotenoid storage cells (CSCs). The main compounds in these cells include bixin and norbixin, which are important pigments in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Although many studies have been conducted on these chemical constituents, the cellular events that occur during the development of the carotenoid-accumulating cells in the arils and their relationship with the final carotenoid accumulation in the vacuoles remain unknown. In this study, the development of the CSCs in B. orellana arils was analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Carotenoids formed in specialized cells, whose number and size increased during aril development. At various stages of development, the cytoplasm of the CSCs contained chromoplasts that held an extensive network of tubules and plastoglobules. Next to the chromoplasts, lipid droplets may fuse one another to form osmiophilic bodies. In addition, vesicles were observed next to the tonoplast. At the final stages of development, both the osmiophilic bodies and vesicles, which became quadrangular or rectangular, were stored in the vacuoles of the CSCs. This study reported for the first time the occurrence of different storage unit types within the vacuole of carotenoid storage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P Louro
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS-Bloco A. Cidade Universitária, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21949-490, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Laura J M Santiago
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur 458, S. 301, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 22290-240
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Rivera-Madrid R, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Garza-Caligaris LE. Carotenoid Derivates in Achiote ( Bixa orellana) Seeds: Synthesis and Health Promoting Properties. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1406. [PMID: 27708658 PMCID: PMC5030781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bixa orellana (family Bixaceae) is a neotropical fast growing perennial tree of great agro-industrial value because its seeds have a high carotenoid content, mainly bixin. It has been used since pre-colonial times as a culinary colorant and spice, and for healing purposes. It is currently used as a natural pigment in the food, in pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, and it is commercially known as annatto. Recently, several studies have addressed the biological and medical properties of this natural pigment, both as potential source of new drugs or because its ingestion as a condiment or diet supplement may protect against several diseases. The most documented properties are anti-oxidative; but its anti-cancer, hypoglucemic, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties are also being studied. Bixin's pathway elucidation and its regulation mechanisms are critical to improve the produce of this important carotenoid. Even though the bixin pathway has been established, the regulation of the genes involved in bixin production remains largely unknown. Our laboratory recently published B. orellana's transcriptome and we have identified most of its MEP (methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate) and carotenoid pathway genes. Annatto is a potential source of new drugs and can be a valuable nutraceutical supplement. However, its nutritional and healing properties require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C.Mérida, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Renata Rivera-Madrid,
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C.Mérida, Mexico
| | | | - Luz E. Garza-Caligaris
- Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C.Mérida, Mexico
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