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Nikitczuk MP, Bebout GE, Geiger CA, Ota T, Kunihiro T, Mustard JF, Halldórsson SA, Nakamura E. Nitrogen Incorporation in Potassic and Micro- and Meso-Porous Minerals: Potential Biogeochemical Records and Targets for Mars Sampling. Astrobiology 2022; 22:1293-1309. [PMID: 36074082 PMCID: PMC9618379 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We measured the N concentrations and isotopic compositions of 44 samples of terrestrial potassic and micro- and meso-porous minerals and a small number of whole-rocks to determine the extent to which N is incorporated and stored during weathering and low-temperature hydrothermal alteration in Mars surface/near-surface environments. The selection of these minerals and other materials was partly guided by the study of altered volcanic glass from Antarctica and Iceland, in which the incorporation of N as NH4+ in phyllosilicates is indicated by correlated concentrations of N and the LILEs (i.e., K, Ba, Rb, Cs), with scatter likely related to the presence of exchanged, occluded/trapped, or encapsulated organic/inorganic N occurring within structural cavities (e.g., in zeolites). The phyllosilicates, zeolites, and sulfates analyzed in this study contain between 0 and 99,120 ppm N and have δ15Nair values of -34‰ to +65‰. Most of these minerals, and the few siliceous hydrothermal deposits that were analyzed, have δ15N consistent with the incorporation of biologically processed N during low-temperature hydrothermal or weathering processes. Secondary ion mass spectrometry on altered hyaloclastites demonstrates the residency of N in smectites and zeolites, and silica. We suggest that geological materials known on Earth to incorporate and store N and known to be abundant at, or near, the surface of Mars should be considered targets for upcoming Mars sample return with the intent to identify any signs of ancient or modern life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Nikitczuk
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gray E. Bebout
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Misasa, Japan
| | - Charles A. Geiger
- Universität Salzburg, Fachbereich Chemie und Physik der Materialien, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tsutomu Ota
- Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Misasa, Japan
| | - Takuya Kunihiro
- Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Misasa, Japan
| | - John F. Mustard
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sæmundur A. Halldórsson
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Eizo Nakamura
- Pheasant Memorial Laboratory for Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, Misasa, Japan
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Ciazela J, Bakala J, Kowalinski M, Plocieniak S, Zalewska N, Pieterek B, Mrozek T, Ciazela M, Paslawski G, Steslicki M, Szaforz Z, Barylak J, Kuzaj M, Maturilli A, Helbert J, Muszynski A, Rataj M, Gburek S, Jozefowicz M, Marciniak D. Concept and Design of Martian Far-IR ORE Spectrometer (MIRORES). Remote Sensing 2022; 14:2799. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14122799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfide ores are a major source of noble (Au, Ag, and Pt) and base (Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn, Co, Ni, etc.) metals and will, therefore, be vital for the self-sustainment of future Mars colonies. Martian meteorites are rich in sulfides, which is reflected in recent findings for surface Martian rocks analyzed by the Spirit and Curiosity rovers. However, the only high-resolution (18 m/pixel) infrared (IR) spectrometer orbiting Mars, the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), is not well-suited for detecting sulfides on the Martian surface. Spectral interference with silicates impedes sulfide detection in the 0.4–3.9 μm CRISM range. In contrast, at least three common hydrothermal sulfides on Earth and Mars (pyrite, chalcopyrite, marcasite) have prominent absorption peaks in a narrow far-IR (FIR) wavelength range of 23–28 μm. Identifying the global distribution and chemical composition of sulfide ore deposits would help in choosing useful targets for future Mars exploration missions. Therefore, we have designed a new instrument suitable for measuring sulfides in the FIR range called the Martian far-IR Ore Spectrometer (MIRORES). MIRORES will measure radiation in six narrow bands (~0.3 µm in width), including three bands centered on the sulfide absorption bands (23.2, 24.3 and 27.6 µm), two reference bands (21.5 and 26.1) and one band for clinopyroxene interference (29.0 µm). Focusing on sulfides only will make it possible to adapt the instrument size (32 × 32 × 42 cm) and mass (<10 kg) to common microsatellite requirements. The biggest challenges related to this design are: (1) the small field of view conditioned by the high resolution required for such a study (<20 m/pixel), which, in limited space, can only be achieved by the use of the Cassegrain optical system; and (2) a relatively stable measurement temperature to maintain radiometric accuracy and enable precise calibration.
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Díaz Michelena M, Kilian R, Rivero MÁ, Fernández Romero S, Ríos F, Mesa JL, Oyarzún A. Magnetometric Surveys for the Non-Invasive Surface and Subsurface Interpretation of Volcanic Structures in Planetary Exploration, a Case Study of Several Volcanoes in the Iberian Peninsula. Remote Sensing 2022; 14:2039. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14092039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Volcanoes are typical features of the solar system that offer a window into the interior of planets. Thus, their study can improve the understanding of the interiors and evolution of planets. On Earth, volcanoes are monitored by multiple sensors during their dormant and active phases. Presently, this is not feasible for other planets’ volcanoes. However, robotic vehicles and the recent technological demonstration of Ingenuity on Mars open up the possibility of using the powerful and non-destructive geophysical tool of magnetic surveys at different heights, for the investigation of surfaces and subsurfaces. We propose a methodology with a view to extract information from planetary volcanoes in the short and medium term, which comprises an analysis of the morphology using images, magnetic field surveys at different heights, in situ measurements of magnetic susceptibility, and simplified models for the interpretation of geological structures. This methodology is applied successfully to the study of different examples of the main volcanic zones of the Iberian Peninsula, representative of the Martian intraplate volcanism and similar to Venus domes, as a preparatory action prior to the exploration of the rocky planets’ surfaces.
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Edgett KS, Sarkar R. Recognition of Sedimentary Rock Occurrences in Satellite and Aerial Images of Other Worlds—Insights from Mars. Remote Sensing 2021; 13:4296. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13214296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentary rocks provide records of past surface and subsurface processes and environments. The first step in the study of the sedimentary rock record of another world is to learn to recognize their occurrences in images from instruments aboard orbiting, flyby, or aerial platforms. For two decades, Mars has been known to have sedimentary rocks; however, planet-wide identification is incomplete. Global coverage at 0.25–6 m/pixel, and observations from the Curiosity rover in Gale crater, expand the ability to recognize Martian sedimentary rocks. No longer limited to cases that are light-toned, lightly cratered, and stratified—or mimic original depositional setting (e.g., lithified deltas)—Martian sedimentary rocks include dark-toned examples, as well as rocks that are erosion-resistant enough to retain small craters as well as do lava flows. Breakdown of conglomerates, breccias, and even some mudstones, can produce a pebbly regolith that imparts a “smooth” appearance in satellite and aerial images. Context is important; sedimentary rocks remain challenging to distinguish from primary igneous rocks in some cases. Detection of ultramafic, mafic, or andesitic compositions do not dictate that a rock is igneous, and clast genesis should be considered separately from the depositional record. Mars likely has much more sedimentary rock than previously recognized.
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Bell JF, Maki JN, Mehall GL, Ravine MA, Caplinger MA, Bailey ZJ, Brylow S, Schaffner JA, Kinch KM, Madsen MB, Winhold A, Hayes AG, Corlies P, Tate C, Barrington M, Cisneros E, Jensen E, Paris K, Crawford K, Rojas C, Mehall L, Joseph J, Proton JB, Cluff N, Deen RG, Betts B, Cloutis E, Coates AJ, Colaprete A, Edgett KS, Ehlmann BL, Fagents S, Grotzinger JP, Hardgrove C, Herkenhoff KE, Horgan B, Jaumann R, Johnson JR, Lemmon M, Paar G, Caballo-Perucha M, Gupta S, Traxler C, Preusker F, Rice MS, Robinson MS, Schmitz N, Sullivan R, Wolff MJ. The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) Multispectral, Stereoscopic Imaging Investigation. Space Sci Rev 2021; 217:24. [PMID: 33612866 PMCID: PMC7883548 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mastcam-Z is a multispectral, stereoscopic imaging investigation on the Mars 2020 mission's Perseverance rover. Mastcam-Z consists of a pair of focusable, 4:1 zoomable cameras that provide broadband red/green/blue and narrowband 400-1000 nm color imaging with fields of view from 25.6° × 19.2° (26 mm focal length at 283 μrad/pixel) to 6.2° × 4.6° (110 mm focal length at 67.4 μrad/pixel). The cameras can resolve (≥ 5 pixels) ∼0.7 mm features at 2 m and ∼3.3 cm features at 100 m distance. Mastcam-Z shares significant heritage with the Mastcam instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. Each Mastcam-Z camera consists of zoom, focus, and filter wheel mechanisms and a 1648 × 1214 pixel charge-coupled device detector and electronics. The two Mastcam-Z cameras are mounted with a 24.4 cm stereo baseline and 2.3° total toe-in on a camera plate ∼2 m above the surface on the rover's Remote Sensing Mast, which provides azimuth and elevation actuation. A separate digital electronics assembly inside the rover provides power, data processing and storage, and the interface to the rover computer. Primary and secondary Mastcam-Z calibration targets mounted on the rover top deck enable tactical reflectance calibration. Mastcam-Z multispectral, stereo, and panoramic images will be used to provide detailed morphology, topography, and geologic context along the rover's traverse; constrain mineralogic, photometric, and physical properties of surface materials; monitor and characterize atmospheric and astronomical phenomena; and document the rover's sample extraction and caching locations. Mastcam-Z images will also provide key engineering information to support sample selection and other rover driving and tool/instrument operations decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. A. Ravine
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | | | | | - S. Brylow
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - C. Tate
- Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | | | - E. Jensen
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | - K. Paris
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - C. Rojas
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | | | | | - N. Cluff
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | - B. Betts
- The Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Univ. College, London, UK
| | - A. Colaprete
- NASA/Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA USA
| | - K. S. Edgett
- Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | - B. L. Ehlmann
- JPL/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
- Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - R. Jaumann
- Inst. of Geological Sciences, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M. Lemmon
- Space Science Inst., Boulder, CO USA
| | - G. Paar
- Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - F. Preusker
- DLR/German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. S. Rice
- Western Washington Univ., Bellingham, WA USA
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Sánchez-García L, Carrizo D, Molina A, Muñoz-Iglesias V, Lezcano MÁ, Fernández-Sampedro M, Parro V, Prieto-Ballesteros O. Fingerprinting molecular and isotopic biosignatures on different hydrothermal scenarios of Iceland, an acidic and sulfur-rich Mars analog. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21196. [PMID: 33273669 PMCID: PMC7712778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting signs of potential extant/extinct life on Mars is challenging because the presence of organics on that planet is expected to be very low and most likely linked to radiation-protected refugia and/or preservative strategies (e.g., organo-mineral complexes). With scarcity of organics, accounting for biomineralization and potential relationships between biomarkers, mineralogy, and geochemistry is key in the search for extraterrestrial life. Here we explored microbial fingerprints and their associated mineralogy in Icelandic hydrothermal systems analog to Mars (i.e., high sulfur content, or amorphous silica), to identify potentially habitable locations on that planet. The mineralogical assemblage of four hydrothermal substrates (hot springs biofilms, mud pots, and steaming and inactive fumaroles) was analyzed concerning the distribution of biomarkers. Molecular and isotopic composition of lipids revealed quantitative and compositional differences apparently impacted by surface geothermal alteration and environmental factors. pH and water showed an influence (i.e., greatest biomass in circumneutral settings with highest supply and turnover of water), whereas temperature conditioned the mineralogy that supported specific microbial metabolisms related with sulfur. Raman spectra suggested the possible coexistence of abiotic and biomediated sources of minerals (i.e., sulfur or hematite). These findings may help to interpret future Raman or GC-MS signals in forthcoming Martian missions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Carrizo
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Victor Parro
- Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, Madrid, Spain
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Ruff SW, Campbell KA, Van Kranendonk MJ, Rice MS, Farmer JD. The Case for Ancient Hot Springs in Gusev Crater, Mars. Astrobiology 2020; 20:475-499. [PMID: 31621375 PMCID: PMC7133449 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The origin and age of opaline silica deposits discovered by the Spirit rover adjacent to the Home Plate feature in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater remains debated, in part because of their proximity to sulfur-rich soils. Processes related to fumarolic activity and to hot springs and/or geysers are the leading candidates. Both processes are known to produce opaline silica on Earth, but with differences in composition, morphology, texture, and stratigraphy. Here, we incorporate new and existing observations of the Home Plate region with observations from field and laboratory work to address the competing hypotheses. The results, which include new evidence for a hot spring vent mound, demonstrate that a volcanic hydrothermal system manifesting both hot spring/geyser and fumarolic activity best explains the opaline silica rocks and proximal S-rich materials, respectively. The opaline silica rocks most likely are sinter deposits derived from hot spring activity. Stratigraphic evidence indicates that their deposition occurred before the emplacement of the volcaniclastic deposits comprising Home Plate and nearby ridges. Because sinter deposits throughout geologic history on Earth preserve evidence for microbial life, they are a key target in the search for ancient life on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Ruff
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Address correspondence to: Steven W. Ruff, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Mars Space Flight Facility, Moeur Building Room 131, Tempe, AZ 85287-6305
| | - Kathleen A. Campbell
- School of Environment and Te Ao Mārama—Centre for Fundamental Inquiry, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin J. Van Kranendonk
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melissa S. Rice
- Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington
| | - Jack D. Farmer
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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Abstract
The first detection of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity in the Gale Crater, Mars created a profound impact on planetary science and exploration. The unique capability of plasma spectroscopy, which involves in situ elemental analysis in extraterrestrial environments, suggests the presence of water in the red planet based on phase characterization and provides a clue to Martian paleoclimate. The key to gypsum as an ideal paleoclimate proxy lies in its textural variants and terrestrial gypsum samples from varied locations and textural types have been analyzed with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in this study. Petrographic, sub-microscopic, and powder X-ray diffraction characterizations confirm the presence of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate; CaSO4·2H2O), bassanite (semi-hydrated calcium sulphate; CaSO4·½H2O), and anhydrite (anhydrous calcium sulphate; CaSO4), along with accessory phases (quartz and jarosite). The principal component analysis of LIBS spectra from texturally varied gypsums can be differentiated from one another due to the chemical variability in their elemental concentrations. The concentration of gypsum is determined from the partial least-square regressions model. The rapid characterization of gypsum samples with LIBS is expected to work well in extraterrestrial environments.
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Hughes SS, Haberle CW, Kobs Nawotniak SE, Sehlke A, Garry WB, Elphic RC, Payler SJ, Stevens AH, Cockell CS, Brady AL, Heldmann JL, Lim DS. Basaltic Terrains in Idaho and Hawai'i as Planetary Analogs for Mars Geology and Astrobiology. Astrobiology 2019; 19:260-283. [PMID: 30339033 PMCID: PMC6442300 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Field research target regions within two basaltic geologic provinces are described as Earth analogs to Mars. Regions within the eastern Snake River Plain of Idaho and the Big Island of Hawai'i, the United States, provinces that represent analogs of present-day and early Mars, respectively, were evaluated on the basis of geologic settings, rock lithology and geochemistry, rock alteration, and climate. Each of these factors provides rationale for the selection of specific targets for field research in five analog target regions: (1) Big Craters and (2) Highway lava flows at Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Idaho, and (3) Mauna Ulu low shield, (4) Kīlauea Iki lava lake, and (5) Kīlauea caldera in the Kīlauea Volcano summit region and the East Rift Zone of Hawai'i. Our evaluation of compositional and textural attributes, as well as the effects of syn- and posteruptive rock alteration, shows that basaltic terrains in Idaho and Hawai'i provide a way to characterize the geology and major geologic substrates that host biological activity of relevance to Mars exploration. This work provides the foundation to better understand the scientific questions related to the habitability of basaltic terrains, the rationale behind selecting analog field targets, and their applicability as analogs to Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S. Hughes
- Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho
| | - Christopher W. Haberle
- Mars Space Flight Facility, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel J. Payler
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam H. Stevens
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S. Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Allyson L. Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Heldmann
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Darlene S.S. Lim
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- BAER Institute, Moffett Field, California
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Hynek BM, Rogers KL, Antunovich M, Avard G, Alvarado GE. Lack of Microbial Diversity in an Extreme Mars Analog Setting: Poás Volcano, Costa Rica. Astrobiology 2018; 18:923-933. [PMID: 29688767 PMCID: PMC6067093 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Poás volcano in Costa Rica has been studied as a Mars geochemical analog environment, since both the style of hydrothermal alteration present and the alteration mineralogy are consistent with Mars' relict hydrothermal systems. The site hosts an active volcano, with high-temperature fumaroles (up to 980°C) and an ultra-acidic lake. This lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the most dynamic environments on Earth, with frequent phreatic eruptions, temperatures ranging from near-ambient to almost boiling, a pH range of -1 to 1.5, and a wide range of chemistries and redox potential. Martian acid-sulfate hydrothermal systems were likely similarly dynamic and equally challenging to life. The microbiology existing within Laguna Caliente was characterized for the first time, with sampling taking place in November, 2013. The diversity of the microbial community was surveyed via extraction of environmental DNA from fluid and sediment samples followed by Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The microbial diversity was limited to a single species of the bacterial genus Acidiphilium. This organism likely gets its energy from oxidation of reduced sulfur in the lake, including elemental sulfur. Given Mars' propensity for sulfur and acid-sulfate environments, this type of organism is of significant interest to the search for past or present life on the Red Planet. Key Words: Mars astrobiology-Acid-sulfate hydrothermal systems-Extremophiles-Acidic-High temperature-Acidiphilium bacteria. Astrobiology 18, 923-933.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Hynek
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Address correspondence to:Brian M. HynekLaboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado3665 Discovery Dr.Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Karyn L. Rogers
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Monique Antunovich
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Geoffroy Avard
- OVSICORI, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo E. Alvarado
- Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas, Red Sismológica Nacional, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
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Wade J, Dyck B, Palin RM, Moore JDP, Smye AJ. The divergent fates of primitive hydrospheric water on Earth and Mars. Nature 2017; 552:391-4. [PMID: 29293210 DOI: 10.1038/nature25031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite active transport into Earth's mantle, water has been present on our planet's surface for most of geological time. Yet water disappeared from the Martian surface soon after its formation. Although some of the water on Mars was lost to space via photolysis following the collapse of the planet's magnetic field, the widespread serpentinization of Martian crust suggests that metamorphic hydration reactions played a critical part in the sequestration of the crust. Here we quantify the relative volumes of water that could be removed from each planet's surface via the burial and metamorphism of hydrated mafic crusts, and calculate mineral transition-induced bulk-density changes at conditions of elevated pressure and temperature for each. The metamorphic mineral assemblages in relatively FeO-rich Martian lavas can hold about 25 per cent more structurally bound water than those in metamorphosed terrestrial basalts, and can retain it at greater depths within Mars. Our calculations suggest that in excess of 9 per cent by volume of the Martian mantle may contain hydrous mineral species as a consequence of surface reactions, compared to about 4 per cent by volume of Earth's mantle. Furthermore, neither primitive nor evolved hydrated Martian crust show noticeably different bulk densities compared to their anhydrous equivalents, in contrast to hydrous mafic terrestrial crust, which transforms to denser eclogite upon dehydration. This would have allowed efficient overplating and burial of early Martian crust in a stagnant-lid tectonic regime, in which the lithosphere comprised a single tectonic plate, with only the warmer, lower crust involved in mantle convection. This provided an important sink for hydrospheric water and a mechanism for oxidizing the Martian mantle. Conversely, relatively buoyant mafic crust and hotter geothermal gradients on Earth reduced the potential for upper-mantle hydration early in its geological history, leading to water being retained close to its surface, and thus creating conditions conducive for the evolution of complex multicellular life.
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A.J. Coates, R. Jaumann, A.D. Griffiths, C.E. Leff, N. Schmitz, J.-L. Josset, G. Paar, M. Gunn, E. Hauber, C.R. Cousins, R.E. Cross, P. Grindrod, J.C. Bridges, M. Balme, S. Gupta, I.A. Crawford, P. Irwin, R. Stabbins, D. Tirsch, J.L. Vago, T. Theodorou, M. Caballo-Perucha, G.R. Osinski. The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover. Astrobiology 2017; 17. [ DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The scientific objectives of the ExoMars rover are designed to answer several key questions in the search for life on Mars. In particular, the unique subsurface drill will address some of these, such as the possible existence and stability of subsurface organics. PanCam will establish the surface geological and morphological context for the mission, working in collaboration with other context instruments. Here, we describe the PanCam scientific objectives in geology, atmospheric science, and 3-D vision. We discuss the design of PanCam, which includes a stereo pair of Wide Angle Cameras (WACs), each of which has an 11-position filter wheel and a High Resolution Camera (HRC) for high-resolution investigations of rock texture at a distance. The cameras and electronics are housed in an optical bench that provides the mechanical interface to the rover mast and a planetary protection barrier. The electronic interface is via the PanCam Interface Unit (PIU), and power conditioning is via a DC-DC converter. PanCam also includes a calibration target mounted on the rover deck for radiometric calibration, fiducial markers for geometric calibration, and a rover inspection mirror. Key Words: Mars—ExoMars—Instrumentation—Geology—Atmosphere—Exobiology—Context. Astrobiology 17, 511–541.
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Ruff SW, Farmer JD. Silica deposits on Mars with features resembling hot spring biosignatures at El Tatio in Chile. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13554. [PMID: 27853166 PMCID: PMC5473637 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mars rover Spirit encountered outcrops and regolith composed of opaline silica (amorphous SiO2·nH2O) in an ancient volcanic hydrothermal setting in Gusev crater. An origin via either fumarole-related acid-sulfate leaching or precipitation from hot spring fluids was suggested previously. However, the potential significance of the characteristic nodular and mm-scale digitate opaline silica structures was not recognized. Here we report remarkably similar features within active hot spring/geyser discharge channels at El Tatio in northern Chile, where halite-encrusted silica yields infrared spectra that are the best match yet to spectra from Spirit. Furthermore, we show that the nodular and digitate silica structures at El Tatio that most closely resemble those on Mars include complex sedimentary structures produced by a combination of biotic and abiotic processes. Although fully abiotic processes are not ruled out for the Martian silica structures, they satisfy an a priori definition of potential biosignatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Ruff
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6305, USA
| | - Jack D Farmer
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6305, USA
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14
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Lapotre MGA, Ewing RC, Lamb MP, Fischer WW, Grotzinger JP, Rubin DM, Lewis KW, Ballard MJ, Day M, Gupta S, Banham SG, Bridges NT, Des Marais DJ, Fraeman AA, Grant JA, Herkenhoff KE, Ming DW, Mischna MA, Rice MS, Sumner DY, Vasavada AR, Yingst RA. Large wind ripples on Mars: A record of atmospheric evolution. Science 2016; 353:55-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. A. Lapotre
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R. C. Ewing
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - M. P. Lamb
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - W. W. Fischer
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J. P. Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D. M. Rubin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - K. W. Lewis
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - M. J. Ballard
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - M. Day
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - S. Gupta
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - S. G. Banham
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - N. T. Bridges
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - A. A. Fraeman
- Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J. A. Grant
- National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - K. E. Herkenhoff
- Astrogeology Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1698, USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - M. A. Mischna
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M. S. Rice
- Geology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9080, USA
| | - D. Y. Sumner
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A. R. Vasavada
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - R. A. Yingst
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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15
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Wall KT, Rowe MC, Ellis BS, Schmidt ME, Eccles JD. Determining volcanic eruption styles on Earth and Mars from crystallinity measurements. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5090. [PMID: 25277152 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Earth and Mars possess different styles of explosive basaltic volcanism. Distinguishing phreatomagmatic eruptions, driven by magma-water interaction, from 'magmatic' explosive eruptions (that is, strombolian and plinian eruptions) is important for determining the presence of near-surface water or ice at the time of volcanism. Here we show that eruption styles can be broadly identified by relative variations in groundmass or bulk crystallinity determined by X-ray diffraction. Terrestrial analogue results indicate that rapidly quenched phreatomagmatic ejecta display lower groundmass crystallinity (<35%) than slower cooling ejecta from strombolian or plinian eruptions (>40%). Numerical modelling suggests Martian plinian eruptive plumes moderate cooling, allowing 20-30% syn-eruptive crystallization, and thus reduce the distinction between eruption styles on Mars. Analysis of Mars Curiosity rover CheMin X-ray diffraction results from Gale crater indicate that the crystallinity of Martian sediment (52-54%) is similar to pyroclastic rocks from Gusev crater, Mars, and consistent with widespread distribution of basaltic strombolian or plinian volcanic ejecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie T Wall
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Webster Physical Science Building, Room 1228, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Michael C Rowe
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Commerce A Building, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ben S Ellis
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariek E Schmidt
- Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, Saint Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Jennifer D Eccles
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Commerce A Building, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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16
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Abstract
AbstractVolcanism and tectonism are the dominant endogenic means by which planetary surfaces change. This book, in general, and this overview, in particular, aim to encompass the broad range in character of volcanism, tectonism, faulting and associated interactions observed on planetary bodies across the inner solar system – a region that includes Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, Mars and asteroids. The diversity and breadth of landforms produced by volcanic and tectonic processes are enormous, and vary across the inventory of inner solar system bodies. As a result, the selection of prevailing landforms and their underlying formational processes that are described and highlighted in this review are but a primer to the expansive field of planetary volcanism and tectonism. In addition to this extended introductory contribution, this Special Publication features 21 dedicated research articles about volcanic and tectonic processes manifest across the inner solar system. Those articles are summarized at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Platz
- Planetary Science Institute, 1700 East Fort Lowell Road, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, USA
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Geological Sciences, Planetary Sciences & Remote Sensing, Malteserstrasse 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. K. Byrne
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, 3600 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015-1305, USA
| | - M. Massironi
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Universita' degli Studi di Padova, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - H. Hiesinger
- Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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17
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Marcucci EC, Hynek BM. Laboratory simulations of acid-sulfate weathering under volcanic hydrothermal conditions: Implications for early Mars. J Geophys Res Planets 2014; 119:679-703. [PMID: 26213665 PMCID: PMC4508920 DOI: 10.1002/2013je004439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have completed laboratory experiments and thermochemical equilibrium models to investigate secondary mineral formation under conditions akin to volcanic, hydrothermal acid-sulfate weathering systems. Our research used the basaltic mineralogy at Cerro Negro Volcano, Nicaragua, characterized by plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, and volcanic glass. These individual minerals and whole-rock field samples were reacted in the laboratory with 1 molal sulfuric acid at varying temperatures (65, 150, and 200°C), fluid:rock weight ratios (1:1, 4:1, and 10:1), and durations (1-60 days). Thermochemical equilibrium models were developed using Geochemist's Workbench. To understand the reaction products and fluids, we employed scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. The results of our experiments and models yielded major alteration minerals that include anhydrite, natroalunite, minor iron oxide, and amorphous Al-Si gel. We found that variations in experimental parameters did not drastically change the suite of minerals produced; instead, abundance, size, and crystallographic shape changed. Our results also suggest that it is essential to separate phases formed during experiments from those formed during fluid evaporation to fully understand the reaction processes. Our laboratory reacted and model predicted products are consistent with the mineralogy observed at places on Mars. However, our results indicate that determination of the formation conditions requires microscopic imagery and regional context, as well as a thorough understanding of contributions from both experiment precipitation and fluid evaporation minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Marcucci
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Now at Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, Alaska, USA
- Correspondence to: E. C. Marcucci,
| | - Brian M Hynek
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
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18
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Stolper EM, Baker MB, Newcombe ME, Schmidt ME, Treiman AH, Cousin A, Dyar MD, Fisk MR, Gellert R, King PL, Leshin L, Maurice S, McLennan SM, Minitti ME, Perrett G, Rowland S, Sautter V, Wiens RC, Kemppinen O, Bridges N, Johnson JR, Cremers D, Bell JF, Edgar L, Farmer J, Godber A, Wadhwa M, Wellington D, McEwan I, Newman C, Richardson M, Charpentier A, Peret L, Blank J, Weigle G, Li S, Milliken R, Robertson K, Sun V, Edwards C, Ehlmann B, Farley K, Griffes J, Grotzinger J, Miller H, Pilorget C, Rice M, Siebach K, Stack K, Brunet C, Hipkin V, Léveillé R, Marchand G, Sánchez PS, Favot L, Cody G, Steele A, Flückiger L, Lees D, Nefian A, Martin M, Gailhanou M, Westall F, Israël G, Agard C, Baroukh J, Donny C, Gaboriaud A, Guillemot P, Lafaille V, Lorigny E, Paillet A, Pérez R, Saccoccio M, Yana C, Armiens‐Aparicio C, Rodríguez JC, Blázquez IC, Gómez FG, Gómez-Elvira J, Hettrich S, Malvitte AL, Jiménez MM, Martínez-Frías J, Martín-Soler J, Martín-Torres FJ, Jurado AM, Mora-Sotomayor L, Caro GM, López SN, Peinado-González V, Pla-García J, Manfredi JAR, Romeral-Planelló JJ, Fuentes SAS, Martinez ES, Redondo JT, Urqui-O'Callaghan R, Mier MPZ, Chipera S, Lacour JL, Mauchien P, Sirven JB, Manning H, Fairén A, Hayes A, Joseph J, Squyres S, Sullivan R, Thomas P, Dupont A, Lundberg A, Melikechi N, Mezzacappa A, DeMarines J, Grinspoon D, Reitz G, Prats B, Atlaskin E, Genzer M, Harri AM, Haukka H, Kahanpää H, Kauhanen J, Kemppinen O, Paton M, Polkko J, Schmidt W, Siili T, Fabre C, Wray J, Wilhelm MB, Poitrasson F, Patel K, Gorevan S, Indyk S, Paulsen G, Gupta S, Bish D, Schieber J, Gondet B, Langevin Y, Geffroy C, Baratoux D, Berger G, Cros A, d’Uston C, Forni O, Gasnault O, Lasue J, Lee QM, Meslin PY, Pallier E, Parot Y, Pinet P, Schröder S, Toplis M, Lewin É, Brunner W, Heydari E, Achilles C, Oehler D, Sutter B, Cabane M, Coscia D, Israël G, Szopa C, Teinturier S, Dromart G, Robert F, Le Mouélic S, Mangold N, Nachon M, Buch A, Stalport F, Coll P, François P, Raulin F, Cameron J, Clegg S, DeLapp D, Dingler R, Jackson RS, Johnstone S, Lanza N, Little C, Nelson T, Williams RB, Kirkland L, Baker B, Cantor B, Caplinger M, Davis S, Duston B, Edgett K, Fay D, Hardgrove C, Harker D, Herrera P, Jensen E, Kennedy MR, Krezoski G, Krysak D, Lipkaman L, Malin M, McCartney E, McNair S, Nixon B, Posiolova L, Ravine M, Salamon A, Saper L, Stoiber K, Supulver K, Van Beek J, Van Beek T, Zimdar R, French KL, Iagnemma K, Miller K, Summons R, Goesmann F, Goetz W, Hviid S, Johnson M, Lefavor M, Lyness E, Breves E, Fassett C, Blake DF, Bristow T, DesMarais D, Edwards L, Haberle R, Hoehler T, Hollingsworth J, Kahre M, Keely L, McKay C, Wilhelm MB, Bleacher L, Brinckerhoff W, Choi D, Conrad P, Dworkin JP, Eigenbrode J, Floyd M, Freissinet C, Garvin J, Glavin D, Harpold D, Mahaffy P, Martin DK, McAdam A, Pavlov A, Raaen E, Smith MD, Stern J, Tan F, Trainer M, Meyer M, Posner A, Voytek M, Anderson RC, Aubrey A, Beegle LW, Behar A, Blaney D, Brinza D, Calef F, Christensen L, Crisp J, DeFlores L, Ehlmann B, Feldman J, Feldman S, Flesch G, Hurowitz J, Jun I, Keymeulen D, Maki J, Mischna M, Morookian JM, Parker T, Pavri B, Schoppers M, Sengstacken A, Simmonds JJ, Spanovich N, Juarez MDLT, Vasavada A, Webster CR, Yen A, Archer PD, Cucinotta F, Jones JH, Ming D, Morris RV, Niles P, Rampe E, Nolan T, Radziemski L, Barraclough B, Bender S, Berman D, Dobrea EN, Tokar R, Vaniman D, Williams RME, Yingst A, Lewis K, Cleghorn T, Huntress W, Manhès G, Hudgins J, Olson T, Stewart N, Sarrazin P, Grant J, Vicenzi E, Wilson SA, Bullock M, Ehresmann B, Hamilton V, Hassler D, Peterson J, Rafkin S, Zeitlin C, Fedosov F, Golovin D, Karpushkina N, Kozyrev A, Litvak M, Malakhov A, Mitrofanov I, Mokrousov M, Nikiforov S, Prokhorov V, Sanin A, Tretyakov V, Varenikov A, Vostrukhin A, Kuzmin R, Clark B, Wolff M, Botta O, Drake D, Bean K, Lemmon M, Schwenzer SP, Anderson RB, Herkenhoff K, Lee EM, Sucharski R, Hernández MÁDP, Ávalos JJB, Ramos M, Jones A, Kim MH, Malespin C, Plante I, Muller JP, Navarro-González R, Ewing R, Boynton W, Downs R, Fitzgibbon M, Harshman K, Morrison S, Dietrich W, Kortmann O, Palucis M, Sumner DY, Williams A, Lugmair G, Wilson MA, Rubin D, Jakosky B, Balic-Zunic T, Frydenvang J, Jensen JK, Kinch K, Koefoed A, Madsen MB, Stipp SLS, Boyd N, Campbell JL, Pradler I, VanBommel S, Jacob S, Owen T, Atlaskin E, Savijärvi H, Boehm E, Böttcher S, Burmeister S, Guo J, Köhler J, García CM, Mueller-Mellin R, Wimmer-Schweingruber R, Bridges JC, McConnochie T, Benna M, Franz H, Bower H, Brunner A, Blau H, Boucher T, Carmosino M, Atreya S, Elliott H, Halleaux D, Rennó N, Wong M, Pepin R, Elliott B, Spray J, Thompson L, Gordon S, Newsom H, Ollila A, Williams J, Vasconcelos P, Bentz J, Nealson K, Popa R, Kah LC, Moersch J, Tate C, Day M, Kocurek G, Hallet B, Sletten R, Francis R, McCullough E, Cloutis E, ten Kate IL, Kuzmin R, Arvidson R, Fraeman A, Scholes D, Slavney S, Stein T, Ward J, Berger J, Moores JE. The Petrochemistry of Jake_M: A Martian Mugearite. Science 2013; 341:1239463. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1239463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. E. Schmidt
- Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2T 3V8, Canada
| | - A. H. Treiman
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - A. Cousin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Institut de Recherches en Astrophysique et Planétologie, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - M. D. Dyar
- Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
| | - M. R. Fisk
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - R. Gellert
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P. L. King
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - L. Leshin
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - S. Maurice
- Institut de Recherches en Astrophysique et Planétologie, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - S. M. McLennan
- The State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - M. E. Minitti
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20723, USA
| | - G. Perrett
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S. Rowland
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - V. Sautter
- Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Muséum, 75005 Paris, France
| | - R. C. Wiens
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Edwards CS, Christensen PR. Microscopic emission and reflectance thermal infrared spectroscopy: instrumentation for quantitative in situ mineralogy of complex planetary surfaces. Appl Opt 2013; 52:2200-2217. [PMID: 23670748 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of investigations of planetary surfaces, especially Mars, using in situ instrumentation over the last decade is unprecedented in the exploration history of our solar system. The style of instrumentation that landed spacecraft can support is dependent on several parameters, including mass, power consumption, instrument complexity, cost, and desired measurement type (e.g., chemistry, mineralogy, petrology, morphology, etc.), all of which must be evaluated when deciding an appropriate spacecraft payload. We present a laboratory technique for a microscopic emission and reflectance spectrometer for the analysis of martian analog materials as a strong candidate for the next generation of in situ instruments designed to definitively assess sample mineralogy and petrology while preserving geologic context. We discuss the instrument capabilities, signal and noise, and overall system performance. We evaluate the ability of this instrument to quantitatively determine sample mineralogy, including bulk mineral abundances. This capability is greatly enhanced. Whereas the number of mineral components observed from existing emission spectrometers is high (often >5 to 10 depending on the number of accessory and alteration phases present), the number of mineral components at any microscopic measurement spot is low (typically <2 to 3). Since this style of instrument is based on a long heritage of thermal infrared emission spectrometers sent to orbit (the thermal emission spectrometer), sent to planetary surfaces [the mini-thermal emission spectrometers (mini-TES)], and evaluated in laboratory environments (e.g., the Arizona State University emission spectrometer laboratory), direct comparisons to existing data are uniquely possible with this style of instrument. The ability to obtain bulk mineralogy and atmospheric data, much in the same manner as the mini-TESs, is of significant additional value and maintains the long history of atmospheric monitoring for Mars. Miniaturization of this instrument has also been demonstrated, as the same microscope objective has been mounted to a flight-spare mini-TES. Further miniaturization of this instrument is straightforward with modern electronics, and the development of this instrument as an arm-mounted device is the end goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Edwards
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences,Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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20
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Planning for Mars returned sample science: final report of the MSR End-to-End International Science Analysis Group (E2E-iSAG). Astrobiology 2012; 12:175-230. [PMID: 22468886 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Measurements by instruments on spacecraft have significantly advanced cosmochemistry. Spacecraft missions impose serious limitations on instrument volume, mass, and power, so adaptation of laboratory instruments drives technology. We describe three examples of flight instruments that collected cosmochemical data. Element analyses by Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometers on the Mars Exploration Rovers have revealed the nature of volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits on Mars. The Gamma Ray Spectrometer on the Lunar Prospector orbiter provided a global database of element abundances that resulted in a new understanding of the Moon's crust. The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer on Cassini has analyzed the chemical compositions of the atmosphere of Titan and active plumes on Enceladus.
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Stoker CR, Zent A, Catling DC, Douglas S, Marshall JR, Archer D, Clark B, Kounaves SP, Lemmon MT, Quinn R, Renno N, Smith PH, Young SM. Habitability of the Phoenix landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Morris RV, Ruff SW, Gellert R, Ming DW, Arvidson RE, Clark BC, Golden DC, Siebach K, Klingelhöfer G, Schröder C, Fleischer I, Yen AS, Squyres SW. Identification of carbonate-rich outcrops on Mars by the Spirit rover. Science 2010; 329:421-4. [PMID: 20522738 DOI: 10.1126/science.1189667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Decades of speculation about a warmer, wetter Mars climate in the planet's first billion years postulate a denser CO2-rich atmosphere than at present. Such an atmosphere should have led to the formation of outcrops rich in carbonate minerals, for which evidence has been sparse. Using the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit, we have now identified outcrops rich in magnesium-iron carbonate (16 to 34 weight percent) in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater. Its composition approximates the average composition of the carbonate globules in martian meteorite ALH 84001. The Gusev carbonate probably precipitated from carbonate-bearing solutions under hydrothermal conditions at near-neutral pH in association with volcanic activity during the Noachian era.
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Chemtob SM, Jolliff BL, Rossman GR, Eiler JM, Arvidson RE. Silica coatings in the Ka'u Desert, Hawaii, a Mars analog terrain: A micromorphological, spectral, chemical, and isotopic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Metz JM, Grotzinger JP, Mohrig D, Milliken R, Prather B, Pirmez C, McEwen AS, Weitz CM. Sublacustrine depositional fans in southwest Melas Chasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joannah M. Metz
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - John P. Grotzinger
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - David Mohrig
- Department of Geological Sciences; University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Pirmez
- Shell Exploration and Production Company; Houston Texas USA
| | - Alfred S. McEwen
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona USA
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Wang A, Freeman JJ, Jolliff BL. Phase transition pathways of the hydrates of magnesium sulfate in the temperature range 50°C to 5°C: Implication for sulfates on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hamilton VE, Morris RV, Gruener JE, Mertzman SA. Visible, near-infrared, and middle infrared spectroscopy of altered basaltic tephras: Spectral signatures of phyllosilicates, sulfates, and other aqueous alteration products with application to the mineralogy of the Columbia Hills of Gusev Crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morris RV, Klingelhöfer G, Schröder C, Fleischer I, Ming DW, Yen AS, Gellert R, Arvidson RE, Rodionov DS, Crumpler LS, Clark BC, Cohen BA, McCoy TJ, Mittlefehldt DW, Schmidt ME, de Souza PA, Squyres SW. Iron mineralogy and aqueous alteration from Husband Hill through Home Plate at Gusev Crater, Mars: Results from the Mössbauer instrument on the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yingst RA, Crumpler L, Farrand WH, Li R, Cabrol NA, Neakrase LD. Morphology and texture of particles along the Spirit rover traverse from sol 450 to sol 745. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ming DW, Gellert R, Morris RV, Arvidson RE, Brückner J, Clark BC, Cohen BA, d'Uston C, Economou T, Fleischer I, Klingelhöfer G, McCoy TJ, Mittlefehldt DW, Schmidt ME, Schröder C, Squyres SW, Tréguier E, Yen AS, Zipfel J. Geochemical properties of rocks and soils in Gusev Crater, Mars: Results of the Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer from Cumberland Ridge to Home Plate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang A, Bell JF, Li R, Johnson JR, Farrand WH, Cloutis EA, Arvidson RE, Crumpler L, Squyres SW, McLennan SM, Herkenhoff KE, Ruff SW, Knudson AT, Chen W, Greenberger R. Light-toned salty soils and coexisting Si-rich species discovered by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit in Columbia Hills. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lewis KW, Aharonson O, Grotzinger JP, Squyres SW, Bell JF, Crumpler LS, Schmidt ME. Structure and stratigraphy of Home Plate from the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tréguier E, d'Uston C, Pinet PC, Berger G, Toplis MJ, McCoy TJ, Gellert R, Brückner J. Overview of Mars surface geochemical diversity through Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer data multidimensional analysis: First attempt at modeling rock alteration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Arvidson RE, Ruff SW, Morris RV, Ming DW, Crumpler LS, Yen AS, Squyres SW, Sullivan RJ, Bell JF, Cabrol NA, Clark BC, Farrand WH, Gellert R, Greenberger R, Grant JA, Guinness EA, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz JA, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Lewis KW, Li R, McCoy TJ, Moersch J, McSween HY, Murchie SL, Schmidt M, Schröder C, Wang A, Wiseman S, Madsen MB, Goetz W, McLennan SM. Spirit Mars Rover Mission to the Columbia Hills, Gusev Crater: Mission overview and selected results from the Cumberland Ridge to Home Plate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schmidt ME, Ruff SW, McCoy TJ, Farrand WH, Johnson JR, Gellert R, Ming DW, Morris RV, Cabrol N, Lewis KW, Schroeder C. Hydrothermal origin of halogens at Home Plate, Gusev Crater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McCoy TJ, Sims M, Schmidt ME, Edwards L, Tornabene LL, Crumpler LS, Cohen BA, Soderblom LA, Blaney DL, Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Rice JW, Tréguier E, d'Uston C, Grant JA, McSween HY, Golombek MP, Haldemann AFC, de Souza PA. Structure, stratigraphy, and origin of Husband Hill, Columbia Hills, Gusev Crater, Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McSween HY, Ruff SW, Morris RV, Gellert R, Klingelhöfer G, Christensen PR, McCoy TJ, Ghosh A, Moersch JM, Cohen BA, Rogers AD, Schröder C, Squyres SW, Crisp J, Yen A. Mineralogy of volcanic rocks in Gusev Crater, Mars: Reconciling Mössbauer, Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer, and Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Ruff S, Gellert R, Morris RV, Ming DW, Crumpler L, Farmer JD, Marais DJD, Yen A, McLennan SM, Calvin W, Bell JF, Clark BC, Wang A, McCoy TJ, Schmidt ME, de Souza PA. Detection of Silica-Rich Deposits on Mars. Science 2008; 320:1063-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1155429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Squyres
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - R. E. Arvidson
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - S. Ruff
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - R. Gellert
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - R. V. Morris
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - D. W. Ming
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - L. Crumpler
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - J. D. Farmer
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - D. J. Des Marais
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - A. Yen
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - S. M. McLennan
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - W. Calvin
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - J. F. Bell
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - B. C. Clark
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - A. Wang
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - T. J. McCoy
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - M. E. Schmidt
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - P. A. de Souza
- Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
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Cabrol NA, Herkenhoff KE, Greeley R, Grin EA, Schröder C, d'Uston C, Weitz C, Yingst RA, Cohen BA, Moore J, Knudson A, Franklin B, Anderson RC, Li R. Soil sedimentology at Gusev Crater from Columbia Memorial Station to Winter Haven. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yen AS, Morris RV, Clark BC, Gellert R, Knudson AT, Squyres S, Mittlefehldt DW, Ming DW, Arvidson R, McCoy T, Schmidt M, Hurowitz J, Li R, Johnson JR. Hydrothermal processes at Gusev Crater: An evaluation of Paso Robles class soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Greeley R, Whelley PL, Neakrase LDV, Arvidson RE, Bridges NT, Cabrol NA, Christensen PR, Di K, Foley DJ, Golombek MP, Herkenhoff K, Knudson A, Kuzmin RO, Li R, Michaels T, Squyres SW, Sullivan R, Thompson SD. Columbia Hills, Mars: Aeolian features seen from the ground and orbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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