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Parente M, Sitharaman B. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Microbeads. ACS Omega 2023; 8:34034-34043. [PMID: 37744801 PMCID: PMC10515371 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a microfluidic-based droplet generation platform for synthesizing micron-sized porous carbon microspheres. The setup employs carbon materials such as graphite, carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes, and carbon black as starting materials. Custom composition, structure, and function are achieved through combinations of carbon materials, cross-linkers, and additives along with variations in process parameters. Carbon materials can be assembled into spheres with a mean diameter of units to hundreds of μm with relatively tight size distribution (<25% RSD). Pore structure and size (tens to hundreds of angstrom) can be modulated by incorporating porogen/coporogen dilutants during synthesis. The microbeads have excellent mechanical stability with an elastic modulus of hundreds of MPa. They can sustain high dynamic fluid flow pressures of up to 9000 psi. This work lays the foundation for synthesizing novel tailorable and customizable carbon microbeads. It opens avenues for applying these novel materials for composite and additive manufacturing, energy, life science, and biomedical applications.
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2
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Daneshvar Tarigh G. Enantioseparation/Recognition based on nano techniques/materials. J Sep Sci 2023:e2201065. [PMID: 37043692 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202201065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomers show different behaviors in interaction with the chiral environment. Due to their identical chemical structure and their wide application in various industries, such as agriculture, medicine, pesticide, food, and so forth, their separation is of great importance. Today, the term "nano" is frequently encountered in all fields. Technology and measuring devices are moving towards miniaturization, and the usage of nanomaterials in all sectors is expanding substantially. Given that scientists have recently attempted to apply miniaturized techniques known as nano-liquid chromatography/capillary-liquid chromatography, which were originally accomplished in 1988, as well as the widespread usage of nanomaterials for chiral resolution (back in 1989), this comprehensive study was developed. Searching the terms "nano" and "enantiomer separation" on scientific websites such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science yields articles that either use miniaturized instruments or apply nanomaterials as chiral selectors with a variety of chemical and electrochemical detection techniques, which are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazale Daneshvar Tarigh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Shen C, Xu S, Chen Z, Ji N, Yang J, Zhang J. Fluorobenzene and Water-Promoted Rapid Growth of Vertical Graphene Arrays by Electric-Field-Assisted PECVD. Small 2023; 19:e2207745. [PMID: 36650988 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vertical graphene (VG) arrays show exposed sharp edges, ultra-low electrical resistance, large surface-to-volume ratio, and low light reflectivity, thus having great potential in emerging applications, including field emission, sensing, energy storage devices, and stray light shields. Although plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is regarded as an effective approach for the synthesis of VG, it is still challenging to increase the growth rate and height of VG arrays simultaneously. Herein, a fluorobenzene and water-assisted method to rapidly grow VG arrays in an electric field-assisted PECVD system is developed. Fluorobenzene-based carbon sources are used to produce highly electronegative fluorine radicals to accelerate the decomposition of methanol and promote the growth of VG. Water is applied to produce hydroxyl radicals in order to etch amorphous carbon and accelerate the VG growth. The fastest growth rate can be up to 15.9 µm h-1 . Finally, VG arrays with a height of 144 µm are successfully synthesized at an average rate of 14.4 µm h-1 . As a kind of super black material, these VG arrays exhibit an ultra-low reflectance of 0.25%, showing great prospect in stray light shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Shichen Xu
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Ji
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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4
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Jiang Q, Wang F, Li R, Li B, Wei N, Gao N, Xu H, Zhao S, Huang Y, Wang B, Zhang W, Wu X, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Shi E, Zhang R. Synthesis of Ultralong Carbon Nanotubes with Ultrahigh Yields. Nano Lett 2023; 23:523-532. [PMID: 36622363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultralong carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are in huge demand in many cutting-edge fields due to their macroscale lengths, perfect structures, and extraordinary properties, while their practical application is limited by the difficulties in their mass production. Herein, we report the synthesis of ultralong CNTs with a dramatically increased yield by a simple but efficient substrate interception and direction strategy (SIDS), which couples the advantages of floating-catalyst chemical vapor deposition with the flying-kite-like growth mechanism of ultralong CNTs. The SIDS-assisted approach prominently improves the catalyst utilization and significantly increases the yield. The areal density of the ultralong CNT arrays with length of over 1 cm reached a record-breaking value of ∼6700 CNTs mm-1, which is 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the previously reported values obtained by traditional methods. The SIDS provides a solution for synthesizing high-quality ultralong CNTs with high yields, laying the foundation for their mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Baini Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wei
- Research Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningfei Gao
- Beijing HuaTanYuanXin Electronics Technology Ltd. Co., Beijing 101399, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Beijing HuaTanYuanXin Electronics Technology Ltd. Co., Beijing 101399, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Carbon-based Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100195, People's Republic of China
| | - Siming Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoshun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueke Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Enzheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Chakrabarty P, Illath K, Kar S, Nagai M, Santra TS. Combinatorial physical methods for cellular therapy: Towards the future of cellular analysis? J Control Release 2023; 353:1084-1095. [PMID: 36538949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The physical energy activated techniques for cellular delivery and analysis is one of the most rapidly expanding research areas for a variety of biological and biomedical discoveries. These methods, such as electroporation, optoporation, sonoporation, mechanoporation, magnetoporation, etc., have been widely used in delivering different biomolecules into a range of primary and patient-derived cell types. However, the techniques when used individually have had limitations in delivery and co-delivery of diverse biomolecules in various cell types. In recent years, a number of studies have been performed by combining the different membrane disruption techniques, either sequentially or simultaneously, in a single study. The studies, referred to as combinatorial, or hybrid techniques, have demonstrated enhanced transfection, such as efficient macromolecular and gene delivery and co-delivery, at lower delivery parameters and with high cell viability. Such studies can open up new and exciting avenues for understanding the subcellular structure and consequently facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review consequently aims at summarising the different developments in hybrid therapeutic techniques. The different methods discussed include mechano-electroporation, electro-sonoporation, magneto-mechanoporation, magnetic nanoparticles enhanced electroporation, and magnetic hyperthermia studies. We discuss the clinical status of the different methods and conclude with a discussion on the future prospects of the combinatorial techniques for cellular therapy and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulasta Chakrabarty
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati, India
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
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6
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Li X, Xue C, Liu Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Zhang J. Amorphous structure and sulfur doping synergistically inducing defect-rich short carbon nanotubes as a superior anode material in lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Castro C, Fernández-Pacheco R, Pinault M, Stephan O, Reynaud C, Mayne-L’Hermite M. Analysis of the Continuous Feeding of Catalyst Particles during the Growth of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes by Aerosol-Assisted CCVD. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:nano12030449. [PMID: 35159794 PMCID: PMC8838369 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol-assisted catalytic chemical vapor deposition (AACCVD) is a powerful one-step process to produce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs), characterized by the continuous supply of the catalyst precursor (metallocene). The behavior of catalyst species all along the synthesis is essential for the continuous growth of VACNTs. It is there investigated through detailed observations and elemental analyses at scales of VACNT carpets and of individual CNTs. Our approach is based on two complementary experiments: quenching of the sample cooling, and sequential injection of two distinct metallocenes. Metal-based nanoparticles nucleated in the gas-phase during the whole synthesis duration are shown to diffuse in between the growing VACNTs from the top of the CNT carpet towards the substrate. They are much smaller than the catalyst particles formed on the substrate in the initial steps of the process and evidences are given that they continuously feed these catalyst particles at the VACNT roots. Particularly, the electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses of metal-based segments found into a single CNT show that the second injected metal is very gradually incorporated in the particle initially formed from the metal firstly injected. The feeding of the catalyst particles by the nanoparticles continuously nucleated in the gas-phase is therefore an essential feature of the base-growth of CNTs by AACCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Castro
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; (C.C.); (M.P.); (C.R.)
- Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS UMR 6634, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Pacheco
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8502, 91405 Orsay, France; (R.F.-P.); (O.S.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mathieu Pinault
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; (C.C.); (M.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Odile Stephan
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8502, 91405 Orsay, France; (R.F.-P.); (O.S.)
| | - Cécile Reynaud
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; (C.C.); (M.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Martine Mayne-L’Hermite
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; (C.C.); (M.P.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Mannering J, Stones R, Xia D, Sykes D, Hondow N, Flahaut E, Chamberlain TW, Brydson R, Cairns GA, Menzel R. Engineering of Microcage Carbon Nanotube Architectures with Decoupled Multimodal Porosity and Amplified Catalytic Performance. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008307. [PMID: 34046934 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
New approaches for the engineering of the 3D microstructure, pore modality, and chemical functionality of hierarchically porous nanocarbon assemblies are key to develop the next generation of functional aerogel and membrane materials. Here, interfacially driven assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNT) is exploited to fabricate structurally directed aerogels with highly controlled internal architectures, composed of pseudo-monolayer, CNT microcages. CNT Pickering emulsions enable engineering at fundamentally different length scales, whereby the microporosity, mesoporosity, and macroporosity are decoupled and individually controlled through CNT type, CNT number density, and process energy, respectively. In addition, metal nanocatalysts (Cu, Pd, and Ru) are embedded within the architectures through an elegant sublimation and shock-decomposition approach; introducing the first approach that enables through-volume functionalization of intricate, pre-designed aerogels without microstructural degradation. Catalytic structure-function relationships are explored in a pharma-important amidation reaction; providing insights on how the engineered frameworks enhance catalyst activity. A sophisticated array of advanced tomographic, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques reveal an intricate 3D assembly of CNT building-blocks and their influence on the functional properties of the enhanced nanocatalysts. These advances set a basis to modulate structure and chemistry of functional aerogel materials independently in a controlled fashion for a variety of applications, including energy conversion and storage, smart electronics, and (electro)catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Mannering
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rebecca Stones
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dong Xia
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Daniel Sykes
- Henry Moseley X-Ray Imaging Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PY, UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, UMR CNRS-UPS-INP N 5085, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Bât. CIRIMAT, 118, route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | | | - Rik Brydson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Robert Menzel
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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9
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Kamiya K, Kayama K, Nobuoka M, Sakaguchi S, Sakurai T, Kawata M, Tsutsui Y, Suda M, Idesaki A, Koshikawa H, Sugimoto M, Lakshmi GBVS, Avasthi DK, Seki S. Ubiquitous organic molecule-based free-standing nanowires with ultra-high aspect ratios. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4025. [PMID: 34188041 PMCID: PMC8241875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical dimension of semiconductor devices is approaching the single-nm regime, and a variety of practical devices of this scale are targeted for production. Planar structures of nano-devices are still the center of fabrication techniques, which limit further integration of devices into a chip. Extension into 3D space is a promising strategy for future; however, the surface interaction in 3D nanospace make it hard to integrate nanostructures with ultrahigh aspect ratios. Here we report a unique technique using high-energy charged particles to produce free-standing 1D organic nanostructures with high aspect ratios over 100 and controlled number density. Along the straight trajectory of particles penetrating the films of various sublimable organic molecules, 1D nanowires were formed with approximately 10~15 nm thickness and controlled length. An all-dry process was developed to isolate the nanowires, and planar or coaxial heterojunction structures were built into the nanowires. Electrical and structural functions of the developed standing nanowire arrays were investigated, demonstrating the potential of the present ultrathin organic nanowire systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kayama
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Nobuoka
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shugo Sakaguchi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Minori Kawata
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Suda
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Idesaki
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koshikawa
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masaki Sugimoto
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - G B V S Lakshmi
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - D K Avasthi
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
Carbon nanotube functional materials (CNTFMs) represent an important research field in transforming nanoscience and nanotechnology into practical applications, with potential impact in a wide realm of science, technology, and engineering. In this review, we combine the state-of-the-art research activities of CNTFMs with the application prospect, to highlight critical issues and identify future challenges. We focus on macroscopic long fibers, thin films, and bulk sponges which are typical CNTFMs in different dimensions with distinct characteristics, and also cover a variety of derived composite/hierarchical materials. Critical issues related to their structures, properties, and applications as robust conductive skeletons or high-performance flexible electrodes in mechanical and electronic devices, advanced energy conversion and storage systems, and environmental areas have been discussed specifically. Finally, possible solutions and directions are proposed for overcoming current obstacles and promoting future efforts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizeng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Shang
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulong Chang
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Linxiu Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Anyuan Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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11
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Lin SY, Chang SL, Chiang CR, Li WB, Liu HY, Lin MF. Feature-Rich Geometric and Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanoscrolls. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11061372. [PMID: 34067250 PMCID: PMC8224739 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
How to form carbon nanoscrolls with non-uniform curvatures is worthy of a detailed investigation. The first-principles method is suitable for studying the combined effects due to the finite-size confinement, the edge-dependent interactions, the interlayer atomic interactions, the mechanical strains, and the magnetic configurations. The complex mechanisms can induce unusual essential properties, e.g., the optimal structures, magnetism, band gaps and energy dispersions. To reach a stable spiral profile, the requirements on the critical nanoribbon width and overlapping length will be thoroughly explored by evaluating the width-dependent scrolling energies. A comparison of formation energy between armchair and zigzag nanoscrolls is useful in understanding the experimental characterizations. The spin-up and spin-down distributions near the zigzag edges are examined for their magnetic environments. This accounts for the conservation or destruction of spin degeneracy. The various curved surfaces on a relaxed nanoscroll will create complicated multi-orbital hybridizations so that the low-lying energy dispersions and energy gaps are expected to be very sensitive to ribbon width, especially for those of armchair systems. Finally, the planar, curved, folded, and scrolled graphene nanoribbons are compared with one another to illustrate the geometry-induced diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yang Lin
- Department of Physics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Lin Chang
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-L.C.); (M.-F.L.)
| | - Cheng-Ru Chiang
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-R.C.); (W.-B.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Wei-Bang Li
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-R.C.); (W.-B.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Hsin-Yi Liu
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-R.C.); (W.-B.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Ming-Fa Lin
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-R.C.); (W.-B.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-L.C.); (M.-F.L.)
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12
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Aslam MM, Kuo H, Den W, Usman M, Sultan M, Ashraf H. Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application. Sustainability 2021; 13:5717. [DOI: 10.3390/su13105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the world human population and industrialization keep growing, the water availability issue has forced scientists, engineers, and legislators of water supply industries to better manage water resources. Pollutant removals from wastewaters are crucial to ensure qualities of available water resources (including natural water bodies or reclaimed waters). Diverse techniques have been developed to deal with water quality concerns. Carbon based nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their high specific surface area and associated adsorption sites, have drawn a special focus in environmental applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. This critical review summarizes recent developments and adsorption behaviors of CNTs used to remove organics or heavy metal ions from contaminated waters via adsorption and inactivation of biological species associated with CNTs. Foci include CNTs synthesis, purification, and surface modifications or functionalization, followed by their characterization methods and the effect of water chemistry on adsorption capacities and removal mechanisms. Functionalized CNTs have been proven to be promising nanomaterials for the decontamination of waters due to their high adsorption capacity. However, most of the functional CNT applications are limited to lab-scale experiments only. Feasibility of their large-scale/industrial applications with cost-effective ways of synthesis and assessments of their toxicity with better simulating adsorption mechanisms still need to be studied.
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Pei A, Ruan L, Zeng P, Fu H, Zeng L, Liu J, Zhang H, Yang K, Zhu L, Chen BH. Controlled Synthesis of RuNi-CNTs Nano-Composites and Their Catalytic Performance in Benzene Hydrogenation. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Abstract
The use of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNs) with outstanding properties has been rising in many scientific and industrial application fields. These CNs represent a tunable alternative for applications with biomolecules, which allow interactions in either covalent or noncovalent way. Diverse carbon-derived nanomaterial family exhibits unique features and has been widely exploited in various biomedical applications, including biosensing, diagnosis, cancer therapy, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. In this chapter, we aim to present an overview of CNs with a particular interest in intrinsic structural, electronic, and chemical properties. In particular, the detailed properties and features of CNs and its derivatives, including carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced GO (rGO) are summarized. The interesting biomedical applications are also reviewed in order to offer an overview of the possible fields for scientific and industrial applications of CNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Yeop Rho
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Chang
- Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
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15
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Rahman H, Hossain MR, Ferdous T. The recent advancement of low-dimensional nanostructured materials for drug delivery and drug sensing application: A brief review. J Mol Liq 2020; 320:114427. [PMID: 33012931 PMCID: PMC7525470 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we have presented a detailed analysis of the recent advancement of quantum mechanical calculations in the applications of the low-dimensional nanomaterials (LDNs) into biomedical fields like biosensors and drug delivery systems development. Biosensors play an essential role for many communities, e.g. law enforcing agencies to sense illicit drugs, medical communities to remove overdosed medications from the human and animal body etc. Besides, drug delivery systems are theoretically being proposed for many years and experimentally found to deliver the drug to the targeted sites by reducing the harmful side effects significantly. In current COVID-19 pandemic, biosensors can play significant roles, e.g. to remove experimental drugs during the human trials if they show any unwanted adverse effect etc. where the drug delivery systems can be potentially applied to reduce the side effects. But before proceeding to these noble and expensive translational research works, advanced theoretical calculations can provide the possible outcomes with considerable accuracy. Hence in this review article, we have analyzed how theoretical calculations can be used to investigate LDNs as potential biosensor devices or drug delivery systems. We have also made a very brief discussion on the properties of biosensors or drug delivery systems which should be investigated for the biomedical applications and how to calculate them theoretically. Finally, we have made a detailed analysis of a large number of recently published research works where theoretical calculations were used to propose different LDNs for bio-sensing and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidur Rahman
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rakib Hossain
- Department of Physics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Ferdous
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
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16
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Lee JH, Kim HS, Yun ET, Ham SY, Park JH, Ahn CH, Lee SH, Park HD. Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Membranes: Water Purification and Beyond. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:membranes10100273. [PMID: 33023144 PMCID: PMC7601676 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membranes have attracted significant attention for water purification owing to their ultra-high water permeability and antibacterial properties. In this paper, we critically review the recent progresses in the synthesis of VACNT arrays and fabrication of VACNT membrane methods, with particular emphasis on improving water permeability and anti-biofouling properties. Furthermore, potential applications of VACNT membranes other than water purification (e.g., conductive membranes, electrodes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and solar electricity–water generators) have been introduced. Finally, future outlooks are provided to overcome the limitations of commercialization and desalination currently faced by VACNT membranes. This review will be useful to researchers in the broader scientific community as it discusses current and new trends regarding the development of VACNT membranes as well as their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
| | - Han-Shin Kim
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Goyang 10223, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Eun-Tae Yun
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
| | - So-Young Ham
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
| | - Jeong-Hoon Park
- Clean Innovation Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Jeju-si 63243, Korea;
| | - Chang Hoon Ahn
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
| | - Sang Hyup Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Korea; (J.H.L.); (E.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.H.A.)
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3290-4861; Fax: +82-2-3290-5999
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Lee KN, Park DY, Choi G, Nguyen DA, Choi YC, Jeong MS. Colloidal MoS 2 van der Waals Template for Growing Highly Uniform Nanomaterials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:35716-35724. [PMID: 32639708 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The van der Waals (vdW) structures of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been studied extensively owing to the excellent electronic, optoelectronic, and catalytic performance with the atomic-scale sharpness of the interfaces. In addition, the presence of substitution and redox reactions in the vdW gaps also provides huge potential to be employed as a nanoscale reactor. Herein, the vdW gap of colloidal MoS2 is reported as a natural template for the formation of CoMo bimetallic oxide nanoparticles (BMONPs) with highly uniform size (∼4 nm), which resulted in further synthesis of the thin multiwalled carbon nanotubes with extremely narrow diameter distribution. This study not only pioneers a new application of TMDCs but also provides an efficient means to control the size of nanomaterials, which directly affect material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Nyeoung Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Carbon Convergence Technology, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Park
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunchang Choi
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc Anh Nguyen
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Choi
- Korea Institute of Carbon Convergence Technology, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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18
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Wang J, Shen B, Lan M, Kang D, Wu C. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) production from catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics: The influence of catalyst and reaction pressure. Catal Today 2020; 351:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Bensghaïer A, Mousli F, Lamouri A, Postnikov PS, Chehimi MM. The Molecular and Macromolecular Level of Carbon Nanotube Modification Via Diazonium Chemistry: Emphasis on the 2010s Years. Chemistry Africa 2020; 3:535-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Bai W, Chu D, Wang F, He Y. Research on Fluidization Performance of Different Tapered Fluidized Bed Reactors for Fluidizing Carbon Nanotubes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Bai
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong Province 266061, China
| | - Dianming Chu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong Province 266061, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong Province 266061, China
| | - Yan He
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong Province 266061, China
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21
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Bodik M, Maxian O, Hagara J, Nadazdy P, Jergel M, Majkova E, Siffalovic P. Langmuir-Scheaffer Technique as a Method for Controlled Alignment of 1D Materials. Langmuir 2020; 36:4540-4547. [PMID: 32298112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A widely applicable method for aligning 1D materials, and in particular carbon nanotubes (CNTs), independent of their preparation would be very useful as the growth methods for these materials are substance-specific. Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) deposition could be such an approach for alignment, as it aligns a large number of 1D materials independently of the desired substrate. However, the mechanism and required conditions for alignment of 1D nanomaterials in a Langmuir trough are still unclear. Here we show, relying on numerical simulations of the Langmuir film compression, that the LS method is a powerful tool to achieve maximal alignment of 1D material in a controllable manner. In particular, 1D materials terminated with a suitable surfactant can align only if the velocity induced by the attraction between individual 1D entities is low enough relative to the flow speed. To validate this model, we achieved an efficient LS alignment of single-walled carbon nanotubes covered with a suitable surfactant relying on the numerical simulations. In situ polarized Raman microspectroscopy during the compression of Langmuir film revealed good quantitative agreement between the numerical simulations and the experiment. This suggests the applicability of the LS technique as a versatile method for the controlled alignment of 1D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bodik
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Maxian
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Jakub Hagara
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Nadazdy
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Jergel
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Majkova
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Siffalovic
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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22
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Zhou X, Deng J, Yang R, Zhou D, Fang C, He X, Wang D, Lei W, Hu J, Li Y. Facile preparation and characterization of fibrous carbon nanomaterial from waste polyethylene terephthalate. Waste Manag 2020; 107:172-181. [PMID: 32289573 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Efficient reduction of environmental pollution caused by waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and production of carbon nanomaterials are desirable for nanotechnology, printable electronics, composites and environment protection. Here we report a simple top-down micro/nano-fabrication process to prepare fibrous carbon nanomaterial from waste PET bottles. This process is highly efficient, facile, and catalyst-free in preparing fibrous carbon nanomaterial with promising hydrophobic and electrical properties. The fibrous carbon nanomaterial can be used both in the form of sheet or powder, and it supplies a versatile surface for preparing novel carbon-based composites with significant optical properties and conductivity. The prepared carbon nanomaterial from waste PET has also been used in fabricating strain sensor with good durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhou
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China.
| | - Jingrui Deng
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Rong Yang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Hubei Finance & Taxation College, Wuhan 430064, PR China
| | - Changqing Fang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China.
| | - Xinyu He
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Wanqing Lei
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Jingbo Hu
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
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23
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Basheer BV, George JJ, Siengchin S, Parameswaranpillai J. Polymer grafted carbon nanotubes—Synthesis, properties, and applications: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoso.2020.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Jang Y, Kim SM, Spinks GM, Kim SJ. Carbon Nanotube Yarn for Fiber-Shaped Electrical Sensors, Actuators, and Energy Storage for Smart Systems. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1902670. [PMID: 31403227 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smart systems are those that display autonomous or collaborative functionalities, and include the ability to sense multiple inputs, to respond with appropriate operations, and to control a given situation. In certain circumstances, it is also of great interest to retain flexible, stretchable, portable, wearable, and/or implantable attributes in smart electronic systems. Among the promising candidate smart materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical properties, and structurally fabricated CNT-based fibers and yarns with coil and twist further introduce flexible and stretchable properties. A number of notable studies have demonstrated various functions of CNT yarns, including sensors, actuators, and energy storage. In particular, CNT yarns can operate as flexible electronic sensors and electrodes to monitor strain, temperature, ionic concentration, and the concentration of target biomolecules. Moreover, a twisted CNT yarn enables strong torsional actuation, and coiled CNT yarns generate large tensile strokes as an artificial muscle. Furthermore, the reversible actuation of CNT yarns can be used as an energy harvester and, when combined with a CNT supercapacitor, has promoted the next-generation of energy storage systems. Here, progressive advances of CNT yarns in electrical sensing, actuation, and energy storage are reported, and the future challenges in smart electronic systems considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Department of Active Aging Industry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
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25
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Pei A, Ruan L, Fu H, Liu J, Zeng L, Zhang H, Hua J, Zhu L, Chen BH. Preparation of cobalt crystals with various morphologies and the catalytic performance of platinum-on-cobalt crystal for the selective hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00787k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Pt/Co-No catalyst exhibited the best catalytic property (yield to aniline-95.8%) due to high Pt dispersion and nano-synergy effect between Pt- and Co-related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Pei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Luna Ruan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Huan Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Li Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Jingrong Hua
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- China
| | - Bing Hui Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory for Green Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
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Corletto A, Shapter JG. Nanoscale Patterning of Carbon Nanotubes: Techniques, Applications, and Future. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 8:2001778. [PMID: 33437571 PMCID: PMC7788638 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) devices and electronics are achieving maturity and directly competing or surpassing devices that use conventional materials. CNTs have demonstrated ballistic conduction, minimal scaling effects, high current capacity, low power requirements, and excellent optical/photonic properties; making them the ideal candidate for a new material to replace conventional materials in next-generation electronic and photonic systems. CNTs also demonstrate high stability and flexibility, allowing them to be used in flexible, printable, and/or biocompatible electronics. However, a major challenge to fully commercialize these devices is the scalable placement of CNTs into desired micro/nanopatterns and architectures to translate the superior properties of CNTs into macroscale devices. Precise and high throughput patterning becomes increasingly difficult at nanoscale resolution, but it is essential to fully realize the benefits of CNTs. The relatively long, high aspect ratio structures of CNTs must be preserved to maintain their functionalities, consequently making them more difficult to pattern than conventional materials like metals and polymers. This review comprehensively explores the recent development of innovative CNT patterning techniques with nanoscale lateral resolution. Each technique is critically analyzed and applications for the nanoscale-resolution approaches are demonstrated. Promising techniques and the challenges ahead for future devices and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Corletto
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Joseph G. Shapter
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
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Ding Y, Zeng M, Fu L. Low-temperature synthesis of sp(2) carbon nanomaterials. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1817-29. [PMID: 36659578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
sp2 carbon nanomaterials are mainly composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in the form of a hexagonal network. Due to the π bonds formed by unpaired electrons, sp2 carbon nanomaterials possess excellent electronic, mechanical, and optical properties, which have attracted great attention in recent years. As the advanced sp2 carbon nanomaterials, graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have great potential in electronics, sensors, energy storage and conversion devices, etc. The low-temperature synthesis of graphene and CNTs are indispensable to promote the practical industrial application. Furthermore, graphene and CNTs can even be expected to directly grow on the flexible plastic that cannot bear high temperature, expanding bright prospects for applications in emerging flexible nanotechnology. An in-depth understanding of the formation mechanism of sp2 carbon nanomaterials is beneficial for reducing the growth temperature and satisfying the demands of industrial production in an economical and low-cost way. In this review, we discuss the main strategies and the related mechanisms in low-temperature synthesis of graphene and CNTs, including the selection of precursors with high reactivity, the design of catalyst, and the introduction of additional energy for the pre-decomposition of precursors. Furthermore, challenges and outlooks are highlighted for further progress in the practical industrial application.
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Yuan G, Xie J, Li H, Lu H, Tian Y. Atomic Layer Deposition of Inorganic Films for the Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays and Their Hybrids. Coatings 2019; 9:806. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9120806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VACNTs) have many excellent properties and show great potential for various applications. Recently, there has been a desire to grow VACNTs on nonplanar surfaces and synthesize core-sheath-structured VACNT–inorganic hybrids. To achieve this aim, atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been extensively applied, especially due to its atomic-scale thickness controllability and excellent conformality of films on three-dimensional (3D) structures with high aspect ratios. In this paper, the ALD of catalyst thin films for the growth of VACNTs, such as Co3O4, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, was first mentioned. After that, the ALD of thin films for the synthesis of VACNT–inorganic hybrids was also discussed. To highlight the importance of these hybrids, their potential applications in supercapacitors, solar cells, fuel cells, and sensors have also been reviewed.
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Sousa-Castillo A, Li F, Carbó-Argibay E, Correa-Duarte MA, Klinkova A. Pd-CNT-SiO 2 nanoskein: composite structure design for formic acid dehydrogenation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10733-10736. [PMID: 31432063 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04593g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High energy density and low toxicity of formic acid makes it a promising hydrogen energy carrier. Here we report a Pd/CNT-based formic acid dehydrogenation catalyst that shows a significant decrease in the apparent activation energy compared to benchmark Pd catalysts and provide a mechanistic insight into its catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sousa-Castillo
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. and Department of Physical Chemistry, Singular Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), Southern Galicia Institute of Health Research (IISGS), and Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Enrique Carbó-Argibay
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Correa-Duarte
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Singular Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), Southern Galicia Institute of Health Research (IISGS), and Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Anna Klinkova
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is manipulation of matter on atomic, molecular and supramolecular scale. It has extensive range of applications in various branches of science including molecular biology, Health and medicine, materials, electronics, transportation, drugs and drug delivery, chemical sensing, space exploration, energy, environment, sensors, diagnostics, microfabrication, organic chemistry and biomaterials. Nanotechnology involves innovations in drug delivery,fabric design, reactivity and strength of material and molecular manufacturing. Nanotechnology applications are spread over almost all surgical specialties and have revolutionized treatment of various medical and surgical conditions. Clinically relevant applications of nanotechnology in surgical specialties include development of surgical instruments, suture materials, imaging, targeted drug therapy, visualization methods and wound healing techniques. Management of burn wounds and scar is an important application of nanotechnology.Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various orthopedic conditions are crucial aspects of technology for functional recovery of patients. Improvement in standard of patient care,clinical trials, research, and development of medical equipments for safe use are improved with nanotechnology. They have a potential for long-term good results in a variety of surgical specialties including orthopedic surgery in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Mariappan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University (deemed), Porur, Chennai, India
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Venkataraman A, Amadi EV, Chen Y, Papadopoulos C. Carbon Nanotube Assembly and Integration for Applications. Nanoscale Res Lett 2019; 14:220. [PMID: 31263975 PMCID: PMC6603253 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted significant interest due to their unique combination of properties including high mechanical strength, large aspect ratios, high surface area, distinct optical characteristics, high thermal and electrical conductivity, which make them suitable for a wide range of applications in areas from electronics (transistors, energy production and storage) to biotechnology (imaging, sensors, actuators and drug delivery) and other applications (displays, photonics, composites and multi-functional coatings/films). Controlled growth, assembly and integration of CNTs is essential for the practical realization of current and future nanotube applications. This review focuses on progress to date in the field of CNT assembly and integration for various applications. CNT synthesis based on arc-discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) including details of tip-growth and base-growth models are first introduced. Advances in CNT structural control (chirality, diameter and junctions) using methods such as catalyst conditioning, cloning, seed-, and template-based growth are then explored in detail, followed by post-growth CNT purification techniques using selective surface chemistry, gel chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. Various assembly and integration techniques for multiple CNTs based on catalyst patterning, forest growth and composites are considered along with their alignment/placement onto different substrates using photolithography, transfer printing and different solution-based techniques such as inkjet printing, dielectrophoresis (DEP) and spin coating. Finally, some of the challenges in current and emerging applications of CNTs in fields such as energy storage, transistors, tissue engineering, drug delivery, electronic cryptographic keys and sensors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Venkataraman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Eberechukwu Victoria Amadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Yingduo Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Chris Papadopoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
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Tulić S, Waitz T, Čaplovičová M, Habler G, Varga M, Kotlár M, Vretenár V, Romanyuk O, Kromka A, Rezek B, Skákalová V. Covalent Diamond-Graphite Bonding: Mechanism of Catalytic Transformation. ACS Nano 2019; 13:4621-4630. [PMID: 30883098 PMCID: PMC6482437 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy of the atomic structure of diamond-graphite interface after Ni-induced catalytic transformation reveals graphitic planes bound covalently to the diamond in the upright orientation. The covalent attachment, together with a significant volume expansion of graphite transformed from diamond, gives rise to uniaxial stress that is released through plastic deformation. We propose a comprehensive model explaining the Ni-mediated transformation of diamond to graphite and covalent bonding at the interface as well as the mechanism of relaxation of uniaxial stress. We also explain the mechanism of electrical transport through the graphitized surface of diamond. The result may thus provide a foundation for the catalytically driven formation of graphene-diamond nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Tulić
- Physics
of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Waitz
- Physics
of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mária Čaplovičová
- Slovak
University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gerlinde Habler
- Department
of Lithospheric Research, University of
Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marián Varga
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mário Kotlár
- Slovak
University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viliam Vretenár
- Slovak
University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Oleksandr Romanyuk
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical
University, Technická
2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viera Skákalová
- Physics
of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Controlling the shape, geometry, density, and orientation of nanomaterials is critical to fabricate functional devices. However, there is limited control over the morphological and directional characteristics of presynthesized nanomaterials, which makes them unsuitable for developing devices for practical applications. Here, we address this challenge by demonstrating vertically aligned and polarized piezoelectric nanostructures from presynthesized biological piezoelectric nanofibers, M13 phage, with control over the orientation, polarization direction, microstructure morphology, and density using genetic engineering and template-assisted self-assembly process. The resulting vertically ordered structures exhibit strong unidirectional polarization with three times higher piezoelectric constant values than that of in-plane aligned structures, supported by second harmonic generation and piezoelectric force microscopy measurements. The resulting vertically self-assembled phage-based piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) produces up to 2.8 V of potential, 120 nA of current, and 236 nW of power upon 17 N of force. In addition, five phage-based PEH integrated devices produce an output voltage of 12 V and an output current of 300 nA, simply by pressing with a finger. The resulting device can operate light-emitting diode backlights on a liquid crystal display. Our approach will be useful for assembling many other presynthesized nanomaterials into high-performance devices for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyuck Lee
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ju Hun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Malav S Desai
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Seung-Wuk Lee
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Fantuzzi F, Oliveira RR, Henkes AV, Rubayo-Soneira J, Nascimento MAC. Mechanistic Insights into the Formation of Lithium Fluoride Nanotubes. Chemistry 2019; 25:5269-5279. [PMID: 30868682 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) and periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been applied for describing the mechanism of formation of lithium fluoride (LiF) nanotubes with cubic, hexagonal, octagonal, decagonal, dodecagonal, and tetradecagonal cross-sections. It has been shown that high energy structures, such as nanowires, nanorings, nanosheets, and nanopolyhedra are transient species for the formation of stable nanotubes. Unprecedented (LiF)n clusters (n≤12) were also identified, some of them lying less than 10 kcal mol-[1] above their respective global minima. Such findings indicate that stochastic synthetic techniques, such as laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition, should be combined with a template-driven procedure in order to generate the nanotubes with adequate efficiency. Apart from the stepwise growth of LiF units, the formation of nanotubes was also studied by rolling up a planar square sheet monolayer, which could be hypothetically produced from the exfoliation of the FCC crystal structure. It was shown that both pathways could lead to the formation of alkali halide nanotubes, a still unprecedented set of one-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Current Address: Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ricardo R Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline V Henkes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jesús Rubayo-Soneira
- Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas (InSTEC), Universidad de La Habana, Ave. Salvador Allende No. 1110, Quinta de los Molinos, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gogoi A, Mazumder N, Konwer S, Ranawat H, Chen NT, Zhuo GY. Enantiomeric Recognition and Separation by Chiral Nanoparticles. Molecules 2019; 24:E1007. [PMID: 30871182 PMCID: PMC6470864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral molecules are stereoselective with regard to specific biological functions. Enantiomers differ considerably in their physiological reactions with the human body. Safeguarding the quality and safety of drugs requires an efficient analytical platform by which to selectively probe chiral compounds to ensure the extraction of single enantiomers. Asymmetric synthesis is a mature approach to the production of single enantiomers; however, it is poorly suited to mass production and allows for only specific enantioselective reactions. Furthermore, it is too expensive and time-consuming for the evaluation of therapeutic drugs in the early stages of development. These limitations have prompted the development of surface-modified nanoparticles using amino acids, chiral organic ligands, or functional groups as chiral selectors applicable to a racemic mixture of chiral molecules. The fact that these combinations can be optimized in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and enantioselectivity makes them ideal for enantiomeric recognition and separation. In chiral resolution, molecules bond selectively to particle surfaces according to homochiral interactions, whereupon an enantiopure compound is extracted from the solution through a simple filtration process. In this review article, we discuss the fabrication of chiral nanoparticles and look at the ways their distinctive surface properties have been adopted in enantiomeric recognition and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gogoi
- Department of Physics, Jagannath Barooah College, Jorhat, Assam 785001, India.
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
| | - Surajit Konwer
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India.
| | - Harsh Ranawat
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Guan-Yu Zhuo
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Rd., Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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Liu M, Younes H, Hong H, Peterson G. Polymer nanocomposites with improved mechanical and thermal properties by magnetically aligned carbon nanotubes. POLYMER 2019; 166:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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39
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Bai Y, Shen B, Zhang S, Zhu Z, Sun S, Gao J, Li B, Wang Y, Zhang R, Wei F. Storage of Mechanical Energy Based on Carbon Nanotubes with High Energy Density and Power Density. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1800680. [PMID: 30357976 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage in a proper form is an important way to meet the fast increase in the demand for energy. Among the strategies for storing energy, storage of mechanical energy via suitable media is widely utilized by human beings. With a tensile strength over 100 GPa, and a Young's modulus over 1 TPa, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as one of the strongest materials ever found and exhibit overwhelming advantages for storing mechanical energy. For example, the tensile-strain energy density of CNTs is as high as 1125 Wh kg-1 . In addition, CNTs also exhibit great potential for fabricating flywheels to store kinetic energy with both high energy density (8571 Wh kg-1 ) and high power density (2 MW kg-1 to 2 GW kg-1 ). Here, an overview of some typical mechanical-energy-storage systems and materials is given. Then, theoretical and experimental studies on the mechanical properties of CNTs and CNT assemblies are introduced. Afterward, the strategies for utilizing CNTs to store mechanical energy are discussed. In addition, macroscale production of CNTs is summarized. Finally, future trends and prospects in the development of CNTs used as mechanical-energy-storage materials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Boyuan Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shenli Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Silei Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Banghao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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40
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Loh GC. Fast water desalination by carbon-doped boron nitride monolayer: transport assisted by water clustering at pores. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:055401. [PMID: 30517082 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The well-being of the ever-escalating world population hinges largely upon the adequacy of clean, fresh water. Desalination is one of the most promising approaches in such an endeavor. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we take a close look at nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets as desalination membranes, and study how C dopants affect their performance. The calculations predict that the desalination performance of C-doped BN membranes compares favorably to that of MoS2 membranes: the water flux through the 0% (0CB-0CN), 25% (3CB-0CN), 75% (3CB-6CN), and 100% C terminated BN membrane (6CB-6CN) is 29.9, 47.5, 95.3, and 81.5 molecules ns-1 per pore, respectively, and there is a strong correlation between the water flux and the axial diffusion coefficient. Through our study of the effect of C content on the desalination performance, it is found that more clustering of water molecules at membrane pores due to a smaller hydration free energy and pore energy barrier assists water transport through the pores, and allows a greater water flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Loh
- Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, 138632, Singapore
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41
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Xu Q, Li W, Ding L, Yang W, Xiao H, Ong WJ. Function-driven engineering of 1D carbon nanotubes and 0D carbon dots: mechanism, properties and applications. Nanoscale 2019; 11:1475-1504. [PMID: 30620019 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08738e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free carbonaceous nanomaterials have witnessed a renaissance of interest due to the surge in the realm of nanotechnology. Among myriads of carbon-based nanostructures with versatile dimensionality, one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and zero-dimensional (0D) carbon dots (CDs) have grown into a research frontier in the past few decades. With extraordinary mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties, CNTs are utilized in transparent displays, quantum wires, field emission transistors, aerospace materials, etc. Although CNTs possess diverse characteristics, their most attractive property is their unique photoluminescence. On the other hand, another growing family of carbonaceous nanomaterials, which is CDs, has drawn much research attention due to its cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, environmental friendliness, fluorescence, luminescence and simplicity to be synthesized and functionalized with surface passivation. Benefiting from these unprecedented properties, CDs have been widely employed in biosensing, bioimaging, nanomedicine, and catalysis. Herein, we have systematically presented the fascinating properties, preparation methods and multitudinous applications of CNTs and CDs (including graphene quantum dots). We will discuss how CNTs and CDs have emerged as auspicious nanomaterials for potential applications, especially in electronics, sensors, bioimaging, wearable devices, batteries, supercapacitors, catalysis and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Last but not least, this review is concluded with a summary, outlook and invigorating perspectives for future research horizons in this emerging platform of carbonaceous nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, 102249, China.
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Cao Q, Puthongkham P, Venton BJ. Review: New insights into optimizing chemical and 3D surface structures of carbon electrodes for neurotransmitter detection. Anal Methods 2019; 11:247-261. [PMID: 30740148 PMCID: PMC6366673 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay02472c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The carbon-fiber microelectrode has been used for decades as a neurotransmitter sensor. Recently, new strategies have been developed for making carbon electrodes, including using carbon nanomaterials or pyrolyzing photoresist etched by nanolithography or 3D printing. This review summarizes how chemical and 3D surface structures of new carbon electrodes are optimized for neurotransmitter detection. There are effects of the chemical structure that are advantageous and nanomaterials are used ranging from carbon nanotube (CNT) to graphene to nanodiamond. Functionalization of these materials promotes surface oxide groups that adsorb dopamine and dopants introduce defect sites good for electron transfer. Polymer coatings such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or Nafion also enhance the selectivity, particularly for dopamine over ascorbic acid. Changing the 3D surface structure of an electrode increases current by adding more surface area. If the surface structure has roughness or pores on the micron scale, the electrode also acts as a thin layer cell, momentarily trapping the analyte for redox cycling. Vertically-aligned CNTs as well as lithographically-made or 3D printed pillar arrays act as thin layer cells, producing more reversible cyclic voltammograms. A better understanding of how chemical and surface structure affects electrochemistry enables rational design of electrodes. New carbon electrodes are being tested in vivo and strategies to reduce biofouling are being developed. Future studies should test the robustness for long term implantation, explore electrochemical properties of neurotransmitters beyond dopamine, and combine optimized chemical and physical structures for real-time monitoring of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B. Jill Venton
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901
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43
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Zadehnajar P, Akbari B, Karbasi S, Mirmusavi MH. Preparation and characterization of poly ε-caprolactone-gelatin/multi-walled carbon nanotubes electrospun scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1563088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Zadehnajar
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Akbari
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Karbasi
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Advance Technology in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hussein Mirmusavi
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Advance Technology in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Müller C, Al-Hamry A, Kanoun O, Rahaman M, Zahn DRT, Matsubara EY, Rosolen JM. Humidity Sensing Behavior of Endohedral Li-Doped and Undoped SWCNT/SDBS Composite Films. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19010171. [PMID: 30621288 PMCID: PMC6339173 DOI: 10.3390/s19010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks wrapped with the cationic surfactant sodium dodecyl-benzenesulfonate (SBDS) as promising candidates for water detection. This is the first time that the humidity behavior of endohedral Li-doped (Li@) and undoped SWCNTs/SDBS has been shown. We identified a strong and almost monotonic decrease in resistance as humidity increased from 11 to 97%. Sensitivities varied between −3 and 65% in the entire humidity range. Electrical characterization, Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed that a combination of the electron donor behavior of the water molecules with Poole-Frenkel conduction accounted for the resistive humidity response in the Li@SWCNT/SDBS and undoped SWCNT/SDBS networks. We found that Li@SWCNTs boosted the semiconducting character in mixtures of metallic/semiconducting SWCNT beams. Moreover, electrical characterization of the sensor suggested that endohedral Li doping produced SWCNT beams with high concentration of semiconducting tubes. We also investigated how frequency influenced film humidity sensing behavior and how this behavior of SWCNT/SDBS films depended on temperature from 20 to 80 °C. The present results will certainly aid design and optimization of SWCNT films with different dopants for humidity or gas sensing in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Müller
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil.
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Ammar Al-Hamry
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Olfa Kanoun
- Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Mahfujur Rahaman
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Elaine Yoshiko Matsubara
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-Departamento de Química-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - José Mauricio Rosolen
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-Departamento de Química-Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil.
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45
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Rahman G, Najaf Z, Mehmood A, Bilal S, Shah A, Mian S, Ali G. An Overview of the Recent Progress in the Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes. C 2019; 5:3. [DOI: 10.3390/c5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known as nano-architectured allotropes of carbon, having graphene sheets that are wrapped forming a cylindrical shape. Rolling of graphene sheets in different ways makes CNTs either metals or narrow-band semiconductors. Over the years, researchers have devoted much attention to understanding the intriguing properties CNTs. They exhibit some unusual properties like a high degree of stiffness, a large length-to-diameter ratio, and exceptional resilience, and for this reason, they are used in a variety of applications. These properties can be manipulated by controlling the diameter, chirality, wall nature, and length of CNTs which are in turn, synthesis procedure-dependent. In this review article, various synthesis methods for the production of CNTs are thoroughly elaborated. Several characterization methods are also described in the paper. The applications of CNTs in various technologically important fields are discussed in detail. Finally, future prospects of CNTs are outlined in view of their commercial applications.
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Liu X, Shen B, Wu Z, Parlett CM, Han Z, George A, Yuan P, Patel D, Wu C. Producing carbon nanotubes from thermochemical conversion of waste plastics using Ni/ceramic based catalyst. Chem Eng Sci 2018; 192:882-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tran VK, Ko E, Geng Y, Kim MK, Jin GH, Son SE, Hur W, Seong GH. Micro-patterning of single-walled carbon nanotubes and its surface modification with gold nanoparticles for electrochemical paper-based non-enzymatic glucose sensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bhattacharyya T. Gold Nanoparticle Conjugated Water Soluble Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes. Chemosensors 2018; 6:36. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The poor solubility and dispersibility of carbon nanotubes in both aqueous and organic solvents restrict their applications in biological science. Herein, a simple and cheap method for synthesizing and purification of water soluble multiwall carbon nanotubes from coal combustion fly ash and characterization of this water soluble multiwall carbon nanotubes after conjugation with gold nanoparticles has been described.
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Varghese Hansen R, Yang J, Zheng L. Flexible electrochromic materials based on CNT/PDA hybrids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 258:21-35. [PMID: 30072030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Materials that change color in response to external stimuli can cater to diverse applications from sensing to art. If made flexible, stretchable and weavable, they may even be directly integrated with advanced technologies such as smart textiles. A new class of engineered composite based on polydiacetylene (PDA) functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT) shows tremendous potential in this regard. While the inherent multi stimuli chromatic response of the polymer (blue to red) is retained, the underlying conducting CNTs invoke electrochromism in PDA. Further, the fiber form factor of dry-spun CNT yarns facilitate direct weaving of large scale electrochromic fabrics, where current flow and thus color change can be accurately controlled. This review summarizes the fundamental aspects of CNT yarns and PDAs, focusing especially on their interaction chemistry which results in the scientifically and commercially appealing electrochromic transition in these hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinack Varghese Hansen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Jinglei Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lianxi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Bai Y, Zhang R, Ye X, Zhu Z, Xie H, Shen B, Cai D, Liu B, Zhang C, Jia Z, Zhang S, Li X, Wei F. Carbon nanotube bundles with tensile strength over 80 GPa. Nat Nanotechnol 2018; 13:589-595. [PMID: 29760522 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the strongest known materials. When assembled into fibres, however, their strength becomes impaired by defects, impurities, random orientations and discontinuous lengths. Fabricating CNT fibres with strength reaching that of a single CNT has been an enduring challenge. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of CNT bundles (CNTBs) that are centimetres long with tensile strength over 80 GPa using ultralong defect-free CNTs. The tensile strength of CNTBs is controlled by the Daniels effect owing to the non-uniformity of the initial strains in the components. We propose a synchronous tightening and relaxing strategy to release these non-uniform initial strains. The fabricated CNTBs, consisting of a large number of components with parallel alignment, defect-free structures, continuous lengths and uniform initial strains, exhibit a tensile strength of 80 GPa (corresponding to an engineering tensile strength of 43 GPa), which is far higher than that of any other strong fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuan Ye
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Boyuan Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dali Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bofei Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenli Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xide Li
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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