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Wang X, Yu D, Chui L, Zhou T, Feng Y, Cao Y, Zhi S. A Comprehensive Review on Shiga Toxin Subtypes and Their Niche-Related Distribution Characteristics in Shiga-Toxin-Producing E. coli and Other Bacterial Hosts. Microorganisms 2024; 12:687. [PMID: 38674631 PMCID: PMC11052178 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx), the main virulence factor of Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), was first discovered in Shigella dysenteriae strains. While several other bacterial species have since been reported to produce Stx, STEC poses the most significant risk to human health due to its widespread prevalence across various animal hosts that have close contact with human populations. Based on its biochemical and molecular characteristics, Shiga toxin can be grouped into two types, Stx1 and Stx2, among which a variety of variants and subtypes have been identified in various bacteria and host species. Interestingly, the different Stx subtypes appear to vary in their host distribution characteristics and in the severity of diseases that they are associated with. As such, this review provides a comprehensive overview on the bacterial species that have been recorded to possess stx genes to date, with a specific focus on the various Stx subtype variants discovered in STEC, their prevalence in certain host species, and their disease-related characteristics. This review provides a better understanding of the Stx subtypes and highlights the need for rapid and accurate approaches to toxin subtyping for the proper evaluation of the health risks associated with Shiga-toxin-related bacterial food contamination and human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Public Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (X.W.); (T.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Daniel Yu
- School of Public Health, Univeristy of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Linda Chui
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-ProvLab, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- School of Public Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (X.W.); (T.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Public Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (X.W.); (T.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuhao Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China;
| | - Shuai Zhi
- School of Public Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China; (X.W.); (T.Z.); (Y.F.)
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Lin J, Zhong H, Chen Q, Cui L, Xu F, Tang F. Aeromonas veronii-associated endogenous endophthalmitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:171. [PMID: 38504363 PMCID: PMC10953058 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aeromonas veronii is a very rare and highly pathogenic microorganism. We investigate the clinical characteristics and significance of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Aeromonas veronii in our patient. CASE PRESENTATION A 30-year-old Asian women with systemic lupus erythematosus, uremia, and hypertension developed acute infectious endophthalmitis caused by Aeromonas veronii. After emergency vitrectomy and antibiotic therapy, the clinical condition worsened requiring enucleation. CONCLUSIONS Aeromonas veronii can cause infection in the human eye, which can manifest as acute endophthalmitis. Early diagnosis and targeted therapy are important for successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 534000, Guangxi, China
| | - Haibin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 534000, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 534000, Guangxi, China
| | - Ling Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 534000, Guangxi, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 534000, Guangxi, China.
| | - Fen Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 534000, Guangxi, China.
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Guerra RM, Maleno FD, Figueras MJ, Pujol-Bajador I, Fernández-Bravo A. Potential Pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. Recovered in River Water, Soil, and Vegetation from a Natural Recreational Area. Pathogens 2022; 11:1382. [PMID: 36422633 PMCID: PMC9696040 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas is widely distributed in aquatic environments and is recognized as a potential human pathogen. Some Aeromonas species are able to cause a wide spectrum of diseases, mainly gastroenteritis, skin and soft-tissue infections, bacteremia, and sepsis. Currently, untreated river water is used for irrigation and recreational purposes. In this study, the Aeromonas spp. present in a river recreational environment was investigated by quantifying its presence in water, soil, and vegetation using three techniques: qPCR, plate counting in selective ADA medium, and Most Probable Number, in parallel. The presence of clones in the three types of samples was elucidated through genotyping with the ERIC-PCR technique, whereas the identification of the isolated Aeromonas was carried out by sequencing the rpoD gene. Finally, the pathogenic potential of some of the strains was explored by studying the presence and expression of virulence genes characteristic of the genus, their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, as well as the quantification of their cell damage and intracellular survival in an in vitro macrophages infection model. The results showed the presence of Aeromonas in all samples with the three quantification methods, with Aeromonas popoffii being the most prevalent species. The presence of strains with the same genotype (ERIC-PCR) was also confirmed in different samples. Some of the strains showed a high level of cell damage and intracellular bacterial survival, as well as the presence of various virulence factors. Furthermore, these strains showed resistance to some of the antibiotics tested and used therapeutically in both humans and animals. These results indicate that the presence of Aeromonas in this environment may represent a biosanitary risk that could be a public health problem.
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Hori M, Kawai Y, Nakamura K, Shimada M, Iwahashi H, Nakagawa T. Characterization of the bacterial community structure in traditional Gifu ayu-narezushi (fermented sweetfish). J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:331-337. [PMID: 36030194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to elucidate the bacterial biota of ayu-nazushi, which is a fermented salted fish dish made in Gifu City, Japan. In traditional Gifu ayu-nazushi, Lactobacillaceae (mainly Latilactobacillus sakei) was the most dominant family, followed by Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, fermentation bacteria in ayu-nazushi came from the salted fish, and the bacterial biota in the ayu-nazushi transferred as the fermentation process progressed. In the early stage of fermentation, Leuconostoc mesenteroides was main species, and then in the late stage, L. sakei became predominant. We also observed that when non-salted fish was used for the manufacture of ayu-nazushi, Aeromonas veronii, which is a pathogen for humans, was observed in significant quantities. These results indicate that L. sakei and L. mesenteroides were influential lactic acid bacteria for the fermentation of Gifu ayu-narezushi, and that salting treatment of the fish is an indispensable step in the manufacturing process in order to suppress the growth of Aeromonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyo Hori
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition, Gifu City Women's College, 7-1 Hitoichiba Kitamachi, Gifu 501-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakamura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masaya Shimada
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iwahashi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakagawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Gómez-Govea MA, Ramírez-Ahuja MDL, Contreras-Perera Y, Jiménez-Camacho AJ, Ruiz-Ayma G, Villanueva-Segura OK, Trujillo-Rodríguez GDJ, Delgado-Enciso I, Martínez-Fierro ML, Manrique-Saide P, Puerta-Guardo H, Flores-Suárez AE, Ponce-García G, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP. Suppression of Midgut Microbiota Impact Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Aedes aegypti. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:761459. [PMID: 35979482 PMCID: PMC9376455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.761459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a mosquito that transmits viral diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. The insect’s microbiota is recognized for regulating several biological processes, including digestion, metabolism, egg production, development, and immune response. However, the role of the bacteria involved in insecticide susceptibility has not been established. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the resident microbiota in a field population of A. aegypti to evaluate its role associated with susceptibility to the insecticides permethrin and deltamethrin. Mosquitoes were fed 10% sucrose mixed with antibiotics and then exposed to insecticides using a diagnostic dose. DNA was extracted, and sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA was carried out on Illumina® MiSeq™. Proteobacteria (92.4%) and Bacteroidetes (7.6%) were the phyla, which are most abundant in mosquitoes fed with sucrose 10%. After exposure to permethrin, the most abundant bacterial species were Pantoea agglomerans (38.4%) and Pseudomonas azotoformans-fluorescens-synxantha (14.2%). Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (38.4%) and Ps. azotoformans-fluorescens-synxantha (26.1%) were the most abundant after exposure to deltamethrin. Our results showed a decrease in mosquitoes’ survival when exposed to permethrin, while no difference in survival when exposed to deltamethrin when the microbiota was modified. We found that the change in microbiota modifies the response of mosquitoes to permethrin. These results are essential for a better understanding of mosquito physiology in response to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A. Gómez-Govea
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - María de Lourdes Ramírez-Ahuja
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Yamili Contreras-Perera
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos (UCBE) y del Laboratorio de Control Biológico (LCB) para Ae. aegypti, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Mexico
| | - Armando J. Jiménez-Camacho
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Ruiz-Ayma
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Laboratorio de Biológía de la Conservación, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Olga Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Gerardo de Jesús Trujillo-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | | | - Margarita L. Martínez-Fierro
- Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Laboratorio de Medicina Molecular, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos (UCBE) y del Laboratorio de Control Biológico (LCB) para Ae. aegypti, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Mexico
| | - Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos (UCBE) y del Laboratorio de Control Biológico (LCB) para Ae. aegypti, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Mexico
| | - Adriana E. Flores-Suárez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-García
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Iram P. Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Iram P. Rodríguez-Sánchez,
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Sadeghi H, Gheibi N, Khoei SG. GADD45aa as a Predictive Biomarker for Aeromonas Infection-Related Liver Cirrhosis. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 54:1-2. [PMID: 34449005 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sadeghi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nematollah Gheibi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saeideh Gholamzadeh Khoei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Fernández-Bravo A, Figueras MJ. An Update on the Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Epidemiology, and Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010129. [PMID: 31963469 PMCID: PMC7022790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas belongs to the Aeromonadaceae family and comprises a group of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in humans, fish, and other aquatic animals. However, bacteria of this genus are isolated from many other habitats, environments, and food products. The taxonomy of this genus is complex when phenotypic identification methods are used because such methods might not correctly identify all the species. On the other hand, molecular methods have proven very reliable, such as using the sequences of concatenated housekeeping genes like gyrB and rpoD or comparing the genomes with the type strains using a genomic index, such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) or in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH). So far, 36 species have been described in the genus Aeromonas of which at least 19 are considered emerging pathogens to humans, causing a broad spectrum of infections. Having said that, when classifying 1852 strains that have been reported in various recent clinical cases, 95.4% were identified as only four species: Aeromonas caviae (37.26%), Aeromonas dhakensis (23.49%), Aeromonas veronii (21.54%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (13.07%). Since aeromonads were first associated with human disease, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and wound infections have dominated. The literature shows that the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas is considered multifactorial and the presence of several virulence factors allows these bacteria to adhere, invade, and destroy the host cells, overcoming the immune host response. Based on current information about the ecology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of the genus Aeromonas, we should assume that the infections these bacteria produce will remain a great health problem in the future. The ubiquitous distribution of these bacteria and the increasing elderly population, to whom these bacteria are an opportunistic pathogen, will facilitate this problem. In addition, using data from outbreak studies, it has been recognized that in cases of diarrhea, the infective dose of Aeromonas is relatively low. These poorly known bacteria should therefore be considered similarly as enteropathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter.
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Abstract
Aeromonads have been isolated from varied environmental sources such as polluted and drinking water, as well as from tissues and body fluids of cold and warm-blooded animals. A phenotypically and genotypically heterogenous bacteria, aeromonads can be successfully identified by ribotyping and/or by analysing gyrB gene sequence, apart from classical biochemical characterization. Aeromonads are known to cause scepticemia in aquatic organisms, gastroenteritis and extraintestinal diseases such as scepticemia, skin, eye, wound and respiratory tract infections in humans. Several virulence and antibiotic resistance genes have been identified and isolated from this group, which if present in their mobile genetic elements, may be horizontally transferred to other naive environmental bacteria posing threat to the society. The extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has given rise to many resistant varieties of bacteria. Multidrug resistance genes, such as NDM1, have been identified in this group of bacteria which is of serious health concern. Therefore, it is important to understand how antibiotic resistance develops and spreads in order to undertake preventive measures. It is also necessary to search and map putative virulence genes of Aeromonas for fighting the diseases caused by them. This review encompasses current knowledge of bacteriological, environmental, clinical and virulence aspects of the Aeromonas group and related diseases in humans and other animals of human concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Dey Bhowmick
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal,Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal,India
| | - Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal,Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal,India
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Liu L, Xing X, Hu C, Wang H. One-year survey of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens and free-living amoebae in the tap-water of one northern city of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:20-31. [PMID: 30573084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, qPCR was used to quantify opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) and free-living amoebae in 11 tap water samples collected over four seasons from a city in northern China. Results demonstrated that the average numbers of gene copies of Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were significantly higher than those of Aeromonas spp. (p < 0.05). Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were 100% (44/44) positively detected while P. aeruginosa and Aeromonas spp. were 79.54% (35/44) and 77.27% (34/44) positively detected. Legionella pneumophila was only detected in 4 samples (4/44), demonstrating its occasional occurrence. No Mycobacterium avium or Naegleria fowleri was detected in any of the samples. The average gene copy numbers of target OPPPs were the highest in summer, suggesting seasonal prevalence of OPPPs. Average gene copy numbers of OPPPs in the taps of low-use-frequency were higher than in taps of high-use-frequency, but the difference was not significant for some OPPPs (p > 0.05). Moderate negative correlations between the chlorine concentration and the gene copy numbers of OPPPs were observed by Spearman analysis (rs ranged from -0.311 to -0.710, p < 0.05). However, no significant correlations existed between OPPPs and AOC, BDOC, or turbidity. Moderate positive correlations were observed between the target microorganisms, especially for Acanthamoeba spp., through Spearman analysis (p < 0.05). Based on our studies, it is proposed that disinfectant concentration, season, taps with different-use frequency, OPPP species, and potential microbial correlations should be considered for control of OPPPs in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueci Xing
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Latif-Eugenín F, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Silvera-Simón C, Fernandez-Cassi X, Figueras MJ. Chlorinated and ultraviolet radiation -treated reclaimed irrigation water is the source of Aeromonas found in vegetables used for human consumption. Environ Res 2017; 154:190-195. [PMID: 28092761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater is increasingly being recognized as a key water resource, and reclaimed water (or treated wastewater) is used for irrigating vegetables destined for human consumption. The aim of the present study was to determine the diversity and prevalence of Aeromonas spp. both in reclaimed water used for irrigation and in the three types of vegetables irrigated with that water. Seven of the 11 (63.6%) samples of reclaimed water and all samples of vegetables were positive for the presence of Aeromonas. A total of 216 Aeromonas isolates were genotyped and corresponded to 132 different strains that after identification by sequencing the rpoD gene belonged to 10 different species. The prevalence of the species varied depending on the type of sample. In the secondary treated reclaimed water A. caviae and A. media dominated (91.4%) while A. salmonicida, A. media, A. allosaccharophila and A. popoffii represented 74.0% of the strains in the irrigation water. In vegetables, A. caviae (75.0%) was the most common species, among which a strain isolated from lettuce had the same genotype (ERIC pattern) as a strain recovered from the irrigation water. Furthermore, the same genotype of the species A. sanarellii was recovered from parsley and tomatoes demonstrating that irrigation water was the source of contamination and confirming the risk for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadua Latif-Eugenín
- Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, IISPV, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Roxana Beaz-Hidalgo
- Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, IISPV, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Carolina Silvera-Simón
- Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, IISPV, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Xavi Fernandez-Cassi
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Figueras
- Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, IISPV, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
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Guo S, Yang Q, Feng J, Duan L, Zhao J. Phylogenetic analysis of the pathogenic genus Aeromonas spp. isolated from diseased eels in China. Microb Pathog 2016; 101:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Cases of Aeromonas diarrhea have been described all over the world. The genus Aeromonas includes ca. 30 species, of which 10 have been isolated in association with gastroenteritis. The dominating species that account for ca. 96% of the identified strains are Aeromonas caviae, A. veronii, A. dhakensis, and A. hydrophila. However, the role of Aeromonas as a true enteropathogen has been questioned on the basis of the lack of outbreaks, the non-fulfillment of Koch's postulates and the low numbers of acute illnesses in the only existing human challenge study. In the present study we reassess the enteropathogenicity of Aeromonas using dose response models for microbial infection and acute illness. The analysis uses the data from the human challenge study and additional data from selected outbreak investigations where the numbers exposed and the dose were reported, allowing their inclusion as "natural experiments". In the challenge study several cases of asymptomatic shedding were found (26.3%, 15/57), however, only 3.5% (2/57) of those challenged with Aeromonas developed acute enteric symptoms (i.e., diarrhea). The "natural experiments" showed a much higher risk of illness associated with exposure to Aeromonas, even at moderate to low doses. The median dose required for 1% illness risk, was ~1.4 × 104 times higher in the challenge study (1.24 × 104 cfu) compared to natural exposure events (0.9 cfu). The dose response assessment presented in this study shows that the combined challenge and outbreak data are consistent with high infectivity of Aeromonas, and a wide range of susceptibility to acute enteric illness. To illustrate the outcomes, we simulate the risk associated with concentrations of Aeromonas found in different water and food matrices, indicating the disease burden potentially associated with these bacteria. In conclusion this study showed that Aeromonas is highly infectious, and that human susceptibility to illness may be high, similar to undisputed enteropathogens like Campylobacter or Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Teunis
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, BilthovenNetherlands
- Center for Global Safe WASH, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GAUSA
| | - Maria J. Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciènces Médiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, ReusSpain
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Igbinosa IH, Igbinosa EO, Okoh AI. Antibiogram characterization and putative virulence genes in Aeromonas species isolated from pig fecal samples. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:12199-205. [PMID: 26971520 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas species are broadly distributed in nature and agricultural environments and have been isolated from feces, bedding, and drinking water of healthy pigs. We assessed the incidence, virulence properties, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Aeromonas spp., isolated from pig feces. Antibiogram was done using the disc diffusion methods, and polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of putative virulence genes. Identification of isolates revealed three phenotypic species with percentage distribution as follows: Aeromonas hydrophila 23 (45.1 %), Aeromonas caviae 16 (31.4 %), and Aeromonas sobria 12 (23.5 %). All Aeromonas isolates in the study were absolutely susceptible to cefotaxime and resistant to penicillin. A. cavaie and A. sobria demonstrated absolute susceptibility against ciprofloxacin and streptomycin. Aeromonas species showed varied susceptibility to cephalothin as follows: A. hydrophila 78.3 %, A. cavaie 93.7 %, and A. sobria 91.7 %. The percentage distribution of virulence genes among Aeromonas isolates were as follows: Aerolysin (aer) 74.5 %, flagellin gene (fla) 68.6 %, cytotoxin (hly A) 43.1 %, lipase (lip) 39.2 %, enterotoxic activities (ast) 31.3 %, and cytotonic gene (alt) 13.7 %. Reports from this study shows that Aeromonas species isolated from pig fecal samples are multi-drug resistant and possess virulence potential which may result to possible risk of human or animal infection and likely contamination of food and water from this sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isoken H Igbinosa
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Science University of Benin, Private Mail Bag 1154, Benin City, 300283, Nigeria.
| | - Etinosa O Igbinosa
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of life Sciences, University of Benin, Private Mail Bag 1154, Benin City, 300283, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Pérez L, Abarca ML, Latif-Eugenín F, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Figueras MJ, Domingo M. Aeromonas dhakensis pneumonia and sepsis in a neonate Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus from the Mediterranean Sea. Dis Aquat Organ 2015; 116:69-74. [PMID: 26378409 DOI: 10.3354/dao02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A neonate Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus was found stranded alive on a beach in Catalonia, Spain. Rehabilitation attempts were unsuccessful and it died 2 d later, showing pneumonia and sepsis. A pure bacterial culture was obtained from all tissues and blood and identified as Aeromonas hydrophila using the API 20NE. However, sequencing the rpoD gene showed that the strain in fact belongs to A. dhakensis, making this the first report of fatal haemorrhagic-necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis due to this species in a marine mammal. The A. dhakensis strain GMV-704 produced β-haemolysis, possessed several virulence genes and showed sensitivity to several antimicrobials. This study provides a new potential host for A. dhakensis, and its potential virulence in dolphins and its presence in the marine environment may warrant considering this species a potential threat to marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Pérez
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Veterinary Mycology Group, and Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Igbinosa IH, Chigor VN, Igbinosa EO, Obi LC, Okoh AI. Antibiogram, adhesive characteristics, and incidence of class 1 integron in Aeromonas species isolated from two South African rivers. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:127570. [PMID: 24187658 DOI: 10.1155/2013/127570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas species are well distributed in freshwater environments, and their natural susceptibility to antimicrobials renders them interesting candidates for the survey of antimicrobial resistance in freshwater milieu. Water samples were collected from Kat and Tyume rivers in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, and a total of 45 isolates identified as Aeromonas species were recovered from the two rivers. All Aeromonas isolates were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin, clindamycin, cephalothin, vancomycin, and rifamycin, while appreciable susceptibilities (89.3 : 94.1%, 82.1 : 94.1%, 85.7 : 88.2%, and 92.9 : 88.2%) were observed against ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin from Kat and Tyume rivers, respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices ranged from 0.016 to 0.044 for the two rivers. Class 1 integron was detected in about 20% of the isolates, and all the isolates except one showed ability to produce biofilm in vitro as weak producers (53.33%), moderate producers (15.56%), and strong producers (28.9%). This investigation provides a baseline data on antibiotic resistance as well as the adhesive characteristics of Aeromonas isolates from Tyume and Kat rivers in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.
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Igbinosa IH, Igumbor EU, Aghdasi F, Tom M, Okoh AI. Emerging Aeromonas species infections and their significance in public health. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:625023. [PMID: 22701365 PMCID: PMC3373137 DOI: 10.1100/2012/625023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas species are ubiquitous bacteria in terrestrial and aquatic milieus. They are becoming renowned as enteric pathogens of serious public health concern as they acquire a number of virulence determinants that are linked with human diseases, such as gastroenteritis, soft-tissue, muscle infections, septicemia, and skin diseases. Proper sanitary procedures are essential in the prevention of the spread of Aeromonas infections. Oral fluid electrolyte substitution is employed in the prevention of dehydration, and broad-spectrum antibiotics are used in severe Aeromonas outbreaks. This review presents an overview of emerging Aeromonas infections and proposes the need for actions necessary for establishing adequate prevention measures against the infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isoken H. Igbinosa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Ehimario U. Igumbor
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Farhad Aghdasi
- Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Mvuyo Tom
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Jangid K, Parameswaran PS, Shouche YS. A variant quorum sensing system in Aeromonas veronii MTCC 3249. Sensors (Basel) 2012; 12:3814-30. [PMID: 22666003 PMCID: PMC3355384 DOI: 10.3390/s120403814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the quorum sensing control in Aeromonas veronii MTCC 3249, originally isolated as A. culicicola from the midgut of Culex quinquefasciatus. Based on biosensor assays, the bacterium showed constant production of multiple acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) with increasing cell-density. The luxRI gene homologs, acuR (A. culicicola transcriptional Regulator) and acuI (A. culicicola autoInducer) were successfully amplified by inverse-PCR. Sequence analysis indicated acuRI were divergent from all known quorum sensing gene homologs in Aeromonas. Two localized regions in the C-terminal autoinducer binding domain of acuR showed indels suggesting variations in autoinducer specificity. Further, only a single copy of the quorum sensing genes was detected, suggesting a tight regulation of mechanisms under its control. Chromatography and further chemical analysis identified two AHLs in the culture supernatant: 6-carboxy-HHL (homoadipyl homoserine lactone), a novel AHL, and N-tetradecanoylhomoserine lactone. The existence of a potentially variant quorum sensing system might therefore, reflect in some way the ecological strategies adopted by this bacterium in the mosquito midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Jangid
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +91-20-2570-8237; Fax: +91-20-2569-2259
| | | | - Yogesh S. Shouche
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; E-Mail:
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Aravena-Roman M, Chang BJ, Riley TV, Inglis TJ. Phenotypic characteristics of human clinical and environmental Aeromonas in Western Australia. Pathology 2011; 43:350-6. [PMID: 21519288 DOI: 10.1097/PAT.0b013e3283463592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the phenotypic characteristics of 199 Aeromonas strains comprising 146 clinical and 53 environmental isolates. METHODS Identification was based on a scheme consisting of 62 biochemical tests including two novel tests introduced as potential phenotypic markers. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-five strains (93%) were identified to species level while eight (4%) resembled members of the Aeromonas hydrophila complex and six (3%) could not be assigned to any taxon. There were no significant phenotypic differences between clinical and environmental strains of the three most commonly isolated species A. hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii subspecies sobria and Aeromonas caviae. The most frequently isolated species in human clinical material and environmental samples was A. hydrophila (54.8% and 45.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Phenotypical identification showed that A. hydrophila was the most frequently isolated Aeromonas from clinical and water samples. The introduction of novel tests did not improve the discriminatory power of the scheme and the lack of definitive phenotypical markers continues to hinder Aeromonas taxonomy.
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Kumar H, Rangrez AY, Dayananda KM, Atre AN, Patole MS, Shouche YS. Lactobacillus plantarum (VR1) isolated from an ayurvedic medicine (Kutajarista) ameliorates in vitro cellular damage caused by Aeromonas veronii. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:152. [PMID: 21707995 PMCID: PMC3145568 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus plantarum is considered as a safe and effective probiotic microorganism. Among various sources of isolation, traditionally fermented foods are considered to be rich in Lactobacillus spp., which can be exploited for their probiotic attribute. Antibacterial property of L. plantarum has been demonstrated against various enteric pathogens in both in vitro and in vivo systems. This study was aimed at characterizing L. plantarum isolated from Kutajarista, an ayurvedic fermented biomedicine, and assessing its antagonistic property against a common enteropathogen Aeromonas veronii. Results We report the isolation of L. plantarum (VR1) from Kutajarista, and efficacy of its cell free supernatant (CFS) in amelioration of cytotoxicity caused by Aeromonas veronii. On the part of probiotic attributes, VR1 was tolerant to pH 2, 0.3% bile salts and simulated gastric juice. Additionally, VR1 also exhibited adhesive property to human intestinal HT-29 cell line. Furthermore, CFS of VR1 was antibacterial to enteric pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas veronii and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Detailed study regarding the effect of VR1 CFS on A. veronii cytotoxicity showed a significant decrease in vacuole formation and detrimental cellular changes in Vero cells. On the other hand, A. veronii CFS caused disruption of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and actin in MDCK cell line, which was prevented by pre-incubation with CFS of VR1. Conclusions This is the first study to report isolation of L. plantarum (VR1) from Kutajarista and characterisation for its probiotic attributes. Our study demonstrates the antagonistic property of VR1 to A. veronii and effect of VR1 CFS in reduction of cellular damage caused by A. veronii in both Vero and MDCK cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kumar
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Singh BR, Gulati BR, Virmani N, Chauhan M. Outbreak of Abortions and Infertility in Thoroughbred Mares Associated with Waterborne Aeromonas hydrophila. Indian J Microbiol 2011; 51:212-6. [PMID: 22654167 PMCID: PMC3209884 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
At a thoroughbred equine breeding farm near Hissar (Haryana), three mares aborted in their seventh month of pregnancy. The vaginal swabs of all aborted mares, and stomach contents, heart blood, liver, spleen and placenta of aborted fetuses yielded pure culture of Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, A. hydrophila was also isolated from the vaginal swabs of three repeat breeding mares and faecal sample of a diarrheic foal. The source of infection was possibly water supply as all the water samples collected from taps, mother tank and storage tank were found to be positive for A. hydrophila. The antibiogram of all the isolates was similar showing resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin and amikacin but sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cotrimoxazole, cotrimazine, nitrofurantoin, streptomycin and tetracycline. All the 20 sera samples collected from three aborted and three repeat breeding, and eight in-contact mares, a diarrheic foal, three cows and two male buffaloes maintained at the same farm contained antibodies against A. hydrophila with titres ranging from 80 to 640. The water supply was instantly chlorinated using 0.05% sodium hypochlorite for three consecutive days and all the culturally positive mares were treated with intravaginal administration of 1 g ciprofloxacin, while the foal was given nitrofurantoin for three days. After one month, A. hydrophila could not be isolated either from mares or from their environment and antibody titre in all the seropositive animals showed a declining trend. Later, all the aborted and repeat breeding mares were confirmed to be pregnant. Thus, the present study indicated that water-borne A. hydrophila might be associated with equine abortions and infertility, and diarrhea in newborn foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. R. Singh
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hissar, 125 001 Haryana
- Veterinary Microbiology, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, 797 106 Nagland India
| | - B. R. Gulati
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hissar, 125 001 Haryana
| | - Nitin Virmani
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hissar, 125 001 Haryana
| | - Mamta Chauhan
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hissar, 125 001 Haryana
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Figueras MJ, Borrego JJ. New perspectives in monitoring drinking water microbial quality. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010; 7:4179-202. [PMID: 21318002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7124179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The safety of drinking water is evaluated by the results obtained from faecal indicators during the stipulated controls fixed by the legislation. However, drinking-water related illness outbreaks are still occurring worldwide. The failures that lead to these outbreaks are relatively common and typically involve preceding heavy rain and inadequate disinfection processes. The role that classical faecal indicators have played in the protection of public health is reviewed and the turning points expected for the future explored. The legislation for protecting the quality of drinking water in Europe is under revision, and the planned modifications include an update of current indicators and methods as well as the introduction of Water Safety Plans (WSPs), in line with WHO recommendations. The principles of the WSP approach and the advances signified by the introduction of these preventive measures in the future improvement of dinking water quality are presented. The expected impact that climate change will have in the quality of drinking water is also critically evaluated.
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Pepe Razzolini MT, Risso Günther WM, Martone-Rocha S, Duarte de Luca H, Alves Cardoso MR. Aeromonas presence in drinking water from collective reservoirs and wells in peri-urban area in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:694-9. [PMID: 24031545 PMCID: PMC3768643 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas genus is considered an emerging pathogen and its presence in drinking water supplies is a reason to public health concern. This study investigated the occurrence of Aeromonas in samples from collective reservoirs and wells used as drinking water sources in a peri-urban area. A total of 35 water samples were collected from collective reservoirs and 32 from wells bimonthly, from September 2007 to September 2008. Aeromonas spp determination was carried out using a Multiple-Tube Technique. Samples were inoculated into alkaline peptone water and the superficial film formed was transferred to blood agar plates amended with ampicillin. Typical Aeromonas colonies were submitted to a biochemical screening and then to biochemical tests for species differentiation. Aeromonas was detected in 13 (19%) of the 69 samples examined (6 from collective reservoirs and 7 from wells). Concentrations of Aeromonas in collective reservoirs ranged from <0.3 to 1.2 x10(2)MPN/100mL and, in wells, from <0.3 to 2.4 x10(2)MPN/100mL. The most frequent specie in the collective reservoir samples was Aeromonas spp (68%), followed by A. encheleia (14%) and A. allosaccharophila (8%) and A. hydrophila (8%). Aeromonas spp (87%) was the most frequent specie isolated from well samples, followed by A. allosacchariphila (8%), A. encheleia (2%) and A. jandaei (5%). These data show the presence and diversity of Aeromonas genus in the samples analyzed and highlight that its presence in drinking water poses a significant public health concern.
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Beaz-Hidalgo R, Alperi A, Buján N, Romalde JL, Figueras MJ. Comparison of phenotypical and genetic identification of Aeromonas strains isolated from diseased fish. Syst Appl Microbiol 2010; 33:149-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kingombe CI, D'Aoust JY, Huys G, Hofmann L, Rao M, Kwan J. Multiplex PCR method for detection of three Aeromonas enterotoxin genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:425-33. [PMID: 19933350 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01357-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multiplex PCR method using three sets of specific primers was developed for the detection of the cytotoxic (act), heat-labile (alt), and heat-stable (ast) enterotoxin genes in Aeromonas spp. This assay was used to characterize 35 reference strains as well as 537 food-borne isolates. A total of seven gene pattern combinations were encountered, including act, alt, act/alt, act/alt/ast, act/alt/148-bp amplicon, alt/ast, and alt/148-bp amplicon. The alt gene was detected with 34 reference strains (97%) and occurred singly in 14% of these strains. The frequency of occurrence of the act/alt, act/alt/ast, and alt/ast gene patterns in reference strains was 14 (40%), 2 (6%), and 2 (6%), respectively. An unpredicted amplicon was detected in 11 reference strains (31%). Characterization of this amplicon showed that its size was 148 bp, as generated by the AHLF and AHLR primers, and that it uniquely aligned with the Aeromonas salmonicida A449 genome sequence (GenBank accession number CP000644). This amplicon was named Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida hypothetical protein amplicon (AssHPA). In the 537 food-borne isolates, the act and alt genes were most dominant and were detected in 349 (65%) and 452 (84%) isolates, respectively, either alone or in combinations. The act and alt genes occurred singly in 30 (6%) and 128 (24%) of these strains, respectively. The act/alt gene pattern occurred in 315 isolates (59%), whereas the ast gene was always linked to strains exhibiting the act/alt/ast and alt/ast gene combinations in 4 (0.7%) and 5 (0.9%) isolates, respectively. The uniplex amplification of three enterotoxin genes separately confirms the specificity of the unique selected primers. This multiplex PCR is rapid and simple and can detect the presence of three Aeromonas enterotoxin genes in a single assay.
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Alperi A, Martínez-Murcia AJ, Ko WC, Monera A, Saavedra MJ, Figueras MJ. Aeromonas taiwanensis sp. nov. and Aeromonas sanarellii sp. nov., clinical species from Taiwan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 60:2048-2055. [PMID: 19819994 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.014621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two clinical Aeromonas strains (A2-50(T) and A2-67(T)) recovered from the wounds of two patients in Taiwan could not be assigned to any known species of this genus based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, which showed similarities of 99.6-99.8 % to those of the type strains of Aeromonas caviae, A. trota and A. aquariorum. The rpoD phylogenetic tree allocated these strains to two novel and independent phylogenetic lines, the neighbouring species being A. caviae, the type strain of which showed 93.2 % similarity (56 bp differences) to strain A2-50(T) and 92.2 % (63 bp differences) to strain A2-67(T). A multilocus phylogenetic analysis of five housekeeping genes (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ and gyrA; 3684 bp) confirmed that the two strains formed independent phylogenetic lineages within the genus. These data, together with phenotypic characterization and DNA-DNA reassociation results, revealed that these strains represent novel Aeromonas species, for which the names Aeromonas taiwanensis sp. nov. (type strain A2-50(T) =CECT 7403(T) =LMG 24683(T)) and Aeromonas sanarellii sp. nov. (type strain A2-67(T) =CECT 7402(T) =LMG 24682(T)) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Alperi
- Unit of Microbiology, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Antonio J Martínez-Murcia
- Molecular Diagnostics Center (MDC), Biomolecular Technologies SL, and Miguel Hernández University, 03300 Orihuela (Alicante), Spain
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Arturo Monera
- Molecular Diagnostics Center (MDC), Biomolecular Technologies SL, and Miguel Hernández University, 03300 Orihuela (Alicante), Spain
| | - Maria J Saavedra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, CECAV - University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Molecular Diagnostics Center (MDC), Biomolecular Technologies SL, and Miguel Hernández University, 03300 Orihuela (Alicante), Spain
| | - Maria J Figueras
- Unit of Microbiology, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Figueras MJ, Alperi A, Saavedra MJ, Ko WC, Gonzalo N, Navarro M, Martínez-Murcia AJ. Clinical relevance of the recently described species Aeromonas aquariorum. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3742-6. [PMID: 19741075 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02216-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two human extraintestinal isolates (11 from blood) and three isolates recovered from patients with diarrhea were genetically characterized as Aeromonas aquariorum, a novel species known only from ornamental fish. The isolates proved to bear a considerable number of virulence genes, and all were resistant to amoxicillin (amoxicilline), cephalothin (cefalotin), and cefoxitin. Biochemical differentiation from the most relevant clinical species is provided.
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Tena D, Aspiroz C, Figueras MJ, Gonzalez-Praetorius A, Aldea MJ, Alperi A, Bisquert J. Surgical site infection due to Aeromonas species: report of nine cases and literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 41:164-70. [PMID: 19117246 DOI: 10.1080/00365540802660492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal and wound infections are the most common clinical presentation of Aeromonas. Surgical site infections (SSIs) due to this microorganism are rare. We studied the clinical and microbiological characteristics of 9 cases that appeared at 2 Spanish hospitals and reviewed 15 cases available in the literature. All patients (including our cases) had gastrointestinal or biliary diseases. 21 patients (91.3%) developed SSIs after abdominal or pelvic surgery. The mean duration from surgery to the onset of wound infection was 2.2 d in our 9 patients. The infection was polymicrobial in 17 patients (77.2%) and 19 cases were nosocomial (95%). Clinical outcome of all cases was uniformly good after treatment except for 2 patients. Two patients were cured only with surgical drainage. In conclusion, SSIs due to Aeromonas species have a probable endogenous source after abdominal or pelvic surgery and the onset is rapid in most cases. Clinical outcome is good after antibiotic treatment but surgical drainage without antibiotic therapy can be sufficient to clear the infection in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tena
- Seccion de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara.
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Beaz-Hidalgo R, López-Romalde S, Toranzo AE, Romalde JL. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of repetitive intergenic consensus and repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences for molecular typing of Pseudomonas anguilliseptica and Aeromonas salmonicida. J Aquat Anim Health 2008; 20:75-85. [PMID: 18783128 DOI: 10.1577/h07-007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of two molecular techniques, repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) and repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR), as epidemiological tools with which to discriminate among genetically distinct strains within two bacterial fish pathogens, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica and Aeromonas salmonicida. A total of 30 A. salmonicida and 52 P. anguilliseptica were analyzed. For P. anguilliseptica, three different major fingerprints were obtained with both techniques, which defined three genomic groups: one was composed of strains isolated from eels Anguilla spp., the second of strains from turbot Scophthalmus maximus and blackspot seabream (also known as red seabream) Pagellus bogaraveo, and the third of strains from other fish species, such as gilthead seabream (also known as gilthead bream) Sparus auratus, sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (also known as European bass Morone labrax), and salmonids. In the case ofA. salmonicida, promising results were obtained with both techniques for subspecies differentiation. Thus, two genomic profiles were obtained by ERIC-PCR. The first profile consisted of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains isolated from the different hosts. The second profile was composed of two A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida and one A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes. Using REP-PCR, three genotypes were obtained within this pathogen that were related to the diverse subspecies analyzed. In summary, both methodologies are useful for typing distinct strains associated with different host species and therefore are helpful in epidemiological studies of P. anguilliseptica. In contrast, in the case of A. salmonicida, more studies are needed to determine their utility in discriminating the subspecies salmonicida from the other two subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Beaz-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Pund RP, Theegarten D. Die Bedeutung der beweglichen Aeromonaden als Krankheitserreger für den Menschen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008; 51:569-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yu CP, Farrell SK, Robinson B, Chu KH. Development and application of real-time PCR assays for quantifying total and aerolysin gene-containing aeromonas in source, intermediate, and finished drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:1191-1200. [PMID: 18351092 DOI: 10.1021/es071341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas spp., opportunistic pathogens, are listed as a microbiological contaminant on the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. Culture-based methods for identification and quantification of Aeromonas in drinking water are time-consuming and often fail to differentiate pathogenic species from nonpathogenic ones. This study reports successful development and applications of two real-time PCR assays, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and a virulence gene (aerolysin gene), for rapid and effective quantification of total and aerolysin gene-containing Aeromonas spp. The assays successfully quantified total and aerolysin gene-containing Aeromonas in source, intermediate, and finished water samples collected from seven water works and one pilot plant. The effectiveness of Aeromonas removal by different drinking water treatment processes was examined by comparing the results obtained from the EPA culture-based method and developed real-time PCR assays. Regardless of the methods, our results indicated that conventional water treatment combination (prechlorination/ coagulation/sedimentation/rapid sand filtration) and membrane filtration alone could effectively remove Aeromonas. Slow sand filtration alone might not be effective. The removal efficiencies by different disinfection treatments were not determined, due to the lack of detectable Aeromonas. No Aeromonas was detected in samples with turbidity below 0.06 NTU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ping Yu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
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Abstract
Background Aeromonas spp. have been regarded as "emerging pathogens". Aeromonads possess multifactorial virulence and the production of many of these virulence determinants is associated with high cell density, a phenomenon that might be regulated by quorum sensing. However, only two species of the genus are reported to possess the luxRI quorum sensing gene homologs. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the luxRI homologs are universally present in the Aeromonas strains collected from various culture collections, clinical laboratories and field studies. Results Of all the 73 Aeromonas strains used in the study, seventy-one strains elicited acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated response in multiple biosensor strains. However, dot blot hybridization revealed that the luxRI homologs are present in all the strains. PCR amplification and sequencing revealed that the luxRI homologs shared a very high percentage sequence similarity. No evidence for lateral gene transfer of the luxRI homologs between aeromonads and other genera was noted. Conclusion We propose that the luxRI quorum sensing gene homologs are universally present in the genus Aeromonas independently from their origin. This study is the first genus-wide report of the taxonomic distribution of the luxRI homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Jangid
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Centre for Cell Science, University of Pune, Pune- 411007, Maharashtra, India.
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Figueras MJ, Alperi A, Guarro J. On the identification of clinical Aeromonas by a new restriction fragment length polymorphism of 16S rDNA method. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45:692-3; author reply 694-5. [PMID: 17916125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Halpern M, Landsberg O, Raats D, Rosenberg E. Culturable and VBNC Vibrio cholerae: interactions with chironomid egg masses and their bacterial population. Microb Ecol 2007; 53:285-93. [PMID: 17186156 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-006-9094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, is autochthonous to various aquatic environments. Recently, it was found that chironomid (nonbiting midges) egg masses serve as a reservoir for the cholera bacterium and that flying chironomid adults are possible windborne carriers of V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139. Chironomids are the most widely distributed insect in freshwater. Females deposit egg masses at the water's edge, and each egg mass contains eggs embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Hemagglutinin/protease, an extracellular enzyme of V. cholerae, was found to degrade chironomid egg masses and to prevent them from hatching. In a yearly survey, chironomid populations and the V. cholerae in their egg masses followed phenological succession and interaction of host-pathogen population dynamics. In this report, it is shown via FISH technique that most of the V. cholerae inhabiting the egg mass are in the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. The diversity of culturable bacteria from chironomid egg masses collected from two freshwater habitats was determined. In addition to V. cholerae, representatives of the following genera were isolated: Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, Shewanella, Pseudomonas, Paracoccus, Exiguobacterium, and unidentified bacteria. Three important human pathogens, Aeromonas veronii, A. caviae, and A. hydrophila, were isolated from chironomid egg masses, indicating that chironomid egg masses may be a natural reservoir for pathogenic Aeromonas species in addition to V. cholerae. All isolates of V. cholerae were capable of degrading chironomid egg masses. This may help explain their host-pathogen relationship with chironomids. In contrast, almost none of the other bacteria that were isolated from the egg masses possessed this ability. Studying the interaction between chironomid egg masses, the bacteria inhabiting them, and V. cholerae could contribute to our understanding of the nature of the V. cholerae-egg mass interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka Halpern
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Abstract
Recent phylogenetic studies of the genus Aeromonas based on gyrB and rpoD gene sequences have improved the phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequences first published in 1992, particularly in the ability to split closely related species. These studies did not include the recently described species Aeromonas simiae and Aeromonas molluscorum and only a single strain of Aeromonas culicicola was available for analysis at that time. In the present work, these Aeromonas species and newly isolated strains of A. culicicola were examined. Sequence analysis indicates that A. simiae and A. molluscorum belong to non-described phylogenetic lines of descent within this genus, which supports the original description of both species. The most closely related species are Aeromonas schubertii and Aeromonas encheleia, respectively, which is consistent with 16S rRNA gene sequencing results. However, while the five strains of A. molluscorum showed nucleotide differences in their gyrB and rpoD gene sequences, the only two known A. simiae strains exhibited identical gene sequences, suggesting that they are isolates of the same strain. On the basis of the rpoD gene sequence phylogeny, A. culicicola strains from the original description and new isolates from drinking water and ornamental fish clustered within the species Aeromonas veronii, suggesting inconsistencies with previous results. Other strains with previously controversial taxonomy and new isolates from other studies were included in this study in order to clarify their phylogenetic affiliation at the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Saavedra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, CECAV-University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Diagnostics Center (MDC), Biomolecular Technologies S.L. and Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03300 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - M J Figueras
- Unidad de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - A J Martínez-Murcia
- Molecular Diagnostics Center (MDC), Biomolecular Technologies S.L. and Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03300 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
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Abstract
Over the past 15 years, CE as an analytical tool has shown great promise in replacing many conventional clinical laboratory methods, such as electrophoresis and HPLC. CE's appeal was that it was fast, used very small amounts of sample and reagents, was extremely versatile, and was able to separate large and small analytes, whether neutral or charged. Because of this versatility, numerous methods have been developed for analytes that are of clinical interest. Other than molecular diagnostic and forensic laboratories CE has not been able to make a major impact in the United States. In contrast, in Europe and Japan an increasing number of clinical laboratories are using CE. Now that automated multicapillary instruments are commercially available along with cost-effective test kits, CE may yet be accepted as an instrument that will be routinely used in the clinical laboratories. This review will focus on areas where CE has the potential to have the greatest impact on the clinical laboratory. These include analyses of proteins found in serum and urine, hemoglobin (A1c and variants), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, forensic and therapeutic drug screening, and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Jabeen
- University of Texas Medical Branch--Pathology, Galveston, TX 77555-0551, USA
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