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Tan H, Liang L, Yin X, Li C, Liu F, Wu C. Spatiotemporal analysis of pertussis in Hunan Province, China, 2009-2019. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055581. [PMID: 36691220 PMCID: PMC9462112 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to explore the spatial and spatiotemporal distribution of pertussis in Hunan Province, and provide a scientific basis for targeting preventive measures in areas with a high incidence of pertussis. DESIGN In this retrospective spatial and spatiotemporal (ecological) study, the surveillance and population data of Hunan Province from 2009 to 2019 were analysed. The ArcGIS V.10.3 software was used for spatial autocorrelation analysis and visual display, and SaTScan V.9.6 software was used for statistical analysis of spatiotemporal scan data. SETTINGS Confirmed and suspected pertussis cases with current addresses in Hunan Province and onset dates between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2019 were included in the study. PARTICIPANTS The study used aggregated data, including 6796 confirmed and suspected pertussis cases. RESULTS The seasonal peak occurred between March and September, and scattered children were at high risk. The global Moran's I was between 0.107 and 0.341 (p<0.05), which indicated that the incidence of pertussis in Hunan had a positive spatial autocorrelation. The results of local indicators of spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the hot spots were mainly distributed in the northeast region of Hunan Province. Moreover, both purely space and spatiotemporal scans showed that the central and northeastern parts were the most likely cluster areas with an epidemic period between March and October in 2018 and 2019. CONCLUSION The distribution of the pertussis epidemic in Hunan Province from 2009 to 2019 shows spatiotemporal clustering. The clustering areas of the pertussis epidemic were concentrated in the central and northeastern parts of Hunan Province between March and October 2018 and 2019. In areas with low pertussis incidence, the strengthening of the monitoring system may reduce under-reporting. In areas with high pertussis incidence where we could study whether the genes of endemic pertussis strains are mutated and differ from vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Tan
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | | | - Xiaocheng Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - ChunYing Li
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Public Health Emergency Response Office, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chengqiu Wu
- School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Juhn YJ, Ryu E, Wi CI, King KS, Malik M, Romero-Brufau S, Weng C, Sohn S, Sharp RR, Halamka JD. Assessing socioeconomic bias in machine learning algorithms in health care: a case study of the HOUSES index. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2022; 29:1142-1151. [PMID: 35396996 PMCID: PMC9196683 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Artificial intelligence (AI) models may propagate harmful biases in performance and hence negatively affect the underserved. We aimed to assess the degree to which data quality of electronic health records (EHRs) affected by inequities related to low socioeconomic status (SES), results in differential performance of AI models across SES. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study utilized existing machine learning models for predicting asthma exacerbation in children with asthma. We compared balanced error rate (BER) against different SES levels measured by HOUsing-based SocioEconomic Status measure (HOUSES) index. As a possible mechanism for differential performance, we also compared incompleteness of EHR information relevant to asthma care by SES. RESULTS Asthmatic children with lower SES had larger BER than those with higher SES (eg, ratio = 1.35 for HOUSES Q1 vs Q2-Q4) and had a higher proportion of missing information relevant to asthma care (eg, 41% vs 24% for missing asthma severity and 12% vs 9.8% for undiagnosed asthma despite meeting asthma criteria). DISCUSSION Our study suggests that lower SES is associated with worse predictive model performance. It also highlights the potential role of incomplete EHR data in this differential performance and suggests a way to mitigate this bias. CONCLUSION The HOUSES index allows AI researchers to assess bias in predictive model performance by SES. Although our case study was based on a small sample size and a single-site study, the study results highlight a potential strategy for identifying bias by using an innovative SES measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Juhn
- Precision Population Science Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Artificial Intelligence Program of Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chung-Il Wi
- Precision Population Science Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Artificial Intelligence Program of Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katherine S King
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Momin Malik
- Center for Digital Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Chunhua Weng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sunghwan Sohn
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard R Sharp
- Biomedical Ethics Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John D Halamka
- Center for Digital Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Mayo Clinic Platform, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Wheeler PH, Patten CA, Juhn YJ, Wi C, Bublitz JT, Ryu E, Ristagno EH. Role of Geographic Risk Factors and Social Determinants of Health in COVID-19 Epidemiology: Longitudinal Geospatial Analysis in a Midwest Rural Region. J Clin Transl Sci. [PMID: 35651962 PMCID: PMC9108006 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2021.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies examining the role of geographic factors in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) epidemiology among rural populations are lacking. Methods: Our study is a population-based longitudinal study based on rural residents in four southeast Minnesota counties from March through October 2020. We used a kernel density estimation approach to identify hotspots for COVID-19 cases. Temporal trends of cases and testing were examined by generating a series of hotspot maps during the study period. Household/individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) was measured using the HOUSES index and examined for association between identified hotspots and SES. Results: During the study period, 24,243 of 90,975 residents (26.6%) were tested for COVID-19 at least once; 1498 (6.2%) of these tested positive. Compared to other rural residents, hotspot residents were overall younger (median age: 40.5 vs 43.2), more likely to be minorities (10.7% vs 9.7%), and of higher SES (lowest HOUSES [SES] quadrant: 14.6% vs 18.7%). Hotspots accounted for 30.1% of cases (14.5% of population) for rural cities and 60.8% of cases (27.1% of population) for townships. Lower SES and minority households were primarily affected early in the pandemic and higher SES and non-minority households affected later. Conclusion: In rural areas of these four counties in Minnesota, geographic factors (hotspots) play a significant role in the overall burden of COVID-19 with associated racial/ethnic and SES disparities, of which pattern differed by the timing of the pandemic (earlier in pandemic vs later). The study results could more precisely guide community outreach efforts (e.g., public health education, testing/tracing, and vaccine roll out) to those residing in hotspots.
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Kwon JH, Wi CI, Seol HY, Park M, King K, Ryu E, Sohn S, Liu H, Juhn YJ. Risk, Mechanisms and Implications of Asthma-Associated Infectious and Inflammatory Multimorbidities (AIMs) among Individuals With Asthma: a Systematic Review and a Case Study. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2021; 13:697-718. [PMID: 34486256 PMCID: PMC8419637 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2021.13.5.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our prior work and the work of others have demonstrated that asthma increases the risk of a broad range of both respiratory (e.g., pneumonia and pertussis) and non-respiratory (e.g., zoster and appendicitis) infectious diseases as well as inflammatory diseases (e.g., celiac disease and myocardial infarction [MI]), suggesting the systemic disease nature of asthma and its impact beyond the airways. We call these conditions asthma-associated infectious and inflammatory multimorbidities (AIMs). At present, little is known about why some people with asthma are at high-risk of AIMs, and others are not, to the extent to which controlling asthma reduces the risk of AIMs and which specific therapies mitigate the risk of AIMs. These questions represent a significant knowledge gap in asthma research and unmet needs in asthma care, because there are no guidelines addressing the identification and management of AIMs. This is a systematic review on the association of asthma with the risk of AIMs and a case study to highlight that 1) AIMs are relatively under-recognized conditions, but pose major health threats to people with asthma; 2) AIMs provide insights into immunological and clinical features of asthma as a systemic inflammatory disease beyond a solely chronic airway disease; and 3) it is time to recognize AIMs as a distinctive asthma phenotype in order to advance asthma research and improve asthma care. An improved understanding of AIMs and their underlying mechanisms will bring valuable and new perspectives improving the practice, research, and public health related to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Kwon
- Precision Population Science Lab, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Il Wi
- Precision Population Science Lab, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hee Yun Seol
- Precision Population Science Lab, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Miguel Park
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katherine King
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sunghwan Sohn
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Young J Juhn
- Precision Population Science Lab, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Tandy CB, Odoi A. Geographic disparities and socio-demographic predictors of pertussis risk in Florida. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11902. [PMID: 34540361 PMCID: PMC8415280 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pertussis is a toxin-mediated respiratory illness caused by Bordetella pertussis that can result in severe complications and death, particularly in infants. Between 2008 and 2011, children less than 3 months old accounted for 83% of the pertussis deaths in the United States. Understanding the geographic disparities in the distribution of pertussis risk and identifying high risk geographic areas is necessary for guiding resource allocation and public health control strategies. Therefore, this study investigated geographic disparities and temporal changes in pertussis risk in Florida from 2010 to 2018. It also investigated socioeconomic and demographic predictors of the identified disparities. METHODS Pertussis data covering the time period 2010-2018 were obtained from Florida HealthCHARTS web interface. Spatial patterns and temporal changes in geographic distribution of pertussis risk were assessed using county-level choropleth maps for the time periods 2010-2012, 2013-2015, 2016-2018 and 2010-2018. Tango's flexible spatial scan statistics were used to identify high-risk spatial clusters which were displayed in maps. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to identify significant predictors of county-level risk. Residuals of the OLS model were assessed for model assumptions including spatial autocorrelation. RESULTS County-level pertussis risk varied from 0 to 116.31 cases per 100,000 people during the study period. A total of 11 significant (p < 0.05) spatial clusters were identified with risk ratios ranging from 1.5 to 5.8. Geographic distribution remained relatively consistent over time with areas of high risk persisting in the western panhandle, northeastern coast, and along the western coast. Although county level pertussis risks generally increased from 2010-2012 to 2013-2015, risk tended to be lower during the 2016-2018 time period. Significant predictors of county-level pertussis risk were rurality, percentage of females, and median income. Counties with high pertussis risk tended to be rural (p = 0.021), those with high median incomes (p = 0.039), and those with high percentages of females (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION There is evidence that geographic disparities exist and have persisted over time in Florida. This study highlights the application and importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology and spatial statistical/epidemiological tools in identifying areas of highest disease risk so as to guide resource allocation to reduce health disparities and improve health for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne B. Tandy
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
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Juhn YJ, Wheeler P, Wi CI, Bublitz J, Ryu E, Ristagno E, Patten C. Role of Geographic Risk Factors in COVID-19 Epidemiology: Longitudinal Geospatial Analysis. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2021; 5:916-927. [PMID: 34308261 PMCID: PMC8272975 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To perform a geospatial and temporal trend analysis for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Midwest community to identify and characterize hot spots for COVID-19. Participants and Methods We conducted a population-based longitudinal surveillance assessing the semimonthly geospatial trends of the prevalence of test confirmed COVID-19 cases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from March 11, 2020, through October 31, 2020. As urban areas accounted for 84% of the population and 86% of all COVID-19 cases in Olmsted County, MN, we determined hot spots for COVID-19 in urban areas (Rochester and other small cities) of Olmsted County, MN, during the study period by using kernel density analysis with a half-mile bandwidth. Results As of October 31, 2020, a total of 37,141 individuals (30%) were tested at least once, of whom 2433 (7%) tested positive. Testing rates among race groups were similar: 29% (black), 30% (Hispanic), 25% (Asian), and 31% (white). Ten urban hot spots accounted for 590 cases at 220 addresses (2.68 cases per address) as compared with 1843 cases at 1292 addresses in areas outside hot spots (1.43 cases per address). Overall, 12% of the population residing in hot spots accounted for 24% of all COVID-19 cases. Hot spots were concentrated in neighborhoods with low-income apartments and mobile home communities. People living in hot spots tended to be minorities and from a lower socioeconomic background. Conclusion Geographic and residential risk factors might considerably account for the overall burden of COVID-19 and its associated racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities. Results could geospatially guide community outreach efforts (eg, testing/tracing and vaccine rollout) for populations at risk for COVID-19.
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Key Words
- Acute Respiratory Infection, (ARI)
- COVID-19
- Confidence interval, (CI)
- Coronavirus disease 2019, (COVID-19)
- Electronic Health Records, (EHRs)
- Human coronavirus, (HCov)
- Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-coronavirus, (MERS-CoV)
- Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, (RT-PCR)
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus, (SARS-CoV)
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, (SARS-CoV-2)
- Social determinants of health, (SDH)
- Socioeconomic status, (SES)
- epidemiology
- geospatial analysis
- social determinants of health
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chung-Il Wi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
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Araújo LO, Nunes AMPB, Ferreira VM, Cardoso CW, Feitosa CA, Reis MG, Campos LC. Clinical and epidemiological features of pertussis in Salvador, Brazil, 2011-2016. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238932. [PMID: 32915869 PMCID: PMC7485779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, is distributed globally. Vaccination has been crucial to annual reductions in the number of cases. However, disease reemergence has occurred over the last decade in several countries, including Brazil. Here we describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of suspected pertussis cases in Salvador, Brazil, and evaluate factors associated with case confirmation. This descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in the five hospitals in Salvador that reported the highest number of pertussis cases between 2011-2016. Demographic and clinical data were recorded for each patient. Bivariate analysis was performed to evaluate differences between groups (confirmed vs. unconfirmed cases) using Pearson's Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results: Of 529 suspected pertussis cases, 29.7% (157/529) were confirmed by clinical, clinical-epidemiological or laboratory criteria, with clinical criteria most frequently applied (63.7%; 100/157). Unvaccinated individuals (43.3%; 68/157) were the most affected, followed by age groups 2-3 months (37.6%; 59/157) and <2 months (31.2%; 49/157). Overall, ≤50% of the confirmed cases presented a complete vaccination schedule. All investigated cases presented cough in association with one or more symptoms, especially paroxysmal cough (66.9%; 105/529) (p = 0.001) or cyanosis (66.2%; 104/529) (p<0.001). Our results indicate that pertussis occurred mainly in infants and unvaccinated individuals in Salvador, Brazil. The predominance of clinical criteria used to confirm suspected cases highlights the need for improvement in the laboratory tools used to perform rapid diagnosis. Fluctuations in infection prevalence demonstrate the importance of vaccination strategies in improving the control and prevention of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viviane Matos Ferreira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mitermayer Galvão Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Patel AA, Wheeler PH, Wi CI, Derauf C, Ryu E, Zahrieh D, Bjur KA, Juhn YJ. Mobile home residence as a risk factor for adverse events among children in a mixed rural-urban community: A case for geospatial analysis. J Clin Transl Sci 2020; 4:443-50. [PMID: 33244434 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2020.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Given the significant health effects, we assessed geospatial patterns of adverse events (AEs), defined as physical or sexual abuse and accidents or poisonings at home, among children in a mixed rural–urban community. Methods: We conducted a population-based cohort study of children (<18 years) living in Olmsted County, Minnesota, to assess geographic patterns of AEs between April 2004 and March 2009 using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. We identified hotspots by calculating the relative difference between observed and expected case densities accounting for population characteristics (; hotspot ≥ 0.33) using kernel density methods. A Bayesian geospatial logistic regression model was used to test for association of subject characteristics (including residential features) with AEs, adjusting for age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES). Results: Of the 30,227 eligible children (<18 years), 974 (3.2%) experienced at least one AE. Of the nine total hotspots identified, five were mobile home communities (MHCs). Among non-Hispanic White children (85% of total children), those living in MHCs had higher AE prevalence compared to those outside MHCs, independent of SES (mean posterior odds ratio: 1.80; 95% credible interval: 1.22–2.54). MHC residency in minority children was not associated with higher prevalence of AEs. Of addresses requiring manual correction, 85.5% belonged to mobile homes. Conclusions: MHC residence is a significant unrecognized risk factor for AEs among non-Hispanic, White children in a mixed rural–urban community. Given plausible outreach difficulty due to address discrepancies, MHC residents might be a geographically underserved population for clinical care and research.
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