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Parker JL, Kato T, Kuteyi G, Sitsel O, Newstead S. Molecular basis for selective uptake and elimination of organic anions in the kidney by OAT1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1786-1793. [PMID: 37482561 PMCID: PMC10643130 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the kidney plays an essential role in maintaining blood homeostasis through the selective uptake, retention or elimination of toxins, drugs and metabolites. Organic anion transporters (OATs) are responsible for the recognition of metabolites and toxins in the nephron and their eventual urinary excretion. Inhibition of OATs is used therapeutically to improve drug efficacy and reduce nephrotoxicity. The founding member of the renal organic anion transporter family, OAT1 (also known as SLC22A6), uses the export of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, to drive selective transport and is allosterically regulated by intracellular chloride. However, the mechanisms linking metabolite cycling, drug transport and intracellular chloride remain obscure. Here, we present cryogenic-electron microscopy structures of OAT1 bound to α-KG, the antiviral tenofovir and clinical inhibitor probenecid, used in the treatment of Gout. Complementary in vivo cellular assays explain the molecular basis for α-KG driven drug elimination and the allosteric regulation of organic anion transport in the kidney by chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Gabriel Kuteyi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oleg Sitsel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simon Newstead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Yang J, Sundqvist ML, Zheng X, Jiao T, Collado A, Tratsiakovich Y, Mahdi A, Tengbom J, Mergia E, Catrina SB, Zhou Z, Carlström M, Akaike T, Cortese-Krott MM, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Pernow J. Hypoxic erythrocytes mediate cardioprotection through activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and release of cyclic GMP. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167693. [PMID: 37655658 PMCID: PMC10471167 DOI: 10.1172/jci167693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) mediate cardioprotection via nitric oxide-like bioactivity, but the signaling and the identity of any mediator released by the RBCs remains unknown. We investigated whether RBCs exposed to hypoxia release a cardioprotective mediator and explored the nature of this mediator. Perfusion of isolated hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion with extracellular supernatant from mouse RBCs exposed to hypoxia resulted in improved postischemic cardiac function and reduced infarct size. Hypoxia increased extracellular export of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from mouse RBCs, and exogenous cGMP mimicked the cardioprotection induced by the supernatant. The protection induced by hypoxic RBCs was dependent on RBC-soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP transport and was sensitive to phosphodiesterase 5 and activated cardiomyocyte protein kinase G. Oral administration of nitrate to mice to increase nitric oxide bioactivity further enhanced the cardioprotective effect of hypoxic RBCs. In a placebo-controlled clinical trial, a clear cardioprotective, soluble guanylate cyclase-dependent effect was induced by RBCs collected from patients randomized to 5 weeks nitrate-rich diet. It is concluded that RBCs generate and export cGMP as a response to hypoxia, mediating cardioprotection via a paracrine effect. This effect can be further augmented by a simple dietary intervention, suggesting preventive and therapeutic opportunities in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangning Yang
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela L. Sundqvist
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tong Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aida Collado
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yahor Tratsiakovich
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Mahdi
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Tengbom
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evanthia Mergia
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miriam M. Cortese-Krott
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Myocardial Infarction Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O. Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jiao T, Collado A, Mahdi A, Tengbom J, Tratsiakovich Y, Milne GT, Alvarsson M, Lundberg JO, Zhou Z, Yang J, Pernow J. Stimulation of Erythrocyte Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Induces cGMP Export and Cardioprotection in Type 2 Diabetes. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:907-918. [PMID: 37719424 PMCID: PMC10504399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity in red blood cells (RBCs) is critical for augmented myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetes. This study identified the nature of "NO bioactivity" by stimulating the intracellular NO receptor soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in RBCs. sGC stimulation in RBCs from patients with type 2 diabetes increased export of cyclic guanosine monophosphate from RBCs and activated cardiac protein kinase G, thereby attenuating ischemia-reperfusion injury. These results provide novel insight into RBC signaling by identifying cyclic guanosine monophosphate from RBC as a mediator of protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by sGC stimulation in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jiao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aida Collado
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Mahdi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Tengbom
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yahor Tratsiakovich
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Alvarsson
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiangning Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Division, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nies AT, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M. Hepatic solute carrier transporters and drug therapy: Regulation of expression and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sun L, Ni C, Zhao J, Wang G, Chen W. Probiotics, bioactive compounds and dietary patterns for the effective management of hyperuricemia: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2016-2031. [PMID: 36073759 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is closely linked with an increased risk of developing hypertension, diabetes, renal failure and other metabolic syndromes. Probiotics, bioactive compounds and dietary patterns are safe cost-efficient ways to control hyperuricemia, whereas comprehensive reviews of their anti-hyperuricemic mechanisms are limited. This review summarizes the roles of probiotics, bioactive compounds and dietary patterns in treating hyperuricemia and critically reviews the possible mechanisms by which these interventions exert their activities. The dietary patterns are closely related to the occurrence of hyperuricemia through the indirect action of gut microbiota or the direct effects of host purine metabolism. The Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diets help reduce serum uric acid concentrations and thus prevent hyperuricemia. Meanwhile, probiotics alleviate hyperuricemia by ways of absorbing purine, restoring gut microbiota dysbiosis and inhibiting xanthine oxidase (XO) activity. Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, peptides and alkaloids exert various anti-hyperuricemic effects, by regulating urate transporters, blocking the active sites of XO and inhibiting the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway and NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 signaling pathway. This review will assist people with hyperuricemia to adopt a healthy diet and contribute to the application of natural products with anti-hyperuricemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caixin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Hau RK, Tash JS, Georg GI, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Physiological Characterization of the Transporter-Mediated Uptake of the Reversible Male Contraceptive H2-Gamendazole Across the Blood-Testis Barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:299-312. [PMID: 35779861 PMCID: PMC9426764 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is formed by a tight network of Sertoli cells (SCs) to limit the movement of reproductive toxicants from the blood into the male genital tract. Transporters expressed at the basal membranes of SCs also influence the disposition of drugs across the BTB. The reversible, nonhormonal contraceptive, H2-gamendazole (H2-GMZ), is an indazole carboxylic acid analog that accumulates over 10 times more in the testes compared with other organs. However, the mechanism(s) by which H2-GMZ circumvents the BTB are unknown. This study describes the physiologic characteristics of the carrier-mediated process(es) that permit H2-GMZ and other analogs to penetrate SCs. Uptake studies were performed using an immortalized human SC line (hT-SerC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Uptake of H2-GMZ and four analogs followed Michaelis-Menten transport kinetics (one analog exhibited poor penetration). H2-GMZ uptake was strongly inhibited by indomethacin, diclofenac, MK-571, and several analogs. Moreover, H2-GMZ uptake was stimulated by an acidic extracellular pH, reduced at basic pHs, and independent of extracellular Na+, K+, or Cl- levels, which are intrinsic characteristics of OATP-mediated transport. Therefore, the characteristics of H2-GMZ transport suggest that one or more OATPs may be involved. However, endogenous transporter expression in wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), and human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) cells limited the utility of heterologous transporter expression to identify a specific OATP transporter. Altogether, characterization of the transporters involved in the flux of H2-GMZ provides insight into the selectivity of drug disposition across the human BTB to understand and overcome the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic difficulties presented by this barrier. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite major advancements in female contraceptives, male alternatives, including vasectomy, condom usage, and physical withdrawal, are antiquated and the widespread availability of nonhormonal, reversible chemical contraceptives is nonexistent. Indazole carboxylic acid analogs such as H2-GMZ are promising new reversible, antispermatogenic drugs that are highly effective in rodents. This study characterizes the carrier-mediated processes that permit H2-GMZ and other drugs to enter Sertoli cells and the observations made here will guide the development of drugs that effectively circumvent the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Hau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
| | - Joseph S Tash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
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7
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Nigam AK, Ojha AA, Li JG, Shi D, Bhatnagar V, Nigam KB, Abagyan R, Nigam SK. Molecular Properties of Drugs Handled by Kidney OATs and Liver OATPs Revealed by Chemoinformatics and Machine Learning: Implications for Kidney and Liver Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1720. [PMID: 34684013 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with liver or kidney disease, it is especially important to consider the routes of metabolism and elimination of small-molecule pharmaceuticals. Once in the blood, numerous drugs are taken up by the liver for metabolism and/or biliary elimination, or by the kidney for renal elimination. Many common drugs are organic anions. The major liver uptake transporters for organic anion drugs are organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATP1B1 or SLCO1B1; OATP1B3 or SLCO1B3), whereas in the kidney they are organic anion transporters (OAT1 or SLC22A6; OAT3 or SLC22A8). Since these particular OATPs are overwhelmingly found in the liver but not the kidney, and these OATs are overwhelmingly found in the kidney but not liver, it is possible to use chemoinformatics, machine learning (ML) and deep learning to analyze liver OATP-transported drugs versus kidney OAT-transported drugs. Our analysis of >30 quantitative physicochemical properties of OATP- and OAT-interacting drugs revealed eight properties that in combination, indicate a high propensity for interaction with "liver" transporters versus "kidney" ones based on machine learning (e.g., random forest, k-nearest neighbors) and deep-learning classification algorithms. Liver OATPs preferred drugs with greater hydrophobicity, higher complexity, and more ringed structures whereas kidney OATs preferred more polar drugs with more carboxyl groups. The results provide a strong molecular basis for tissue-specific targeting strategies, understanding drug-drug interactions as well as drug-metabolite interactions, and suggest a strategy for how drugs with comparable efficacy might be chosen in chronic liver or kidney disease (CKD) to minimize toxicity.
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Jensen BC, Vaney P, Flaspohler J, Coppens I, Parsons M. Unusual features and localization of the membrane kinome of Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258814. [PMID: 34653230 PMCID: PMC8519429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In many eukaryotes, multiple protein kinases are situated in the plasma membrane where they respond to extracellular ligands. Ligand binding elicits a signal that is transmitted across the membrane, leading to activation of the cytosolic kinase domain. Humans have over 100 receptor protein kinases. In contrast, our search of the Trypanosoma brucei kinome showed that there were only ten protein kinases with predicted transmembrane domains, and unlike other eukaryotic transmembrane kinases, seven are predicted to bear multiple transmembrane domains. Most of the ten kinases, including their transmembrane domains, are conserved in both Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania species. Several possess accessory domains, such as Kelch, nucleotide cyclase, and forkhead-associated domains. Surprisingly, two contain multiple regions with predicted structural similarity to domains in bacterial signaling proteins. A few of the protein kinases have previously been localized to subcellular structures such as endosomes or lipid bodies. We examined the localization of epitope-tagged versions of seven of the predicted transmembrane kinases in T. brucei bloodstream forms and show that five localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The last two kinases are enzymatically active, integral membrane proteins associated with the flagellum, flagellar pocket, or adjacent structures as shown by both fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Thus, these kinases are positioned in structures suggesting participation in signal transduction from the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Jensen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Pashmi Vaney
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John Flaspohler
- Biology Department, Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marilyn Parsons
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Abstract
Urate is produced in the liver by the degradation of purines from the diet and nucleotide turnover and excreted by the kidney and gut. The kidney is the major route of urate removal and has a pivotal role in the regulation of urate homeostasis. Approximately 10% of the glomerular filtered urate is excreted in the urine, and the remainder is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. However, the transport of urate in the proximal tubule is bidirectional: reabsorption and secretion. Thus, an increase in reabsorption or a decrease in secretion may induce hyperuricemia. In contrast, a decrease in reabsorption or an increase in secretion may result in hyperuricosuria. In the proximal tubule, urate reabsorption is mainly mediated by apical URAT1 (SLC22A12) and basolateral GLUT9 (SLC2A9) transporter. OAT4 (SLC22A11) also acts in urate reabsorption in the apical membrane, and its polymorphism is associated with the risk of hyperuricemia. Renal hypouricemia is caused by SLC22A12 or SLC2A9 loss-of-function mutations, and it may be complicated by exercise-induced acute kidney injury. URAT1 and GLUT9 are also drug targets for uricosuric agents. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors may induce hyperuricosuria by inhibiting GLUT9b located in the apical plasma membrane. Urate secretion is mediated by basolateral OAT1 (SLC22A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) and apical ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), NPT1 (SLC17A1), and NPT4 (SLC17A3) transporter in the proximal tubule. NPT1 and NPT4 may be key players in renal urate secretion in humans, and deletion of SLC22A6 and SLC22A8 in mice leads to decreased urate excretion. Dysfunctional variants of ABCG2 inhibit urate secretion from the gut and kidney and may cause gout. In summary, the net result of urate transport in the proximal tubule is determined by the dominance of transporters between reabsorption (URAT1, OAT4, and GLUT9) and secretion (ABCG2, NPT1, NPT4, OAT1, and OAT3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheun-Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sun HL, Wu YW, Bian HG, Yang H, Wang H, Meng XM, Jin J. Function of Uric Acid Transporters and Their Inhibitors in Hyperuricaemia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667753. [PMID: 34335246 PMCID: PMC8317579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of uric acid metabolism may be associated with pathological processes in many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. These diseases can further promote uric acid accumulation in the body, leading to a vicious cycle. Preliminary studies have proven many mechanisms such as oxidative stress, lipid metabolism disorders, and rennin angiotensin axis involving in the progression of hyperuricaemia-related diseases. However, there is still lack of effective clinical treatment for hyperuricaemia. According to previous research results, NPT1, NPT4, OAT1, OAT2, OAT3, OAT4, URAT1, GLUT9, ABCG2, PDZK1, these urate transports are closely related to serum uric acid level. Targeting at urate transporters and urate-lowering drugs can enhance our understanding of hyperuricaemia and hyperuricaemia-related diseases. This review may put forward essential references or cross references to be contributed to further elucidate traditional and novel urate-lowering drugs benefits as well as provides theoretical support for the scientific research on hyperuricemia and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-Wan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - He-Ge Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Tátrai P, Erdő F, Dörnyei G, Krajcsi P. Modulation of Urate Transport by Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060899. [PMID: 34204277 PMCID: PMC8235739 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum urate (SU) levels in primates are extraordinarily high among mammals. Urate is a Janus-faced molecule that acts physiologically as a protective antioxidant but provokes inflammation and gout when it precipitates at high concentrations. Transporters play crucial roles in urate disposition, and drugs that interact with urate transporters either by intention or by accident may modulate SU levels. We examined whether in vitro transporter interaction studies may clarify and predict such effects. METHODS Transporter interaction profiles of clinically proven urate-lowering (uricosuric) and hyperuricemic drugs were compiled from the literature, and the predictive value of in vitro-derived cut-offs like Cmax/IC50 on the in vivo outcome (clinically relevant decrease or increase of SU) was assessed. RESULTS Interaction with the major reabsorptive urate transporter URAT1 appears to be dominant over interactions with secretory transporters in determining the net effect of a drug on SU levels. In vitro inhibition interpreted using the recommended cut-offs is useful at predicting the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS In vitro safety assessments regarding urate transport should be done early in drug development to identify candidates at risk of causing major imbalances. Attention should be paid both to the inhibition of secretory transporters and inhibition or trans-stimulation of reabsorptive transporters, especially URAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Tátrai
- Solvo Biotechnology, Science Park, Building B2, 4-20 Irinyi József utca, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gabriella Dörnyei
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Krajcsi
- Solvo Biotechnology, Science Park, Building B2, 4-20 Irinyi József utca, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
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Hernández-Lozano I, Wanek T, Sauberer M, Filip T, Mairinger S, Stanek J, Traxl A, Karch R, Schuetz JD, Langer O. Influence of ABC transporters on the excretion of ciprofloxacin assessed with PET imaging in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 163:105854. [PMID: 33865975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is a commonly prescribed fluoroquinolone antibiotic which is cleared by active tubular secretion and intestinal excretion. Ciprofloxacin is a known substrate of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4). In this work, we used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to investigate the influence of BCRP, MRP4, MRP2 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the excretion of [18F]ciprofloxacin in mice. Dynamic 90-min PET scans were performed after intravenous injection of [18F]ciprofloxacin in wild-type mice without and with pre-treatment with the broad-spectrum MRP inhibitor MK571. Moreover, [18F]ciprofloxacin PET scans were performed in Abcc4(-/-), Abcc2(-/-), Abcc4(-/-)Abcg2(-/-) and Abcb1a/b(-/-)Abcg2(-/-) mice. In addition to non-compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis, a novel three-compartment PK model was developed for a detailed assessment of the renal disposition of [18F]ciprofloxacin. In MK571 pre-treated mice, a significant increase in the blood exposure to [18F]ciprofloxacin was observed along with a significant reduction in the renal and intestinal clearances. PK modelling revealed a significant reduction in renal radioactivity uptake (CL1) and in the rate constants for transfer of radioactivity from the corticomedullary renal region into blood (k2) and urine (k3), respectively, after MK571 administration. No changes in the renal clearance or in the estimated kidney PK model parameters were observed in any of the studied knockout models, while a significant reduction in the intestinal clearance was observed in Abcc2(-/-) and Abcc4(-/-)Abcg2(-/-) mice. Our data failed to reveal a role of any of the studied ABC transporters in the tubular secretion of ciprofloxacin. This may indicate that ciprofloxacin is handled in the kidneys by more than one transporter family, most likely with a great degree of mutual functional redundancy. Our study highlights the potential of PET imaging for an assessment of transporter-mediated renal excretion of radiolabelled drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hernández-Lozano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Wanek
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Michael Sauberer
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Thomas Filip
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Johann Stanek
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Alexander Traxl
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Karch
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 38105 Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Lee W, Ha JM, Sugiyama Y. Post-translational regulation of the major drug transporters in the families of organic anion transporters and organic anion-transporting polypeptides. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17349-17364. [PMID: 33051208 PMCID: PMC7863896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.009132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) belong to the solute carrier (SLC) transporter superfamily and play important roles in handling various endogenous and exogenous compounds of anionic charge. The OATs and OATPs are often implicated in drug therapy by impacting the pharmacokinetics of clinically important drugs and, thereby, drug exposure in the target organs or cells. Various mechanisms (e.g. genetic, environmental, and disease-related factors, drug-drug interactions, and food-drug interactions) can lead to variations in the expression and activity of the anion drug-transporting proteins of OATs and OATPs, possibly impacting the therapeutic outcomes. Previous investigations mainly focused on the regulation at the transcriptional level and drug-drug interactions as competing substrates or inhibitors. Recently, evidence has accumulated that cellular trafficking, post-translational modification, and degradation mechanisms serve as another important layer for the mechanisms underlying the variations in the OATs and OATPs. This review will provide a brief overview of the major OATs and OATPs implicated in drug therapy and summarize recent progress in our understanding of the post-translational modifications, in particular ubiquitination and degradation pathways of the individual OATs and OATPs implicated in drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Min Ha
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Abstract
Uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gout and other disease processes. The circulating serum uric acid concentration is governed by the relative balance of hepatic production, intestinal secretion, and renal tubular reabsorption and secretion. An elegant synergy between genome-wide association studies and transport physiology has led to the identification and characterization of the major transporters involved with urate reabsorption and secretion, in both kidney and intestine. This development, combined with continued analysis of population-level genetic data, has yielded an increasingly refined mechanistic understanding of uric acid homeostasis as well as greater understanding of the genetic and acquired influences on serum uric acid concentration. The continued delineation of novel and established regulatory pathways that regulate uric acid homeostasis promises to lead to a more complete understanding of uric acid-associated diseases and to identify new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asim K Mandal
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David B Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Smeets NJL, Litjens CHC, van den Heuvel JJMW, van Hove H, van den Broek P, Russel FGM, Koenderink JB, de Wildt SN. Completing the Enalaprilat Excretion Pathway-Renal Handling by the Proximal Tubule. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E935. [PMID: 33007874 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enalapril is often used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Clinical data suggest that the urinary excretion of enalaprilat, the active metabolite of enalapril, is mediated by renal transporters. We aimed to identify enalaprilat specificity for renal proximal tubular transporters. METHODS Baculovirus-transduced HEK293 cells overexpressing proximal tubular transporters were used to study enalaprilat cellular uptake. Uptake into cells overexpressing the basolateral transporters OCT2, OAT1, OAT2, or OAT3 and apical transporters OAT4, PEPT1, PEPT2, OCTN1, OCTN2, MATE1, MATE2k, and URAT1 was compared with mock-transduced control cells. Transport by renal efflux transporters MRP2, MPR4, P-gp, and BCRP was tested using a vesicular assay. Enalaprilat concentrations were measured using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Uptake of enalaprilat into cells expressing OAT3 as well as OAT4 was significantly higher compared to control cells. The enalaprilat affinity for OAT3 was 640 (95% CI: 520-770) µM. For OAT4, no reliable affinity constant could be determined using concentrations up to 3 mM. No transport was observed for other transporters. CONCLUSION The affinity of enalaprilat for OAT3 and OAT4 was notably low compared to other substrates. Taking this affinity and clinically relevant plasma concentrations of enalaprilat and other OAT3 substrates into account, we believe that drug-drug interactions on a transporter level do not have a therapeutic consequence and will not require dose adjustments of enalaprilat itself or other OAT3 substrates.
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Kobayashi M, Mizutani A, Nishi K, Muranaka Y, Nishii R, Shikano N, Nakanishi T, Tamai I, Kleinerman ES, Kawai K. [ 131I]MIBG exports via MRP transporters and inhibition of the MRP transporters improves accumulation of [ 131I]MIBG in neuroblastoma. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 90-91:49-54. [PMID: 33032192 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 131I-labeled m-iodobenzylguanidine ([131I]MIBG) has been used to treat neuroblastoma patients, but [131I]MIBG may be immediately excreted from the cancer cells by the adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters, similar to anticancer drugs. The purpose of this study was to clarify the efflux mechanism of [131I]MIBG in neuroblastomas and improve accumulation by inhibition of the transporter in neuroblastomas. METHODS [131I]MIBG was incubated in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells expressing human organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, organic anion transporter (OAT)1 and OAT2, organic cation transporter (OCT)1 and OCT2, and sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, and in vesicles expressing P-glycoprotein (MDR1), multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP)1-4, or breast cancer resistance protein with and without MK-571 and probenecid (MRP inhibitors). Time activity curves of [131I]MIBG with and without MK-571 and probenecid were established using an SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell line, and transporter expression of multiple drug resistance was measured. Biodistribution and SPECT imaging examinations were conducted using [123I]MIBG with and without probenecid in SK-N-SH-bearing mice. RESULTS [131I]MIBG uptake was significantly higher in OAT1, OAT2, OCT1, and OCT2 than in mock cells. Uptake via OCT1 and OCT2 was little inhibited by MK-571 and probenecid. [131I]MIBG uptake into vesicles that highly expressed MRP1 or MRP4 was significantly higher in ATP than in AMP, and these inhibitors restored uptake to levels similar to that in AMP. Examining the time activity curves for [131I]MIBG in SK-N-SH cells, higher expressions of MDR1, MRP1, MRP4, and MK-571, or probenecid loading produced significantly higher uptake than in control at most incubation times. The ratios of tumors to blood or muscle in SK-N-SH-bearing mice were significantly increased by probenecid loading in comparison with normal mice. CONCLUSIONS [131I]MIBG exports via MRP1 and MRP4 in neuroblastoma. The accumulation and tumor-to-blood or muscle ratios of [131I]MIBG are improved by inhibition of MRPs with probenecid in neuroblastoma. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: [131I]MIBG, widely used for treatment of neuroendocrine tumors including neuroblastoma, is excreted via MRP1 and MRP4 in neuroblastoma. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE Loading with probenecid, OAT, and MRP inhibitors improves [131I]MIBG accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kobayashi
- School of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Asuka Mizutani
- School of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kodai Nishi
- Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuka Muranaka
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishii
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoto Shikano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eugenie S Kleinerman
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Keiichi Kawai
- School of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Schneider EH, Hofmeister O, Kälble S, Seifert R. Apoptotic and anti-proliferative effect of guanosine and guanosine derivatives in HuT-78 T lymphoma cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1251-1267. [PMID: 32313990 PMCID: PMC7314729 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 100 μM of 3',5'-cGMP, cAMP, cCMP, and cUMP as well as of the corresponding membrane-permeant acetoxymethyl esters on anti-CD3-antibody (OKT3)-induced IL-2 production of HuT-78 cutaneous T cell lymphoma (Sézary lymphoma) cells were analyzed. Only 3',5'-cGMP significantly reduced IL-2 production. Flow cytometric analysis of apoptotic (propidium iodide/annexin V staining) and anti-proliferative (CFSE staining) effects revealed that 3',5'-cGMP concentrations > 50 μM strongly inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of HuT-78 cells (cultured in the presence of αCD3 antibody). Similar effects were observed for the positional isomer 2',3'-cGMP and for 2',-GMP, 3'-GMP, 5'-GMP, and guanosine. By contrast, guanosine and guanosine-derived nucleotides had no cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) xenograft cells. The anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of guanosine and guanosine-derived compounds on HuT-78 cells were completely eliminated by the nucleoside transport inhibitor NBMPR (S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine). By contrast, the ecto-phosphodiesterase inhibitor DPSPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-sulfophenylxanthine) and the CD73 ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor AMP-CP (adenosine 5'-(α,β-methylene)diphosphate) were not protective. We hypothesize that HuT-78 cells metabolize guanosine-derived nucleotides to guanosine by yet unknown mechanisms. Guanosine then enters the cells by an NBMPR-sensitive nucleoside transporter and exerts cytotoxic effects. This transporter may be ENT1 because NBMPR counteracted guanosine cytotoxicity in HuT-78 cells with nanomolar efficacy (IC50 of 25-30 nM). Future studies should further clarify the mechanism of the observed effects and address the question, whether guanosine or guanosine-derived nucleotides may serve as adjuvants in the therapy of cancers that express appropriate nucleoside transporters and are sensitive to established nucleoside-derived cytostatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich H Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Olga Hofmeister
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Solveig Kälble
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Kobayashi M, Nishi K, Mizutani A, Okudaira H, Nakanishi T, Shikano N, Nishii R, Tamai I, Kawai K. Transport mechanism and affinity of [99mTc]Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine ([99mTc]MAG3) on the apical membrane of renal proximal tubule cells. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 84-85:33-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gottier Nwafor J, Nowik M, Anzai N, Endou H, Wagner CA. Metabolic Acidosis Alters Expression of Slc22 Transporters in Mouse Kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:263-274. [PMID: 32062662 DOI: 10.1159/000506052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The kidneys play a central role in eliminating metabolic waste products and drugs through transporter-mediated excretion along the proximal tubule. This task is mostly achieved through a variety of transporters from the solute carrier family 22 (SLC22) family of organic cation and anion transporters. Metabolic acidosis modulates metabolic and renal functions and also affects the clearance of metabolites and drugs from the body. We had previously shown that induction of metabolic acidosis in mice alters a large set of transcripts, among them also many transporters including transporters from the Slc22 family. OBJECTIVE Here we further investigated the impact of acidosis on Slc22 family members. METHODS Metabolic acidosis was induced for 2 or 7 days with NH4Cl, some animals also received the uricase inhibitor oxonic acid for comparison. Expression of transporters was studied by qPCR and immunoblotting. RESULTS NH4Cl induced no significant changes in plasma or urine uric acid levels but caused downregulation of Slc22a1 (Oct1), Slc22a6 (Oat1), Slc22a19 (Oat5), and -Slc22a12 (Urat1) at mRNA level. In contrast, Slc22a4 mRNA (Octn1) was upregulated. On protein level, NH4Cl increased Octn1 (after 7 days) and Urat1 (after 2 days) abundance and decreased Oat1 (after 2 days) and Urat1 (after 7 days). Oxonic acid had no impact on protein abundance of any of the transporters tested. CONCLUSION In summary, metabolic acidosis alters expression of several transporters involved in renal excretion of metabolic waste products and drugs. This may have implications for drug kinetics and clearance of waste metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gottier Nwafor
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Nowik
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,
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Mathialagan S, Bi YA, Costales C, Kalgutkar AS, Rodrigues AD, Varma MVS. Nicotinic acid transport into human liver involves organic anion transporter 2 (SLC22A7). Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113829. [PMID: 32001236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acid (NA) and nicotinamide (NAM) are biosynthetic precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - a physiologically important coenzyme that maintains the redox state of cells. Mechanisms driving their entry into cells are not well understood. Here we evaluated the hepatic uptake mechanism(s) of NA and NAM using transporter-transfected cell systems and primary human hepatocytes. NA showed robust organic anion transporter (OAT)2-mediated transport with an uptake ratio (i.e., ratio of accumulation in transfect cells to wild-type cells) of 9.7 ± 0.3, and a Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of 13.5 ± 3.3 µM. However, no transport was apparent via other major hepatic uptake and renal secretory transporters, including OAT1/3/4, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1/1B3/2B1, sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide, organ cation transporter 1/2/3. OAT2-specific transport of NA was inhibited by ketoprofen and indomethacin (known OAT2 inhibitors) in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, NA uptake into primary human hepatocytes showed pH- and concentration-dependence and was subject to inhibition by specific OAT2 inhibitors. Unlike NA, NAM was not transported by the hepatic and renal solute carriers upon assessment in transfected cells, although its uptake into human hepatocytes was significantly inhibited by excess unlabelled NAM and a pan-SLC inhibitor (rifamycin SV 1 mM). In conclusion, these studies demonstrate, for the first time, a specific transport mechanism for NA uptake in the human liver and suggest that OAT2 (SLC22A7) has a critical role in its physiological and pharmacological functions.
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Mohan H, Brandt SL, Kim JH, Wong F, Lai M, Prentice KJ, Al Rijjal D, Magomedova L, Batchuluun B, Burdett E, Bhattacharjee A, Cummins CL, Belsham DD, Cox B, Liu Y, Wheeler MB. 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) prevents high fat diet-induced insulin resistance via maintenance of hepatic lipid homeostasis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:61-72. [PMID: 30062833 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplements, available by prescription, are common in the treatment of dyslipidaemia in humans. Recent studies show that 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), a metabolite formed from fish oil supplementation, was able to prevent and reverse high fat diet (HFD)-induced fatty liver in mice. In the present study, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for CMPF's hepatic lipid-lowering effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD1 male mice were i.p. injected with CMPF (dosage, 6 mg/kg) for 7 days, followed by 5 weeks of a 60% HFD to induce a fatty liver phenotype. Metabolic parameters, liver morphology, lipid content, protein expression and microarray analysis were assessed. We also utilized primary hepatocytes, an in vitro model, to further investigate the direct effects of CMPF on hepatic lipid utilization and biosynthesis. RESULTS CMPF-treated mice display enhanced hepatic lipid clearance while hepatic lipid storage is prevented, thereby protecting against liver lipid accumulation and development of HFD-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Mechanistically, as CMPF enters the liver, it acts as an allosteric acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor, which directly induces both fatty acid oxidation and hepatic production of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). A feed-back loop is initiated by CMPF, which exists between ACC inhibition, fatty acid oxidation and production of FGF21. As a consequence, an adaptive decrease in Insig2/SREBP-1c/FAS protein expression results in priming of the liver to prevent a HFD-induced fatty liver phenotype. CONCLUSION CMPF is a potential driver of hepatic lipid metabolism, preventing diet-induced hepatic lipid deposition and insulin resistance in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneesha Mohan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sydney L Brandt
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ja Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frances Wong
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mi Lai
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Elena Burdett
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
Although hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in Western societies, there are no successful pharmacological treatments for this disorder. Recent experiments have demonstrated that manipulation of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations can have both beneficial and harmful effects on hearing. In this review, we will examine the role of cGMP as a key second messenger involved in many aspects of cochlear function and discuss the known functions of downstream effectors of cGMP in sound processing. The nitric oxide-stimulated soluble guanylyl cyclase system (sGC) and the two natriuretic peptide-stimulated particulate GCs (pGCs) will be more extensively covered because they have been studied most thoroughly. The cochlear GC systems are attractive targets for medical interventions that improve hearing while simultaneously representing an under investigated source of sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Fitzakerley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School , Duluth, Minnesota
| | - George J Trachte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School , Duluth, Minnesota
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24
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Sager G, Smaglyukova N, Fuskevaag OM. The role of OAT2 (SLC22A7) in the cyclic nucleotide biokinetics of human erythrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5972-5980. [PMID: 29244191 PMCID: PMC5947735 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to characterise the transporter(s) responsible for the uptake of cyclic nucleotides to human erythrocytes. Western blotting showed that hRBC expressed OAT2 (SLC22A7), but detection of OAT1 (SLC22A6), or OAT3 (SLC22A8) was not possible. Intact hRBC were employed to clarify the simultaneous cyclic nucleotide egression and uptake. Both these opposing processes were studied. The Km‐values for high affinity efflux was 3.5 ± 0.1 and 39.4 ± 5.7 μM for cGMP and cAMP, respectively. The respective values for low affinity efflux were 212 ± 11 and 339 ± 42 μM. The uptake was characterised with apparently low affinity and similar Km‐values for cGMP (2.2 mM) and cAMP (0.89 mM). Using an iterative approach in order to balance uptake with efflux, the predicted real Km‐values for uptake were 100–200 μM for cGMP and 50–150 μM for cAMP. The established OAT2‐substrate indomethacin showed a competitive interaction with cyclic nucleotide uptake. Creatinine, also an OAT2 substrate, showed saturable uptake with a Km of 854 ± 98 μM. Unexpectedly, co‐incubation with cyclic nucleotides showed an uncompetitive inhibition. The observed Km‐values were 399 ± 44 and 259 ± 30 μM for creatinine, in the presence of cGMP and cAMP, respectively. Finally, the OAT1‐substrate para‐aminohippurate (PAH) showed some uptake (Km‐value of 2.0 ± 0.4 mM) but did not interact with cyclic nucleotide or indomethacin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sager
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Medical Biology, Research Group of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Natalia Smaglyukova
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Medical Biology, Research Group of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole-Martin Fuskevaag
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Medical Biology, Research Group of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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25
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Mathialagan S, Costales C, Tylaska L, Kimoto E, Vildhede A, Johnson J, Johnson N, Sarashina T, Hashizume K, Isringhausen CD, Vermeer LMM, Wolff AR, Rodrigues AD. In vitro studies with two human organic anion transporters: OAT2 and OAT7. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1037-1049. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1384595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumathy Mathialagan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Laurie Tylaska
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Anna Vildhede
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | - Nathaniel Johnson
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A. David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA,
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26
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Dragojević J, Mihaljević I, Popović M, Zaja R, Smital T. In vitro characterization of zebrafish (Danio rerio) organic anion transporters Oat2a-e. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:246-256. [PMID: 29030288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OATS/Oats are transmembrane proteins that transport a variety of drugs, environmental toxins and endogenous metabolites into the cell. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has seven OAT orthologs: Oat1, Oat2a-e and Oat3. In this study we specifically address Oat2 (Slc22a7) family. Conserved synteny analysis showed localization of zebrafish oat2 genes on two chromosomes, 11 and 17. All five zebrafish Oats were localized by live cell imaging in membranes of transiently transfected HEK293-T cells, and Oat2a, b, d, and e were confirmed using western blot analysis. Functional studies using the HEK293T cells overexpressing zebrafish Oats revealed two model fluorescent substrates of three Oats: Lucifer yellow for Oat2a and Oat2d (Km 122, and 49.7μM), and 6-carboxyfluorescein for Oat2b and Oat2d (Km 199.7, and 266.9μM). The initial screening of a series of diverse endo- and xenobiotics showed interaction with a number of compounds, including cGMP and diclofenac (IC50 27.74, and 19.14μM) with Oat2a; estrone-3-sulfate and diclofenac (IC50 30.96, and 12.6μM) with Oat2b; and fumarate and indomethacin (IC50 68.24, and 20.41μM) with Oat2d. This study provides the first comprehensive data set on Oat2 in zebrafish and offers an important basis for more detailed molecular and (eco)toxicological characterizations of these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Dragojević
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mihaljević
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Popović
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roko Zaja
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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27
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Burckhardt BC, Henjakovic M, Hagos Y, Burckhardt G. Differential Interaction of Dantrolene, Glafenine, Nalidixic Acid, and Prazosin with Human Organic Anion Transporters 1 and 3. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017. [PMID: 28630284 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In renal proximal tubule cells, the organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1 and OAT3) in the basolateral membrane and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) in the apical membrane share substrates and co-operate in renal drug secretion. We hypothesized that recently identified MRP4 inhibitors dantrolene, glafenine, nalidixic acid, and prazosin also interact with human OAT1 and/or OAT3 stably transfected in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. These four drugs were tested as possible inhibitors of p-[3H]aminohippurate (PAH) and [14C]glutarate uptake by OAT1, and of [3H]estrone-3-sulfate (ES) uptake by OAT3. In addition, we explored whether these drugs decrease the equilibrium distribution of radiolabeled PAH, glutarate, or ES, an approach intended to indirectly suggest drug/substrate exchange through OAT1 and OAT3. With OAT3, a dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]ES uptake and a downward shift in [3H]ES equilibrium were observed, indicating that all four drugs bind to OAT3 and may possibly be translocated. In contrast, the interaction with OAT1 was more complex. With [14C]glutarate as substrate, all four drugs inhibited uptake but only glafenine and nalidixic acid shifted glutarate equilibrium. Using [3H]PAH as a substrate of OAT1, nalidixic acid inhibited but dantrolene, glafenine, and prazosin stimulated uptake. Nalidixic acid decreased equilibrium content of [3H]PAH, suggesting that it may possibly be exchanged by OAT1. Taken together, OAT1 and OAT3 interact with the MRP4 inhibitors dantrolene, glafenine, nalidixic acid, and prazosin, indicating overlapping specificities. At OAT1, more than one binding site must be assumed to explain substrate and drug-dependent stimulation and inhibition of transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta C Burckhardt
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (B.C.B, M.H., Y.H., G.B.); Department I of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.H.); and PortaCellTec Biosciences GmbH, Goettingen, Germany (Y.H.)
| | - Maja Henjakovic
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (B.C.B, M.H., Y.H., G.B.); Department I of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.H.); and PortaCellTec Biosciences GmbH, Goettingen, Germany (Y.H.)
| | - Yohannes Hagos
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (B.C.B, M.H., Y.H., G.B.); Department I of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.H.); and PortaCellTec Biosciences GmbH, Goettingen, Germany (Y.H.)
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (B.C.B, M.H., Y.H., G.B.); Department I of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany (M.H.); and PortaCellTec Biosciences GmbH, Goettingen, Germany (Y.H.)
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28
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Shen H, Lai Y, Rodrigues AD. Organic Anion Transporter 2: An Enigmatic Human Solute Carrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:228-236. [PMID: 27872146 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the solute carrier 22A (SLC22A) family, organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2; SLC22A7) is emerging as an important drug transporter because of its expression in both the liver and kidney, two major eliminating organs, and its ability to transport not only a wide variety of xenobiotics but also numerous physiologically important endogenous compounds, like creatinine and cGMP. However, OAT2 has received relatively little attention compared with other OATs and solute carriers (SLCs), like organic cation transporters, sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins, and organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Overall, the literature describing OAT2 is rapidly evolving, with numerous publications contradicting each other regarding the transport mechanism, tissue distribution, and transport of creatinine and cGMP, two important endogenous OAT2 substrates. Despite its status as a liver and kidney SLC, tools for assessing its activity and inhibition are lacking, and its role in drug disposition and elimination remains to be defined. The current review focuses on the available and emerging literature describing OAT2. We envision that OAT2 will gain more prominence as its expression, substrate, and inhibitor profile is investigated further and compared with other SLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
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29
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Bridges CC, Zalups RK. Mechanisms involved in the transport of mercuric ions in target tissues. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:63-81. [PMID: 27422290 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury exists in the environment in various forms, all of which pose a risk to human health. Despite guidelines regulating the industrial release of mercury into the environment, humans continue to be exposed regularly to various forms of this metal via inhalation or ingestion. Following exposure, mercuric ions are taken up by and accumulate in numerous organs, including brain, intestine, kidney, liver, and placenta. In order to understand the toxicological effects of exposure to mercury, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that facilitate entry of mercuric ions into target cells must first be obtained. A number of mechanisms for the transport of mercuric ions into target cells and organs have been proposed in recent years. However, the ability of these mechanisms to transport mercuric ions and the regulatory features of these carriers have not been characterized completely. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current findings related to the mechanisms that may be involved in the transport of inorganic and organic forms of mercury in target tissues and organs. This review will describe mechanisms known to be involved in the transport of mercury and will also propose additional mechanisms that may potentially be involved in the transport of mercuric ions into target cells.
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30
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Breljak D, Ljubojević M, Hagos Y, Micek V, Balen Eror D, Vrhovac Madunić I, Brzica H, Karaica D, Radović N, Kraus O, Anzai N, Koepsell H, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC, Sabolić I. Distribution of organic anion transporters NaDC3 and OAT1-3 along the human nephron. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F227-38. [PMID: 27053689 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00113.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial step in renal secretion of organic anions (OAs) is mediated by transporters in the basolateral membrane (BLM). Contributors to this process are primary active Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9), secondary active Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC3/SLC13A3), and tertiary active OA transporters (OATs) OAT1/SLC22A6, OAT2/SLC22A7, and OAT3/SLC22A8. In human kidneys, we analyzed the localization of these transporters by immunochemical methods in tissue cryosections and isolated membranes. The specificity of antibodies was validated with human embryonic kidney-293 cells stably transfected with functional OATs. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase was immunolocalized to the BLM along the entire human nephron. NaDC3-related immunostaining was detected in the BLM of proximal tubules and in the BLM and/or luminal membrane of principal cells in connecting segments and collecting ducts. The thin and thick ascending limbs, macula densa, and distal tubules exhibited no reactivity with the anti-NaDC3 antibody. OAT1-OAT3-related immunostaining in human kidneys was detected only in the BLM of cortical proximal tubules; all three OATs were stained more intensely in S1/S2 segments compared with S3 segment in medullary rays, whereas the S3 segment in the outer stripe remained unstained. Expression of NaDC3, OAT1, OAT2, and OAT3 proteins exhibited considerable interindividual variability in both male and female kidneys, and sex differences in their expression could not be detected. Our experiments provide a side-by-side comparison of basolateral transporters cooperating in renal OA secretion in the human kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davorka Breljak
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ljubojević
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yohannes Hagos
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vedran Micek
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Balen Eror
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vrhovac Madunić
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Brzica
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Karaica
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Radović
- Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ognjen Kraus
- University Hospital Sisters of Mercy, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute and Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgitta C Burckhardt
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Systemic Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivan Sabolić
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia;
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