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Wang Z, Yelamanchili D, Liu J, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Gillard BK, Pownall HJ. Serum opacity factor normalizes erythrocyte morphology in Scarb1 -/- mice in an HDL-free cholesterol-dependent way. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100456. [PMID: 37821077 PMCID: PMC10641538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with WT mice, HDL receptor-deficient (Scarb1-/-) mice have higher plasma levels of free cholesterol (FC)-rich HDL and exhibit multiple pathologies associated with a high mol% FC in ovaries, platelets, and erythrocytes, which are reversed by lowering HDL. Bacterial serum opacity factor (SOF) catalyzes the opacification of plasma by targeting and quantitatively converting HDL to neo HDL (HDL remnant), a cholesterol ester-rich microemulsion, and lipid-free APOA1. SOF delivery with an adeno-associated virus (AAVSOF) constitutively lowers plasma HDL-FC and reverses female infertility in Scarb1-/- mice in an HDL-dependent way. We tested whether AAVSOF delivery to Scarb1-/- mice will normalize erythrocyte morphology in an HDL-FC-dependent way. We determined erythrocyte morphology and FC content (mol%) in three groups-WT, untreated Scarb1-/- (control), and Scarb1-/- mice receiving AAVSOF-and correlated these with their respective HDL-mol% FC. Plasma-, HDL-, and tissue-lipid compositions were also determined. Plasma- and HDL-mol% FC positively correlated across all groups. Among Scarb1-/- mice, AAVSOF treatment normalized reticulocyte number, erythrocyte morphology, and erythrocyte-mol% FC. Erythrocyte-mol% FC positively correlated with HDL-mol% FC and with both the number of reticulocytes and abnormal erythrocytes. AAVSOF treatment also reduced FC of extravascular tissues to a lesser extent. HDL-FC spontaneously transfers from plasma HDL to cell membranes. AAVSOF treatment lowers erythrocyte-FC and normalizes erythrocyte morphology and lipid composition by reducing HDL-mol% FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Endocrinology and Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Rosales C, Yelamanchili D, Gillard BK, Liu J, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Serum opacity factor rescues fertility among female Scarb1 -/- mice by reducing HDL-free cholesterol bioavailability. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100327. [PMID: 36596339 PMCID: PMC9932678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human female infertility, 20% of which is idiopathic, is a public health problem for which better diagnostics and therapeutics are needed. A novel cause of infertility emerged from studies of female mice deficient in the HDL receptor gene (Scarb1). These mice are infertile and have high plasma HDL cholesterol (C) concentrations, due to elevated HDL-free cholesterol (FC), which transfers from HDL to all tissues. Previous studies have indicated that oral delivery of probucol, an HDL-lowering drug, to female Scarb1-/- mice reduces plasma HDL-C concentrations and rescues fertility. Additionally, serum opacity factor (SOF), a bacterial virulence factor, disrupts HDL structure, and bolus SOF injection into mice reduces plasma HDL-C concentrations. Here, we discovered that delivering SOF to female Scarb1-/- mice with an adeno-associated virus (AAVSOF) induces constitutive SOF expression, reduces HDL-FC concentrations, and rescues fertility while normalizing ovary morphology. Although AAVSOF did not alter ovary-FC content, the ovary-mol% FC correlated with plasma HDL-mol% FC in a fertility-dependent way. Therefore, reversing the abnormal plasma microenvironment of high plasma HDL-mol% FC in female Scarb1-/- mice rescues fertility. These data provide the rationale to search for similar mechanistic links between HDL-mol% FC and infertility and the rescue of fertility in women by reducing plasma HDL-mol% FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics and the Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dedipya Yelamanchili
- Center for Bioenergetics and the Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics and the Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Bioenergetics and the Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics and the Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Pownall HJ, Rosales C, Gillard BK, Gotto AM Jr. High-density lipoproteins, reverse cholesterol transport and atherogenesis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:712-23. [PMID: 33833449 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations correlate negatively with the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). According to a widely cited model, HDL elicits its atheroprotective effect through its role in reverse cholesterol transport, which comprises the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages to early forms of HDL, followed by the conversion of free cholesterol (FCh) contained in HDL into cholesteryl esters, which are hepatically extracted from the plasma by HDL receptors and transferred to the bile for intestinal excretion. Given that increasing plasma HDL-cholesterol levels by genetic approaches does not reduce the risk of ASCVD, the focus of research has shifted to HDL function, especially in the context of macrophage cholesterol efflux. In support of the reverse cholesterol transport model, several large studies have revealed an inverse correlation between macrophage cholesterol efflux to plasma HDL and ASCVD. However, other studies have cast doubt on the underlying reverse cholesterol transport mechanism: in mice and humans, the FCh contained in HDL is rapidly cleared from the plasma (within minutes), independently of esterification and HDL holoparticle uptake by the liver. Moreover, the reversibility of FCh transfer between macrophages and HDL has implicated the reverse process - that is, the transfer of FCh from HDL to macrophages - in the aetiology of increased ASCVD under conditions of very high plasma HDL-FCh concentrations.
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Liu J, Gillard BK, Yelamanchili D, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Pownall HJ. High Free Cholesterol Bioavailability Drives the Tissue Pathologies in Scarb1 -/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e453-e467. [PMID: 34380332 PMCID: PMC8458258 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Overall and atherosclerosis-associated mortality is elevated in humans with very high HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol concentrations. Mice with a deficiency of the HDL receptor, Scarb1 (scavenger receptor class B type 1), are a robust model of this phenotype and exhibit several additional pathologies. We hypothesized that the previously reported high plasma concentration of free cholesterol (FC)-rich HDL in Scarb1-/- mice produces a state of high HDL-FC bioavailability that increases whole-body FC and dysfunction in multiple tissue sites. Approach and Results: The higher mol% FC in Scarb1-/- versus WT (wild type) HDL (41.1 versus 16.0 mol%) affords greater FC bioavailability for transfer to multiple sites. Plasma clearance of autologous HDL-FC mass was faster in WT versus Scarb1-/- mice. FC influx from Scarb1-/- HDL to LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and J774 macrophages was greater ([almost equal to]4x) than that from WT HDL, whereas FC efflux capacity was similar. The higher mol% FC of ovaries, erythrocytes, heart, and macrophages of Scarb1-/- versus WT mice is associated with previously reported female infertility, impaired cell maturation, cardiac dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The FC contents of other tissues were similar in the two genotypes, and these tissues were not associated with any overt pathology. In addition to the differences between WT versus Scarb1-/- mice, there were many sex-dependent differences in tissue-lipid composition and plasma FC clearance rates. Conclusions: Higher HDL-FC bioavailability among Scarb1-/- versus WT mice drives increased FC content of multiple cell sites and is a potential biomarker that is mechanistically linked to multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Baiba K. Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dedipya Yelamanchili
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Antonio M. Gotto
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Henry J. Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The functions, genetic variations and impact of apolipoprotein E on lipoprotein metabolism in general are placed in the context of clinical practice dealing with moderate dyslipidaemia as well as dysbetalipoproteinemia, a highly atherogenic disorder and lipoprotein glomerulopathy. RECENT FINDINGS Additional variants of apolipoprotein E and participation of apolipoprotein E in inflammation are of interest. The mostly favourable effects of apolipoprotein E2 as well as the atherogenic nature of apolipoproteinE4, which has an association with cognitive impairment, are confirmed. The contribution of remnant lipoproteins of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, of which dysbetalipoproteinemia represents an extreme, is explored in atherosclerosis. Mimetic peptides may present new therapeutic approaches. Apolipoprotein E is an important determinant of the lipid profile and cardiovascular health in the population at large and can precipitate dysbetalipoproteinemia and glomerulopathy. Awareness of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms should improve medical care.
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Stadler JT, Wadsack C, Marsche G. Fetal High-Density Lipoproteins: Current Knowledge on Particle Metabolism, Composition and Function in Health and Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040349. [PMID: 33808220 PMCID: PMC8067099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and other lipids carried by lipoproteins play an indispensable role in fetal development. Recent evidence suggests that maternally derived high-density lipoprotein (HDL) differs from fetal HDL with respect to its proteome, size, and function. Compared to the HDL of adults, fetal HDL is the major carrier of cholesterol and has a unique composition that implies other physiological functions. Fetal HDL is enriched in apolipoprotein E, which binds with high affinity to the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Thus, it appears that a primary function of fetal HDL is the transport of cholesterol to tissues as is accomplished by low-density lipoproteins in adults. The fetal HDL-associated bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate shows strong vasoprotective effects at the fetoplacental vasculature. Moreover, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 carried by fetal-HDL exerts anti-oxidative and athero-protective functions on the fetoplacental endothelium. Notably, the mass and activity of HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 are about 5-fold lower in the fetus, accompanied by an attenuation of anti-oxidative activity of fetal HDL. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity is reduced in fetal circulation despite similar amounts of the enzyme in maternal and fetal serum. This review summarizes the current knowledge on fetal HDL as a potential vasoprotective lipoprotein during fetal development. We also provide an overview of whether and how the protective functionalities of HDL are impaired in pregnancy-related syndromes such as pre-eclampsia or gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T. Stadler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.T.S.); (G.M.); Tel.: +43-316-385-74115 (J.T.S.); +43-316-385-74128 (G.M.)
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.T.S.); (G.M.); Tel.: +43-316-385-74115 (J.T.S.); +43-316-385-74128 (G.M.)
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Yelamanchili D, Liu J, Gotto AM, Hurley AE, Lagor WR, Gillard BK, Davidson WS, Pownall HJ, Rosales C. Highly conserved amino acid residues in apolipoprotein A1 discordantly induce high density lipoprotein assembly in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158794. [PMID: 32810603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is essential to reverse cholesterol transport, a physiologically important process that protects against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. APOA1 is a 28 kDa protein comprising multiple lipid-binding amphiphatic helices initialized by proline residues, which are conserved across multiple species. We tested the hypothesis that the evolutionarily conserved residues are essential to high density lipoprotein (HDL) function. APPROACH We used biophysical and physiological assays of the function of APOA1P➔A variants, i.e., rHDL formation via dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) microsolubilization, activation of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesterol efflux from human monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1) to each variant, and comparison of the size and composition of HDL from APOA1-/- mice receiving adeno-associated virus delivery of each human variant. RESULTS Differences in microsolubilization were profound and showed that conserved prolines, especially those in the C-terminus of APOA1, are essential to efficient rHDL formation. In contrast, P➔A substitutions produced small changes (-25 to +25%) in rates of cholesterol efflux and no differences in the rates of LCAT activation. The HDL particles formed following ectopic expression of each variant in APOA1-/- mice were smaller and more heterogeneous than those from control animals. CONCLUSION Studies of DMPC microsolubilization show that proline residues are essential to the optimal interaction of APOA1 with membranes, the initial step in cholesterol efflux and HDL production. In contrast, P➔A substitutions modestly reduce the cholesterol efflux capacity of APOA1, have no effect on LCAT activation, but according to the profound reduction in the size of HDL formed in vivo, P➔A substitutions alter HDL biogenesis, thereby implicating other cellular and in vivo processes as determinants of HDL metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedipya Yelamanchili
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ayrea E Hurley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Willam R Lagor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Lian Z, Perrard XYD, Peng X, Raya JL, Hernandez AA, Johnson CG, Lagor WR, Pownall HJ, Hoogeveen RC, Simon SI, Sacks FM, Ballantyne CM, Wu H. Replacing Saturated Fat With Unsaturated Fat in Western Diet Reduces Foamy Monocytes and Atherosclerosis in Male Ldlr-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:72-85. [PMID: 31619061 PMCID: PMC6991890 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A Mediterranean diet supplemented with olive oil and nuts prevents cardiovascular disease in clinical studies, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We investigated whether the preventive effect of the diet could be due to inhibition of atherosclerosis and foamy monocyte formation in Ldlr-/- mice fed with a diet in which milkfat in a Western diet (WD) was replaced with extra-virgin olive oil and nuts (EVOND). Approach and Results: Ldlr-/- mice were fed EVOND or a Western diet for 3 (or 6) months. Compared with the Western diet, EVOND decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels but increased unsaturated fatty acid concentrations in plasma. EVOND also lowered intracellular lipid accumulation in circulating monocytes, indicating less formation of foamy monocytes, compared with the Western diet. In addition, compared with the Western diet, EVOND reduced monocyte expression of inflammatory cytokines, CD36, and CD11c, with decreased monocyte uptake of oxLDL (oxidized LDL [low-density lipoprotein]) ex vivo and reduced CD11c+ foamy monocyte firm arrest on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin-coated slides in an ex vivo shear flow assay. Along with these changes, EVOND compared with the Western diet reduced the number of CD11c+ macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions and lowered atherosclerotic lesion area of the whole aorta and aortic sinus. CONCLUSIONS A diet enriched in extra-virgin olive oil and nuts, compared with a Western diet high in saturated fat, lowered plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, inhibited foamy monocyte formation, inflammation, and adhesion, and reduced atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqin Lian
- From the Department of Medicine (Z.L., X.D.P., X.P., J.L.R., C.G.J., R.C.H., C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xiao-Yuan Dai Perrard
- From the Department of Medicine (Z.L., X.D.P., X.P., J.L.R., C.G.J., R.C.H., C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xueying Peng
- From the Department of Medicine (Z.L., X.D.P., X.P., J.L.R., C.G.J., R.C.H., C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.P)
| | - Joe L Raya
- From the Department of Medicine (Z.L., X.D.P., X.P., J.L.R., C.G.J., R.C.H., C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Alfredo A Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (A.A.H, S.I.S.)
| | - Collin G Johnson
- From the Department of Medicine (Z.L., X.D.P., X.P., J.L.R., C.G.J., R.C.H., C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - William R Lagor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (W.R.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX (H.J.P.)
| | - Ron C Hoogeveen
- From the Department of Medicine (Z.L., X.D.P., X.P., J.L.R., C.G.J., R.C.H., C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis (A.A.H, S.I.S.)
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- From the Department of Medicine (Z.L., X.D.P., X.P., J.L.R., C.G.J., R.C.H., C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Center for Cardiometabolic Disease Prevention (C.M.B.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- From the Department of Medicine (Z.L., X.D.P., X.P., J.L.R., C.G.J., R.C.H., C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pediatrics (C.M.B., H.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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9
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Rodriguez A, Trigatti BL, Mineo C, Knaack D, Wilkins JT, Sahoo D, Asztalos BF, Mora S, Cuchel M, Pownall HJ, Rosales C, Bernatchez P, Ribeiro Martins da Silva A, Getz GS, Barber JL, Shearer GC, Zivkovic AM, Tietge UJF, Sacks FM, Connelly MA, Oda MN, Davidson WS, Sorci-Thomas MG, Vaisar T, Ruotolo G, Vickers KC, Martel C. Proceedings of the Ninth HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Workshop: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2457-2467. [PMID: 31597448 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The HDL (high-density lipoprotein) Workshop was established in 2009 as a forum for candid discussions among academic basic scientists, clinical investigators, and industry researchers about the role of HDL in cardiovascular disease. This ninth HDL Workshop was held on May 16 to 17, 2019 in Boston, MA, and included outstanding oral presentations from established and emerging investigators. The Workshop featured 5 sessions with topics that tackled the role of HDL in the vasculature, its structural complexity, its role in health and disease states, and its interaction with the intestinal microbiome. The highlight of the program was awarding the Jack Oram Award to the distinguished professor emeritus G.S. Getz from the University of Chicago. The tenth HDL Workshop will be held on May 2020 in Chicago and will continue the focus on intellectually stimulating presentations by established and emerging investigators on novel roles of HDL in cardiovascular and noncardiovascular health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Rodriguez
- From the Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington (A.R.)
| | - Bernardo L Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada (B.L.T.)
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (C.M.)
| | - Darcy Knaack
- Department of Biochemistry (D.K., D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - John T Wilkins
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (J.T.W.)
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry (D.K., D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Division of Endocrinology (D.S., M.G.S.-T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Bela F Asztalos
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (B.F.A.)
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.M.)
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.C.)
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX (H.J.P., C.R.)
| | - Corina Rosales
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX (H.J.P., C.R.)
| | - Pascal Bernatchez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Heart and Lung Innovation Centre, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada (P.B.)
| | | | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL (G.S.G.)
| | - Jacob L Barber
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia (J.L.B.)
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Department Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park (G.C.S.)
| | | | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (U.J.F.T.).,Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (U.J.F.T.)
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
| | - Margery A Connelly
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Morrisville, NC (M.A.C.)
| | | | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (W.S.D.)
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology (D.S., M.G.S.-T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (T.V.)
| | | | - Kasey C Vickers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (K.C.V.)
| | - Catherine Martel
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada (C.M.)
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10
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Abstract
During their metabolism, all lipoproteins undergo endocytosis, either to be degraded intracellularly, for example in hepatocytes or macrophages, or to be re-secreted, for example in the course of transcytosis by endothelial cells. Moreover, there are several examples of internalized lipoproteins sequestered intracellularly, possibly to exert intracellular functions, for example the cytolysis of trypanosoma. Endocytosis and the subsequent intracellular itinerary of lipoproteins hence are key areas for understanding the regulation of plasma lipid levels as well as the biological functions of lipoproteins. Indeed, the identification of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor and the unraveling of its transcriptional regulation led to the elucidation of familial hypercholesterolemia as well as to the development of statins, the most successful therapeutics for lowering of cholesterol levels and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Novel limiting factors of intracellular trafficking of LDL and the LDL receptor continue to be discovered and to provide drug targets such as PCSK9. Surprisingly, the receptors mediating endocytosis of high-density lipoproteins or lipoprotein(a) are still a matter of controversy or even new discovery. Finally, the receptors and mechanisms, which mediate the uptake of lipoproteins into non-degrading intracellular itineraries for re-secretion (transcytosis, retroendocytosis), storage, or execution of intracellular functions, are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zanoni
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srividya Velagapudi
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Yelamanchili D, Gillard BK, Gotto AM Jr, Pownall HJ, Rosales C. Structural Stability of Streptococcal Serum Opacity Factor. Protein J 2017; 36:196-201. [PMID: 28374173 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcal serum opacity factor (SOF) is a protein that clouds the plasma of multiple mammalian species by disrupting high density lipoprotein (HDL) structure. Intravenous infusion of low dose SOF (4 µg) into mice reduces their plasma cholesterol concentrations ~ 40% in 3 h. Here we investigated the effects of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and denaturation with guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) on SOF stability and its reaction vs HDL. SOF stability was tested by pre-incubation of SOF at various temperatures, pH's, and GdmCl concentrations and measuring the SOF reaction rate at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. SOF retained activity at temperatures up to 58 °C, at pH 4 to 10, and in 8.5 M GdmCl after being returned to standard buffer conditions. The effects of GdmCl, pH, and ionic strength on the SOF reaction rates were also measured. SOF was inactive at GdmCl ≥ 1 M; SOF was most active at pH 5, near its isoelectric point and at an ionic strength of 3 (in NaCl). These data reveal that SOF is a stable protein and suggest that its activity is determined, in part, by the effects of pH and ionic strength on its overall charge relative to that of its reaction target, HDL.
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12
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Gillard BK, Bassett GR, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Pownall HJ. Scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) profoundly excludes high density lipoprotein (HDL) apolipoprotein AII as it nibbles HDL-cholesteryl ester. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8864-8873. [PMID: 28373285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.781963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (transfer of macrophage-cholesterol in the subendothelial space of the arterial wall to the liver) is terminated by selective high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake, mediated by scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SR-B1). We tested the validity of two models for this process: "gobbling," i.e. one-step transfer of all HDL-CE to the cell and "nibbling," multiple successive cycles of SR-B1-HDL association during which a few CEs transfer to the cell. Concurrently, we compared cellular uptake of apoAI with that of apoAII, which is more lipophilic than apoAI, using HDL-[3H]CE labeled with [125I]apoAI or [125I]apoAII. The studies were conducted in CHO-K1 and CHO-ldlA7 cells (LDLR-/-) with (CHO-SR-B1) and without SR-B1 overexpression and in human Huh7 hepatocytes. Relative to CE, both apoAI and apoAII were excluded from uptake by all cells. However, apoAII was more highly excluded from uptake (2-4×) than apoAI. To distinguish gobbling versus nibbling mechanisms, media from incubations of HDL with CHO-SR-B1 cells were analyzed by non-denaturing PAGE, size-exclusion chromatography, and the distribution of apoAI, apoAII, cholesterol, and phospholipid among HDL species as a function of incubation time. HDL size gradually decreased, i.e. nibbling, with the concurrent release of lipid-free apoAI; apoAII was retained in an HDL remnant. Our data support an SR-B1 nibbling mechanism that is similar to that of streptococcal serum opacity factor, which also selectively removes CE and releases apoAI, leaving an apoAII-rich remnant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba K Gillard
- From the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Texas 77030, .,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, and
| | | | - Antonio M Gotto
- From the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Texas 77030.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Corina Rosales
- From the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Texas 77030.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Henry J Pownall
- From the Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Texas 77030.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, and
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13
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Rodriguez PJ, Gillard BK, Barosh R, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Pownall HJ. Neo High-Density Lipoprotein Produced by the Streptococcal Serum Opacity Factor Activity against Human High-Density Lipoproteins Is Hepatically Removed via Dual Mechanisms. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5845-5853. [PMID: 27662183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Injection of streptococcal serum opacity factor (SOF) into mice reduces the plasma cholesterol level by ∼40%. In vitro, SOF converts high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) into multiple products, including a small HDL, neo HDL. In vitro, neo HDL accounts for ∼60% of the protein mass of the SOF reaction products; in vivo, the accumulated mass of neo HDL is <1% of that observed in vitro. To identify the underlying cause of this difference, we determined the fate of neo HDL in plasma in vitro and in vivo. Following incubation with HDL, neo HDL-PC rapidly transfers to HDL, giving a small remnant, which fuses with HDL. An increased level of SR-B1 expression in Huh7 hepatoma cells and a reduced level of LDLR expression in CHO cells had little effect on neo HDL-[3H]CE uptake. Thus, the dominant receptors for neo HDL uptake are not LDLR or SR-B1. The in vivo metabolic fates of neo HDL-[3H]CE and HDL-[3H]CE were different. Thirty minutes after the injection of neo HDL-[3H]CE and HDL-[3H]CE into mice, plasma [3H]CE counts were 40 and 53%, respectively, of injected counts, with 10 times more [3H]CE appearing in the livers of neo HDL-[3H]CE-injected than in those of HDL-[3H]CE-injected mice. These data support a model of neo HDL-[3H]CE clearance by two parallel pathways. At early post-neo HDL-[3H]CE injection times, some neo HDL is directly removed by the liver; the remainder transfers its PC to HDL, leaving a remnant that fuses with HDL, which is also hepatically removed more slowly. Given that SR-B1 and SOF both remove CE from HDL, this novel mechanism may also underlie the metabolism of remnants released by hepatocytes following selective SR-B1-mediated uptake of HDL-CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla J Rodriguez
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Baylor College of Medicine , One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Rachel Barosh
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Corina Rosales
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Houston Methodist Research Institute , 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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14
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Abstract
High plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) are a well-accepted risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the statin class of hypolipidemic drugs has emerged as an effective means of lowering LDL-C and reducing CVD risk. In contrast, the role of plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in protection against atherosclerotic vascular disease is the subject of considerable controversy. Although the inverse correlation between plasma HDL-C and CVD is widely acknowledged, reduction of CVD risk by interventions that increase HDL-C have not been uniformly successful. Several studies of large populations have shown that the first step in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), the transfer of cholesterol from the subendothelial space of the arterial wall via the plasma compartment to the liver for disposal, is impaired in patients with CVD. Here we review HDL function, the mechanisms by which HDL supports RCT, and the role of RCT in preventing CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Rosales
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas ; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas ; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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15
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Yang Y, Rosales C, Gillard BK, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Acylation of lysine residues in human plasma high density lipoprotein increases stability and plasma clearance in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1787-1795. [PMID: 27594697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although human plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) concentrations negatively correlate with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, underlying mechanisms are unknown. Thus, there is continued interest in HDL structure and functionality. Numerous plasma factors disrupt HDL structure while inducing the release of lipid free apolipoprotein (apo) AI. Given that HDL is an unstable particle residing in a kinetic trap, we tested whether HDL could be stabilized by acylation with acetyl and hexanoyl anhydrides, giving AcHDL and HexHDL respectively. Lysine analysis with fluorescamine showed that AcHDL and HexHDL respectively contained 11 acetyl and 19 hexanoyl groups. Tests with biological and physicochemical perturbants showed that HexHDL was more stable than HDL to perturbant-induced lipid free apo AI formation. Like the reaction of streptococcal serum opacity factor against HDL, the interaction of HDL with its receptor, scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SR-B1), removes CE from HDL. Thus, we tested and validated the hypothesis that selective uptake of HexHDL-[3H]CE by Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing SR-B1 is less than that of HDL-[3H]CE; thus, selective SR-B1 uptake of HDL-CE depends on HDL instability. However, in mice, plasma clearance, hepatic uptake and sterol secretion into bile were faster from HexHDL-[3H]CE than from HDL-[3H]CE. Collectively, our data show that acylation increases HDL stability and that the reaction of plasma factors with HDL and SR-B1-mediated uptake are reduced by increased HDL stability. In vivo data suggest that HexHDL promotes charge-dependent reverse cholesterol transport, by a mechanism that increases hepatic sterol uptake via non SR-B1 receptors, thereby increasing bile acid output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaliu Yang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
| | - Corina Rosales
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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16
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Gillard BK, Rodriguez PJ, Fields DW, Raya JL, Lagor WR, Rosales C, Courtney HS, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Streptococcal serum opacity factor promotes cholesterol ester metabolism and bile acid secretion in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:196-204. [PMID: 26709142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasma high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations negatively correlate with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. HDL is thought to have several atheroprotective functions, which are likely distinct from the epidemiological inverse relationship between HDL-C levels and risk. Specifically, strategies that reduce HDL-C while promoting reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) may have therapeutic value. The major product of the serum opacity factor (SOF) reaction versus HDL is a cholesteryl ester (CE)-rich microemulsion (CERM), which contains apo E and the CE of ~400,000 HDL particles. Huh7 hepatocytes take up CE faster when delivered as CERM than as HDL, in part via the LDL-receptor (LDLR). Here we compared the final RCT step, hepatic uptake and subsequent intracellular processing to cholesterol and bile salts for radiolabeled HDL-, CERM- and LDL-CE by Huh7 cells and in vivo in C57BL/6J mice. In Huh7 cells, uptake from LDL was greater than from CERM (2-4X) and HDL (5-10X). Halftimes for [(14)C]CE hydrolysis were 3.0±0.2, 4.4±0.6 and 5.4±0.7h respectively for HDL, CERM and LDL-CE. The fraction of sterols secreted as bile acids was ~50% by 8h for all three particles. HDL, CERM and LDL-CE metabolism in mice showed efficient plasma clearance of CERM-CE, liver uptake and metabolism, and secretion as bile acids into the gall bladder. This work supports the therapeutic potential of the SOF reaction, which diverts HDL-CE to the LDLR, thereby increasing hepatic CE uptake, and sterol disposal as bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba K Gillard
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Perla J Rodriguez
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - David W Fields
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Joe L Raya
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - William R Lagor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Corina Rosales
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Harry S Courtney
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue Room H300A, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Henry J Pownall
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA.
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17
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Rosales C, Patel N, Gillard BK, Yelamanchili D, Yang Y, Courtney HS, Santos RD, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Apolipoprotein AI deficiency inhibits serum opacity factor activity against plasma high density lipoprotein via a stabilization mechanism. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2295-302. [PMID: 25790332 DOI: 10.1021/bi501486z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of Streptococcal serum opacity factor (SOF) against plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) produces a large cholesteryl ester-rich microemulsion (CERM), a smaller neo HDL that is apolipoprotein (apo) AI-poor, and lipid-free apo AI. SOF is active versus both human and mouse plasma HDL. In vivo injection of SOF into mice reduces plasma cholesterol ∼40% in 3 h while forming the same products observed in vitro, but at different ratios. Previous studies supported the hypothesis that labile apo AI is required for the SOF reaction vs HDL. Here we further tested that hypothesis by studies of SOF against HDL from apo AI-null mice. When injected into apo AI-null mice, SOF reduced plasma cholesterol ∼35% in 3 h. The reaction of SOF vs apo AI-null HDL in vitro produced a CERM and neo HDL, but no lipid-free apo. Moreover, according to the rate of CERM formation, the extent and rate of the SOF reaction versus apo AI-null mouse HDL were less than that against wild-type (WT) mouse HDL. Chaotropic perturbation studies using guanidine hydrochloride showed that apo AI-null HDL was more stable than WT HDL. Human apo AI added to apo AI-null HDL was quantitatively incorporated, giving reconstituted HDL. Both SOF and guanidine hydrochloride displaced apo AI from the reconstituted HDL. These results support the conclusion that apo AI-null HDL is more stable than WT HDL because it lacks apo AI, a labile protein that is readily displaced by physicochemical and biochemical perturbations. Thus, apo AI-null HDL is less SOF-reactive than WT HDL. The properties of apo AI-null HDL can be partially restored to those of WT HDL by the spontaneous incorporation of human apo AI. It remains to be determined what other HDL functions are affected by apo AI deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Rosales
- †Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Niket Patel
- †Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- †Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Dedipya Yelamanchili
- †Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yaliu Yang
- †Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Harry S Courtney
- ‡Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, United States
| | - Raul D Santos
- §Heart Institute-INCOR, University of Sao Paulo, 05409-003 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- †Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,⊥Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Henry J Pownall
- †Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,⊥Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, United States
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18
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Pownall HJ, Rosales C, Gillard BK, Gotto AM. High-Density Lipoprotein Therapies-Then and Now. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kurano M, Tsukamoto K, Hara M, Ohkawa R, Ikeda H, Yatomi Y. LDL receptor and ApoE are involved in the clearance of ApoM-associated sphingosine 1-phosphate. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2477-88. [PMID: 25505264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.596445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a vasoactive lipid mediator that is speculated to be involved in various aspects of atherosclerosis. About 70% of circulating plasma S1P is carried on HDL, and several pleiotropic properties of HDL have been ascribed to S1P. In the previous study with human subjects, however, LDL cholesterol or apoB, but not HDL cholesterol or apoA-I, had a significant positive correlation with the plasma S1P level, suggesting that the metabolic pathway for LDL might have some roles in the metabolism of S1P. In this study, we analyzed the association between LDL receptor, an important protein in the clearance of LDL, and circulating S1P. We observed that in LDL receptor-overexpressing mice, the plasma S1P levels as well as apolipoprotein M (apoM), a carrier of S1P, were decreased and that exogenously administered C17S1P bound to apoM-containing lipoproteins was cleared more rapidly. Unlike the situation in wild-type mice, LDL receptor overexpression in apoE-deficient mice did not reduce the plasma S1P or apoM levels, suggesting that apoE might be a ligand for the LDL receptor during the clearance of these factors. The present findings clarify the novel roles of the LDL receptor and apoE in the clearance of S1P, a multifunctional bioactive phospholipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
- the Department of Metabolism, Diabetes and Nephrology, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, 21-2, Maeda, Yazawaji, Higashimachi, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima 969-3482
| | - Masumi Hara
- the Department of Medicine IV, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 3-8-3, Mizonokuchi, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0001, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Ohkawa
- the Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, and
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, the Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, and
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, the Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, and
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Choi S, Aljakna A, Srivastava U, Peterson BR, Deng B, Prat A, Korstanje R. Decreased APOE-containing HDL subfractions and cholesterol efflux capacity of serum in mice lacking Pcsk9. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:112. [PMID: 23883163 PMCID: PMC3751695 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in animals showed that PCSK9 is involved in HDL metabolism. We investigated the molecular mechanism by which PCSK9 regulates HDL cholesterol concentration and also whether Pcsk9 inactivation might affect cholesterol efflux capacity of serum and atherosclerotic fatty streak volume. METHODS Mass spectrometry and western blot were used to analyze the level of apolipoprotein E (APOE) and A1 (APOA1). A mouse model overexpressing human LDLR was used to test the effect of high levels of liver LDLR on the concentration of HDL cholesterol and APOE-containing HDL subfractions. Pcsk9 knockout males lacking LDLR and APOE were used to test whether LDLR and APOE are necessary for PCSK9-mediated HDL cholesterol regulation. We also investigated the effects of Pcsk9 inactivation on cholesterol efflux capacity of serum using THP-1 and J774.A1 macrophage foam cells and atherosclerotic fatty streak volume in the aortic sinus of Pcsk9 knockout males fed an atherogenic diet. RESULTS APOE and APOA1 were reduced in the same HDL subfractions of Pcsk9 knockout and human LDLR transgenic male mice. In Pcsk9/Ldlr double-knockout mice, HDL cholesterol concentration was lower than in Ldlr knockout mice and higher than in wild-type controls. In Pcsk9/Apoe double-knockout mice, HDL cholesterol concentration was similar to that of Apoe knockout males. In Pcsk9 knockout males, THP-1 macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity of serum was reduced and the fatty streak lesion volume was similar to wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS In mice, LDLR and APOE are important factors for PCSK9-mediated HDL regulation. Our data suggest that, although LDLR plays a major role in PCSK9-mediated regulation of HDL cholesterol concentration, it is not the only mechanism and that, regardless of mechanism, APOE is essential. Pcsk9 inactivation decreases the HDL cholesterol concentration and cholesterol efflux capacity in serum, but does not increase atherosclerotic fatty streak volume.
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Gillard BK, Raya JL, Ruiz-Esponda R, Iyer D, Coraza I, Balasubramanyam A, Pownall HJ. Impaired lipoprotein processing in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: aberrant high-density lipoprotein lipids, stability, and function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1714-21. [PMID: 23640486 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (HIV/ART) exhibit a unique atherogenic dyslipidemic profile with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and low plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In the Heart Positive Study of HIV/ART patients, a hypolipidemic therapy of fenofibrate, niacin, diet, and exercise reduced HTG and plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentrations and raised plasma HDL cholesterol and adiponectin concentrations. We tested the hypothesis that HIV/ART HDL have abnormal structures and properties and are dysfunctional. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hypolipidemic therapy reduced the TG contents of low-density lipoprotein and HDL. At baseline, HIV/ART low-density lipoproteins were more triglyceride (TG)-rich and HDL were more TG- and cholesteryl ester-rich than the corresponding lipoproteins from normolipidemic (NL) subjects. Very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein, and HDL were larger than the corresponding lipoproteins from NL subjects; HIV/ART HDL were less stable than NL HDL. HDL-[(3)H]cholesteryl ester uptake by Huh7 hepatocytes was used to assess HDL functionality. HIV/ART plasma were found to contain significantly less competitive inhibition activity for hepatocyte HDL-cholesteryl ester uptake than NL plasma were found to contain (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared with NL subjects, lipoproteins from HIV/ART patients are larger and more neutral lipid-rich, and their HDL are less stable and less receptor-competent. On the basis of this work and previous studies of lipase activity in HIV, we present a model in which plasma lipolytic activities or hepatic cholesteryl ester uptake are impaired in HIV/ART patients. These findings provide a rationale to determine whether the distinctive lipoprotein structure, properties, and function of HIV/ART HDL predict atherosclerosis as assessed by carotid artery intimal medial thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba K Gillard
- Section of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Sreckovic I, Birner-Gruenberger R, Obrist B, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Holzer M, Scholler M, Philipose S, Marsche G, Lang U, Desoye G, Wadsack C. Distinct composition of human fetal HDL attenuates its anti-oxidative capacity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:737-46. [PMID: 23321267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) represents the major cholesterol carrying lipoprotein class in cord blood, while cholesterol is mainly carried by low-density lipoprotein in maternal serum. Additionally, to carrying cholesterol, HDL also associates with a range of proteins as cargo. We tested the hypothesis that fetal HDL carries proteins qualitatively and quantitatively different from maternal HDL. These differences then contribute to distinct HDL functionality in both circulations. Shotgun proteomics and biochemical analyses were used to assess composition/function of fetal and maternal HDL isolated from uncomplicated human pregnancies at term of gestation. The pattern of analyzed proteins that were statistically elevated in fetal HDL (apoE, proteins involved in coagulation, transport processes) suggests a particle characteristic for the light HDL2 sub-fraction. In contrast, proteins that were enriched in maternal HDL (apoL, apoF, PON1, apoD, apoCs) have been described almost exclusively in the dense HDL3 fraction and relevant to its anti-oxidative function and role in innate immunity. Strikingly, PON1 mass and activity were 5-fold lower (p<0.01) in the fetus, which was accompanied by attenuation of anti-oxidant capacity of fetal HDL. Despite almost equal quantity of CETP in maternal and fetal HDL, its enzymatic activity was 55% lower (p<0.001) in the fetal circulation, whereas LCAT activity was not altered. These findings indicate that maternally derived HDL differs from fetal HDL with respect to its proteome, size and function. Absence of apoA-1, apoL and PON1 on fetal HDL is associated with decreased anti-oxidative properties together with deficiency in innate immunity collectively indicating distinct HDLs in fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Sreckovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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