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Larson CM, Barajas C, Kitto KF, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA, Peterson CD. Development of opioid analgesic tolerance in rat to extended-release buprenorphine formulated for laboratory subjects. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298819. [PMID: 38512918 PMCID: PMC10956808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Buprenorphine in an extended-release formulation intended for use in laboratory subjects is frequently administered to rats to provide extended analgesia without repeated handling. While levels of buprenorphine may persist in serum once extended-release buprenorphine has been introduced, exposure to opioids can cause opioid tolerance or opioid-induced hypersensitivity. This work examined the analgesic duration and efficacy of a single administration of extended-release buprenorphine intended for use in laboratory subjects in models of inflammatory pain and post-operative pain and the development of opioid tolerance in rat. After subcutaneous administration of 1 mg/kg extended-release buprenorphine, analgesic efficacy did not persist for the expected 72 hours. No changes were observed in mechanical thresholds in the hindpaws that were contralateral to the injury, suggesting a lack of centrally mediated opioid-induced hypersensitivity. To determine whether opioid tolerance arose acutely after one exposure to extended-release buprenorphine, we conducted the warm water tail flick assay; on Day 1 we administered either saline or extended-release buprenorphine (1 mg/kg) and on Day 3 we quantified the standard buprenorphine dose-response curve (0.1-3 mg/kg). Rats previously given extended-release buprenorphine displayed decreased analgesic responses after administration of standard buprenorphine as compared to the robust efficacy of standard buprenorphine in control subjects. Males appeared to show evidence of acute opioid tolerance, while females previously exposed to opioid did not demonstrate a decreased response at the doses examined. Taken together, these results suggest that opioid tolerance arises quickly in male rats after exposure to the extended-release formulation of buprenorphine. This tolerance may account for the brief period of antinociception observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Larson
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Barajas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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2
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Nordén ES, Veras I, Yadav P, Løken K, Dishington H, Thorstensen C, Sjaastad I, Rasmussen H. Clinical efficacy of buprenorphine after oral dosing in rats undergoing major surgery. Lab Anim 2024; 58:34-43. [PMID: 37669442 PMCID: PMC10919059 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231178417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum corticosterone, serum buprenorphine, body weight change, consumption of food and water and behaviour-based pain assessment were measured in catheterised and non-catheterised male Wistar rats undergoing myocardial infarct (MI) surgery under general anaesthesia following buprenorphine dosing by subcutaneous (Bup-SC, 0.05 mg/kg) and oral (Bup-O, 0.4 mg/kg) routes. Buprenorphine was dosed subcutaneously at half an hour before and 8, 16 and 24 hours after surgery (Bup-SC), orally at one hour before surgery (Bup-O1) or at one hour before and 12 hours after surgery (Bup-O2) in catheterised rats and at one hour before and 24 hours after surgery (Bup-O24) in non-catheterised rats. Serum corticosterone, body weight changes and food and water consumption were not significantly different between treatments in catheterised rats. Bup-SC resulted in rapidly decreasing serum concentrations below the clinically effective concentrations (1 ng/mL) already at two hours after the first dose. Bup-O provided significantly higher and slowly decreasing serum concentrations, at or above clinically effective concentrations, for 24 hours (Bup-O1) and 42 hours (Bup-O2) after surgery. In non-catheterised rats, body weight development and food consumption were significantly higher in Bup-O24 rats compared to Bup-SC rats. The results indicate that a SC buprenorphine dose of 0.05 mg/kg every eight hours provides long periods of serum concentrations below clinically effective levels, and that a higher dose and/or more frequent dosage are required to provide stable serum concentrations at or above clinically effective levels. A single oral buprenorphine dose of 0.4 mg/kg provides clinically effective and stable serum concentrations for 24 hours in rats after MI surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Sjaastad Nordén
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ioanni Veras
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Prakash Yadav
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Kari Løken
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Hilde Dishington
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Rasmussen
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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3
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Smith BL, Hassler A, Lloyd KR, Reyes TM. Perinatal morphine but not buprenorphine affects gestational and offspring neurobehavioral outcomes in mice. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:292-304. [PMID: 37981055 PMCID: PMC10842910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Within the national opioid epidemic, there has been an increase in the number of infants exposed to opioids in utero. Additionally, opioid agonist medications are the standard of care for women with opioid use disorder during pregnancy. Buprenorphine (BUP), a partial µ -opioid receptor agonist, has been successful in improving gestational and neonatal outcomes. However, in utero exposure has been linked to childhood cognitive and behavioral problems. Therefore, we sought to compare offspring cognitive and behavioral outcomes after prenatal exposure to a clinically relevant low dose of BUP compared to morphine (MO), a full µ -opioid receptor agonist and immediate metabolite of heroin. We used a mouse model to assess gestational and offspring outcomes. Mouse dams were injected once daily s.c. with saline (SAL, n = 12), MO (10 mg/kg, n = 15), or BUP (0.1 mg/kg, n = 16) throughout pre-gestation, gestation, and lactation until offspring were weaned on postnatal day (P)21. Offspring social interaction and exploratory behavior were assessed, along with executive function via the touchscreen 5 choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT). We then quantified P1 brain gene expression in the frontal cortex and amygdala (AMG). Perinatal MO but not BUP exposure decreased gestational weight gain and was associated with dystocia. In adolescent offspring, perinatal MO but not BUP exposure increased social exploration in males and grooming behavior in females. In the 5CSRTT, male MO exposed offspring exhibited increased impulsive action errors compared to male BUP offspring. In the AMG of P1 MO exposed offspring, we observed an increase in gene expression of targets related to activity of microglia. Importantly, both MO and BUP caused acute hyperlocomotion in the dams to a similar degree, indicating that the selected doses are comparable, in accordance with previous dose comparisons on analgesic and reward efficacy. These data suggest that compared to MO, low dose BUP improves gestational outcomes and has less of an effect on the neonatal offspring brain and later adolescent and adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA.
| | - Ally Hassler
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelsey R Lloyd
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Olson KM, Devereaux AL, Chatterjee P, Saldaña-Shumaker SL, Shafer A, Plotkin A, Kandasamy R, MacKerell AD, Traynor JR, Cunningham CW. Nitro-benzylideneoxymorphone, a bifunctional mu and delta opioid receptor ligand with high mu opioid receptor efficacy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1230053. [PMID: 37469877 PMCID: PMC10352325 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1230053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There is a major societal need for analgesics with less tolerance, dependence, and abuse liability. Preclinical rodent studies suggest that bifunctional ligands with both mu (MOPr) and delta (DOPr) opioid peptide receptor activity may produce analgesia with reduced tolerance and other side effects. This study explores the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of our previously reported MOPr/DOPr lead, benzylideneoxymorphone (BOM) with C7-methylene-substituted analogs. Methods: Analogs were synthesized and tested in vitro for opioid receptor binding and efficacy. One compound, nitro-BOM (NBOM, 12) was evaluated for antinociceptive effects in the warm water tail withdrawal assay in C57BL/6 mice. Acute and chronic antinociception was determined, as was toxicologic effects on chronic administration. Molecular modeling experiments were performed using the Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS) method. Results: NBOM was found to be a potent MOPr agonist/DOPr partial agonist that produces high-efficacy antinociception. Antinociceptive tolerance was observed, as was weight loss; this toxicity was only observed with NBOM and not with BOM. Modeling supports the hypothesis that the increased MOPr efficacy of NBOM is due to the substituted benzylidene ring occupying a nonpolar region within the MOPr agonist state. Discussion: Though antinociceptive tolerance and non-specific toxicity was observed on repeated administration, NBOM provides an important new tool for understanding MOPr/DOPr pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea L. Devereaux
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, WI, United States
| | - Payal Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Savanah L. Saldaña-Shumaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, WI, United States
| | - Amanda Shafer
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Adam Plotkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, WI, United States
| | - Ram Kandasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Psychology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christopher W. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, Mequon, WI, United States
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Wolter A, Bucher CH, Kurmies S, Schreiner V, Konietschke F, Hohlbaum K, Klopfleisch R, Löhning M, Thöne-Reineke C, Buttgereit F, Huwyler J, Jirkof P, Rapp AE, Lang A. A buprenorphine depot formulation provides effective sustained post-surgical analgesia for 72 h in mouse femoral fracture models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3824. [PMID: 36882427 PMCID: PMC9992384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate pain management is essential for ethical and scientific reasons in animal experiments and should completely cover the period of expected pain without the need for frequent re-application. However, current depot formulations of Buprenorphine are only available in the USA and have limited duration of action. Recently, a new microparticulate Buprenorphine formulation (BUP-Depot) for sustained release has been developed as a potential future alternative to standard formulations available in Europe. Pharmacokinetics indicate a possible effectiveness for about 72 h. Here, we investigated whether the administration of the BUP-Depot ensures continuous and sufficient analgesia in two mouse fracture models (femoral osteotomy) and could, therefore, serve as a potent alternative to the application of Tramadol via the drinking water. Both protocols were examined for analgesic effectiveness, side effects on experimental readout, and effects on fracture healing outcomes in male and female C57BL/6N mice. The BUP-Depot provided effective analgesia for 72 h, comparable to the effectiveness of Tramadol in the drinking water. Fracture healing outcome was not different between analgesic regimes. The availability of a Buprenorphine depot formulation for rodents in Europe would be a beneficial addition for extended pain relief in mice, thereby increasing animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Wolter
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian H Bucher
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kurmies
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktoria Schreiner
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Konietschke
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Hohlbaum
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna E Rapp
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Oates R, Tarbert DK. Treatment of Pain in Rats, Mice, and Prairie Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:151-174. [PMID: 36402479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent myomorph and scuiromorph rodent analgesia studies are reviewed and evaluated for potential clinical application. Differences between laboratory animal studies and clinical use in diseased animals are discussed. Analgesia classes reviewed include local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, acetaminophen, opioids, and adjuvants such as anticonvulsants. Routes of administration including sustained-release mechanisms are discussed, as are reversal agents. Drug interactions are reviewed in the context of beneficial multimodal analgesia as well as potential adverse effects. Dosage recommendations for clinical patients are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Oates
- Research and Teaching Animal Care Program, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Danielle K Tarbert
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery Service, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Furumoto K, Sasaki Y, Nohara M, Takenaka N, Maeta N, Kanda T. Effects of a Multimodal Approach Using Buprenorphine with/without Meloxicam on Food Intake, Body Weight, Nest Consolidating Behavior, Burrowing Behavior, and Gastrointestinal Tissues in Postoperative Male Mice. Vet Sci 2022; 9:589. [DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Distress affects animal welfare and scientific data validity. There is a lack of reports on the effects of multimodal analgesic approaches in mice. In this study, under the hypothesis that a multimodal analgesic protocol using buprenorphine with meloxicam has analgesic effects, we evaluated the effects of a multimodal analgesic protocol using buprenorphine with meloxicam on the well-being of mice during analgesic administration by changing the dosage of meloxicam. A total of 42 Slc:ICR male mice were categorized into nonsurgical and surgical groups (7 mice per group) and treated with an anesthetic (isoflurane) and analgesics (buprenorphine ± meloxicam). Analgesics were administered for 48 h after treatment. Buprenorphine (subcutaneous; 0.1 mg/kg/8 h) and meloxicam (subcutaneous; 0, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg/24 h) were administered twice. Body weight, food intake, nest consolidation score, and latency to burrow were evaluated. A significant decrease in food intake was observed 24 h after treatment, while a significant increase was observed 48 h post-treatment in all groups. Body weight showed a decreasing trend but was not significantly reduced. Furthermore, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum tissues showed no morphological abnormalities. Significant differences in burrow diving scores and the latency to burrow were observed between some groups, but these were not regarded as a consequence of the surgery and/or the meloxicam dose. When buprenorphine and meloxicam were combined, administering up to 5 mg/kg/day of meloxicam for 48 h to male mice after abdominal surgery had no significant negative effects on any tested parameters. In conclusion, a multimodal analgesic protocol of buprenorphine with meloxicam is among the options for increasing well-being in mice following abdominal surgery.
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Aulehner K, Leenaars C, Buchecker V, Stirling H, Schönhoff K, King H, Häger C, Koska I, Jirkof P, Bleich A, Bankstahl M, Potschka H. Grimace scale, burrowing, and nest building for the assessment of post-surgical pain in mice and rats-A systematic review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:930005. [PMID: 36277074 PMCID: PMC9583882 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.930005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggested an informative value of behavioral and grimace scale parameters for the detection of pain. However, the robustness and reliability of the parameters as well as the current extent of implementation are still largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to systematically analyze the current evidence-base of grimace scale, burrowing, and nest building for the assessment of post-surgical pain in mice and rats. The following platforms were searched for relevant articles: PubMed, Embase via Ovid, and Web of Science. Only full peer-reviewed studies that describe the grimace scale, burrowing, and/or nest building as pain parameters in the post-surgical phase in mice and/or rats were included. Information about the study design, animal characteristics, intervention characteristics, and outcome measures was extracted from identified publications. In total, 74 papers were included in this review. The majority of studies have been conducted in young adult C57BL/6J mice and Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats. While there is an apparent lack of information about young animals, some studies that analyzed the grimace scale in aged rats were identified. The majority of studies focused on laparotomy-associated pain. Only limited information is available about other types of surgical interventions. While an impact of surgery and an influence of analgesia were rather consistently reported in studies focusing on grimace scales, the number of studies that assessed respective effects was rather low for nest building and burrowing. Moreover, controversial findings were evident for the impact of analgesics on post-surgical nest building activity. Regarding analgesia, a monotherapeutic approach was identified in the vast majority of studies with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs and opioids being most commonly used. In conclusion, most evidence exists for grimace scales, which were more frequently used to assess post-surgical pain in rodents than the other behavioral parameters. However, our findings also point to relevant knowledge gaps concerning the post-surgical application in different strains, age levels, and following different surgical procedures. Future efforts are also necessary to directly compare the sensitivity and robustness of different readout parameters applied for the assessment of nest building and burrowing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Aulehner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Cathalijn Leenaars
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen Stirling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah King
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ines Koska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Heidrun Potschka
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9
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Brings VE, Payne MA, Gereau RW. Opioids alter paw placement during walking, confounding assessment of analgesic efficacy in a postsurgical pain model in mice. Pain Rep 2022; 7:e1035. [PMID: 36034600 PMCID: PMC9416758 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000001035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hind paw–directed assays are commonly used to study the analgesic effects of opioids in mice. However, opioid-induced hyperlocomotion can obscure results of such assays. Objectives: We aimed to overcome this potential confound by using gait analysis to observe hind paw usage during walking in mice. Methods: We measured changes in the paw print area after induction of postsurgical pain (using the paw incision model) and treatment with oxycodone. Results: Paw incision surgery reduced the paw print area of the injured hind paw as mice avoided placing the incised section of the paw on the floor. Surprisingly, oxycodone caused a tiptoe-like gait in mice, reducing the paw print area of both hind paws. Further investigation of this opioid-induced phenotype revealed that analgesic doses of oxycodone or morphine dose-dependently reduced the hind paw print area in uninjured mice. The gait changes were not dependent on opioid-induced increases in the locomotor activity; speed and paw print area had no correlation in opioid-treated mice, and other analgesic compounds that alter locomotor activity did not affect the paw print area. Conclusion: Unfortunately, the opioid-induced “tiptoe” gait phenotype prevented gait analysis from being a viable metric for demonstrating opioid analgesia in injured mice. However, this work reveals an important, previously uncharacterized effect of treatment with analgesic doses of opioids on paw placement. Our characterization of how opioids affect gait has important implications for the use of mice to study opioid pharmacology and suggests that scientists should use caution when using hind paw–directed nociceptive assays to test opioid analgesia in mice.
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10
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Hadjimichael AC, Foukas AF, Papadimitriou E, Kaspiris A, Peristiani C, Chaniotakis I, Kotsari M, Pergaris A, Theocharis S, Sarantis P, Christopoulou M, Psyrri A, Mavrogenis AF, Savvidou OD, Papagelopoulos PJ, Armakolas A. Doxycycline inhibits the progression of metastases in early-stage osteosarcoma by downregulating the expression of MMPs, VEGF and ezrin at primary sites. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 32:100617. [PMID: 36027697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary osseous malignant tumour, with high propensity to metastasise in lungs. Pulmonary micro-metastases are present in up to 80% of patients at initial diagnosis and they are associated with significantly worse prognosis. Doxycycline (Dox) is a synthetic tetracycline that has been shown to have anti-cancer properties in vitro and in vivo, and inhibit angiogenesis - effects that may prove beneficial for several types of cancer. The aim of the present work was to study how Dox affects OS cell growth in vitro and in vivo and OS-driven pulmonary metastasis in vivo. METHODS In vitro, the effect of Dox was measured in MG-63 and 143B human OS cell viability, apoptosis, invasion and migration. In vivo, highly metastatic 143B cells were orthotopically implanted into the tibia of SCID mice. The tumour growth and pulmonary metastases between Dox treated and untreated, non-amputated and early amputated xenografts were examined. RESULTS In vitro, Dox decreased viability, inhibited invasion, migration, and induced the apoptosis of OS cells. In vivo, Dox significantly enhanced tumour necrosis at primary OS sites, similarly to its in vitro effect, and downregulated the expression of Ki67, MMP2, MMP9, VEGFA and ezrin. It also decreased circulating VEGFA and MMP9 protein levels, in line with the decreased metastatic burden in Dox-treated mice (non-amputated and early-amputated). CONCLUSIONS Reprofiling of Dox can prevent the evolvement of pulmonary micro-metastases to clinically detectable macro-metastases and suppress the lethal progress of OS by inhibiting the expression of MMPs, VEGFA and ezrin at primary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris C Hadjimichael
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, W2 1NY, London, UK.
| | - Athanasios F Foukas
- Third Department of Orthopaedic surgery, "KAT" General Hospital of Athens, 2, Nikis Street, 14561, Kifissia, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Angelos Kaspiris
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Chrysostomi Peristiani
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,75, Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Chaniotakis
- Healthcare Directorate of the Hellenic Air Force General Staff, Athens, 3, P. Kanellopoulou Street, 11525, Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria Kotsari
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, Physiology Lab, Bld 16, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece..
| | - Alexandros Pergaris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Magdalini Christopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital,1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462, Athens, Greece.
| | - Andreas F Mavrogenis
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Attikon University hospital, Athens,1 Rimini Street, Chaidari,12462, Athens, Greece..
| | - Olga D Savvidou
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Attikon University hospital, Athens,1 Rimini Street, Chaidari,12462, Athens, Greece..
| | - Panayiotis J Papagelopoulos
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Attikon University hospital, Athens,1 Rimini Street, Chaidari,12462, Athens, Greece..
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias Street, Physiology Lab, Bld 16, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece..
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Ernst L, Kümmecke AM, Zieglowski L, Liu W, Schulz M, Czigany Z, Tolba RH. Severity Assessment in Rats Undergoing Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Induction by Endovascular Perforation or Corresponding Sham Surgery. Eur Surg Res 2022; 64:120-138. [PMID: 35385845 PMCID: PMC9808704 DOI: 10.1159/000524432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal models for preclinical research of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are widely used as much of the pathophysiology remains unknown. However, the burden of these models inflicted on the animals is not well characterized. The European directive requires severity assessment-based allocation to categories. Up to now, the classification into predefined categories is rather subjective and often without underlying scientific knowledge. We therefore aimed at assessing the burden of rats after SAH or the corresponding sham surgery to provide a scientific assessment. METHODS We performed a multimodal approach, using different behavior tests, clinical and neurological scoring, and biochemical markers using the common model for SAH of intracranial endovascular filament perforation in male Wistar rats. Up to 7 days after surgery, animals with SAH were compared to sham surgery and to a group receiving only anesthesia and analgesia. RESULTS Sham surgery (n = 15) and SAH (n = 16) animals showed an increase in the clinical score the first days after surgery, indicating clinical deterioration, while animals receiving only anesthesia without surgery (n = 5) remained unaffected. Body weight loss occurred in all groups but was more pronounced and statistically significant only after surgery. The analysis of burrowing, open field (total distance, erections), balance beam, and neuroscore showed primarily an effect of the surgery itself in sham surgery and SAH animals. Only concerning balance beam and neuroscore, a difference was visible between sham surgery and SAH. The outcome of the analysis of systemic and local inflammatory parameters and of corticosterone in blood and its metabolites in feces was only robust in animals suffering from larger bleedings. Application of principal component analysis resulted in a clear separation of sham surgery and SAH animals from their respective baseline as well as from the anesthesia-only group at days 1 and 3, with the difference between sham surgery and SAH being not significant. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION To our knowledge, we are the first to publish detailed clinical score sheet data combined with advanced behavioral assessment in the endovascular perforation model for SAH in rats. The tests chosen here clearly depict an impairment of the animals within the first days after surgery and are consequently well suited for assessment of the animals' suffering in the model. A definitive classification into one of the severity categories named by the EU directive is yet pending and has to be performed in the future by including the assessment data from different neurological and nonneurological disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ernst
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Kümmecke
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leonie Zieglowski
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wenjia Liu
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Schulz
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zoltan Czigany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - René H. Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Hetman M, Slomnicki L, Hodges E, Ohri SS, Whittemore SR. Role of circadian rhythms in pathogenesis of acute CNS injuries: Insights from experimental studies. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Weegh N, Zentrich E, Zechner D, Struve B, Wassermann L, Talbot SR, Kumstel S, Heider M, Vollmar B, Bleich A, Häger C. Voluntary wheel running behaviour as a tool to assess the severity in a mouse pancreatic cancer model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261662. [PMID: 34941923 PMCID: PMC8699632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory animals frequently undergo routine experimental procedures such as handling, restraining and injections. However, as a known source of stress, these procedures potentially impact study outcome and data quality. In the present study, we, therefore, performed an evidence-based severity assessment of experimental procedures used in a pancreatic cancer model including surgical tumour induction and subsequent chemotherapeutic treatment via repeated intraperitoneal injections. Cancer cell injection into the pancreas was performed during a laparotomy under general anaesthesia. After a four-day recovery phase, mice received either drug treatment (galloflavin and metformin) or the respective vehicle substances via daily intraperitoneal injections. In addition to clinical scoring, an automated home-cage monitoring system was used to assess voluntary wheel running (VWR) behaviour as an indicator of impaired well-being. After surgery, slightly elevated clinical scores and minimal body weight reductions, but significantly decreased VWR behaviour were observed. During therapy, body weight declined in response to chemotherapy, but not after vehicle substance injection, while VWR activity was decreased in both cases. VWR behaviour differed between treatment groups and revealed altered nightly activity patterns. In summary, by monitoring VWR a high impact of repeated injections on the well-being of mice was revealed and substance effects on well-being were distinguishable. However, no differences in tumour growth between treatment groups were observed. This might be due to the severity of the procedures uncovered in this study, as exaggerated stress responses are potentially confounding factors in preclinical studies. Finally, VWR was a more sensitive indicator of impairment than clinical scoring in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Weegh
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Zentrich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Birgitta Struve
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Wassermann
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven Roger Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simone Kumstel
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Miriam Heider
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Durst M, Graf TR, Graf R, Kron M, Arras M, Zechner D, Palme R, Talbot SR, Jirkof P. Analysis of Pain and Analgesia Protocols in Acute Cerulein-Induced Pancreatitis in Male C57BL/6 Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744638. [PMID: 34880773 PMCID: PMC8645955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis is known to be painful in humans and companion animals. However, the extent of pain in experimental mouse models of acute pancreatitis is unknown. Consequently, the severity classification of acute pancreatitis in mice is controversially discussed and standardized pain management is missing. In this study, we investigated acute Cerulein-induced pancreatitis with pain-specific and well-being orientated parameters to detect its impact on mice. Male C57BL/6J male mice were injected with Cerulein; animals that received saline injections served as control group. The animals were observed for weight change and water intake. To assess pain, behaviors like stretch-and-press and reduced rearing, the Mouse Grimace Scale, and von Frey hypersensitivity were assessed. Fecal corticosterone metabolites and burrowing behavior were assessed to detect changes in the animal’s well-being. Pancreatitis severity was evaluated with amylase and lipase in the blood and pancreas histology. To investigate whether different analgesics can alleviate signs of pain, and if they influence pancreas inflammation, animals received Buprenorphine, Paracetamol in combination with Tramadol, or Metamizole in the drinking water. The calculated intake of these analgesics via drinking reached values stated to be efficient for pain alleviation. While pancreatitis did not seem to be painful, we detected acute pain from Cerulein injections that could not be alleviated by analgesics. The number of inflammatory cells in the pancreas did not differ with the analgesic administered. In conclusion: (1) Cerulein injections appear to be acutely painful but pain could not be alleviated by the tested analgesics, (2) acute pancreatitis induced by our protocol did not induce obvious signs of pain, (3) analgesic substances had no detectable influence on inflammation. Nevertheless, protocols inducing more severe or even chronic pancreatitis might evoke more pain and analgesic treatment might become imperative. Considering our results, we recommend the use of Buprenorphine via drinking water in these protocols. Further studies to search for efficient analgesics that can alleviate the acute pain induced by Cerulein injections are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Durst
- Centre for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Reding Graf
- Pancreas Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral Surgery & Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Pancreas Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral Surgery & Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mareike Kron
- Centre for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Margarete Arras
- Centre for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Centre for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Office for Animal Welfare & 3R, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Furumoto K, Ogita K, Kamisaka T, Kawasumi A, Takata K, Maeta N, Itoi T, Nohara M, Saeki K, Kanda T. Effects of Multimodal Analgesic Protocol, with Buprenorphine and Meloxicam, on Mice Well-Being: A Dose Finding Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3420. [PMID: 34944198 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Inadequate pain management affects animal welfare and scientific data validity. Multimodal analgesia is effective in reducing postoperative pain. However, surgery-related pain is not the only distress animals suffer during the perioperative period. The anesthetic or analgesic agent of choice, route and frequency of anesthetic or analgesic administration, and stressors such as anxiety and fear also induce distress. We hypothesized that a multimodal analgesic protocol using buprenorphine and meloxicam would have analgesic effects, and evaluated the effects of methods and drugs used for anesthesia and analgesia on the well-being of mice assigned to different groups. Even in the absence of surgical pain, the anesthesia + analgesia group presented the same negative effects as the surgery + anesthesia + analgesia group. The multimodal analgesic protocol, using buprenorphine and meloxicam, for mice is expected to have an analgesic effect on pain associated with laparotomy but was not sufficient in preventing food intake and weight decrease. This does not negate the need to administer analgesics, but suggests the need to focus on and care not only about the approach to relieve pain associated with surgery, but also other types of distresses in order to minimize negative side effects that may interfere with postoperative recovery in mice. Abstract The anesthetic or analgesic agent of choice, route and frequency of anesthetic or analgesic administration, and stressors induce distress during the perioperative period. We evaluated a multimodal analgesic protocol using buprenorphine and meloxicam on the well-being of mice. Twenty-four Slc:ICR male mice were divided into control, anesthesia + analgesia, and surgery + anesthesia + analgesia groups. Tap water (orally: PO) and water for injection (subcutaneous: SC) were administered to the control group. Buprenorphine was administered twice (SC, 0.1 mg/kg/8 h) and meloxicam was administered thrice (PO, 5 mg/kg/24 h) to the anesthesia + analgesia and surgery + anesthesia + analgesia groups. The mice were subjected to laparotomy and assessed for several parameters. Even in absence of surgical pain, the anesthesia + analgesia group presented the same negative effects as the surgery + anesthesia + analgesia group. This multimodal analgesic protocol for mice was expected to have an analgesic effect on pain associated with laparotomy but was not sufficient to prevent food intake and weight decrease. This does not negate the need to administer analgesics, but suggests the need to focus on and care not only about the approach to relieve pain associated with surgery, but also other types of distresses to minimize negative side effects that may interfere with postoperative recovery in mice.
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16
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Slomnicki LP, Wei G, Burke DA, Hodges ER, Myers SA, Yarberry CD, Morehouse JR, Whittemore SR, Saraswat Ohri S, Hetman M. Limited changes in locomotor recovery and unaffected white matter sparing after spinal cord contusion at different times of day. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249981. [PMID: 34813603 PMCID: PMC8610253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian gene expression rhythmicity drives diurnal oscillations of physiological processes that may determine the injury response. While outcomes of various acute injuries are affected by the time of day at which the original insult occurred, such influences on recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) are unknown. We report that mice receiving moderate, T9 contusive SCI at ZT0 (zeitgeber time 0, time of lights on) and ZT12 (time of lights off) showed similar hindlimb function recovery in the Basso mouse scale (BMS) over a 6 week post-injury period. In an independent study, no significant differences in BMS were observed after SCI at ZT18 vs. ZT6. However, the ladder walking test revealed modestly improved performance for ZT18 vs. ZT6 mice at week 6 after injury. Consistent with those minor effects on functional recovery, terminal histological analysis revealed no significant differences in white matter sparing at the injury epicenter. Likewise, blood-spinal cord barrier disruption and neuroinflammation appeared similar when analyzed at 1 week post injury at ZT6 or ZT18. Therefore, locomotor recovery after thoracic contusive SCI is not substantively modulated by the time of day at which the neurotrauma occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz P. Slomnicki
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - George Wei
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Darlene A. Burke
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Hodges
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Myers
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Yarberry
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Johnny R. Morehouse
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Whittemore
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Michal Hetman
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wolter A, Rapp AE, Durst MS, Hildebrand L, Löhning M, Buttgereit F, Schmidt-Bleek K, Jirkof P, Lang A. Systematic review on the reporting accuracy of experimental details in publications using mouse femoral fracture models. Bone 2021; 152:116088. [PMID: 34175502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The outcomes of animal experiments can be influenced by a variety of factors. Thus, precise reporting is necessary to provide reliable and reproducible data. Initiatives such as the ARRIVE guidelines have been enrolled during the last decade to provide a road map for sufficient reporting. To understand the sophisticated process of bone regeneration and to develop new therapeutic strategies, small rodents, especially mice, are frequently used in bone healing research. Since many factors might influence the results from those studies, we performed a systematic literature search from 2010 to 2019 to identify studies involving mouse femoral fracture models (stable fixation) and evaluated the reporting of general and model-specific experimental details. 254 pre-selected publications were systematically analyzed, showing a high reporting accuracy for the used mouse strain, the age or developmental stage and sex of mice as well as model-specific information on fixation methods and fracturing procedures. However, reporting was more often insufficient in terms of mouse substrains and genetic backgrounds of genetically modified mice, body weight, hygiene monitoring/immune status of the animal, anesthesia, and analgesia. Consistent and reliable reporting of experimental variables in mouse fracture surgeries will improve scientific quality, enhance animal welfare, and foster translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Wolter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anna E Rapp
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mattea S Durst
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Hildebrand
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Max Löhning
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
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Navarro KL, Huss M, Smith JC, Sharp P, Marx JO, Pacharinsak C. Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science. ILAR J 2021; 62:238-273. [PMID: 34180990 PMCID: PMC9236661 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the course of a research project spanning weeks, months, or beyond. It is critical to perform anesthesia according to the approved research protocol using appropriately handled and administered pharmaceutical-grade compounds whenever possible. Sufficient documentation of the anesthetic event and procedure should also be performed to meet the legal, ethical, and research reproducibility obligations. However, this regulatory and documentation process may lead to the use of a few possibly oversimplified anesthetic protocols used for mouse procedures and anesthesia. Although a frequently used anesthetic protocol may work perfectly for each mouse anesthetized, sometimes unexpected complications will arise, and quick adjustments to the anesthetic depth and support provided will be required. As an old saying goes, anesthesia is 99% boredom and 1% sheer terror. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the science of mouse anesthesia together with the art of applying these anesthetic techniques to provide readers with the knowledge needed for successful anesthetic procedures. The authors include experiences in mouse inhalant and injectable anesthesia, peri-anesthetic monitoring, specific procedures, and treating common complications. This article utilizes key points for easy access of important messages and authors’ recommendation based on the authors’ clinical experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela L Navarro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Monika Huss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Smith
- Bioresources Department, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick Sharp
- Office of Research and Economic Development, University of California, Merced, California, USA
- Animal Resources Authority, Murdoch, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James O Marx
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cholawat Pacharinsak
- Corresponding Author: Cholawat Pacharinsak, DVM, PhD, DACVAA, Stanford University, Department of Comparative Medicine, 287 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5410, USA. E-mail:
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Navarro K, Jampachaisri K, Huss M, Pacharinsak C. Lipid bound extended release buprenorphine (high and low doses) and sustained release buprenorphine effectively attenuate post-operative hypersensitivity in an incisional pain model in mice ( Mus musculus). Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:129-137. [PMID: 34179720 PMCID: PMC8212827 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extended-release buprenorphine (XR) is indicated for pain management in rodents, but little is known about its use in mice. This study aimed to investigate whether high dose XR effectively attenuates post-operative hypersensitivity better than low dose XR in a mouse model of incisional pain. Methods Mice (n = 44) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (a) saline (1 ml/kg SC, once); (b) sustained release buprenorphine (Bup-SR, 1 mg/kg SC, once); (c) low dose extended-release buprenorphine (XR-lo, 3.25 mg/kg SC, once); (d) high dose extended-release buprenorphine (XR-hi, 6.5 mg/kg SC, once). On days -1, 0 (4 hours), 1, 2, and 3, mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities were evaluated, and plasma buprenorphine concentrations were measured. Results Mechanical (days 0-2) and thermal (days 0-1) hypersensitivities were observed in the saline group. Bup-SR, XR-lo, and XR-hi attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity on days 0, 1, and 2. None of the treatment groups, except XR-Lo on day 0, attenuated thermal hypersensitivity on days 0 or 1. Plasma buprenorphine concentration peaked at 4 hours (day 0) in all treatment groups and remained greater than 1 ng/mL on days 0-2. No abnormal clinical observations or gross pathologic findings were seen in any groups. Conclusion The results indicate XR-hi did not effectively attenuate post-operative hypersensitivity better than XR-lo. Thus both 3.25 and 6.5 mg/kg XR are recommended for attenuating post-operative hypersensitivity for at least up to 48 hours in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela Navarro
- Department of Comparative MedicineStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | | | - Monika Huss
- Department of Comparative MedicineStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
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Durst MS, Arras M, Palme R, Talbot SR, Jirkof P. Lidocaine and bupivacaine as part of multimodal pain management in a C57BL/6J laparotomy mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10918. [PMID: 34035397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the use of local anesthesia as part of multimodal pain management is common practice in human and veterinarian surgery, these drugs are not applied routinely in rodent surgery. Several recommendations on the use of local anesthesia exist, but systematic studies on their efficacy and side effects are lacking. In the present study, male and female C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a sham vasectomy or a sham embryo transfer, respectively. We tested whether a mixture of subcutaneously injected Lidocaine and Bupivacaine in combination with systemic Paracetamol applied via drinking water results in superior pain relief when compared to treatment with local anesthesia or Paracetamol alone. We applied a combination of methods to assess behavioral, emotional, and physiological changes indicative of pain. Voluntary Paracetamol intake via drinking water reached the target dosage of 200 mg/kg in most animals. Local anesthesia did not lead to obvious side effects such as irregular wound healing or systemic disorders. No relevant sex differences were detected in our study. Sevoflurane anesthesia and surgery affected physiological and behavioral measurements. Surprisingly, Paracetamol treatment alone significantly increased the Mouse Grimace Scale. Taken together, mice treated with a combination of local anesthesia and systemic analgesia did not show fewer signs of post-surgical pain or improved recovery compared to animals treated with either local anesthesia or Paracetamol.
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21
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Webb DR, Churchill SR, Hill GD, McGee CA, Shi M, King-Herbert AP, Blankenship-Paris TL. Effects of Buprenorphine, Chlorhexidine, and Low-level Laser Therapy on Wound Healing in Mice. Comp Med 2021; 71:191-202. [PMID: 33863402 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Systemic buprenorphine and topical antiseptics such as chlorhexidine are frequently used in research animals to aid in pain control and to reduce infection, respectively. These therapeutics are controversial, especially when used in wound healing studies, due to conflicting data suggesting that they delay wound healing. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used to aid in wound healing without exerting the systemic effects of therapies such as buprenorphine. We conducted 2 studies to investigate the effects of these common treatment modalities on the rate of wound healing in mice. The first study used models of punch biopsy and dermal abrasion to assess whether buprenorphine HCl or 0.12% chlorhexidine delayed wound healing. The second study investigated the effects of sustained-released buprenorphine, 0.05% chlorhexidine, and LLLT on excisional wound healing. The rate of wound healing was assessed by obtaining photographs on days 0, 2, 4, 7, and 9 for the punch biopsy model in study 1, days 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, and 13 for the dermal abrasion model in study 1, and days 0, 3, 6, and 10 for the mice in study 2. Image J software was used to analyze the photographed wounds to determine the wound area. When comparing the wound area on the above days to the original wound area, no significant differences in healing were observed for any of the treatment groups at any time period for either study. Given the results of these studies, we believe that systemic buprenorphine, topical chlorhexidine, and LLLT can be used without impairing or delaying wound healing in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna R Webb
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Comparative & Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, National Toxicology Program, Durham, North Carolina;,
| | | | - Georgette D Hill
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Christopher A McGee
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Clinical Research Branch, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Min Shi
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Angela P King-Herbert
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Comparative & Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, National Toxicology Program, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Terry L Blankenship-Paris
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Comparative Medicine Branch, Durham, North Carolina
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Wassermann L, Helgers SOA, Riedesel AK, Talbot SR, Bleich A, Schwabe K, Häger C. Monitoring of Heart Rate and Activity Using Telemetry Allows Grading of Experimental Procedures Used in Neuroscientific Rat Models. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:587760. [PMID: 33424534 PMCID: PMC7793729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.587760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal experimentation, welfare and severity assessments of all procedures applied to animals are necessary to meet legal and ethical requirements, as well as public interests. So far, the methods suggested for this purpose are time consuming and personnel intensive. Also, evidence-based biostatistical methods for this purpose are still rare. We here tested whether the classification of heart rate (HR) and activity (Act) data monitored by telemetry in the home cage by unsupervised k-means-based class-labeling and subsequent Support Vector Machine (SVM) analysis allows severity assessment and grading of experimental procedures of different domains, including surgery, injection, behavioral testing, and routine handling for maintenance. Telemetric devices were subcutaneously implanted in young adult male Crl:CD(SD) and BDIX/UImHanZtm rats. After recovery, rats were randomly subjected to different experimental procedures, i.e., handling and cage change as routine maintenance, Rat Grimace Scale, burrowing, and social interaction for welfare assessment, as well as repeated subcutaneous injections. Thereafter, rats were either intracranially implanted with electrodes or injected with tumor cells. Directly after each procedure, HR and Act were monitored by telemetry in the home cage for 4 h. Application of k-means and SVM algorithms on the obtained data sets from baseline (as no stress), cage change (exploratory Act), and intracranial surgery (as burden) measurements computed three classes described as low HR/low Act, high HR/high Act, and high HR/low Act, respectively. Validation of the SVM model by entering data from all procedures confirmed the allocation to the high HR/low Act class (burden) after surgery, which lasted longer after subcutaneous transmitter implantation than after intracranial surgery. The majority of data points from repeated injections, behavioral testing, and maintenance handling were allocated to the low HR/low Act and high HR/high Act classes. Overall, the SVM model based on HR and Act data monitored in home cage after procedures may be useful for the classification and grading of experimental procedures of different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wassermann
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | | | | | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Tang G, Nierath WF, Palme R, Vollmar B, Zechner D. Analysis of Animal Well-Being When Supplementing Drinking Water with Tramadol or Metamizole during Chronic Pancreatitis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2306. [PMID: 33291366 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pain management during in vivo experiments can considerably improve the wellbeing of animals. However, often it is not clear, which drugs are best for the animals and how to apply these drugs without causing stress. In this study, we evaluated mice when metamizole or tramadol was provided via drinking water. Neither of these two drugs reduced the amount of consumed water or body weight in healthy mice or influenced their natural behavior, such as nest building or burrowing activity. Both analgesics were then given to mice suffering from chronic pancreatitis. Mice drinking tramadol supplemented water, at some time-points, experienced less loss in body weight and consumed more water than mice drinking metamizole. However, no major differences in other methods measuring wellbeing of mice was observed. In conclusion, both analgesics can be used during chronic pancreatitis, but tramadol seems to be moderately advantageous when compared to metamizole. Abstract Pain management during in vivo experiments is an animal welfare concern and is in many countries also legally required. In this study, we evaluated C57Bl/6J mice when 3 g/L metamizole or 1 g/L tramadol was provided via drinking water, before and during cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis. Supplementation of drinking water with metamizole or tramadol did not significantly reduce the amount of consumed water. In order to evaluate the wellbeing of mice, a distress score, burrowing activity, nesting behavior, and body weight was assessed. Before induction of pancreatitis, neither tramadol nor metamizole influenced these readout parameters. Chronic pancreatitis caused a significantly increased distress score, decreased burrowing activity and a reduction in body weight. Mice drinking tramadol-supplemented water experienced less loss in body weight and consumed more water than mice drinking metamizole, at a few time-points during chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic atrophy, a characteristic feature of chronic pancreatitis was not differentially influenced by either analgesic. In conclusion, both analgesics can be used during 33 days of chronic pancreatitis, but tramadol seems to be moderately advantageous when compared to metamizole.
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Schreiner V, Durst M, Arras M, Detampel P, Jirkof P, Huwyler J. Design and in vivo evaluation of a microparticulate depot formulation of buprenorphine for veterinary use. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17295. [PMID: 33057103 PMCID: PMC7560740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Buprenorphine is a frequently used analgetic agent in veterinary medicine. A major drawback, however, is the short duration of action requiring several daily administrations. We therefore designed a poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) based microparticulate drug formulation for sustained parenteral drug release. Particles were designed to allow for a fast onset of action and a duration of the analgesic effect of at least two days in laboratory mice. Microparticles were produced using a solvent evaporation technique. Release rate was dependent on polymer type and particle size. Spherical particles used for subsequent animal studies had a mean size of 50 µm and contained 4.5% of buprenorphine. Drug release was characterized by an initial burst release of 30% followed by complete release over seven days. In vivo pharmacokinetic experiments in female C57BL/6 J mice confirmed prolonged exposure in plasma and brain tissue and correlated with the pharmacological effect in the hot plate assay or after minor abdominal surgery. No adverse side effects with respect to food and water intake, body weight, local tolerability, or nesting behavior were observed. Our formulation is an attractive alternative to established immediate release formulations. A use for prolonged pain management in laboratory animals is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Schreiner
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mattea Durst
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Margarete Arras
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Detampel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Hohlbaum K, Corte GM, Humpenöder M, Merle R, Thöne-Reineke C. Reliability of the Mouse Grimace Scale in C57BL/6JRj Mice. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1648. [PMID: 32937881 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain and foster the welfare of laboratory mice, tools that reliably measure the current state of the animals are applied in clinical assessment. One of these is the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS), a coding system for facial expression analysis. Since there are concerns about the objectivity of the MGS, we further investigated its reliability. Four observers (two experienced and two inexperienced in use of the MGS) scored 188 images of 33 female and 31 male C57BL/6JRj mice. Images were generated prior to, 150 min, and two days after ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. The intraclass correlations coefficient (ICC = 0.851) indicated good agreement on total MGS scores between all observers when all three time points were included in the analysis. However, interrater reliability was higher in the early post-anesthetic period (ICC = 0.799) than at baseline (ICC = 0.556) and on day 2 after anesthesia (ICC = 0.329). The best agreement was achieved for orbital tightening, and the poorest agreement for nose and cheek bulge, depending on the observers' experience levels. In general, experienced observers produced scores of higher consistency when compared to inexperienced. Against this background, we critically discuss factors that potentially influence the reliability of MGS scoring.
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Letson HL, Dobson GP. Buprenorphine Analgesia Reduces Survival With ALM Resuscitation in a Rat Model of Uncontrolled Hemorrhage: Concerns for Trauma-Related Research. Shock 2021; 55:379-87. [PMID: 32925604 DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The effect of analgesia on physiological systems has received little attention in trauma research. Our aim was to examine the effect of two different analgesics, buprenorphine and carprofen, on adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium (ALM) resuscitation in a rat model of laparotomy and non-compressible hemorrhage. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to Saline Carprieve, ALM Carprieve, Saline Buprenorphine, or ALM Buprenorphine (all n = 10). Anesthetized animals underwent surgical placement of chronic catheters and laparotomy, then hemorrhage was induced by liver resection (60% left lateral lobe). After 15 min, animals received 0.7 mL/kg 3% NaCl ± ALM bolus, and after 60 min, 4 h 0.5 mL/kg/h 0.9% NaCl±ALM drip with 72 h monitoring. Carprieve groups received 5 mg/kg s.c. every 24 h and Buprenorphine groups received 0.05 mg/kg Temgesic every 6 to 12 h. Survival, hemodynamics, blood chemistry, and hematology were measured. ALM Carprieve led to 100% survival compared to 40% survival in ALM Buprenorphine group (P = 0.004). In Saline-treated rats, buprenorphine reduced median survival time by 91% (22 h to 2 h). Recovery of mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 60 min was lower in the buprenorphine versus Carprieve groups (83% vs. 101% for ALM and 62% vs. 95% for Saline groups). Buprenorphine was also associated with higher blood lactates and potassium. No analgesic-related differences were found in total white cells, lymphocytes, platelet count, hyperthermia, weight loss, or pica. We conclude that reduced survival and MAP recovery appears to a buprenorphine effect on cardiovascular function. Until the underlying mechanisms can be elucidated, buprenorphine should be used with caution in small and possibly large models of trauma and shock.
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Herrmann K, Flecknell P. Severity Classification of Surgical Procedures and Application of Health Monitoring Strategies in Animal Research Proposals: A Retrospective Review. Altern Lab Anim 2018; 46:273-89. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal experimentation has been one of the most controversial areas of animal use, mainly due to the intentional harms inflicted upon the animals used. In an effort to reduce these harms, research on refinement has increased significantly over the past 20 years. However, the extent to which these efforts have helped to reduce the severity of the research procedures, and thus animal suffering, is uncertain. To provide an indication of the awareness and implementation of refinement methods, we reviewed the experimental techniques for 684 surgical interventions described in 506 animal research applications that had been sent to the German competent authorities for approval in 2010. In this paper, we describe and discuss the severity categorisation of the proposed surgeries and the planned health monitoring strategies. We found that the researchers frequently underestimated the levels of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm that were to be inflicted on the animals. Furthermore, the planned health monitoring strategies were generally flawed. To ensure responsible treatment of animals and high-quality science, adequate training of research workers in recognising and alleviating animal suffering is essential.
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Larson CM, Peterson CD, Kitto KF, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Sustained-release buprenorphine induces acute opioid tolerance in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173330. [PMID: 32726653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sustained-release buprenorphine is widely used in mice with the intention of providing long-lasting analgesia. Statements about duration of therapeutic efficacy are based on persistence of serum buprenorphine levels over a minimum threshold, but behavioral data demonstrating sustained efficacy is not established. Additionally, chronic opioid exposure can induce tolerance and/or hyperalgesia; mice receiving sustained-release buprenorphine have not been evaluated for these effects. This study assessed clinical efficacy and duration of sustained-release buprenorphine in inflammatory, post-operative, and cancer pain; and screened for centrally-mediated opioid-induced hyperalgesia as well as opioid tolerance. At 1-2 mg/kg sustained-release buprenorphine, statistically significant analgesic efficacy occurred only at time points up to 2 h. These animals showed no changes in von Frey thresholds on the contralateral side, i.e. no centrally-mediated opioid hyperalgesia. To establish whether acute onset opioid tolerance resulted from a single sustained-release buprenorphine administration, we used the tail flick assay, exposing mice to sustained-release buprenorphine or saline on Day 1 and buprenorphine on Day 2. We measured duration and efficacy of 1 mg/kg buprenorphine after 1 mg/kg sustained-release buprenorphine, and also quantified a dose-response curve of buprenorphine (0.1-3 mg/kg) after 2 mg/kg sustained-release buprenorphine. Compared to control animals, mice previously exposed to sustained-release buprenorphine showed diminished analgesic response to buprenorphine; the resultant dose-response curve showed decreased efficacy. Pretreatment with naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, blocked sustained-release buprenorphine analgesic action. The short duration of antinociception following administration of sustained-release buprenorphine in mice is caused by the rapid development of tolerance.
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LaTourette PC, David EM, Pacharinsak C, Jampachaisri K, Smith JC, Marx JO. Effects of Standard and Sustained-release Buprenorphine on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in C57BL/6 Mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2020; 59:298-304. [PMID: 32268932 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both standard and sustained-release injectable formulations of buprenorphine (Bup and BupSR, respectively) are used as preemptive analgesics, potentially affecting gas anesthetic requirements. This study tested the effects of Bup and BupSR on isoflurane requirements and confirmed that buprenorphine could reduce isoflurane requirements during a laparotomy in mice. We hypothesized that both Bup and BupSR would significantly decrease the required minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane. C57BL/6 mice received either isotonic crystalloid fluid (control), Bup (0.1 mg/kg), or BupSR (1.2 mg/kg) subcutaneously 10 min prior to the induction of anesthesia. Each anesthetized mouse was tested at 2 isoflurane concentrations. A 300-g noxious stimulus was applied at each isoflurane concentration, alternating between hindfeet. In addition, a subset of mice underwent terminal laparotomy or 60 min of anesthesia after injection with Bup, BupSR, or saline to ensure an appropriate surgical plane of anesthesia. Mice were maintained at the lowest isoflurane concentration that resulted in 100% of mice at a surgical plane from the aforementioned MAC experiments (control, 2.0%; Bup and BupSR, 1.7%). Analysis showed that both Bup and BupSR significantly decreased isoflurane requirements by 25.5% and 14.4%, respectively. The isoflurane MAC for the control injection was 1.80% ± 0.09%; whereas Bup and BupSR decreased MAC to 1.34% ± 0.08% and 1.54% ± 0.09%, respectively. Sex was not a significantly different between the injection groups during MAC determination. All of the mice that underwent surgery achieved a surgical plane of anesthesia on the prescribed regimen and recovered normally after discontinuation of isoflurane. Lastly, heart and respiratory rates did not differ between mice that underwent surgery and those that were anesthetized only. Bup and BupSR are MAC-sparing in male and female C57BL/6 mice and can be used for effective multimodal anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C LaTourette
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily M David
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Jennifer C Smith
- Bioresources Department, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;,
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Rudeck J, Vogl S, Banneke S, Schönfelder G, Lewejohann L. Repeatability analysis improves the reliability of behavioral data. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230900. [PMID: 32240211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliability of data has become a major concern in the course of the reproducibility crisis. Especially when studying animal behavior, confounding factors such as novelty of the test apparatus can lead to a wide variability of data which may mask treatment effects and consequently lead to misinterpretation. Habituation to the test situation is a common practice to circumvent novelty induced increases in variance and to improve the reliability of the respective measurements. However, there is a lack of published empirical knowledge regarding reasonable habituation procedures and a method validation seems to be overdue. This study aimed at setting up a simple strategy to increase reliability of behavioral data measured in a familiar test apparatus. Therefore, exemplary data from mice tested in an Open Field (OF) arena were used to elucidate the potential of habituation and how reliability of measures can be confirmed by means of a repeatability analysis using the software R. On seven consecutive days, male C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ and 129S1/SvImJ mice were tested in an OF arena once daily and individual mouse behavior was recorded. A repeatability analysis was conducted with regard to repeated trials of habituation. Our data analysis revealed that monitoring animal behavior during habituation is important to determine when individual differences of the measurements are stable. Repeatability values from distance travelled and average activity increased over the habituation period, revealing that around 60% of the variance of the data can be explained by individual differences between mice. The first day of habituation was significantly different from the following 6 days. A three-day habituation period appeared to be sufficient in this study. Overall, these results emphasize the importance of habituation and in depth analysis of habituation data to define the correct starting point of the experiment for improving the reliability and reproducibility of experimental data.
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Rudeck J, Vogl S, Heinl C, Steinfath M, Fritzwanker S, Kliewer A, Schulz S, Schönfelder G, Bert B. Analgesic treatment with buprenorphine should be adapted to the mouse strain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 191:172877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gallo MS, Karas AZ, Pritchett-Corning K, Garner Guy Mulder JP, Gaskill BN. Tell-tale TINT: Does the Time to Incorporate into Nest Test Evaluate Postsurgical Pain or Welfare in Mice? J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2019; 59:37-45. [PMID: 31862018 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Identifying early indicators of distress in mice is difficult using either periodic monitoring or current technology. Likewise, poor pain identification remains a barrier to providing appropriate pain relief in many mouse models. The Time to Incorporate to Nest Test (TINT), a binary measure of the presence or absence of nesting behavior, was developed as a species-specific method of identifying moderate to severe distress and pain in mice. The current study was designed to evaluate alterations in nesting behavior after routine surgery and to validate the TINT's ability to measure pain-related behavioral changes. CD1 mice undergoing carotid artery catheterization as part of a commercial surgical cohort were randomly assigned various nesting, surgery, and analgesia conditions. To provide context for the TINT outcomes, we measured other variables affected by pain, such as weight loss, food consumption, and scores derived from the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS). Mice that had surgery were more likely to have a negative TINT score as compared with controls. All mice were more likely to fail the TINT after receiving postoperative buprenorphine, suggesting that buprenorphine may have contributed to the failures. The TINT, MGS live scoring, and scoring MGS images all loaded strongly on a single component in a principal component analysis, indicating strong convergent validity between these measures. These data indicate that the TINT can provide a quick, objective indicator of altered welfare in mice, with the potential for a wide range of uses.
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Abstract
The use of effective regimens for mitigating pain remain underutilized in research rodents despite the general acceptance of both the ethical imperative and regulatory requirements intended to maximize animal welfare. Factors contributing to this gap between the need for and the actual use of analgesia include lack of sufficient evidence-based data on effective regimens, under-dosing due to labor required to dose analgesics at appropriate intervals, concerns that the use of analgesics may impact study outcomes, and beliefs that rodents recover quickly from invasive procedures and as such do not need analgesics. Fundamentally, any discussion of clinical management of pain in rodents must recognize that nociceptive pathways and pain signaling mechanisms are highly conserved across mammalian species, and that central processing of pain is largely equivalent in rodents and other larger research species such as dogs, cats, or primates. Other obstacles to effective pain management in rodents have been the lack of objective, science-driven data on pain assessment, and the availability of appropriate pharmacological tools for pain mitigation. To address this deficit, we have reviewed and summarized the available publications on pain management in rats, mice and guinea pigs. Different drug classes and specific pharmacokinetic profiles, recommended dosages, and routes of administration are discussed, and updated recommendations are provided. Nonpharmacologic tools for increasing the comfort and wellbeing of research animals are also discussed. The potential adverse effects of analgesics are also reviewed. While gaps still exist in our understanding of clinical pain management in rodents, effective pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies are available that can and should be used to provide analgesia while minimizing adverse effects. The key to effective clinical management of pain is thoughtful planning that incorporates study needs and veterinary guidance, knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action of drugs being considered, careful attention to individual differences, and establishing an institutional culture that commits to pain management for all species as a central component of animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Foley
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC;,
| | - Lon V Kendall
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Charles River, Wilmington, Massachusetts, Dept of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Jirkof P, Rudeck J, Lewejohann L. Assessing Affective State in Laboratory Rodents to Promote Animal Welfare-What Is the Progress in Applied Refinement Research? Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1026. [PMID: 31775293 PMCID: PMC6941082 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal's capacity to suffer is a prerequisite for any animal welfare concern, and the minimization of suffering is a key aim of refinement research. In contrast to the traditional focus on avoiding or reducing negative welfare states, modern animal welfare concepts highlight the importance of promoting positive welfare states in laboratory animals. Reliable assessments of affective states, as well as the knowledge of how to elicit positive affective states, are central to this concept. Important achievements have been made to assess pain and other negative affective states in animals in the last decades, but it is only recently that the neurobiology of positive emotions in humans and animals has been gaining more interest. Thereby, the need for promotion of positive affective states for laboratory animals is gaining more acceptance, and methods allowing the assessment of affective states in animals have been increasingly introduced. In this overview article, we present common and emerging methods to assess affective states in laboratory rodents. We focus on the implementation of these methods into applied refinement research to identify achieved progress as well as the future potential of these tools to improve animal welfare in animal-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulin Jirkof
- Department Animal Welfare and 3R, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Rudeck
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), 12277 Berlin, Germany; (J.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), 12277 Berlin, Germany; (J.R.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Keubler LM, Hoppe N, Potschka H, Talbot SR, Vollmar B, Zechner D, Häger C, Bleich A. Where are we heading? Challenges in evidence-based severity assessment. Lab Anim 2019; 54:50-62. [PMID: 31718424 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219877216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based severity assessment in laboratory animals is, apart from the ethical responsibility, imperative to generate reproducible, standardized and valid data. However, the path towards a valid study design determining the degree of pain, distress and suffering experienced by the animal is lined with pitfalls and obstacles as we will elucidate in this review. Furthermore, we will ponder on the genesis of a holistic concept relying on multifactorial composite scales. These have to combine robust and reliable parameters to measure the multidimensional aspects that define the severity of animal experiments, generating a basis for the substantiation of the refinement principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Keubler
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Nils Hoppe
- Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Germany
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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Staib-Lasarzik I, Nagel N, Sebastiani A, Griemert EV, Thal SC. Analgesic treatment limits surrogate parameters for early stress and pain response after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:49. [PMID: 31533626 PMCID: PMC6751841 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In animal research, authorities require a classification of anticipated pain levels and a perioperative analgesia protocol prior to approval of the experiments. However, data on this topic is rare and so is the reported use of analgesics. We determined surrogate parameters of pain and general well-being after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), as well as the potential for improvement by different systemic analgesia paradigms. Brain injury was induced by filament perforation to mimic SAH. Sham-operated mice were included as surgical control groups with either neck or no-neck preparation. Mice with controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury were included as a control group with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but without neck preparation. Mice were randomized to buprenorphine, carprofen, meloxicam, or vehicle treatment. 24 h after SAH, CCI or sham surgery, pain and stress levels were assessed with a visual assessment score and the amount of food intake was recorded. Results Neck preparation, which is required to expose the surgical field for SAH induction, already increased pain/stress levels and sham surgeries for both CCI and SAH reduced food intake. Pain/stress levels were higher and food intake was lower after SAH compared with CCI. Pain/stress levels after CCI without analgesic treatment were similar to levels after SAH sham surgery. Pain treatment with buprenorphine was effective to reduce pain after SAH, whereas lower pain/stress intensity levels after CCI were not improved. Conclusion This study emphasizes the importance of pain and stress assessment after surgeries and the efficacy of buprenorphine to improve pain and comfort levels after experimental SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Staib-Lasarzik
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Nagel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Sebastiani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva-Verena Griemert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Jirkof P, Durst M, Klopfleisch R, Palme R, Thöne-Reineke C, Buttgereit F, Schmidt-Bleek K, Lang A. Administration of Tramadol or Buprenorphine via the drinking water for post-operative analgesia in a mouse-osteotomy model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10749. [PMID: 31341225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate analgesia is essential whenever pain might occur in animal experiments. Unfortunately, the selection of suitable analgesics for mice in bone-linked models is limited. Here, we evaluated two analgesics – Tramadol [0.1 mg/ml (Tlow) vs. 1 mg/ml (Thigh)] and Buprenorphine (Bup; 0.009 mg/ml) – after a pre-surgical injection of Buprenorphine, in a mouse-osteotomy model. The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of these opioids in alleviating pain-related behaviors, to provide evidence for adequate dosages and to examine potential side effects. High concentrations of Tramadol affected water intake, drinking frequency, food intake and body weight negatively in the first 2–3 days post-osteotomy, while home cage activity was comparable between all groups. General wellbeing parameters were strongly influenced by anesthesia and analgesics. Model-specific pain parameters did not indicate more effective pain relief at high concentrations of Tramadol. In addition, ex vivo high-resolution micro computed tomography (µCT) analysis and histology analyzing bone healing outcomes showed no differences between analgesic groups with respect to newly formed mineralized bone, cartilage and vessels. Our results show that high concentrations of Tramadol do not improve pain relief compared to low dosage Tramadol and Buprenorphine, but rather negatively affect animal wellbeing.
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Simón M, Norregaard K, Jørgensen JT, Oddershede LB, Kjaer A. Fractionated photothermal therapy in a murine tumor model: comparison with single dose. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5369-5379. [PMID: 31409993 PMCID: PMC6645692 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s205409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Photothermal therapy (PTT) exploits the light-absorbing properties of nanomaterials such as silica-gold nanoshells (NS) to inflict tumor death through local hyperthermia. However, in in vivo studies of PTT, the heat distribution is often found to be heterogeneous throughout the tumor volume, which leaves parts of the tumor untreated and impairs the overall treatment outcome. As this challenges PTT as a one-dose therapy, this study here investigates if giving the treatment repeatedly, ie, fractionated PTT, increases the efficacy in mice bearing subcutaneous tumors. Methods: The NS heating properties were first optimized in vitro and in vivo. Two fractionated PTT protocols, consisting of two and four laser treatments, respectively, were developed and applied in a murine subcutaneous colorectal tumor model. The efficacy of the two fractionated protocols was evaluated both by longitudinal monitoring of tumor growth and, at an early time point, by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 18F-labeled glucose analog 18F-FDG. Results: Overall, there were no significant differences in tumor growth and survival between groups of mice receiving single-dose PTT and fractionated PTT in our study. Nonetheless, some animals did experience inhibited tumor growth or even complete tumor disappearance due to fractionated PTT, and these animals also showed a significant decrease in tumor uptake of 18F-FDG after therapy. Conclusion: This study only found an effect of giving PTT to tumors in fractions compared to a single-dose approach in a few animals. However, many factors can affect the outcome of PTT, and reliable tools for optimization of treatment protocol are needed. Despite the modest treatment effect, our results indicate that 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging can be useful to guide the number of treatment sessions necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Simón
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Norregaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Tranekjær Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Evangelista-Vaz R, Bergadano A, Arras M, Jirkof PD. Analgesic Efficacy of Subcutaneous-Oral Dosage of Tramadol after Surgery in C57BL/6J Mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2018; 57:368-375. [PMID: 29871714 PMCID: PMC6059218 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-17-000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the analgesic activity of tramadol in female C57BL/6J mice by using a single subcutaneous injection (25 mg/kg) of tramadol combined with the same dose given in drinking water for 24 h. We then evaluated the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its active metabolite O-demethyltramadol (M1). To evaluate pain and analgesic efficacy, we performed clinical and behavioral assessment, burrowing tests, and activity analysis and measured body weight, food and water intake in mice that were untreated (control) or underwent analgesia only (T); anesthesia and surgery (AS); or anesthesia, surgery, and analgesia (AS+T). The plasma concentration of tramadol decreased rapidly whereas, for more than 18 h, the M1 level remained stable and above its minimal analgesic concentration for humans. Total food and water intake over 24 h was comparable among all groups. Although T mice consumed tramadol-treated water in sufficient amount and frequency, AS and AS+T animals showed decreased drinking frequency during the first 4 h after surgery. Compared with control and T groups, composite pain scores and burrowing latencies increased significantly in both AS and AS+T mice after surgery, suggesting postsurgical pain. However, AS and AS+T mice did not differ significantly after surgery. In conclusion, although naïve animals ingested a sufficient amount of the drug and plasma levels appeared sufficiently high, mice markedly reduced water intake immediately after surgery. Consequently, even in combination with an initial drug injection, the subsequent voluntary tramadol intake was insufficient to reduce signs of postsurgical pain significantly after laparotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Bergadano
- Comparative Medicine, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margarete Arras
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulin D Jirkof
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;,
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Abstract
Managing pain effectively in any species is challenging, but small mammals present particular problems. Methods of pain assessment are still under development in these species, so the efficacy of analgesic therapy cannot be evaluated fully. Methods of assessing abdominal pain are established; however, applying these can be challenging. Alternative methods, using assessment of facial expression, may be more applicable to a range of painful procedures and across species. Multimodal and preventive analgesic strategies are most likely to be effective. Although data on analgesic dose rates are limited, sufficient information is available to enable analgesia to be provided safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Flecknell
- Comparative Biology Centre, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle NE24RU, UK; Flaire Consultants.
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Barletta M, Ostenkamp SM, Taylor AC, Quandt J, Lascelles BDX, Messenger KM. The pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of extended-release buprenorphine administered subcutaneously in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018. [PMID: 29521421 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is a partial μ agonist opioid used for analgesia in dogs. An extended-release formulation (ER-buprenorphine) has been shown to provide effective analgesia for 72 hr in rats and mice. Six healthy mongrel dogs were enrolled in a randomized, blinded crossover design to describe and compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ER-buprenorphine administered subcutaneous at 0.2 mg/kg (ER-B) and commercially available buprenorphine for injection intravenously at 0.02 mg/kg (IV-B). After drug administration, serial blood samples were collected to measure plasma buprenorphine concentrations using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry detection. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, sedation score, and thermal threshold latency were recorded throughout the study. Median (range) terminal half-life, time to maximum concentration, and maximum plasma concentration of ER-buprenorphine were 12.74 hr (10.43-18.84 hr), 8 hr (4-36 hr), and 5.00 ng/ml (4.29-10.98 ng/ml), respectively. Mild bradycardia, hypothermia, and inappetence were noted in both groups. Thermal threshold latency was significantly prolonged compared to baseline up to 12 hr and up to 72 hr in IV-B and ER-B, respectively. These results showed that ER-buprenorphine administered at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg resulted in prolonged and sustained plasma concentrations and antinociceptive effects up to 72 hr after drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barletta
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S M Ostenkamp
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A C Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - J Quandt
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - B D X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - K M Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Abstract
Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including tumorous growths. However, the cellular remodeling mechanisms involved in, and caused by, intestinal obstructions are poorly understood. Several animal models of intestinal obstructions have been developed, but the mouse model is the most cost/time effective. The mouse model uses the surgical implantation of an intestinal partial obstruction (PO) that has a high mortality rate if it is not performed correctly. In addition, mice receiving PO surgery fail to develop hypertrophy if an appropriate blockade is not used or not properly placed. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for PO surgery which produces reliable and reproducible intestinal obstructions with a very low mortality rate. This protocol utilizes a surgically placed silicone ring that surrounds the ileum which partially blocks digestive movement in the small intestine. The partial blockage makes the intestine become dilated due to the halt of digestive movement. The dilation of the intestine induces smooth muscle hypertrophy on the oral side of the ring that progressively develops over 2 weeks until it causes death. The surgical PO mouse model offers an in vivo model of hypertrophic intestinal tissue useful for studying pathological changes of intestinal cells including smooth muscle cells (SMC), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), PDGFRα+, and neuronal cells during the development of intestinal obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine
| | - Brian G Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine
| | - Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University
| | - Paul J Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine
| | - Sandra M Poudrier
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine;
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Abstract
Fracture healing is a complex regeneration process which produces new bone tissue without scar formation. However, fracture healing disorders occur in approximately 10% of human patients and cause severe pain and reduced quality of life. Recently, the development of more standardized, sophisticated and commercially available osteosynthesis techniques reflecting clinical approaches has increased the use of small rodents such as rats and mice in bone healing research dramatically. Nevertheless, there is no standard for pain assessment, especially in these species, and consequently limited information regarding the welfare aspects of osteotomy models. Moreover, the selection of analgesics is restricted for osteotomy models since non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to affect the initial, inflammatory phase of bone healing. Therefore, opioids such as buprenorphine and tramadol are often used. However, dosage data in the literature are varied. Within this review, we clarify the background of osteotomy models, explain the current status and challenges of animal welfare assessment, and provide an example score sheet including model specific parameters. Furthermore, we summarize current refinement options and present a brief outlook on further 3R research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Lang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany .,Berlin Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schulz
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Postoperative monitoring of pain and distress in small rodents is not standardized, and widely accepted score sheets are not available. Here we describe a score sheet used in abdominal surgery of rodents, with particular reference to procedures involving the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Graf
- Department of Visceral & Transplantation Surgery .,Division of Surgical Research
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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46
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Blennerhassett MG, Lourenssen SR, Parlow LRG, Ghasemlou N, Winterborn AN. Analgesia and mouse strain influence neuromuscular plasticity in inflamed intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:1-12. [PMID: 28466581 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) identify an impact on the enteric nervous system (ENS) but do not distinguish between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis phenotypes. In these models, analgesia is required, but its influence on different strains and disease outcomes is unknown. Therefore, changes to the ENS and intestinal smooth muscle were studied in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis to identify the effects of analgesia, and compared between two mouse strains. METHODS Colitis was induced in CD1 or BALB/c mice receiving analgesia with either buprenorphine or tramadol. Euthanasia was on Day 8 (DSS) or Day 4 (TNBS). Outcomes were Disease Activity Index and cytokine assay, and quantitative histology and immunocytochemistry were used to evaluate effects of inflammation on neurons and smooth muscle. KEY RESULTS In BALB/c mice, both models of colitis caused >2-fold increase in smooth muscle cell number. DSS caused axon proliferation without neuron loss while TNBS caused significant neuron loss and axonal damage. Buprenorphine (but not tramadol) was generally anti-inflammatory in both strains, but correlated with lethal outcomes to TNBS in BALB/c mice. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Smooth muscle growth is common to both models of colitis. In contrast, ENS damage in TNBS is correlated with the severe response of a Crohn's disease-like phenotype, while DSS correlates with a milder, ulcerative colitis-like outcome in the deeper tissues. Analgesia with tramadol over buprenorphine is supported for mouse studies of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Blennerhassett
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - S R Lourenssen
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - L R G Parlow
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Abstract
The number of exotic companion pet rodents seen in veterinary practices is growing very rapidly. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association's surveys, more than 2,093,000 pet rodents were kept in US households in 2007 and in 2012 it was more than 2,349,000 animals. This article summarizes the most important evidence-based knowledge in exotic pet rodents (diagnostics of the hyperadrenocorticism in guinea pigs, pituitary tumors in rats, urolithiasis in guinea pigs, use of itopride as prokinetics, use of deslorelin acetate in rodents, cause of dental disease, and prevention of mammary gland tumors in rats).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jekl
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tr. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Hauptman
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tr. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Knotek
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tr. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
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Evangelista Vaz R, Draganov DI, Rapp C, Avenel F, Steiner G, Arras M, Bergadano A. Preliminary pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride after administration via different routes in male and female B6 mice. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 45:111-122. [PMID: 29066180 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 1) To determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride and its active metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol (M1), after administration through different routes in female and male C57Bl/6 mice; 2) to evaluate the stability of tramadol solutions; and 3) to identify a suitable dose regimen for prospective clinical analgesia in B6 mice. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded, parallel design. ANIMALS A total of 18 male and 18 female C57Bl/6 mice (20-30 g). METHODS Mice were administered 25 mg kg-1 tramadol as a bolus [intravenously (IV), intraperitoneally (IP), subcutaneously (SQ), orally per gavage (OSgavage)] over 25 hours [orally in drinking water (OSwater) or Syrspend SF (OSSyrsp)]. Venous blood was sampled at six predetermined time points over 4 to 31 hours, depending on administration route, to determine tramadol and M1 plasma concentrations (liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection). Pharmacokinetic parameters were described using a noncompartmental model. The stability of tramadol in water (acidified and untreated) and Syrspend SF (0.20 mg mL-1) at ambient conditions for 1 week was evaluated. RESULTS After all administration routes, Cmax was >100 ng mL-1 for tramadol and >40 ng mL-1 for M1 (reported analgesic ranges in man) followed by short half-lives (2-6 hours). The mean tramadol plasma concentration after self-administration remained >100 ng mL-1 throughout consumption time. M1 was found in the OSSyrs group only at 7 hours, whereas it was detectable in OSwater throughout administration. Tramadol had low oral bioavailability (26%). Short-lasting side effects were observed only after IV administration. Water and Syrspend SF solutions were stable for 1 week. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE 1) At the dose administered, high plasma concentrations of tramadol and M1 were obtained, with half-life depending on the administration route. 2) Plasma levels were stable over self-consumption time. 3) Solutions were stable for 1 week at ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Evangelista Vaz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Comparative Medicine, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Dragomir I Draganov
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, DMPK and Bioanalytical R&D, Pharmacokinetics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Rapp
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, DMPK and Bioanalytical R&D, Pharmacokinetics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Avenel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, DMPK and Bioanalytical R&D, Pharmacokinetics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margarete Arras
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Bergadano
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Comparative Medicine, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Blankenship-Paris TL, Dutton JW, Goulding DR, McGee CA, Kissling GE, Myers PH. Evaluation of buprenorphine hydrochloride Pluronic(®) gel formulation in male C57BL/6NCrl mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2016; 45:370-9. [PMID: 27654688 DOI: 10.1038/laban.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Providing adequate analgesia while minimizing handling and stress post-surgery can be challenging. Recently, there have been commercial products made available for providing long acting analgesia in rodents. However, we find there are limitations for use in mice due to the viscosity of the product and the small dosing volumes needed. This project evaluated an in-house compounded formulation of buprenorphine easily made in the laboratory using pharmaceutical grade products. The release of buprenorphine was evaluated when compounded with two types of hydrogels (Pluronic(®) F-127 and F-68). Mice given buprenorphine in hydrogel (BP) demonstrated higher serum levels of buprenorphine for a longer period of time compared to mice given standard buprenorphine (Bup). However, the rate of decline in serum levels between the groups was similar; thus, it is more likely that the higher buprenorphine concentration seen in the BP group is due to the higher dose of buprenorphine given, rather than a slower release of product. Feed consumption was decreased in both groups one day after dosing; however, there was no difference in body weights. Increased activity in the open field was observed with both buprenorphine formulations, and lipemia was observed in mice given BP which persisted to at least 96 h. Based on our results, we conclude that this formulation did not sustain the release of buprenorphine or eliminate the increased activity commonly seen in mice given buprenorphine. In addition, the lipemia may confound research parameters, especially in cardiac studies and lipid metabolism studies. Therefore, we cannot recommend this formulation for use.
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Jirkof P. Side effects of pain and analgesia in animal experimentation. Lab Anim (NY) 2017; 46:123-8. [DOI: 10.1038/laban.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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