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Abi Assaf J, Holden ER, Trampari E, Webber MA. Common food preservatives impose distinct selective pressures on Salmonella Typhimurium planktonic and biofilm populations. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104517. [PMID: 38637079 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Food preservatives are crucial in controlling microbial growth in processed foods to maintain food safety. Bacterial biofilms pose a threat in the food chain by facilitating persistence on a range of surfaces and food products. Cells in a biofilm are often highly tolerant of antimicrobials and can evolve in response to antimicrobial exposure. Little is known about the efficacy of preservatives against biofilms and their potential impact on the evolution of antimicrobial resistance. In this study we investigated how Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium responded to subinhibitory concentrations of four food preservatives (sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium nitrite or sodium lactate) when grown planktonically and in biofilms. We found that each preservative exerted a unique selective pressure on S. Typhimurium populations. There was a trade-off between biofilm formation and growth in the presence of three of the four preservatives, where prolonged preservative exposure resulted in reduced biofilm biomass and matrix production over time. All three preservatives selected for mutations in global stress response regulators rpoS and crp. There was no evidence for any selection of cross-resistance to antibiotics after preservative exposure. In conclusion, we showed that preservatives affect biofilm formation and bacterial growth in a compound specific manner. We showed trade-offs between biofilm formation and preservative tolerance, but no antibiotic cross-tolerance. This indicates that bacterial adaptation to continuous preservative exposure, is unlikely to affect food safety or contribute to antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Abi Assaf
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Eleftheria Trampari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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2
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Rybina AA, Glushak RA, Bessonova TA, Dakhnovets AI, Rudenko AY, Ozhiganov RM, Kaznadzey AD, Tutukina MN, Gelfand MS. Phylogeny and structural modeling of the transcription factor CsqR (YihW) from Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7852. [PMID: 38570624 PMCID: PMC10991401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
CsqR (YihW) is a local transcription factor that controls expression of yih genes involved in degradation of sulfoquinovose in Escherichia coli. We recently showed that expression of the respective gene cassette might be regulated by lactose. Here, we explore the phylogenetic and functional traits of CsqR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CsqR had a conserved Met25. Western blot demonstrated that CsqR was synthesized in the bacterial cell as two protein forms, 28.5 (CsqR-l) and 26 kDa (CsqR-s), the latter corresponding to start of translation at Met25. CsqR-s was dramatically activated during growth with sulfoquinovose as a sole carbon source, and displaced CsqR-l in the stationary phase during growth on rich medium. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed two possible states of the CsqR-s structure, with the interdomain linker being represented by either a disordered loop or an ɑ-helix. This helix allowed the hinge-like motion of the N-terminal domain resulting in a switch of CsqR-s between two conformational states, "open" and "compact". We then modeled the interaction of both CsqR forms with putative effectors sulfoquinovose, sulforhamnose, sulfoquinovosyl glycerol, and lactose, and revealed that they all preferred the same pocket in CsqR-l, while in CsqR-s there were two possible options dependent on the linker structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Rybina
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia, 121205.
| | - Roman A Glushak
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119234
| | - Tatiana A Bessonova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS (Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research RAS"), Pushchino, Russia, 142290
| | | | - Alexander Yu Rudenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Ratislav M Ozhiganov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Anna D Kaznadzey
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia, 127051
| | - Maria N Tutukina
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia, 121205
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS (Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research RAS"), Pushchino, Russia, 142290
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia, 127051
| | - Mikhail S Gelfand
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia, 121205
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia, 127051
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3
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Wood WN, Rubio MA, Leiva LE, Phillips GJ, Ibba M. Methionyl-tRNA synthetase synthetic and proofreading activities are determinants of antibiotic persistence. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1384552. [PMID: 38601944 PMCID: PMC11004401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1384552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antibiotic persistence is a phenomenon where bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic and the majority of the population dies while a small subset enters a low metabolic, persistent, state and are able to survive. Once the antibiotic is removed the persistent population can resuscitate and continue growing. Several different molecular mechanisms and pathways have been implicated in this phenomenon. A common mechanism that may underly bacterial antibiotic persistence is perturbations in protein synthesis. To investigate this mechanism, we characterized four distinct metG mutants for their ability to increase antibiotic persistence. Two metG mutants encode changes near the catalytic site of MetRS and the other two mutants changes near the anticodon binding domain. Mutations in metG are of particular interest because MetRS is responsible for aminoacylation both initiator tRNAMet and elongator tRNAMet indicating that these mutants could impact translation initiation and/or translation elongation. We observed that all the metG mutants increased the level of antibiotic persistence as did reduced transcription levels of wild type metG. Although, the MetRS variants did not have an impact on MetRS activity itself, they did reduce translation rates. It was also observed that the MetRS variants affected the proofreading mechanism for homocysteine and that these mutants' growth is hypersensitive to homocysteine. Taken together with previous findings, our data indicate that both reductions in cellular Met-tRNAMet synthetic capacity and reduced proofreading of homocysteine by MetRS variants are positive determinants for bacterial antibiotic persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney N. Wood
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Miguel Angel Rubio
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lorenzo Eugenio Leiva
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Gregory J. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael Ibba
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States
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4
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El Sayyed H, Pambos OJ, Stracy M, Gottesman ME, Kapanidis AN. Single-molecule tracking reveals the functional allocation, in vivo interactions, and spatial organization of universal transcription factor NusG. Mol Cell 2024; 84:926-937.e4. [PMID: 38387461 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
During transcription elongation, NusG aids RNA polymerase by inhibiting pausing, promoting anti-termination on rRNA operons, coupling transcription with translation on mRNA genes, and facilitating Rho-dependent termination. Despite extensive work, the in vivo functional allocation and spatial distribution of NusG remain unknown. Using single-molecule tracking and super-resolution imaging in live E. coli cells, we found NusG predominantly in a chromosome-associated population (binding to RNA polymerase in elongation complexes) and a slowly diffusing population complexed with the 30S ribosomal subunit; the latter provides a "30S-guided" path for NusG into transcription elongation. Only ∼10% of NusG is fast diffusing, with its mobility suggesting non-specific interactions with DNA for >50% of the time. Antibiotic treatments and deletion mutants revealed that chromosome-associated NusG participates mainly in rrn anti-termination within phase-separated transcriptional condensates and in transcription-translation coupling. This study illuminates the multiple roles of NusG and offers a guide on dissecting multi-functional machines via in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafez El Sayyed
- Gene Machines Group, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, UK.
| | - Oliver J Pambos
- Gene Machines Group, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Mathew Stracy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK
| | - Max E Gottesman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Achillefs N Kapanidis
- Gene Machines Group, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Perera PGT, Linklater DP, Vilagosh Z, Nguyen THP, Hanssen E, Rubanov S, Wanjara S, Aadum B, Alfred R, Dekiwadia C, Juodkazis S, Croft R, Ivanova EP. Genetic Transformation of Plasmid DNA into Escherichia coli Using High Frequency Electromagnetic Energy. Nano Lett 2024; 24:1145-1152. [PMID: 38194429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel technique of genetic transformation of bacterial cells mediated by high frequency electromagnetic energy (HF EME). Plasmid DNA, pGLO (5.4 kb), was successfully transformed into Escherichia coli JM109 cells after exposure to 18 GHz irradiation at a power density between 5.6 and 30 kW m-2 for 180 s at temperatures ranging from 30 to 40 °C. Transformed bacteria were identified by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) using confocal scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry (FC). Approximately 90.7% of HF EME treated viable E. coli cells exhibited uptake of the pGLO plasmid. The interaction of plasmid DNA with bacteria leading to transformation was confirmed by using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). HF EME-induced plasmid DNA transformation was shown to be unique, highly efficient, and cost-effective. HF EME-induced genetic transformation is performed under physiologically friendly conditions in contrast to existing techniques that generate higher temperatures, leading to altered cellular integrity. This technique allows safe delivery of genetic material into bacterial cells, thus providing excellent prospects for applications in microbiome therapeutics and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palalle G Tharushi Perera
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Denver P Linklater
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zoltan Vilagosh
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - The Hong Phong Nguyen
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre, Bio21 institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sergey Rubanov
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre, Bio21 institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steve Wanjara
- WaveCyte Biotechnologies, 9900 13th Ave N, Plymouth, Minnesota 55441, United States
| | - Bari Aadum
- WaveCyte Biotechnologies, 9900 13th Ave N, Plymouth, Minnesota 55441, United States
| | - Rebecca Alfred
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Centre for Quantum and Optical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Rodney Croft
- School of Psychology, Illawara Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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6
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Flores E, Dutta S, Bosserman R, van Hoof A, Krachler AM. Colonization of larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio) with adherent-invasive Escherichia coli prevents recovery of the intestinal mucosa from drug-induced enterocolitis. mSphere 2023; 8:e0051223. [PMID: 37971273 PMCID: PMC10732064 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00512-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although inflammatory bowel diseases are on the rise, what factors influence IBD risk and severity, and the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. Although host genetics, microbiome, and environmental factors have all been shown to correlate with the development of IBD, cause and effect are difficult to disentangle in this context. For example, AIEC is a known pathobiont found in IBD patients, but it remains unclear if gut inflammation during IBD facilitates colonization with AIEC, or if AIEC colonization makes the host more susceptible to pro-inflammatory stimuli. It is critical to understand the mechanisms that contribute to AIEC infections in a susceptible host in order to develop successful therapeutics. Here, we show that the larval zebrafish model recapitulates key features of AIEC infections in other animal models and can be utilized to address these gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Flores
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Soumita Dutta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Bosserman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ambro van Hoof
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Krachler
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Program, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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Kalb MJ, Grenfell AW, Jain A, Fenske-Newbart J, Gralnick JA. Comparison of phage-derived recombinases for genetic manipulation of Pseudomonas species. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0317623. [PMID: 37882574 PMCID: PMC10714826 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03176-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Pseudomonas genus contains many members currently being investigated for applications in biodegradation, biopesticides, biocontrol, and synthetic biology. Though several strains have been identified with beneficial properties, chromosomal manipulations to further improve these strains for commercial applications have been limited due to the lack of efficient genetic tools that have been tested across this genus. Here, we test the recombineering efficiencies of five phage-derived recombinases across three biotechnologically relevant Pseudomonas strains: P. putida KT2440, P. protegens Pf-5, and P. protegens CHA0. These results demonstrate a method to generate targeted mutations quickly and efficiently across these strains, ideally introducing a method that can be implemented across the Pseudomonas genus and a strategy that may be applied to develop analogous systems in other nonmodel bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison J. Kalb
- BioTechnology Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew W. Grenfell
- BioTechnology Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abhiney Jain
- BioTechnology Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jane Fenske-Newbart
- BioTechnology Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Gralnick
- BioTechnology Institute and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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8
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Trampari E, Prischi F, Vargiu AV, Abi-Assaf J, Bavro VN, Webber MA. Functionally distinct mutations within AcrB underpin antibiotic resistance in different lifestyles. NPJ Antimicrob Resist 2023; 1:2. [PMID: 38686215 PMCID: PMC11057200 DOI: 10.1038/s44259-023-00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a pressing healthcare challenge and is mediated by various mechanisms, including the active export of drugs via multidrug efflux systems, which prevent drug accumulation within the cell. Here, we studied how Salmonella evolved resistance to two key antibiotics, cefotaxime and azithromycin, when grown planktonically or as a biofilm. Resistance to both drugs emerged in both conditions and was associated with different substitutions within the efflux-associated transporter, AcrB. Azithromycin exposure selected for an R717L substitution, while cefotaxime for Q176K. Additional mutations in ramR or envZ accumulated concurrently with the R717L or Q176K substitutions respectively, resulting in clinical resistance to the selective antibiotics and cross-resistance to other drugs. Structural, genetic, and phenotypic analysis showed the two AcrB substitutions confer their benefits in profoundly different ways. R717L reduces steric barriers associated with transit through the substrate channel 2 of AcrB. Q176K increases binding energy for cefotaxime, improving recognition in the distal binding pocket, resulting in increased efflux efficiency. Finally, we show the R717 substitution is present in isolates recovered around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Trampari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Filippo Prischi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ UK
| | - Attilio V. Vargiu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, S. P. 8, km. 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Justin Abi-Assaf
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Vassiliy N. Bavro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ UK
| | - Mark A. Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ UK
- Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA UK
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Walker-Sünderhauf D, Klümper U, Pursey E, Westra ER, Gaze WH, van Houte S. Removal of AMR plasmids using a mobile, broad host-range CRISPR-Cas9 delivery tool. Microbiology (Reading) 2023; 169:001334. [PMID: 37226834 PMCID: PMC10268836 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes are widely disseminated on plasmids. Therefore, interventions aimed at blocking plasmid uptake and transfer may curb the spread of AMR. Previous studies have used CRISPR-Cas-based technology to remove plasmids encoding AMR genes from target bacteria, using either phage- or plasmid-based delivery vehicles that typically have narrow host ranges. To make this technology feasible for removal of AMR plasmids from multiple members of complex microbial communities, an efficient, broad host-range delivery vehicle is needed. We engineered the broad host-range IncP1-plasmid pKJK5 to encode cas9 programmed to target an AMR gene. We demonstrate that the resulting plasmid pKJK5::csg has the ability to block the uptake of AMR plasmids and to remove resident plasmids from Escherichia coli. Furthermore, due to its broad host range, pKJK5::csg successfully blocked AMR plasmid uptake in a range of environmental, pig- and human-associated coliform isolates, as well as in isolates of two species of Pseudomonas. This study firmly establishes pKJK5::csg as a promising broad host-range CRISPR-Cas9 delivery tool for AMR plasmid removal, which has the potential to be applied in complex microbial communities to remove AMR genes from a broad range of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Walker-Sünderhauf
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Uli Klümper
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Pursey
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Edze R. Westra
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - William H. Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Stineke van Houte
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
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Man-Bovenkerk S, Schipper K, van Sorge NM, Speijer D, van der Ende A, Pannekoek Y. Neisseria meningitidis Sibling Small Regulatory RNAs Connect Metabolism with Colonization by Controlling Propionate Use. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0046222. [PMID: 36856428 PMCID: PMC10029713 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00462-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) colonizes the human nasopharynx, primarily as a commensal, but sporadically causing septicemia and meningitis. During colonization and invasion, it encounters different niches with specific nutrient compositions. Small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) are used to fine-tune expression of genes, allowing adaptation to their physiological differences. We have previously characterized sRNAs (Neisseria metabolic switch regulators [NmsRs]) controlling switches between cataplerotic and anaplerotic metabolism. Here, we extend the NmsR regulon by studying methylcitrate lyase (PrpF) and propionate kinase (AckA-1) involved in the methylcitrate cycle and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (GlyA) and 3-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (MmsB) involved in protein degradation. These proteins were previously shown to be dysregulated in a ΔnmsRs strain. Levels of transcription of target genes and NmsRs were assessed by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We also used a novel gene reporter system in which the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of the target gene is fused to mcherry to study NmsRs-target gene interaction in the meningococcus. Under nutrient-rich conditions, NmsRs downregulate expression of PrpF and AckA-1 by direct interaction with the 5' UTR of their mRNA. Overexpression of NmsRs impaired growth under nutrient-limiting growth conditions with pyruvate and propionic acid as the only carbon sources. Our data strongly suggest that NmsRs downregulate propionate metabolism by lowering methylcitrate enzyme activity under nutrient-rich conditions. Under nutrient-poor conditions, NmsRs are downregulated, increasing propionate metabolism, resulting in higher tricarboxylic acid (TCA) activities. IMPORTANCE Neisseria meningitidis colonizes the human nasopharynx, forming a reservoir for the sporadic occurrence of epidemic invasive meningococcal disease like septicemia and meningitis. Propionic acid generated by other bacteria that coinhabit the human nasopharynx can be utilized by meningococci for replication in this environment. Here, we showed that sibling small RNAs, designated NmsRs, riboregulate propionic acid utilization by meningococci and, thus, colonization. Under conditions mimicking the nasopharyngeal environment, NmsRs are downregulated. This leads to the conversion of propionic acid to pyruvate and succinate, resulting in higher tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, allowing colonization of the nasopharynx. NmsRs link metabolic state with colonization, which is a crucial step on the trajectory to invasive meningococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Man-Bovenkerk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Schipper
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Pannekoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Holden ER, Yasir M, Turner AK, Wain J, Charles IG, Webber MA. Genome-wide analysis of genes involved in efflux function and regulation within Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microbiology (Reading) 2023; 169. [PMID: 36745554 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is increasing globally, with efflux pumps being a fundamental platform limiting drug access and synergizing with other mechanisms of resistance. Increased expression of efflux pumps is a key feature of most cells that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Whilst expression of efflux genes can confer benefits, production of complex efflux systems is energetically costly and the expression of efflux is highly regulated, with cells balancing benefits against costs. This study used TraDIS-Xpress, a genome-wide transposon mutagenesis technology, to identify genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium involved in drug efflux and its regulation. We exposed mutant libraries to the canonical efflux substrate acriflavine in the presence and absence of the efflux inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide. Comparisons between conditions identified efflux-specific and drug-specific responses. Known efflux-associated genes were easily identified, including acrAB, tolC, marRA, ramRA and soxRS, confirming the specificity of the response. Further genes encoding cell envelope maintenance enzymes and products involved with stringent response activation, DNA housekeeping, respiration and glutathione biosynthesis were also identified as affecting efflux activity in both species. This demonstrates the deep relationship between efflux regulation and other cellular regulatory networks. We identified a conserved set of pathways crucial for efflux activity in these experimental conditions, which expands the list of genes known to impact on efflux efficacy. Responses in both species were similar and we propose that these common results represent a core set of genes likely to be relevant to efflux control across the Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - A Keith Turner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - John Wain
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
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12
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Jin F, Chang Z. Uncovering the membrane-integrated SecA N protein that plays a key role in translocating nascent outer membrane proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2023; 1871:140865. [PMID: 36272538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A large number of nascent polypeptides have to get across a membrane in targeting to the proper subcellular locations. The SecYEG protein complex, a homolog of the Sec61 complex in eukaryotic cells, has been viewed as the common translocon at the inner membrane for targeting proteins to three extracytoplasmic locations in Gram-negative bacteria, despite the lack of direct verification in living cells. Here, via unnatural amino acid-mediated protein-protein interaction analyses in living cells, in combination with genetic studies, we unveiled a hitherto unreported SecAN protein that seems to be directly involved in translocationg nascent outer membrane proteins across the plasma membrane; it consists of the N-terminal 375 residues of the SecA protein and exists as a membrane-integrated homooligomer. Our new findings place multiple previous observations related to bacterial protein targeting in proper biochemical and evolutionary contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- State key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zengyi Chang
- State key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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13
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Tutukina MN, Dakhnovets AI, Kaznadzey AD, Gelfand MS, Ozoline ON. Sense and antisense RNA products of the uxuR gene can affect motility and chemotaxis acting independent of the UxuR protein. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1121376. [PMID: 36936992 PMCID: PMC10016265 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1121376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding and antisense RNAs are widespread in all kingdoms of life, however, the diversity of their functions in bacteria is largely unknown. Here, we study RNAs synthesised from divergent promoters located in the 3'-end of the uxuR gene, encoding transcription factor regulating hexuronate metabolism in Escherichia coli. These overlapping promoters were predicted in silico with rather high scores, effectively bound RNA polymerase in vitro and in vivo and were capable of initiating transcription in sense and antisense directions. The genome-wide correlation between in silico promoter scores and RNA polymerase binding in vitro and in vivo was higher for promoters located on the antisense strands of the genes, however, sense promoters within the uxuR gene were more active. Both regulatory RNAs synthesised from the divergent promoters inhibited expression of genes associated with the E. coli motility and chemotaxis independent of a carbon source on which bacteria had been grown. Direct effects of these RNAs were confirmed for the fliA gene encoding σ28 subunit of RNA polymerase. In addition to intracellular sRNAs, promoters located within the uxuR gene could initiate synthesis of transcripts found in the fraction of RNAs secreted in the extracellular medium. Their profile was also carbon-independent suggesting that intragenic uxuR transcripts have a specific regulatory role not directly related to the function of the protein in which gene they are encoded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Tutukina
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Lab of Functional Genomics and Cellular Stress, Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, FRC PRCBR, Pushchino, Russia
- RTC “Bioinformatics”, A. A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Maria N. Tutukina, , Olga N. Ozoline,
| | - Artemiy I. Dakhnovets
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D. Kaznadzey
- RTC “Bioinformatics”, A. A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Gelfand
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- RTC “Bioinformatics”, A. A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga N. Ozoline
- Lab of Functional Genomics and Cellular Stress, Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, FRC PRCBR, Pushchino, Russia
- *Correspondence: Maria N. Tutukina, , Olga N. Ozoline,
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14
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Holden ER, Yasir M, Turner AK, Charles IG, Webber MA. Comparison of the genetic basis of biofilm formation between Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000885. [PMID: 36326671 PMCID: PMC9836088 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria can form biofilms, which typically have a life cycle from cells initially attaching to a surface before aggregation and growth produces biomass and an extracellular matrix before finally cells disperse. To maximize fitness at each stage of this life cycle and given the different events taking place within a biofilm, temporal regulation of gene expression is essential. We recently described the genes required for optimal fitness over time during biofilm formation in Escherichia coli using a massively parallel transposon mutagenesis approach called TraDIS-Xpress. We have now repeated this study in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to determine the similarities and differences in biofilm formation through time between these species. A core set of pathways involved in biofilm formation in both species included matrix production, nucleotide biosynthesis, flagella assembly and LPS biosynthesis. We also identified several differences between the species, including a divergent impact of the antitoxin TomB on biofilm formation in each species. We observed deletion of tomB to be detrimental throughout the development of the E. coli biofilms but increased biofilm biomass in S. Typhimurium. We also found a more pronounced role for genes involved in respiration, specifically the electron transport chain, on the fitness of mature biofilms in S. Typhimurium than in E. coli and this was linked to matrix production. This work deepens understanding of the core requirements for biofilm formation in the Enterobacteriaceae whilst also identifying some genes with specialised roles in biofilm formation in each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Holden
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - A. Keith Turner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Ian G. Charles
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Mark A. Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK,*Correspondence: Mark A. Webber,
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15
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Peng L, Dumevi RM, Chitto M, Haarmann N, Berger P, Koudelka G, Schmidt H, Mellmann A, Dobrindt U, Berger M. A Robust One-Step Recombineering System for Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091689. [PMID: 36144292 PMCID: PMC9504302 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can cause severe diarrheic in humans. To improve therapy options, a better understanding of EHEC pathogenicity is essential. The genetic manipulation of EHEC with classical one-step methods, such as the transient overexpression of the phage lambda (λ) Red functions, is not very efficient. Here, we provide a robust and reliable method for increasing recombineering efficiency in EHEC based on the transient coexpression of recX together with gam, beta, and exo. We demonstrate that the genetic manipulation is 3–4 times more efficient in EHEC O157:H7 EDL933 Δstx1/2 with our method when compared to the overexpression of the λ Red functions alone. Both recombineering systems demonstrated similar efficiencies in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655. Coexpression of recX did not enhance the Gam-mediated inhibition of sparfloxacin-mediated SOS response. Therefore, the additional inhibition of the RecFOR pathway rather than a stronger inhibition of the RecBCD pathway of SOS response induction might have resulted in the increased recombineering efficiency by indirectly blocking phage induction. Even though additional experiments are required to unravel the precise mechanistic details of the improved recombineering efficiency, we recommend the use of our method for the robust genetic manipulation of EHEC and other prophage-carrying E. coli isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Peng
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Marco Chitto
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nadja Haarmann
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petya Berger
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- National Consulting Laboratory for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Koudelka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Herbert Schmidt
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- National Consulting Laboratory for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Berger
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-83-35403
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16
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Qin J, Hong Y, Pullela K, Morona R, Henderson IR, Totsika M. A method for increasing electroporation competence of Gram-negative clinical isolates by polymyxin B nonapeptide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11629. [PMID: 35804085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of clinically relevant bacterial pathogens relies on molecular and genetic approaches. However, the generally low transformation frequency among natural isolates poses technical hurdles to widely applying common methods in molecular biology, including transformation of large constructs, chromosomal genetic manipulation, and dense mutant library construction. Here we demonstrate that culturing clinical isolates in the presence of polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN) improves their transformation frequency via electroporation by up to 100-fold in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. The effect was observed for PMBN-binding uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and Salmonella enterica strains but not naturally polymyxin resistant Proteus mirabilis. Using our PMBN electroporation method we show efficient delivery of large plasmid constructs into UPEC, which otherwise failed using a conventional electroporation protocol. Moreover, we show a fivefold increase in the yield of engineered mutant colonies obtained in S. enterica with the widely used lambda-Red recombineering method, when cells are cultured in the presence of PMBN. Lastly, we demonstrate that PMBN treatment can enhance the delivery of DNA-transposase complexes into UPEC and increase transposon mutant yield by eightfold when constructing Transposon Insertion Sequencing (TIS) libraries. Therefore, PMBN can be used as a powerful electropermeabilisation adjuvant to aid the delivery of DNA and DNA-protein complexes into clinically important bacteria.
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17
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Trampari E, Zhang C, Gotts K, Savva GM, Bavro VN, Webber M. Cefotaxime Exposure Selects Mutations within the CA-Domain of envZ Which Promote Antibiotic Resistance but Repress Biofilm Formation in Salmonella. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0214521. [PMID: 35475640 PMCID: PMC9241649 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02145-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalosporins are important beta lactam antibiotics, but resistance can be mediated by various mechanisms including production of beta lactamase enzymes, changes in membrane permeability or active efflux. We used an evolution model to study how Salmonella adapts to subinhibitory concentrations of cefotaxime in planktonic and biofilm conditions and characterized the mechanisms underpinning this adaptation. We found that Salmonella rapidly adapts to subinhibitory concentrations of cefotaxime via selection of multiple mutations within the CA-domain region of EnvZ. We showed that changes in this domain affect the ATPase activity of the enzyme and in turn impact OmpC, OmpF porin expression and hence membrane permeability leading to increased tolerance to cefotaxime and low-level resistance to different classes of antibiotics. Adaptation to cefotaxime through EnvZ also resulted in a significant cost to biofilm formation due to downregulation of curli. We assessed the role of the mutations identified on the activity of EnvZ by genetic characterization, biochemistry and in silico analysis and confirmed that they are responsible for the observed phenotypes. We observed that sublethal cefotaxime exposure selected for heterogeneity in populations with only a subpopulation carrying mutations within EnvZ and being resistant to cefotaxime. Population structure and composition dynamically changed depending on the presence of the selection pressure, once selected, resistant subpopulations were maintained even in extended passage without drug. IMPORTANCE Understanding mechanisms of antibiotic resistance is crucial to guide how best to use antibiotics to minimize emergence of resistance. We used a laboratory evolution system to study how Salmonella responds to cefotaxime in both planktonic and biofilm conditions. In both contexts, we observed rapid selection of mutants within a single hot spot within envZ. The mutations selected altered EnvZ which in turn triggers changes in porin production at the outer membrane. Emergence of mutations within this region was repeatedly observed in parallel lineages in different conditions. We used a combination of genetics, biochemistry, phenotyping and structural analysis to understand the mechanisms. This data show that the changes we observe provide resistance to cefotaxime but come at a cost to biofilm formation and the fitness of mutants changes greatly depending on the presence or absence of a selective drug. Studying how resistance emerges can inform selective outcomes in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuanzhen Zhang
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kathryn Gotts
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vassiliy N. Bavro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
Lambda-Red recombineering is the most commonly used method to create point mutations, insertions or deletions in Escherichia coli and other bacteria, but usually an Flp recognition target (FRT) scar-site is retained in the genome. Alternative scarless recombineering methods, including CRISPR/Cas9-assisted methods, generally require cloning steps and/or complex PCR schemes for specific targeting of the genome. Here we describe the deletion of FRT scar-sites by the scarless Cas9-assisted recombineering method no-SCAR using an FRT-specific guide RNA, sgRNAFRT, and locus-specific ssDNA oligonucleotides. We applied this method to construct a scarless E. coli strain suitable for gradual induction by l-arabinose. Genome sequencing of the resulting strain and its parent strains demonstrated that no additional mutations were introduced along with the simultaneous deletion of two FRT scar-sites. The FRT-specific no-SCAR selection by sgRNAFRT/Cas9 may be generally applicable to cure FRT scar-sites of E. coli strains constructed by classical λ-Red recombineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aathmaja Anandhi Rangarajan
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Present address: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 5180 Biomedical and Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cihan Yilmaz
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Schnetz
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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19
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Switzer A, Burchell L, Mitsidis P, Thurston T, Wigneshweraraj S. A Role for the RNA Polymerase Gene Specificity Factor σ 54 in the Uniform Colony Growth of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2022;:e0003122. [PMID: 35357162 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00031-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical function of a bacterial sigma (σ) factor is to determine the gene specificity of the RNA polymerase (RNAP). In several diverse bacterial species, the σ54 factor uniquely confers distinct functional and regulatory properties on the RNAP. A hallmark feature of the σ54-RNAP is the obligatory requirement for an activator ATPase to allow transcription initiation. Different activator ATPases couple diverse environmental cues to the σ54-RNAP to mediate adaptive changes in gene expression. Hence, the genes that rely upon σ54 for their transcription have a wide range of different functions suggesting that the repertoire of functions performed by genes, directly or indirectly affected by σ54, is not yet exhaustive. By comparing the growth patterns of prototypical enteropathogenic, uropathogenic, and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strains devoid of σ54, we uncovered that the absence of σ54 results in two differently sized colonies that appear at different times specifically in the uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strain. Notably, UPEC bacteria devoid of individual activator ATPases of the σ54-RNAP do not phenocopy the σ54 mutant strain. Thus, it seems that σ54’s role as a determinant of uniform colony appearance in UPEC bacteria represents a putative non-canonical function of σ54 in regulating genetic information flow. IMPORTANCE RNA synthesis is the first step of gene expression. The multisubunit RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis in bacteria. The dissociable sigma (σ) factor subunit directs the RNAP to different sets of genes to allow their expression in response to various cellular needs. Of the seven σ factors in Escherichia coli and related bacteria, σ54 exists in a class of its own. This study has uncovered that σ54 is a determinant of the uniform growth of uropathogenic E. coli on solid media. This finding suggests a role for this σ54 in gene regulation that extends beyond its known function as an RNAP gene specificity factor.
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Webb JP, Paiva AC, Rossoni L, Alstrom-Moore A, Springthorpe V, Vaud S, Yeh V, Minde DP, Langer S, Walker H, Hounslow A, Nielsen DR, Larson T, Lilley K, Stephens G, Thomas GH, Bonev BB, Kelly DJ, Conradie A, Green J. Multi-omic based production strain improvement (MOBpsi) for bio-manufacturing of toxic chemicals. Metab Eng 2022; 72:133-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Przepiora T, Figaj D, Bogucka A, Fikowicz-Krosko J, Czajkowski R, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Skorko-Glonek J. The Periplasmic Oxidoreductase DsbA Is Required for Virulence of the Phytopathogen Dickeya solani. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020697. [PMID: 35054882 PMCID: PMC8775594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, the DsbA oxidoreductase is a crucial factor responsible for the introduction of disulfide bonds to extracytoplasmic proteins, which include important virulence factors. A lack of proper disulfide bonds frequently leads to instability and/or loss of protein function; therefore, improper disulfide bonding may lead to avirulent phenotypes. The importance of the DsbA function in phytopathogens has not been extensively studied yet. Dickeya solani is a bacterium from the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae family which is responsible for very high economic losses mainly in potato. In this work, we constructed a D. solani dsbA mutant and demonstrated that a lack of DsbA caused a loss of virulence. The mutant bacteria showed lower activities of secreted virulence determinants and were unable to develop disease symptoms in a potato plant. The SWATH-MS-based proteomic analysis revealed that the dsbA mutation led to multifaceted effects in the D. solani cells, including not only lower levels of secreted virulence factors, but also the induction of stress responses. Finally, the outer membrane barrier seemed to be disturbed by the mutation. Our results clearly demonstrate that the function played by the DsbA oxidoreductase is crucial for D. solani virulence, and a lack of DsbA significantly disturbs cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Przepiora
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.P.); (D.F.)
| | - Donata Figaj
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.P.); (D.F.)
| | - Aleksandra Bogucka
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jakub Fikowicz-Krosko
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland; (J.F.-K.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert Czajkowski
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland; (J.F.-K.); (R.C.)
| | - Nicole Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, Université Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment André Lwoff 10 rue Raphaël Dubois 69622, F69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.P.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Lodato PB. The effect of two ribonucleases on the production of Shiga toxin and stx-bearing bacteriophages in Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18372. [PMID: 34526533 PMCID: PMC8443680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) comprise a group of intestinal pathogens responsible for a range of illnesses, including kidney failure and neurological compromise. EHEC produce critical virulence factors, Shiga toxin (Stx) 1 or 2, and the synthesis of Stx2 is associated with worse disease manifestations. Infected patients only receive supportive treatment because some conventional antibiotics enable toxin production. Shiga toxin 2 genes (stx2) are carried in λ-like bacteriophages (stx2-phages) inserted into the EHEC genome as prophages. Factors that cause DNA damage induce the lytic cycle of stx2-phages, leading to Stx2 production. The phage Q protein is critical for transcription antitermination of stx2 and phage lytic genes. This study reports that deficiency of two endoribonucleases (RNases), E and G, significantly delayed cell lysis and impaired production of both Stx2 and stx2-phages, unlike deficiency of either enzyme alone. Moreover, scarcity of both enzymes reduced the concentrations of Q and stx2 transcripts and slowed cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B Lodato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO, 63501, USA.
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23
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Zhang CZ, Zhang Y, Ding XM, Lin XL, Lian XL, Trampari E, Thomson NM, Ding HZ, Webber MA, Jiang HX. Emergence of ciprofloxacin heteroresistance in foodborne Salmonella enterica serovar Agona. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2773-2779. [PMID: 32747937 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial heteroresistance has been increasingly identified as an important phenomenon for many antibiotic/bacterium combinations. OBJECTIVES To investigate ciprofloxacin heteroresistance in Salmonella and characterize mechanisms contributing to ciprofloxacin heteroresistance. METHODS Ciprofloxacin-heteroresistant Salmonella were identified by population analysis profiling (PAP). Target mutations and the presence of PMQR genes were detected using PCR and sequencing. Expression of acrB, acrF and qnrS was conducted by quantitative RT-PCR. Competition ability and virulence were also compared using pyrosequencing, blue/white screening, adhesion and invasion assays and a Galleria model. Two subpopulations were whole-genome sequenced using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina platforms. RESULTS PAP identified one Salmonella from food that yielded a subpopulation demonstrating heteroresistance to ciprofloxacin at a low frequency (10-9 to 10-7). WGS and PFGE analyses confirmed that the two subpopulations were isogenic, with six SNPs and two small deletions distinguishing the resistant from the susceptible. Both subpopulations possessed a T57S substitution in ParC and carried qnrS. The resistant subpopulation was distinguished by overexpression of acrB and acrF, a deletion within rsxC and altered expression of soxS. The resistant population had a competitive advantage against the parental population when grown in the presence of bile salts but was attenuated in the adhesion and invasion of human intestinal cells. CONCLUSIONS We determined that heteroresistance resulted from a combination of mutations in fluoroquinolone target genes and overexpression of efflux pumps associated with a deletion in rsxC. This study warns that ciprofloxacin heteroresistance exists in Salmonella in the food chain and highlights the necessity for careful interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Zhen Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Min Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin-Lei Lian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Eleftheria Trampari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Nicholas M Thomson
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Huan-Zhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hong-Xia Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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24
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Liu Y, Yu J, Wang M, Zeng Q, Fu X, Chang Z. A high-throughput genetically directed protein crosslinking analysis reveals the physiological relevance of the ATP synthase 'inserted' state. FEBS J 2021; 288:2989-3009. [PMID: 33128817 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ATP synthase, a highly conserved protein complex that has a subunit composition of α3 β3 γδεab2 c8-15 for the bacterial enzyme, is a key player in supplying energy to living organisms. This protein complex consists of a peripheral F1 sector (α3 β3 γδε) and a membrane-integrated Fo sector (ab2 c8-15 ). Structural analyses of the isolated protein components revealed that, remarkably, the C-terminal domain of its ε-subunit seems to adopt two dramatically different structures, but the physiological relevance of this conformational change remains largely unknown. In an attempt to decipher this, we developed a high-throughput in vivo protein photo-cross-linking analysis pipeline based on the introduction of the unnatural amino acid into the target protein via the scarless genome-targeted site-directed mutagenesis technique, and probing the cross-linked products via the high-throughput polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique. Employing this pipeline, we examined the interactions involving the C-terminal helix of the ε-subunit in cells living under a variety of experimental conditions. These studies enabled us to uncover that the bacterial ATP synthase exists as an equilibrium between the 'inserted' and 'noninserted' state in cells, maintaining a moderate but significant level of net ATP synthesis when shifting to the former upon exposing to unfavorable energetically stressful conditions. Such a mechanism allows the bacterial ATP synthases to proportionally and instantly switch between two reversible functional states in responding to changing environmental conditions. Importantly, this high-throughput approach could allow us to decipher the physiological relevance of protein-protein interactions identified under in vitro conditions or to unveil novel physiological context-dependent protein-protein interactions that are unknown before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengyi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Center for Protein Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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25
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Kowarik M, Wetter M, Haeuptle MA, Braun M, Steffen M, Kemmler S, Ravenscroft N, De Benedetto G, Zuppiger M, Sirena D, Cescutti P, Wacker M. The development and characterization of an E. coli O25B bioconjugate vaccine. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:421-435. [PMID: 33730261 PMCID: PMC8260533 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) cause a wide range of clinical diseases such as bacteremia and urinary tract infections. The increase of multidrug resistant ExPEC strains is becoming a major concern for the treatment of these infections and E. coli has been identified as a critical priority pathogen by the WHO. Therefore, the development of vaccines has become increasingly important, with the surface lipopolysaccharide constituting a promising vaccine target. This study presents genetic and structural analysis of clinical urine isolates from Switzerland belonging to the serotype O25. Approximately 75% of these isolates were shown to correspond to the substructure O25B only recently described in an emerging clone of E. coli sequence type 131. To address the high occurrence of O25B in clinical isolates, an O25B glycoconjugate vaccine was prepared using an E. coli glycosylation system. The O antigen cluster was integrated into the genome of E. coli W3110, thereby generating an E. coli strain able to synthesize the O25B polysaccharide on a carrier lipid. The polysaccharide was enzymatically conjugated to specific asparagine side chains of the carrier protein exotoxin A (EPA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the PglB oligosaccharyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni. Detailed characterization of the O25B-EPA conjugate by use of physicochemical methods including NMR and GC-MS confirmed the O25B polysaccharide structure in the conjugate, opening up the possibility to develop a multivalent E. coli conjugate vaccine containing O25B-EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kowarik
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland. .,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Wetter
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Micha A Haeuptle
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Molecular Partners AG, Wagistrasse 14, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Martin Braun
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michael Steffen
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kemmler
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Numab Therapeutics AG, Einsiedlerstrasse 34, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Gianluigi De Benedetto
- Dip. di Scienze della Vita, University di Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Matthias Zuppiger
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Sirena
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,LimmaTech Biologics AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,GlycoEra AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Dip. di Scienze della Vita, University di Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael Wacker
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Wacker Biotech Consulting AG, Heuelstrasse 22, 8800, Thalwil, Switzerland
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26
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Campellone KG, Coulter AM. Lambda Red-Mediated Recombination in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:145-62. [PMID: 33704752 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The bacteriophage Lambda (λ) "Red" recombination system has enabled the development of efficient methods for engineering bacterial chromosomes. This system has been particularly important to the field of bacterial pathogenesis, where it has advanced the study of virulence factors from Shiga toxin-producing and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (STEC and EPEC). Transient plasmid-driven expression of Lambda Red allows homologous recombination between PCR-derived linear DNA substrates and target loci in the STEC/EPEC chromosomes. Red-associated techniques can be used to create individual gene knockouts, generate deletions of large pathogenicity islands, and make markerless allelic exchanges. This chapter describes specific strategies and procedures for performing Lambda Red-mediated genome engineering in STEC.
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27
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Icke C, Hodges FJ, Pullela K, McKeand SA, Bryant JA, Cunningham AF, Cole JA, Henderson IR. Glycine acylation and trafficking of a new class of bacterial lipoprotein by a composite secretion system. eLife 2021; 10:63762. [PMID: 33625358 PMCID: PMC7943197 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein acylation is critical for many cellular functions across all domains of life. In bacteria, lipoproteins have important roles in virulence and are targets for the development of antimicrobials and vaccines. Bacterial lipoproteins are secreted from the cytosol via the Sec pathway and acylated on an N-terminal cysteine residue through the action of three enzymes. In Gram-negative bacteria, the Lol pathway transports lipoproteins to the outer membrane. Here, we demonstrate that the Aat secretion system is a composite system sharing similarity with elements of a type I secretion systems and the Lol pathway. During secretion, the AatD subunit acylates the substrate CexE on a highly conserved N-terminal glycine residue. Mutations disrupting glycine acylation interfere with membrane incorporation and trafficking. Our data reveal CexE as the first member of a new class of glycine-acylated lipoprotein, while Aat represents a new secretion system that displays the substrate lipoprotein on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Icke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Freya J Hodges
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karthik Pullela
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff A Cole
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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28
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Thomson NM, Pallen MJ. Restoration of wild-type motility to flagellin-knockout Escherichia coli by varying promoter, copy number and induction strength in plasmid-based expression of flagellin. Curr Res Biotechnol 2021; 2:45-52. [PMID: 33381753 PMCID: PMC7758877 DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin is the major constituent of the flagellar filament and faithful restoration of wild-type motility to flagellin mutants may be beneficial for studies of flagellar biology and biotechnological exploitation of the flagellar system. However, gene complementation studies often fail to report whether true wild-type motility was restored by expressing flagellin from a plasmid. Therefore, we explored the restoration of motility by flagellin expressed from a variety of combinations of promoter, plasmid copy number and induction strength. Motility was only partially (~50%) restored using the tightly regulated rhamnose promoter due to weak flagellin gene expression, but wild-type motility was regained with the T5 promoter, which, although leaky, allowed titration of induction strength. The endogenous E. coli flagellin promoter also restored wild-type motility. However, flagellin gene transcription levels increased 3.1–27.9-fold when wild-type motility was restored, indicating disturbances in the flagellar regulatory mechanisms. Motility was little affected by plasmid copy number when dependent on inducible promoters. However, plasmid copy number was important when expression was controlled by the native E. coli flagellin promoter. Motility was poorly correlated with flagellin transcription levels, but strongly correlated with the amount of flagellin associated with the flagellar filament, suggesting that excess monomers are either not exported or not assembled into filaments. This study provides a useful reference for further studies of flagellar function and a simple blueprint for similar studies with other proteins. Restoration of motility to flagellin-knockout E. coli depends on choice of promoter. Plasmid copy number is important when using the natural flagellin promoter. For inducible promoters, induction strength is more important than copy number. Large increase in flagellin transcription but not flagella-associated protein. Plasmid-based expression interrupts flagellin expression control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Thomson
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Pallen
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom
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29
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Sánchez-Romero MA, Mérida-Floriano Á, Casadesús J. Copy Number Heterogeneity in the Virulence Plasmid of Salmonella enterica. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:599931. [PMID: 33343541 PMCID: PMC7746676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR analysis shows that the virulence plasmid of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (pSLT) is a low-copy-number plasmid, with 1–2 copies per chromosome. However, fluorescence microscopy observation of pSLT labeled with a lacO fluorescent tag reveals cell-to-cell differences in the number of foci, which ranges from 1 to 8. As each focus must correspond to ≥1 plasmid copy, the number of foci can be expected to indicate the minimal number of pSLT copies per cell. A correlation is found between the number of foci and the bacterial cell volume. In contrast, heterogeneity in the number of foci appears to be independent of the cell volume and may have stochastic origin. As a consequence of copy number heterogeneity, expression of a pSLT-bone reporter gene shows high levels of cell-to-cell variation, especially in actively dividing cultures. These observations support the notion that low-copy-number plasmids can be a source of gene expression noise in bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josep Casadesús
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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30
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Thomas GH. Microbial Musings - December 2020. Microbiology (Reading) 2020; 166:1107-1109. [PMID: 33353584 PMCID: PMC7819357 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5YW, UK
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31
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Holden ER, Wickham GJ, Webber MA, Thomson NM, Trampari E. Donor plasmids for phenotypically neutral chromosomal gene insertions in Enterobacteriaceae. Microbiology (Reading) 2020; 166:1115-1120. [PMID: 33226934 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombineering using bacteriophage lambda Red recombinase (λ-Red) uses homologous recombination to manipulate bacterial genomes and is commonly applied to disrupt genes to elucidate their function. This is often followed by the introduction of a wild-type copy of the gene on a plasmid to complement its function. This is often not, however, at a native copy number and the introduction of a chromosomal version of a gene can be a desirable solution to provide wild-type copy expression levels of an allele in trans. Here, we present a simple methodology based on the λ-Red-based 'gene doctoring' technique, where we developed tools used for chromosomal tagging in a conserved locus downstream of glmS and found no impact on a variety of important phenotypes. The tools described provide an easy, quick and inexpensive method of chromosomal modification for the creation of a library of insertion mutants to study gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Holden
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Gregory J Wickham
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Nicholas M Thomson
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Eleftheria Trampari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
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32
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Yang H, Mirsepasi-Lauridsen HC, Struve C, Allaire JM, Sivignon A, Vogl W, Bosman ES, Ma C, Fotovati A, Reid GS, Li X, Petersen AM, Gouin SG, Barnich N, Jacobson K, Yu HB, Krogfelt KA, Vallance BA. Ulcerative Colitis-associated E. coli pathobionts potentiate colitis in susceptible hosts. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1847976. [PMID: 33258388 PMCID: PMC7781664 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1847976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory condition linked to intestinal microbial dysbiosis, including the expansion of E. coli strains related to extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli. These "pathobionts" exhibit pathogenic properties, but their potential to promote UC is unclear due to the lack of relevant animal models. Here, we established a mouse model using a representative UC pathobiont strain (p19A), and mice lacking single immunoglobulin and toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain (SIGIRR), a deficiency increasing susceptibility to gut infections. Strain p19A was found to adhere to the cecal mucosa of Sigirr -/- mice, causing modest inflammation. Moreover, it dramatically worsened dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. This potentiation was attenuated using a p19A strain lacking α-hemolysin genes, or when we targeted pathobiont adherence using a p19A strain lacking the adhesin FimH, or following treatment with FimH antagonists. Thus, UC pathobionts adhere to the intestinal mucosa, and worsen the course of colitis in susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,CONTACT Hong Bing Yu Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Karen
| | - Hengameh Chloé Mirsepasi-Lauridsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Struve
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joannie M. Allaire
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adeline Sivignon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire Microbes Intestin Inflammation Et Susceptibilité De l’Hôte (M2ish), Inserm U1071, M2iSH, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France,INRA, Unité Sous Contrat 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Else S. Bosman
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caixia Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Abbas Fotovati
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregor S. Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andreas Munk Petersen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sébastien G. Gouin
- Université De Nantes, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS 6230, UFR Des Sciences Et Des Techniques, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire Microbes Intestin Inflammation Et Susceptibilité De l’Hôte (M2ish), Inserm U1071, M2iSH, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France,INRA, Unité Sous Contrat 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hong Bing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,CONTACT Hong Bing Yu Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Karen
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark,Angeliki Krogfelt
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Lead Contact,Bruce A. Vallance
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Abstract
Background Gene doctoring is an efficient recombination-based genetic engineering approach to mutagenesis of the bacterial chromosome that combines the λ-Red recombination system with a suicide donor plasmid that is cleaved in vivo to generate linear DNA fragments suitable for recombination. The use of a suicide donor plasmid makes Gene Doctoring more efficient than other recombineering technologies. However, generation of donor plasmids typically requires multiple cloning and screening steps. Results We constructed a simplified acceptor plasmid, called pDOC-GG, for the assembly of multiple DNA fragments precisely and simultaneously to form a donor plasmid using Golden Gate assembly. Successful constructs can easily be identified through blue-white screening. We demonstrated proof of principle by inserting a gene for green fluorescent protein into the chromosome of Escherichia coli. We also provided related genetic parts to assist in the construction of mutagenesis cassettes with a tetracycline-selectable marker. Conclusions Our plasmid greatly simplifies the construction of Gene Doctoring donor plasmids and allows for the assembly of complex, multi-part insertion or deletion cassettes with a free choice of target sites and selection markers. The tools we developed are applicable to gene editing for a wide variety of purposes in Enterobacteriaceae and potentially in other diverse bacterial families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Thomson
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Chuanzhen Zhang
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Eleftheria Trampari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Mark J Pallen
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UQ, UK. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TU, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK.
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34
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Loiko N, Danilova Y, Moiseenko A, Kovalenko V, Tereshkina K, Tutukina M, El-Registan G, Sokolova O, Krupyanskii Y. Morphological peculiarities of the DNA-protein complexes in starved Escherichia coli cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231562. [PMID: 33006967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the adaptive strategies for the constantly changing conditions of the environment utilized in bacterial cells involves the condensation of DNA in complex with the DNA-binding protein, Dps. With the use of electron microscopy and electron tomography, we observed several morphologically different types of DNA condensation in dormant Escherichia coli cells, namely: nanocrystalline, liquid crystalline, and the folded nucleosome-like. We confirmed the presence of both Dps and DNA in all of the ordered structures using EDX analysis. The comparison of EDX spectra obtained for the three different ordered structures revealed that in nanocrystalline formation the majority of the Dps protein is tightly bound to nucleoid DNA. The dps-null cells contained only one type of condensed DNA structure, liquid crystalline, thus, differing from those with Dps. The results obtained here shed some light on the phenomenon of DNA condensation in dormant prokaryotic cells and on the general problem of developing a response to stress. We demonstrated that the population of dormant cells is structurally heterogeneous, allowing them to respond flexibly to environmental changes. It increases the ability of the whole bacterial population to survive under extreme stress conditions.
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35
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Fels U, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. Bacterial Genetic Engineering by Means of Recombineering for Reverse Genetics. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:548410. [PMID: 33013782 PMCID: PMC7516269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.548410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serving a robust platform for reverse genetics enabling the in vivo study of gene functions primarily in enterobacteriaceae, recombineering -or recombination-mediated genetic engineering-represents a powerful and relative straightforward genetic engineering tool. Catalyzed by components of bacteriophage-encoded homologous recombination systems and only requiring short ∼40–50 base homologies, the targeted and precise introduction of modifications (e.g., deletions, knockouts, insertions and point mutations) into the chromosome and other episomal replicons is empowered. Furthermore, by its ability to make use of both double- and single-stranded linear DNA editing substrates (e.g., PCR products or oligonucleotides, respectively), lengthy subcloning of specific DNA sequences is circumvented. Further, the more recent implementation of CRISPR-associated endonucleases has allowed for more efficient screening of successful recombinants by the selective purging of non-edited cells, as well as the creation of markerless and scarless mutants. In this review we discuss various recombineering strategies to promote different types of gene modifications, how they are best applied, and their possible pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Fels
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Mageeney CM, Sinha A, Mosesso RA, Medlin DL, Lau BY, Rokes AB, Lane TW, Branda SS, Williams KP. Computational Basis for On-Demand Production of Diversified Therapeutic Phage Cocktails. mSystems 2020; 5:e00659-20. [PMID: 32788409 DOI: 10.1128/mSystems.00659-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic resistance crisis has led to renewed interest in phage therapy as an alternative means of treating infection. However, conventional methods for isolating pathogen-specific phage are slow, labor-intensive, and frequently unsuccessful. We have demonstrated that computationally identified prophages carried by near-neighbor bacteria can serve as starting material for production of engineered phages that kill the target pathogen. Our approach and technology platform offer new opportunity for rapid development of phage therapies against most, if not all, bacterial pathogens, a foundational advance for use of phage in treating infectious disease. New therapies are necessary to combat increasingly antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. We have developed a technology platform of computational, molecular biology, and microbiology tools which together enable on-demand production of phages that target virtually any given bacterial isolate. Two complementary computational tools that identify and precisely map prophages and other integrative genetic elements in bacterial genomes are used to identify prophage-laden bacteria that are close relatives of the target strain. Phage genomes are engineered to disable lysogeny, through use of long amplicon PCR and Gibson assembly. Finally, the engineered phage genomes are introduced into host bacteria for phage production. As an initial demonstration, we used this approach to produce a phage cocktail against the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Two prophage-laden P. aeruginosa strains closely related to PAO1 were identified, ATCC 39324 and ATCC 27853. Deep sequencing revealed that mitomycin C treatment of these strains induced seven phages that grow on P. aeruginosa PAO1. The most diverse five phages were engineered for nonlysogeny by deleting the integrase gene (int), which is readily identifiable and typically conveniently located at one end of the prophage. The Δint phages, individually and in cocktails, killed P. aeruginosa PAO1 in liquid culture as well as in a waxworm (Galleria mellonella) model of infection. IMPORTANCE The antibiotic resistance crisis has led to renewed interest in phage therapy as an alternative means of treating infection. However, conventional methods for isolating pathogen-specific phage are slow, labor-intensive, and frequently unsuccessful. We have demonstrated that computationally identified prophages carried by near-neighbor bacteria can serve as starting material for production of engineered phages that kill the target pathogen. Our approach and technology platform offer new opportunity for rapid development of phage therapies against most, if not all, bacterial pathogens, a foundational advance for use of phage in treating infectious disease.
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Jin F. The transmembrane supercomplex mediating the biogenesis of OMPs in Gram-negative bacteria assumes a circular conformational change upon activation. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1698-1715. [PMID: 32602996 PMCID: PMC7396438 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is composed of the inner (plasma) and the outer membrane. In the outer membrane, the outer membrane β-barrel proteins (OMPs) serve multiple functions. They are synthesized in the cytoplasm and finally inserted into the outer membrane through a critical and complex pathway facilitated by many protein factors. Recently, a new model for the biogenesis of OMPs in Gram-negative bacteria was proposed, in which a supercomplex containing multiple proteins spans the inner and outer membrane, to mediate the biogenesis of OMPs. The core part of the transmembrane supercomplex is the inner membrane protein translocon and the outer membrane β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex. Some components of the supercomplex, such as the BamA subunit of the BAM complex, are essential and conserved across species. The other components, for example, the BamB subunit and the primary periplasmic chaperone SurA, are also required for the supercomplex to gain complete function and full efficiency. How BamB and SurA behave in the supercomplex, however, is less well understood. Therefore, the crosstalk between BamA, BamB and SurA was investigated mainly through in vivo protein photo-cross-linking experiments and protein modeling. Moreover, theoretical structures for part of the supercomplex consisting of SurA and the BAM complex were constructed. The modeling data are consistent with the experimental results. The theoretical structures computed in this work provide a more comprehensive view of the mechanism of the supercomplex, demonstrating a circular conformational change of the supercomplex when it is active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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38
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Figaj D, Czaplewska P, Przepióra T, Ambroziak P, Potrykus M, Skorko-Glonek J. Lon Protease Is Important for Growth Under Stressful Conditions and Pathogenicity of the Phytopathogen, Bacterium Dickeya solani. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3687. [PMID: 32456249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lon protein is a protease implicated in the virulence of many pathogenic bacteria, including some plant pathogens. However, little is known about the role of Lon in bacteria from genus Dickeya. This group of bacteria includes important potato pathogens, with the most aggressive species, D. solani. To determine the importance of Lon for pathogenicity and response to stress conditions of bacteria, we constructed a D. solani Δlon strain. The mutant bacteria showed increased sensitivity to certain stress conditions, in particular osmotic and high-temperature stresses. Furthermore, qPCR analysis showed an increased expression of the lon gene in D. solani under these conditions. The deletion of the lon gene resulted in decreased motility, lower activity of secreted pectinolytic enzymes and finally delayed onset of blackleg symptoms in the potato plants. In the Δlon cells, the altered levels of several proteins, including virulence factors and proteins associated with virulence, were detected by means of Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) analysis. These included components of the type III secretion system and proteins involved in bacterial motility. Our results indicate that Lon protease is important for D. solani to withstand stressful conditions and effectively invade the potato plant.
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Warman EA, Singh SS, Gubieda AG, Grainger DC. A non-canonical promoter element drives spurious transcription of horizontally acquired bacterial genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4891-4901. [PMID: 32297955 PMCID: PMC7229825 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerases initiate transcription at DNA sequences called promoters. In bacteria, the best conserved promoter feature is the AT-rich -10 element; a sequence essential for DNA unwinding. Further elements, and gene regulatory proteins, are needed to recruit RNA polymerase to the -10 sequence. Hence, -10 elements cannot function in isolation. Many horizontally acquired genes also have a high AT-content. Consequently, sequences that resemble the -10 element occur frequently. As a result, foreign genes are predisposed to spurious transcription. However, it is not clear how RNA polymerase initially recognizes such sequences. Here, we identify a non-canonical promoter element that plays a key role. The sequence, itself a short AT-tract, resides 5 base pairs upstream of otherwise cryptic -10 elements. The AT-tract alters DNA conformation and enhances contacts between the DNA backbone and RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Warman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Shivani S Singh
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alicia G Gubieda
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David C Grainger
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Sirisaengtaksin N, Odem MA, Bosserman RE, Flores EM, Krachler AM. The E. coli transcription factor GrlA is regulated by subcellular compartmentalization and activated in response to mechanical stimuli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9519-28. [PMID: 32277032 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917500117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a foodborne pathogen that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and has evolved intricate mechanisms to sense and respond to the host environment. Upon the sensation of chemical and physical cues specific to the host's intestinal environment, locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded virulence genes are activated and promote intestinal colonization. The LEE transcriptional activator GrlA mediates EHEC's response to mechanical cues characteristic of the intestinal niche, including adhesive force that results from bacterial adherence to epithelial cells and fluid shear that results from intestinal motility and transit. GrlA expression and release from its inhibitor GrlR was not sufficient to induce virulence gene transcription; mechanical stimuli were required for GrlA activation. The exact mechanism of GrlA activation, however, remained unknown. We isolated GrlA mutants that activate LEE transcription, independent of applied mechanical stimuli. In nonstimulated EHEC, wild-type GrlA associates with cardiolipin membrane domains via a patch of basic C-terminal residues, and this membrane sequestration is disrupted in EHEC that expresses constitutively active GrlA mutants. GrlA transitions from an inactive, membrane-associated state and relocalizes to the cytoplasm in response to mechanical stimuli, allowing GrlA to bind and activate the LEE1 promoter. GrlA expression and its relocalization in response to mechanical stimuli are required for optimal virulence regulation and colonization of the host intestinal tract during infection. These data suggest a posttranslational regulatory mechanism of the mechanosensor GrlA, whereby virulence gene expression can be rapidly fine-tuned in response to the highly dynamic spatiotemporal mechanical profile of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Szczepaniak J, Holmes P, Rajasekar K, Kaminska R, Samsudin F, Inns PG, Rassam P, Khalid S, Murray SM, Redfield C, Kleanthous C. The lipoprotein Pal stabilises the bacterial outer membrane during constriction by a mobilisation-and-capture mechanism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1305. [PMID: 32161270 PMCID: PMC7066135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of outer membrane constriction with septation is critical to faithful division in Gram-negative bacteria and vital to the barrier function of the membrane. This coordination requires the recruitment of the peptidoglycan-binding outer-membrane lipoprotein Pal at division sites by the Tol system. Here, we show that Pal accumulation at Escherichia coli division sites is a consequence of three key functions of the Tol system. First, Tol mobilises Pal molecules in dividing cells, which otherwise diffuse very slowly due to their binding of the cell wall. Second, Tol actively captures mobilised Pal molecules and deposits them at the division septum. Third, the active capture mechanism is analogous to that used by the inner membrane protein TonB to dislodge the plug domains of outer membrane TonB-dependent nutrient transporters. We conclude that outer membrane constriction is coordinated with cell division by active mobilisation-and-capture of Pal at division septa by the Tol system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Holmes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Karthik Rajasekar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Evotec SE, 112-114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Renata Kaminska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Firdaus Samsudin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Patrice Rassam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologie, UMR 7021, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de pharmacie, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Syma Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Seán M Murray
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 16, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Colin Kleanthous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Abstract
Group D and group B Salmonella enterica serovars differ in their susceptibility to colistin with the former frequently intrinsically resistant (MIC > 2 μg/ml); however, the mechanism has not been described. Here, we show that the O-antigen epitope in group D Salmonella governs the levels of colistin susceptibility. Substitution of the rfbJ gene in a group B Salmonella with the rfbSE genes from a group D Salmonella conferred a decrease in susceptibility to colistin. The presence of dideoxyhexose, abequose, and the deoxymannose, tyvelose, differentiate the Salmonella group B and group D O antigens, respectively. We hypothesize that the subtle difference between abequose and tyvelose hinders the colistin molecule from reaching its target. Whole-genome sequencing also revealed that increased colistin susceptibility in a group D Salmonella veterinary isolate was due to a defect in the O-antigen polymerase protein, Rfc. This study shows that two different mechanisms that influence the presence and composition of O antigens affect colistin susceptibility in Salmonella entericaIMPORTANCE Some serovars of Salmonella, namely, those belonging to group D, appear to show a degree of intrinsic resistance to colistin. This observed intrinsic colistin resistance is of concern since this last-resort drug might no longer be effective for treating severe human infections with the most common Salmonella serovar, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Here, we show that the O-antigen epitope in group D Salmonella governs the levels of colistin susceptibility. Using whole-genome sequencing, we also revealed that increased colistin susceptibility in a group D Salmonella veterinary isolate was due to a defect in the O-antigen polymerase protein, Rfc. In summary, we show that two different mechanisms that influence the presence and composition of O antigens affect colistin susceptibility in Salmonella enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Ricci
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dexian Zhang
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher Teale
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kettles RA, Tschowri N, Lyons KJ, Sharma P, Hengge R, Webber MA, Grainger DC. The Escherichia coli MarA protein regulates the ycgZ-ymgABC operon to inhibit biofilm formation. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1609-1625. [PMID: 31518447 PMCID: PMC6900184 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli marRAB operon is a paradigm for chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance. The operon exerts its effect via an encoded transcription factor called MarA that modulates efflux pump and porin expression. In this work, we show that MarA is also a regulator of biofilm formation. Control is mediated by binding of MarA to the intergenic region upstream of the ycgZ-ymgABC operon. The operon, known to influence the formation of curli fibres and colanic acid, is usually expressed during periods of starvation. Hence, the ycgZ-ymgABC promoter is recognised by σ38 (RpoS)-associated RNA polymerase (RNAP). Surprisingly, MarA does not influence σ38 -dependent transcription. Instead, MarA drives transcription by the housekeeping σ70 -associated RNAP. The effects of MarA on ycgZ-ymgABC expression are coupled with biofilm formation by the rcsCDB phosphorelay system, with YcgZ, YmgA and YmgB forming a complex that directly interacts with the histidine kinase domain of RcsC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Kettles
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Natalia Tschowri
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin J Lyons
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Prateek Sharma
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Regine Hengge
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - David C Grainger
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Feng N, Guan W. Expression fusion immunogen by live attenuated Escherichia coli against enterotoxins infection in mice. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:946-961. [PMID: 31210426 PMCID: PMC6680629 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous epidemiological studies have shown that enterotoxins from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) appear to be the most important causes of neonatal piglet and porcine post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). Thus, it is necessary to develop an effective vaccine against ETEC infection. In the present study, the Kil cassette was inserted into the pseudogene yaiT by homologous recombination to create an attenuated E. coli double selection platform O142(yaiT-Kil). After that, PRPL-Kil was replaced with a fusion gene (LTA1-STa13 -STb-LTA2-LTB-STa13 -STb) to establish oral vaccines O142(yaiT::LTA1-STa13 -STb-LTA2-LTB-STa13 -STb) (ER-T). Subsequently, BALB/c mice were orally immunized with ER-T. Results showed that serum IgG and faecal sIgA responded against all ETEC enterotoxins and induced F41 antibody in BALB/c mice by orogastrically inoculation with recombinant E. coli ER-T. Moreover, the determination of cellular immune response demonstrated that the stimulation index (SI) was significantly higher in immunized mice than in control mice, and a clear trend in the helper T-cell (Th) response was Th2-cell (IL-4) exceed Th1-cell (IFN-γ).Our results indicated that recombinant E. coli ER-T provides effective protection against ETEC infection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Diarrhea/microbiology
- Diarrhea/prevention & control
- Diarrhea/veterinary
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli/immunology
- Enterotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enterotoxins/genetics
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Escherichia coli Infections/prevention & control
- Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary
- Escherichia coli Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Escherichia coli Vaccines/immunology
- Feces/chemistry
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/microbiology
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Feng
- College of Life Science and Resource EnvironmentYichun UniversityYichunChina
| | - Weikun Guan
- College of Life Science and Resource EnvironmentYichun UniversityYichunChina
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45
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Cooke K, Browning DF, Lee DJ, Blair JMA, McNeill HE, Huber D, Busby SJW, Bryant JA. Position effects on promoter activity in Escherichia coli and their consequences for antibiotic-resistance determinants. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:839-45. [PMID: 31189732 DOI: 10.1042/BST20180503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The activity of any bacterial promoter is generally supposed to be set by its base sequence and the different transcription factors that bind in the local vicinity. Here, we review recent data indicating that the activity of the Escherichia coli lac operon promoter also depends upon its chromosomal location. Factors that affect promoter activity include the binding of nucleoid-associated proteins to neighbouring sequences, supercoiling and the activity of neighbouring promoters. We suggest that many bacterial promoters might be susceptible to similar position-dependent effects and we review recent data showing that the expression of mobile genes encoding antibiotic-resistance determinants is also location-dependent, both when carried on a bacterial chromosome or a conjugative plasmid.
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Neil K, Allard N, Jordan D, Rodrigue S. Assembly of large mobilizable genetic cargo by double recombinase operated insertion of DNA (DROID). Plasmid 2019; 104:102419. [PMID: 31247227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2019.102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is an important need to develop new therapeutic tools to modulate the gene content of microbiomes. A potential strategy for microbiome engineering relies on the delivery of genetic payloads by conjugative plasmids. Yet, the introduction of large DNA molecules in conjugative plasmids can be challenging. Here, we describe the Double Recombinase Operated Insertion of DNA (DROID), an efficient method to assemble large DNA molecules without introducing antibiotic resistance genes or other unwanted sequences in the final construct. We exemplify this method by demonstrating that the Bxb1 integrase and FLP recombinase can be used successively to stably insert a relatively large DNA cargo consisting of a CRISPR-Cas9 system in a conjugative plasmid. We further show that the resulting CRISPR-Cas9 mobilization system was able to cure a multi-copy antibiotic resistance plasmid in a target bacterium. In addition to its utility for DNA payload integration in conjugative plasmids, the DROID method could readily be adapted to a multitude of other applications that require the manipulation of large DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Neil
- Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Nancy Allard
- Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - David Jordan
- Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
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47
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Ellis SJ, Yasir M, Browning DF, Busby SJW, Schüller S. Oxygen and contact with human intestinal epithelium independently stimulate virulence gene expression in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13012. [PMID: 30673154 PMCID: PMC6563437 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) are important intestinal pathogens causing acute and persistent diarrhoeal illness worldwide. Although many putative EAEC virulence factors have been identified, their association with pathogenesis remains unclear. As environmental cues can modulate bacterial virulence, we investigated the effect of oxygen and human intestinal epithelium on EAEC virulence gene expression to determine the involvement of respective gene products in intestinal colonisation and pathogenesis. Using in vitro organ culture of human intestinal biopsies, we established the colonic epithelium as the major colonisation site of EAEC strains 042 and 17‐2. We subsequently optimised a vertical diffusion chamber system with polarised T84 colon carcinoma cells for EAEC infection and showed that oxygen induced expression of the global regulator AggR, aggregative adherence fimbriae, E. coli common pilus, EAST‐1 toxin, and dispersin in EAEC strain 042 but not in 17‐2. Furthermore, the presence of T84 epithelia stimulated additional expression of the mucinase Pic and the toxins HlyE and Pet. This induction was dependent on physical host cell contact and did not require AggR. Overall, these findings suggest that EAEC virulence in the human gut is modulated by environmental signals including oxygen and the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Ellis
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Douglas F Browning
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen J W Busby
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
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Yu J, Liu Y, Yin H, Chang Z. Regrowth-delay body as a bacterial subcellular structure marking multidrug-tolerant persisters. Cell Discov 2019; 5:8. [PMID: 30675381 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-019-0080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have long been recognized to be capable of entering a phenotypically non-growing persister state, in which the cells exhibit an extended regrowth lag and a multidrug tolerance, thus posing a great challenge in treating infectious diseases. Owing to their non-inheritability, low abundance of existence, lack of metabolic activities, and high heterogeneity, properties of persisters remain poorly understood. Here, we report our accidental discovery of a subcellular structure that we term the regrowth-delay body, which is formed only in non-growing bacterial cells and sequesters multiple key proteins. This structure, that dissolves when the cell resumes growth, is able to be viewed as a marker of persisters. Our studies also indicate that persisters exhibit different depth of persistence, as determined by the status of their regrowth-delay bodies. Our findings imply that suppressing the formation and/or promoting the dissolution of regrowth-delay bodies could be viable strategies for eradicating persisters.
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49
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Switzer A, Evangelopoulos D, Figueira R, de Carvalho LPS, Brown DR, Wigneshweraraj S. A novel regulatory factor affecting the transcription of methionine biosynthesis genes in Escherichia coli experiencing sustained nitrogen starvation. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:1457-1470. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Switzer
- 1MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dimitrios Evangelopoulos
- 2Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rita Figueira
- 1MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Luiz Pedro S. de Carvalho
- 2Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Daniel R. Brown
- 1MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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50
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Sánchez-Romero MA, Casadesús J. Contribution of SPI-1 bistability to Salmonella enterica cooperative virulence: insights from single cell analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14875. [PMID: 30291285 PMCID: PMC6173691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) is a gene cluster that encodes a type III secretion system and effectors involved in epithelial cell invasion. SPI-1 undergoes bistable expression, with concomitant formation of SPI-1ON and SPI-1OFF lineages. This study describes single cell analysis of SP1-1 bistability and epithelial cell invasion, and reports the unsuspected observation that optimal invasion of epithelial cells requires the presence of both SPI-1ON and SPI-1OFF subpopulations. The contribution of SPI-1OFF cells to optimal invasion may rely on their ability to invade epithelial cells if a SPI-1ON subpopulation is present. In fact, Salmonella SPI-1 mutants are also able to invade epithelial cells in the presence of SPI-1ONSalmonellae, a phenomenon described in the 1990’s by Galán and co-workers. Invasion by SPI-1OFF cells does not seem to involve a diffusible factor. A small number of SPI-1ON cells is sufficient to endow the bacterial population with invasion capacity, a feature that may permit host colonization regardless of the bottlenecks encountered by Salmonella populations inside animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Casadesús
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
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