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Kim HJ, Kim YH. Molecular Frontiers in Melanoma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2984. [PMID: 38474231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, is characterized by rapid progression and high mortality. Recent advances in molecular pathogenesis have shed light on genetic and epigenetic changes that drive melanoma development. This review provides an overview of these developments, focusing on molecular mechanisms in melanoma genesis. It highlights how mutations, particularly in the BRAF, NRAS, c-KIT, and GNAQ/GNA11 genes, affect critical signaling pathways. The evolution of diagnostic techniques, such as genomics, transcriptomics, liquid biopsies, and molecular biomarkers for early detection and prognosis, is also discussed. The therapeutic landscape has transformed with targeted therapies and immunotherapies, improving patient outcomes. This paper examines the efficacy, challenges, and prospects of these treatments, including recent clinical trials and emerging strategies. The potential of novel treatment strategies, including neoantigen vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, microbiome interactions, and nanoparticle-based combination therapy, is explored. These advances emphasize the challenges of therapy resistance and the importance of personalized medicine. This review underlines the necessity for evidence-based therapy selection in managing the increasing global incidence of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, International St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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2
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Haugh AM, Daud AI. Current Role and Status for Intratumoral Injection Therapies in Metastatic Melanoma. Cancer J 2024; 30:108-112. [PMID: 38527264 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Intratumoral therapies represent a unique avenue for drug development in melanoma as patients often have accessible lesions that are particularly amenable to these approaches. In addition, a majority of intratumoral therapies have focused on stimulating antitumor immune responses, making them a particularly attractive option for use in melanoma. In this review, we describe applications for talimogene laherparepvec, a US Food and Drug Administration-approved intratumoral therapy in melanoma, as well as several classes of intratumoral therapies in development including novel oncolytic viruses, mRNA-based intratumoral injections, and cytokines and other signaling molecules.
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Vieira GDS, Kimura TDC, Scarini JF, de Lima-Souza RA, Lavareze L, Emerick C, Gonçalves MT, Damas II, Figueiredo-Maciel T, Sales de Sá R, Aquino IG, Gonçalves de Paiva JP, Fernandes PM, Gonçalves MWA, Kowalski LP, Altemani A, Fillmore GC, Mariano FV, Egal ESA. Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors in head and neck cancers: Recent advances and therapeutic challenges. Cytokine 2024; 173:156417. [PMID: 37944421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are key cytokines responsible for the production, maturation, and mobilization of the granulocytic and macrophage lineages from the bone marrow, which have been gaining attention for playing pro- and/or anti-tumorigenic roles in cancer. Head and neck cancers (HNCs) represent a group of heterogeneous neoplasms with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Treatment for HNCs is still limited even with the advancements in cancer immunotherapy. Novel treatments for patients with recurrent and metastatic HNCs are urgently needed. This article provides an in-depth review of the role of hematopoietic cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and interleukin-3 (IL-3; also known as multi-CSF) in the HNCs tumor microenvironment. We have reviewed current results from clinical trials using CSFs as adjuvant therapy to treat HNCs patients, and also clinical findings reported to date on the therapeutic application of CSFs toxicities arising from chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de Souza Vieira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita de Carvalho Kimura
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Figueira Scarini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reydson Alcides de Lima-Souza
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lavareze
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Emerick
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara Trevizol Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Iara Damas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayná Figueiredo-Maciel
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raisa Sales de Sá
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iara Gonçalves Aquino
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Gonçalves de Paiva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Fernandes
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moisés Willian Aparecido Gonçalves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gary Chris Fillmore
- Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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Chen L, Zuo M, Zhou Q, Wang Y. Oncolytic virotherapy in cancer treatment: challenges and optimization prospects. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308890. [PMID: 38169820 PMCID: PMC10758479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging cancer therapeutics that offer a multifaceted therapeutic platform for the benefits of replicating and lysing tumor cells, being engineered to express transgenes, modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), and having a tolerable safety profile that does not overlap with other cancer therapeutics. The mechanism of OVs combined with other antitumor agents is based on immune-mediated attack resistance and might benefit patients who fail to achieve durable responses after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. In this Review, we summarize data on the OV mechanism and limitations of monotherapy, which are currently in the process of combination partner development, especially with ICIs. We discuss some of the hurdles that have limited the preclinical and clinical development of OVs. We also describe the available data and provide guidance for optimizing OVs in clinical practice, as well as a summary of approved and promising novel OVs with clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Chen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengsi Zuo
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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Menotti L, Vannini A. Oncolytic Viruses in the Era of Omics, Computational Technologies, and Modeling: Thesis, Antithesis, and Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17378. [PMID: 38139207 PMCID: PMC10743452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are the frontier therapy for refractory cancers, especially in integration with immunomodulation strategies. In cancer immunovirotherapy, the many available "omics" and systems biology technologies generate at a fast pace a challenging huge amount of data, where apparently clashing information mirrors the complexity of individual clinical situations and OV used. In this review, we present and discuss how currently big data analysis, on one hand and, on the other, simulation, modeling, and computational technologies, provide invaluable support to interpret and integrate "omic" information and drive novel synthetic biology and personalized OV engineering approaches for effective immunovirotherapy. Altogether, these tools, possibly aided in the future by artificial intelligence as well, will allow for the blending of the information into OV recombinants able to achieve tumor clearance in a patient-tailored way. Various endeavors to the envisioned "synthesis" of turning OVs into personalized theranostic agents are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Menotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Wang C, Lu N, Yan L, Li Y. The efficacy and safety assessment of oncolytic virotherapies in the treatment of advanced melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Virol J 2023; 20:252. [PMID: 37919738 PMCID: PMC10623758 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of oncolytic virotherapies in the treatment of advanced melanoma still remains controversal. It is necessary to conduct quantitative evaluation on the basis of preclinical trial reports. METHODS Publicly available databases (PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane Library.) and register (Clinicaltrials.gov) were searched to collect treatment outcomes of oncolytic virotherapies (including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21), adenovirus, poxvirus and reovirus) for advanced/unresectable melanoma. Comparisons of treatment response, adverse events (AEs) and survival analyses for different virotherapies were performed by R software based on the extracted data from eligible studies. RESULTS Finally, thirty-four eligible studies were analysed and HSV virotherapy had the highest average complete response (CR, 24.8%) and HSV had a slightly higher average overall response rate (ORR) than CVA21 (43.8% vs 42.6%). In the pooled results of comparing talimogene laherparepve (T-VEC) with or without GM-CSF/ICIs (immune checkpoint inhibitors) to GM-CSF/ICIs monotherapy suggested virotherapy was more efficient in subgroups CR (RR = 1.80, 95% CI [1.30; 2.51], P < 0.01), ORR (RR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.02; 1.34], P < 0.05), and DCR (RR = 1.27, 95% CI [1.15; 1.40], P < 0.01). In patients treated with T-VEC+ICIs, 2-year overall survival (12.1 ± 6.9 months) and progression-free survival (9.9 ± 6.9) were significantly longer than those treated with T-VEC alone. Furthermore, we found that AEs occurred frequently in virotherapy but decreased in a large cohort of enrolled patients, some of which, such as abdominal distension/pain, injection site pain and pruritus, were found to be positively associated with disease progression in patients treated with T-VEC monotherapy. CONCLUSION Given the relative safety and tolerability of oncolytic viruses, and the lack of reports of dose-limiting-dependent toxicities, more patients treated with T-VEC with or without ICIs should be added to future assessment analyses. There is still a long way to go before it can be used as a first-line therapy for patients with advanced or unresectable melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), NO.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nanxiao Lu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), NO.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), NO.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), NO.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China.
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7
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Heimberger AB, Tripathi S, Platanias LC. Targeting Cytokines and Their Pathways for the Treatment of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5224. [PMID: 37958397 PMCID: PMC10649760 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue focuses on the evolving role of immune modulatory cytokines, from their initial use as monotherapeutic recombinant proteins to their more contemporaneous use as modifiers for adoptive cellular immunotherapy [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Shashwat Tripathi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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8
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Onnockx S, Baldo A, Pauwels K. Oncolytic Viruses: An Inventory of Shedding Data from Clinical Trials and Elements for the Environmental Risk Assessment. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1448. [PMID: 37766125 PMCID: PMC10535390 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuated and/or genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OV) gain increasing interest as a promising approach for cancer therapy. Beside the assessment of subject safety, quality and efficacy aspects of medicinal products for human use, genetically modified viruses are also governed by EU regulatory frameworks requiring an environmental risk assessment (ERA). An important element to be assessed as part of the ERA is the incidence of exposure to OV of individuals, other than the trial subjects, and the environment. The evidence-based evaluation of shedding data is considered to be decisive in that context, as it may impact the OV capacity to be transmitted. This is particularly true for OV still able to (conditionally) replicate as opposed to replication-defective viral vectors commonly used in gene therapy or vaccination. To our knowledge, this article presents the most extensive and up-to-date review of shedding data reported with OV employed in clinics. Besides the identification of a topical need for improving the collection of shedding data, this article aims at providing an aid to the design of an appropriate shedding study, thereby relying on and further complementing principles described in existing guidelines issued by European and international institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Onnockx
- Sciensano, Service Biosafety and Biotechnology, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.B.); (K.P.)
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Abstract
The host immune system possesses an intrinsic ability to target and kill cancer cells in a specific and adaptable manner that can be further enhanced by cancer immunotherapy, which aims to train the immune system to boost the antitumor immune response. Several different categories of cancer immunotherapy have emerged as new standard cancer therapies in the clinic, including cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T cell therapy, and oncolytic virus therapy. Despite the remarkable survival benefit for a subset of patients, the low response rate and immunotoxicity remain the major challenges for current cancer immunotherapy. Over the last few decades, nanomedicine has been intensively investigated with great enthusiasm, leading to marked advancements in nanoparticle platforms and nanoengineering technology. Advances in nanomedicine and immunotherapy have also led to the emergence of a nascent research field of nano-immunotherapy, which aims to realize the full therapeutic potential of immunotherapy with the aid of nanomedicine. In particular, nanocarriers present an exciting opportunity in immuno-oncology to boost the activity, increase specificity, decrease toxicity, and sustain the antitumor efficacy of immunological agents by potentiating immunostimulatory activity and favorably modulating pharmacological properties. This review discusses the potential of nanocarriers for cancer immunotherapy and introduces preclinical studies designed to improve clinical cancer immunotherapy modalities using nanocarrier-based engineering approaches. It also discusses the potential of nanocarriers to address the challenges currently faced by immuno-oncology as well as the challenges for their translation to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra Rana
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jaeeun Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Juwon Baig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Sejin Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University/Industry-Academia Interactive R&E Center for Bioprocess Innovation, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Jutaek Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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Bourhill T, Rohani L, Kumar M, Bose P, Rancourt D, Johnston RN. Modulation of Reoviral Cytolysis (II): Cellular Stemness. Viruses 2023; 15:1473. [PMID: 37515162 PMCID: PMC10386201 DOI: 10.3390/v15071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging cancer therapeutic that are intended to act by selectively targeting and lysing cancerous cells and by stimulating anti-tumour immune responses, while leaving normal cells mainly unaffected. Reovirus is a well-studied OV that is undergoing advanced clinical trials and has received FDA approval in selected circumstances. However, the mechanisms governing reoviral selectivity are not well characterised despite many years of effort, including those in our accompanying paper where we characterize pathways that do not consistently modulate reoviral cytolysis. We have earlier shown that reovirus is capable of infecting and lysing both certain types of cancer cells and also cancer stem cells, and here we demonstrate its ability to also infect and kill healthy pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). This led us to hypothesize that pathways responsible for stemness may constitute a novel route for the modulation of reoviral tropism. We find that reovirus is capable of killing both murine and human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Differentiation of PSCs alters the cells' reoviral-permissive state to a resistant one. In a breast cancer cell line that was resistant to reoviral oncolysis, induction of pluripotency programming rendered the cells permissive to cytolysis. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that expression of the Yamanaka pluripotency factors may be associated with regulating reoviral selectivity. Mechanistic insights from these studies will be useful for the advancement of reoviral oncolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Bourhill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Leili Rohani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mehul Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Derrick Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Randal N Johnston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Zhu X, Fan C, Xiong Z, Chen M, Li Z, Tao T, Liu X. Development and application of oncolytic viruses as the nemesis of tumor cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188526. [PMID: 37440883 PMCID: PMC10335770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses and tumors are two pathologies that negatively impact human health, but what occurs when a virus encounters a tumor? A global consensus among cancer patients suggests that surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other methods are the primary means to combat cancer. However, with the innovation and development of biomedical technology, tumor biotherapy (immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, etc.) has emerged as an alternative treatment for malignant tumors. Oncolytic viruses possess numerous anti-tumor properties, such as directly lysing tumor cells, activating anti-tumor immune responses, and improving the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional immunotherapy, oncolytic virus therapy offers advantages including high killing efficiency, precise targeting, and minimal side effects. Although oncolytic virus (OV) therapy was introduced as a novel approach to tumor treatment in the 19th century, its efficacy was suboptimal, limiting its widespread application. However, since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first OV therapy drug, T-VEC, in 2015, interest in OV has grown significantly. In recent years, oncolytic virus therapy has shown increasingly promising application prospects and has become a major research focus in the field of cancer treatment. This article reviews the development, classification, and research progress of oncolytic viruses, as well as their mechanisms of action, therapeutic methods, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology—Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chenyang Fan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Technology, School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhuolong Xiong
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital(Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Zolaly MA, Mahallawi W, Khawaji ZY, Alahmadi MA. The Clinical Advances of Oncolytic Viruses in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cureus 2023; 15:e40742. [PMID: 37485097 PMCID: PMC10361339 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising future for oncology treatment has been brought about by the emergence of a novel approach utilizing oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses are viruses that have been exploited genetically to assault malignant cells and activate a robust immune response. Several techniques have been developed to endow viruses with an oncolytic activity through genetic engineering. For instance, redirection capsid modification, stimulation of anti-neoplastic immune response, and genetically arming viruses with cytokines such as IL-12. Oncolytic viral clinical outcomes are sought after, particularly in more advanced cancers. The effectiveness and safety profile of the oncolytic virus in clinical studies with or without the combination of standard treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or primary excision) has been assessed using response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST). This review will comprehensively outline the most recent clinical applications and provide the results from various phases of clinical trials in a variety of cancers in the latest published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Zolaly
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, SAU
| | - Waleed Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, SAU
| | - Zakaria Y Khawaji
- Medicine and Surgery, Taibah University, Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, SAU
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13
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Wang S, Liang B, Wang W, Li L, Feng N, Zhao Y, Wang T, Yan F, Yang S, Xia X. Viral vectored vaccines: design, development, preventive and therapeutic applications in human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:149. [PMID: 37029123 PMCID: PMC10081433 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and distribution of novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are the prioritized countermeasures of human disease. Among all vaccine platforms, viral vector vaccines offer distinguished advantages and represent prominent choices for pathogens that have hampered control efforts based on conventional vaccine approaches. Currently, viral vector vaccines remain one of the best strategies for induction of robust humoral and cellular immunity against human diseases. Numerous viruses of different families and origins, including vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, adenovirus and poxvirus, are deemed to be prominent viral vectors that differ in structural characteristics, design strategy, antigen presentation capability, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. This review summarized the overall profile of the design strategies, progress in advance and steps taken to address barriers to the deployment of these viral vector vaccines, simultaneously highlighting their potential for mucosal delivery, therapeutic application in cancer as well as other key aspects concerning the rational application of these viral vector vaccines. Appropriate and accurate technological advances in viral vector vaccines would consolidate their position as a leading approach to accelerate breakthroughs in novel vaccines and facilitate a rapid response to public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Li
- China National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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14
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Numpadit S, Ito C, Nakaya T, Hagiwara K. Investigation of oncolytic effect of recombinant Newcastle disease virus in primary and metastatic oral melanoma. Med Oncol 2023; 40:138. [PMID: 37022566 PMCID: PMC10079733 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is aggressive cancer with a high rate of local invasiveness and metastasis. Currently, the treatment options for patients with advanced-stage and metastatic oral melanoma are limited. A promising treatment option is oncolytic viral therapy. This study aimed to evaluate novel therapies for malignant melanoma using a canine model. Oral melanoma, which frequently occurs in dogs is used as a model for human melanoma, was isolated and cultured and used for the evaluation of the tumor lytic effect induced by viral infection. We constructed a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) that promotes the extracellular release of IFNγ from the virus-infected melanoma. The expression of oncolytic and apoptosis-related genes, the immune response by lymphocytes, and IFNγ expression were evaluated in virus-infected melanoma cells. The results showed that the rate of rNDV infection varied according to the isolated melanoma cells and the oncolytic effect differed between melanoma cells owing to the infectivity of the virus. The oncolytic effect tended to be greater for the IFNγ-expressing virus than for the GFP-expressing prototype virus. Additionally, lymphocytes co-cultured with the virus showed induced expression of Th1 cytokines. Therefore, recombinant NDV expressing IFNγ is expected to induce cellular immunity and oncolytic activity. This oncolytic treatment shows promise as a therapeutic approach for melanoma treatment once evaluated using clinical samples from humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Numpadit
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ito
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto-shi, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsuro Hagiwara
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging class of cancer therapeutics that offer the benefits of selective replication in tumour cells, delivery of multiple eukaryotic transgene payloads, induction of immunogenic cell death and promotion of antitumour immunity, and a tolerable safety profile that largely does not overlap with that of other cancer therapeutics. To date, four OVs and one non-oncolytic virus have been approved for the treatment of cancer globally although talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) remains the only widely approved therapy. T-VEC is indicated for the treatment of patients with recurrent melanoma after initial surgery and was initially approved in 2015. An expanding body of data on the clinical experience of patients receiving T-VEC is now becoming available as are data from clinical trials of various other OVs in a range of other cancers. Despite increasing research interest, a better understanding of the underlying biology and pharmacology of OVs is needed to enable the full therapeutic potential of these agents in patients with cancer. In this Review, we summarize the available data and provide guidance on optimizing the use of OVs in clinical practice, with a focus on the clinical experience with T-VEC. We describe data on selected novel OVs that are currently in clinical development, either as monotherapies or as part of combination regimens. We also discuss some of the preclinical, clinical and regulatory hurdles that have thus far limited the development of OVs.
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16
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Bifulco M, Di Zazzo E, Napolitano F, Malfitano AM, Portella G. History of how viruses can fight cancer: From the miraculous healings to the approval of oncolytic viruses. Biochimie 2023; 206:89-92. [PMID: 36273765 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the nineteenth century, several reports in the historical medical literature emphasized that, occasionally, cancer patients showed a clinical remission, called "Saint Peregrine tumor" as a result of natural infections. Moreover, additional evidence indicated that viruses show a tropism toward cancer cells, leading to the discovery of oncolytic activity of several viruses, called oncolytic viruses (OVs). With the technological and scientific advancements, the advent of rodent models, the establishment of in vitro cell lines, the introduction of methods for virus propagation, several attempts through the 1950s and 1970s have been made to increase OVs specificity, efficacy and safety; however, inconclusive/negative results have been reached and many researchers abandoned the field. Only in the later 1990s, the genetic engineering and the recombinant DNA techniques that allowed the generation of potent, specific and safe OVs and a better understanding of cancer cells renewed the interest in virotherapy. Currently, virotherapy represents a cancer therapeutic strategy based on the use of OVs that selectively infect and lyse cancer cells, without harming normal cells. Over the past years, several "natural" and "genetic engineered" viruses, have been investigated in clinical studies and some of them revealed encouraging results. Recently, the clinical use of OVs has also been supported by the immune stimulatory property of OVs against tumor cells. Here, we analyze the early oncolytic virotherapy before genetic engineering to highlight the relevant progresses reached, and the mechanism to stimulate host immune response, a significant challenge in current virotherapy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Health Science "V. Tiberio", 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Fabiana Napolitano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Portella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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17
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Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC): A Review of the Recent Advances in Cancer Therapy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031098. [PMID: 36769745 PMCID: PMC9917711 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape of melanoma treatment has undergone a dramatic revolution in the past decade. The use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) represents a novel therapeutic approach that can selectively infect and lyse tumor cells and induce local and systemic antitumor immune responses. As the first OV approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for melanoma treatment, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), a genetically modified herpes simplex virus (HSV), has shown promising therapeutic effects in the treatment of advanced melanoma, both as a monotherapy or in combination with other immunotherapies, such as the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). With proven efficacy, T-VEC has been evaluated against a variety of other cancer types in a clinical trial setting. In this article, we will provide a review on OVs and the application of T-VEC in melanoma monotherapy and combination therapy. In addition, we will review the recent progress of T-VEC application in other cutaneous cancer types. Moreover, we will briefly describe our experience of T-VEC therapy at City of Hope, aiming to provide more insight for expanding its future application.
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18
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Generation and Quantification of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Following Oncolytic Virus Infection of Multi-cellular Tumor Spheroids. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2614:139-149. [PMID: 36587124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2914-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) rapidly and specifically replicate in and kill tumor cells. OV-targeted infection of malignant cells has the potential to create an "inflammatory storm" that stimulates both innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. The generation of anti-tumor immunity following OV treatment has been shown to be crucial for effective therapy. Therefore, establishing methodologies to measure the generation of anti-tumor T cell responses following OV infection in in vitro assays, which better mimic the complexity of the human tumor microenvironment (TME), will be critical to harness the full potential of OV therapy. Such experimental platforms will accelerate the development of next-generation OVs that are capable of overcoming immunosuppressive networks found within the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe a method that was designed to test the generation and quantification of human tumor-specific T cells following OV infection of 3D tumor spheroids cultured with or without fibroblasts.
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19
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Johnson A, Townsend M, O’Neill K. Tumor Microenvironment Immunosuppression: A Roadblock to CAR T-Cell Advancement in Solid Tumors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223626. [PMID: 36429054 PMCID: PMC9688327 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are an exciting advancement in cancer immunotherapy, with striking success in hematological cancers. However, in solid tumors, the unique immunosuppressive elements of the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to the failure of CAR T cells. This review discusses the cell populations, cytokine/chemokine profile, and metabolic immunosuppressive elements of the TME. This immunosuppressive TME causes CAR T-cell exhaustion and influences failure of CAR T cells to successfully infiltrate solid tumors. Recent advances in CAR T-cell development, which seek to overcome aspects of the TME immunosuppression, are also reviewed. Novel discoveries overcoming immunosuppressive limitations of the TME may lead to the success of CAR T cells in solid tumors.
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20
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Vorobjeva IV, Zhirnov OP. Modern approaches to treating cancer with oncolytic viruses. MICROBIOLOGY INDEPENDENT RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.18527/2500-2236-2022-9-1-91-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. This serves as a powerful incentive to search for new effective cancer treatments. Development of new oncolytic viruses capable of selectively destroying cancer cells is one of the modern approaches to cancer treatment. The advantage of this method – the selective lysis of tumor cells with the help of viruses – leads to an increase in the antitumor immune response of the body, that in turn promotes the destruction of the primary tumor and its metastases. Significant progress in development of this method has been achieved in the last decade. In this review we analyze the literature data on families of oncolytic viruses that have demonstrated a positive therapeutic effect against malignant neoplasms in various localizations. We discuss the main mechanisms of the oncolytic action of viruses and assess their advantages over other methods of cancer therapy as well as the prospects for their use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Vorobjeva
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology
| | - O. P. Zhirnov
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology; The Russian-German Academy of Medical and Biotechnological Sciences
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21
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Development of Adenovirus Containing Liposomes Produced by Extrusion vs. Homogenization: A Comparison for Scale-Up Purposes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110620. [DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) is a widely studied viral vector for cancer therapy as it can be engineered to cause selective lysis of cancer cells. However, Ad delivery is limited in treating cancers that do not have coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptors (CAR). To overcome this challenge, Ad-encapsulated liposomes were developed that enhance the delivery of Ads and increase therapeutic efficacy. Cationic empty liposomes were manufactured first, to which an anionic Ad were added, which resulted in encapsulated Ad liposomes through charge interaction. Optimization of the liposome formula was carried out with series of formulation variables experiments using an extrusion process, which is ideal for laboratory-scale small batches. Later, the optimized formulation was manufactured with a homogenization technique—A high shear rotor-stator blending, that is ideal for large-scale manufacturing and is in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Comparative in vitro transduction, physicochemical characterization, long-term storage stability at different temperature conditions, and in vivo animal studies were performed. Ad encapsulated liposomes transduced CAR deficient cells 100-fold more efficiently than the unencapsulated Ad (p ≤ 0.0001) in vitro, and 4-fold higher in tumors injected in nude mice in vivo. Both extrusion and homogenization performed similarly–with equivalent in vitro and in vivo transduction efficiencies, physicochemical characterization, and long-term storage stability. Thus, two Ad encapsulated liposomes preparation methods used herein, i.e., extrusion vs. homogenization were equivalent in terms of enhanced Ad performance and long-term storage stability; this will, hopefully, facilitate translation to the clinic.
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22
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Sivarajah S, Emerick K, Kaufman HL. What Surgeons Need to Know About Gene Therapy for Cancer. Adv Surg 2022; 56:151-168. [PMID: 36096566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yasu.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The broad field of gene therapy offers numerous innovative approaches for cancer treatment. An understanding of the different modalities including gene replacement therapy, cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, cellular therapy, and gene editing is essential for managing patients with neoplastic disease. As in other areas of oncology, the surgeon plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This review focuses on what the clinical surgeon needs to know to optimize the benefit of gene therapy for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugappiriya Sivarajah
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Kevin Emerick
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 7E, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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23
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Role of HMGB1 in Cutaneous Melanoma: State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169327. [PMID: 36012593 PMCID: PMC9409290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that plays a key role in acute and chronic inflammation. It has already been studied in several diseases, among them melanoma. Indeed, HMGB1 is closely associated with cell survival and proliferation and may be directly involved in tumor cell metastasis development thanks to its ability to promote cell migration. This research aims to assess the role of this molecule in the pathogenesis of human melanoma and its potential therapeutic role. The research has been conducted on the PubMed database, and the resulting articles are sorted by year of publication, showing an increasing interest in the last five years. The results showed that HMGB1 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of skin cancer, prognosis, and therapeutical response to therapy. Traditional therapies target this molecule indirectly, but future perspectives could include the development of new target therapy against HMGB1, thus adding a new approach to the therapy, which has often shown primary and secondary resistance. This could add a new therapy arm which has to be prolonged and specific for each patient.
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Electrochemotherapy of skin metastases from malignant melanoma: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review. Clin Exp Metastasis 2022; 39:743-755. [PMID: 35869314 PMCID: PMC9474499 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-022-10180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The main treatment of MM metastases are systemic therapies, surgery, limb perfusion, and intralesional talimogene laherparepvec. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is potentially useful also due to the high response rates recorded in cancers of any histology. No randomized studies comparing ECT with other local therapies have been published on this topic. We analyzed the available evidence on efficacy and toxicity of ECT in this setting. PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were screened for paper about ECT on MM skin metastases. Data about tumor response, mainly in terms of overall response rate (ORR), toxicity (both for ECT alone and in combination with systemic treatments), local control (LC), and overall survival (OS) were collected. The methodological quality was assessed using a 20-item validated quality appraisal tool for case series. Overall, 18 studies were included in our analysis. In studies reporting “per patient” tumor response the pooled complete response (CR) was 35.7% (95%CI 26.0–46.0%), and the pooled ORR was 80.6% (95%CI 68.7–90.1%). Regarding “per lesion” response, the pooled CR was 53.5% (95%CI 42.1–64.7%) and the pooled ORR was 77.0% (95%CI 56.0–92.6%). One-year LC rate was 80%, and 1-year OS was 67–86.2%. Pain (24.2–92.0%) and erythema (16.6–42.0%) were the most frequent toxicities. Two studies reported 29.2% and 41.6% incidence of necrosis. ECT is effective in terms of tumor response and tolerated in patients with skin metastases from MM, albeit with a wide variability of reported results. Therefore, prospective trials in this setting are warranted.
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25
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Haist M, Mailänder V, Bros M. Nanodrugs Targeting T Cells in Tumor Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912594. [PMID: 35693776 PMCID: PMC9174908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to conventional anti-tumor agents, nano-carriers allow co-delivery of distinct drugs in a cell type-specific manner. So far, many nanodrug-based immunotherapeutic approaches aim to target and kill tumor cells directly or to address antigen presenting cells (APC) like dendritic cells (DC) in order to elicit tumor antigen-specific T cell responses. Regulatory T cells (Treg) constitute a major obstacle in tumor therapy by inducing a pro-tolerogenic state in APC and inhibiting T cell activation and T effector cell activity. This review aims to summarize nanodrug-based strategies that aim to address and reprogram Treg to overcome their immunomodulatory activity and to revert the exhaustive state of T effector cells. Further, we will also discuss nano-carrier-based approaches to introduce tumor antigen-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) into T cells for CAR-T cell therapy which constitutes a complementary approach to DC-focused vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Haist
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
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26
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Beyond Immunotherapy: Seizing the Momentum of Oncolytic Viruses in the Ideal Platform of Skin Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122873. [PMID: 35740539 PMCID: PMC9221332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are the most innovative and promising class of intratumoral immunotherapies. The broad immunogenic landscape of skin cancer, accessible to intralesional infusion and available for direct response assessment, seems to be an ideal platform to expand the role of OVs. The established efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in this field and their hypothetical synergy with OVs have generated expectations for their combined use beyond the current immunotherapy achievements. Despite the recent negative phase III results of the MASTERKEY-265 trial for the combination of T-VEC plus pembrolizumab, such projects, including different ICIs and various natural or genetically modified OVs, continue to attract considerable interest, with numerous clinical trials underway for all the subtypes of skin cancer. To date, the majority of studies confirm the safety of tested OVs in patients with advanced skin cancers but cannot clearly prove whether these viral agents add any therapeutic benefit in the standard ICI-based approach. The aim of this overview is to present the main findings related to the examined OV-containing regimens at pre-clinical and clinical levels, and to discuss the previous failures as well as the future perspectives of oncolytic virotherapy. Abstract Despite the durable remissions induced by ICIs and targeted therapies in advanced melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, both subtypes usually relapse. Many systematic therapies have been tested to increase efficacy and delay relapse in ICIs, but their success has been limited. Due the feasibility of this approach, skin cancers have become the ideal platform for intralesional infusions of many novel agents, including oncolytic viruses (OVs). Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) was the first FDA-approved OV for the treatment of unresectable melanoma and this virus opened up further potential for the use of this class of agents, especially in combination with ICIs, in order to achieve deeper and longer immune-mediated responses. However, the recently announced phase III MASTERKEY-265 trial was not able to confirm that the addition of T-VEC to pembrolizumab treatment improves progression-free or overall survival over the use of pembrolizumab alone. Despite these results, numerous studies are currently active, evaluating T-VEC and several other OVs as monotherapies or in regimens with ICIs in different subtypes of skin cancer. This overview provides a comprehensive update on the evolution status of all available OVs in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers and summarizes the more interesting preclinical findings, the latest clinical evidence, and the future insights in relation to the expected selective incorporation of some of these OVs into oncological practice.
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27
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Villani A, Potestio L, Fabbrocini G, Troncone G, Malapelle U, Scalvenzi M. The Treatment of Advanced Melanoma: Therapeutic Update. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126388. [PMID: 35742834 PMCID: PMC9223461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the main cause of death for skin cancer. The majority of patients with a diagnosis of melanoma have localized disease, which can be successfully treated with surgical treatment. However, the surgical approach is not curative for advanced melanoma (AM). Indeed, the management of AM is still challenging, since melanoma is the solid tumor with the highest number of mutations and cancer cells have the capacity to evade the immune system. In the past, the treatment of AM relied on chemotherapeutic agents, without showing efficacy data. Recent knowledge on melanoma pathogenesis as well as the introduction of immunotherapies, targeted therapies vaccines, small molecules, and combination therapies has revolutionized AM management, showing promising results in terms of effectiveness and safety. The aim of this review is to assess and to discuss the role of emerging therapies for AM management in order to obtain a complete overview of the currently available treatment options and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Villani
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7462457; Fax: +39-081-7462442
| | - Luca Potestio
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.T.); (U.M.)
| | - Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.T.); (U.M.)
| | - Massimiliano Scalvenzi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.P.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
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28
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Huppert LA, Daud AI. Intratumoral therapies and in-situ vaccination for melanoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1890512. [PMID: 35559766 PMCID: PMC9116417 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1890512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are among the most physically accessible malignancies, so local delivery of a medication into the tumor, so-called intratumoral therapy, is an appealing route of drug administration. Intratumoral therapies have the potential to increase local drug concentration and/or attract immune cells to the local tumor microenvironment, possibly with fewer systemic side effects. A wide array of intratumoral agents have been studied to date in patients with advanced melanoma, including chemotherapeutic drugs, immune modulating agents, and cancer-directed vaccines. In this review, we will summarize the key pre-clinical and clinical data supporting the use of intratumoral therapy for advanced unresectable and metastatic melanoma. First, we will discuss the history of intratumoral immunotherapy for the treatment of melanoma and the various agents studied to date. Second, we will explore how intratumoral therapies can constitute an in situ vaccine, potentially leading to disease control both locally and systemically. Finally, we will highlight opportunities in the field and key future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Huppert
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adil I Daud
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kalus P, De Munck J, Vanbellingen S, Carreer L, Laeremans T, Broos K, Dufait I, Schwarze JK, Van Riet I, Neyns B, Breckpot K, Aerts JL. Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Induces Immunogenic Cell Death Resulting in Maturation of BDCA-1 + Myeloid Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094865. [PMID: 35563257 PMCID: PMC9103433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a paradigm shift has been established for oncolytic viruses (OVs) as it was shown that the immune system plays an important role in the specific killing of tumor cells by OVs. OVs have the intrinsic capacity to provide the right signals to trigger anti-tumor immune responses, on the one hand by delivering virus-derived innate signals and on the other hand by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is accompanied by the release of various damage-associated molecules from infected tumor cells. Here, we determined the ICD-inducing capacity of Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), a herpes simplex virus type 1 based OV, and benchmarked this to other previously described ICD (e.g., doxorubicin) and non-ICD inducing agents (cisplatin). Furthermore, we studied the capability of T-VEC to induce the maturation of human BDCA-1+ myeloid dendritic cells (myDCs). We found that T-VEC treatment exerts direct and indirect anti-tumor effects as it induces tumor cell death that coincides with the release of hallmark mediators of ICD, while simultaneously contributing to the maturation of BDCA-1+ myDCs. These results unequivocally cement OVs in the category of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kalus
- Laboratory for Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.K.); (J.D.M.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Jolien De Munck
- Laboratory for Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.K.); (J.D.M.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Sarah Vanbellingen
- Laboratory for Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.K.); (J.D.M.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Laura Carreer
- Laboratory for Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.K.); (J.D.M.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Thessa Laeremans
- Laboratory for Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.K.); (J.D.M.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Katrijn Broos
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (K.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Inès Dufait
- Department of Radiotherapy, Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Supportive Care and Physics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Julia K. Schwarze
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (J.K.S.); (B.N.)
| | - Ivan Van Riet
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Departement of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (J.K.S.); (B.N.)
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (K.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Joeri L. Aerts
- Laboratory for Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (P.K.); (J.D.M.); (S.V.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Cerqueira OLD, Antunes F, Assis NG, Cardoso EC, Clavijo-Salomón MA, Domingues AC, Tessarollo NG, Strauss BE. Perspectives for Combining Viral Oncolysis With Additional Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Melanoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:777775. [PMID: 35495634 PMCID: PMC9048901 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.777775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer with steadily increasing incidence worldwide during the last few decades. In addition to its tumor associated antigens (TAAs), melanoma has a high mutation rate compared to other tumors, which promotes the appearance of tumor specific antigens (TSAs) as well as increased lymphocytic infiltration, inviting the use of therapeutic tools that evoke new or restore pre-existing immune responses. Innovative therapeutic proposals, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have emerged as effective options for melanoma. However, a significant portion of these patients relapse and become refractory to treatment. Likewise, strategies using viral vectors, replicative or not, have garnered confidence and approval by different regulatory agencies around the world. It is possible that further success of immune therapies against melanoma will come from synergistic combinations of different approaches. In this review we outline molecular features inherent to melanoma and how this supports the use of viral oncolysis and immunotherapies when used as monotherapies or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Luiz Dutra Cerqueira
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadine G Assis
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Cardoso
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Clavijo-Salomón
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Domingues
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayara G Tessarollo
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Bryan E Strauss,
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Ekeke CN, Russell KL, Murthy P, Guo ZS, Soloff AC, Weber D, Pan W, Lotze MT, Dhupar R. Intrapleural interleukin-2-expressing oncolytic virotherapy enhances acute antitumor effects and T-cell receptor diversity in malignant pleural disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 163:e313-e328. [PMID: 33485667 PMCID: PMC9594625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mainstay of treatment for patients with malignant pleural disease is fluid drainage and systemic therapy. A tumor-specific oncolytic virus or T-cell-activating interleukin-2 immunotherapy may provide an opportunity for local control. We previously developed a vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2, an oncolytic virus that mediated tumor regression in preclinical peritoneal tumor models with expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We evaluated the antitumor efficacy and immune modulatory effects of vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 in malignant pleural disease. METHODS A murine model of malignant pleural disease was established with percutaneous intrapleural deposition of the Lewis lung carcinoma cell line and monitored with bioluminescent imaging. After intrapleural or systemic administration of vaccinia viruses (vaccinia virus yellow fluorescent protein control, vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2), systemic anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody, or combination therapy (vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 and anti-programmed cell death-1), tumor mass, immune cell infiltration, T-cell receptor diversity, and survival were assessed. RESULTS Intrapleural vaccinia virus resulted in significant tumor regression compared with phosphate-buffered saline control (P < .05). Inclusion of the interleukin-2 transgene further increased intratumoral CD8+ T cells (P < .01) and programmed cell death-1 expression on CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (P < .001). Intrapleural vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 was superior to systemic vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2, with reduced tumor burden (P < .0001) and improved survival (P < .05). Intrapleural vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 alone or combined treatment with systemic anti-programmed cell death-1 reduced tumor burden (P < .01), improved survival (P < .01), and increased intratumoral αβ T-cell receptor diversity (P < .05) compared with systemic anti-programmed cell death-1 monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Intrapleural vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 reduced tumor burden and enhanced survival in a murine malignant pleural disease model. Increased CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and αβ T-cell receptor diversity are associated with enhanced response. Clinical trials will enable assessment of intrapleural vaccinia virus-expressing interleukin-2 therapy in patients with malignant pleural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozirim N Ekeke
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Kira L Russell
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Pranav Murthy
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Adam C Soloff
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Daniel Weber
- iRepertoire, Inc, Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Ala
| | - Wenjing Pan
- iRepertoire, Inc, Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Ala
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Rajeev Dhupar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Surgical Services Division, VAPHS, Pittsburgh, Pa.
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Raftopoulou S, Valadez-Cosmes P, Mihalic ZN, Schicho R, Kargl J. Tumor-Mediated Neutrophil Polarization and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063218. [PMID: 35328639 PMCID: PMC8951452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are immune cells with reported phenotypic and functional plasticity. Tumor-associated neutrophils display many roles during cancer progression. Several tumor microenvironment (TME)-derived factors orchestrate neutrophil release from the bone marrow, recruitment and functional polarization, while simultaneously neutrophils are active stimulators of the TME by secreting factors that affect immune interactions and subsequently tumor progression. Successful immunotherapies for many cancer types and stages depend on the targeting of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Neutrophils impact the success of immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade therapies, by displaying lymphocyte suppressive properties. The identification and characterization of distinct neutrophil subpopulations or polarization states with pro- and antitumor phenotypes and the identification of the major TME-derived factors of neutrophil polarization would allow us to harness the full potential of neutrophils as complementary targets in anticancer precision therapies.
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33
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Hu X, Zhou W, Pi R, Zhao X, Wang W. Genetically modified cancer vaccines: Current status and future prospects. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1492-1517. [PMID: 35235212 DOI: 10.1002/med.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can stimulate the immune system to protect individuals from infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccines have also been applied to the prevention and treatment of cancers. Due to advances in genetic engineering technology, cancer vaccines could be genetically modified to increase antitumor efficacy. Various genes could be inserted into cells to boost the immune response, such as cytokines, T cell costimulatory molecules, tumor-associated antigens, and tumor-specific antigens. Genetically modified cancer vaccines utilize innate and adaptive immune responses to induce durable antineoplastic capacity and prevent the recurrence. This review will discuss the major approaches used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and explore recent advances to increase the understanding of engineered cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruyu Pi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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34
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Kaufman HL, Shalhout SZ, Iodice G. Talimogene Laherparepvec: Moving From First-In-Class to Best-In-Class. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:834841. [PMID: 35274007 PMCID: PMC8901478 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.834841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is a modified oncolytic herpes Simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). T-VEC is adapted for selective replication in melanoma cells and GM-CSF was expressed to augment host anti-tumor immunity. T-VEC is indicated for the local treatment of melanoma recurrent after primary surgery and is the first-in-class oncolytic virus to achieve approval by the FDA in 2015. This review will describe the progress made in advancing T-VEC to the most appropriate melanoma patients, expansion to patients with non-melanoma cancers and clinical trial results of T-VEC combination studies. Further, strategies to identify predictive biomarkers of therapeutic response to T-VEC will be discussed. Finally, a brief outline of high-priority future directions for investigation of T-VEC and other promising oncolytic viruses will set the stage for a best-in-class oncolytic virus to bring the maximum benefit of this emerging class of anti-cancer agents to patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L. Kaufman
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Ankyra Therapeutics, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Howard L. Kaufman,
| | - Sophia Z. Shalhout
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gail Iodice
- Ankyra Therapeutics, Boston, MA, United States
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35
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Okada H, Takahashi K, Yaku H, Kobiyama K, Iwaisako K, Zhao X, Shiokawa M, Uza N, Kodama Y, Ishii KJ, Seno H. In situ vaccination using unique TLR9 ligand K3-SPG induces long-lasting systemic immune response and synergizes with systemic and local immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2132. [PMID: 35136110 PMCID: PMC8825851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have changed the paradigm of cancer therapy, low response rates and serious systemic adverse events remain challenging. In situ vaccine (ISV), intratumoral injection of immunomodulators that stimulate innate immunity at the tumor site, allows for the development of vaccines in patients themselves. K3-SPG, a second-generation nanoparticulate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand consisting of K-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) wrapped with SPG (schizophyllan), integrates the best of conventional CpG ODNs, making it an ideal cancer immunotherapy adjuvant. Focusing on clinical feasibility for pancreaticobiliary and gastrointestinal cancers, we investigated the antitumor activity of K3-SPG-ISV in preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). K3-SPG-ISV suppressed tumor growth more potently than K3-ISV or K3-SPG intravenous injections, prolonged survival, and enhanced the antitumor effect of CPIs. Notably, in PDAC model, K3-SPG-ISV alone induced systemic antitumor effect and immunological memory. ISV combination of K3-SPG and agonistic CD40 antibody further enhanced the antitumor effect. Our results imply that K3-SPG-based ISV can be applied as monotherapy or combined with CPIs to improve their response rate or, conversely, with CPI-free local immunotherapy to avoid CPI-related adverse events. In either strategy, the potency of K3-SPG-based ISV would provide the rationale for its clinical application to puncturable pancreaticobiliary and gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Yaku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwaisako
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Xiangdong Zhao
- Division of HBP Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University, 54-Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Uza
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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36
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Wang L, Chen Y, Liu X, Li Z, Dai X. The Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Status and Problems. Front Oncol 2022; 11:704999. [PMID: 35111663 PMCID: PMC8801488 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.704999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of disease-related deaths in the world. Although cancer treatment strategies have been improved in recent years, the survival time of cancer patients is still far from satisfied. Cancer immunotherapy, such as Oncolytic virotherapy, Immune checkpoints inhibition, Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapy and macrophages genomic modification, has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy for different kinds of cancer. However, many patients do not respond to the cancer immunotherapy which warrants further investigation to optimize this strategy. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), as a versatile genome engineering tool, has become popular in the biology research field and it was also applied to optimize tumor immunotherapy. Moreover, CRISPR-based high-throughput screening can be used in the study of immunomodulatory drug resistance mechanism. In this review, we summarized the development as well as the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the cancer immunotherapy and discussed the potential problems that may be caused by this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yurong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Neurosurgery Department, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangpeng Dai,
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Kooti W, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Farzanehpour M, Dorostkar R, Jalali Kondori B, Bolandian M. Oncolytic Viruses and Cancer, Do You Know the Main Mechanism? Front Oncol 2022; 11:761015. [PMID: 35004284 PMCID: PMC8728693 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The global rate of cancer has increased in recent years, and cancer is still a threat to human health. Recent developments in cancer treatment have yielded the understanding that viruses have a high potential in cancer treatment. Using oncolytic viruses (OVs) is a promising approach in the treatment of malignant tumors. OVs can achieve their targeted treatment effects through selective cell death and induction of specific antitumor immunity. Targeting tumors and the mechanism for killing cancer cells are among the critical roles of OVs. Therefore, evaluating OVs and understanding their precise mechanisms of action can be beneficial in cancer therapy. This review study aimed to evaluate OVs and the mechanisms of their effects on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Kooti
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdieh Farzanehpour
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ruhollah Dorostkar
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Jalali Kondori
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Bolandian
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Newcomer K, Robbins KJ, Perone J, Hinojosa FL, Chen D, Jones S, Kaufman CK, Weiser R, Fields RC, Tyler DS. Malignant melanoma: evolving practice management in an era of increasingly effective systemic therapies. Curr Probl Surg 2022; 59:101030. [PMID: 35033317 PMCID: PMC9798450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2021.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Newcomer
- Department of Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Jennifer Perone
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | - David Chen
- e. Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Susan Jones
- f. Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Roi Weiser
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Ryan C Fields
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Douglas S Tyler
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.
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Mulder EEAP, Stahlie EHA, Verver D, Lemstra C, Been LB, Mooyaart AL, Brabander T, Vegt E, Verburg FA, van der Veldt AAM, Verhoef C, van Akkooi ACJ, Grünhagen DJ. False positive FDG uptake in melanoma patients treated with talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC). J Surg Oncol 2021; 124:1161-1165. [PMID: 34235758 PMCID: PMC8596632 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is a genetically modified herpes simplex virus-1-based oncolytic immunotherapy and has been approved for the local treatment of unresectable (stage IIIB/C and IVM1a) cutaneous melanoma. During T-VEC treatment, tumor response is often evaluated using [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy- d-glucose(FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). In a Dutch cohort (n = 173), almost one-third of patients developed new-onset FDG uptake in uninjected locoregional lymph nodes during T-VEC. In 36 out of 53 (68%) patients with new nodal FDG uptake, nuclear medicine physicians classified this FDG uptake as "suspected metastases" without clinical or pathological confirmation in the majority of patients. These false positive results indicate that new-onset FDG uptake in locoregional lymph nodes during T-VEC treatment does not necessarily reflect progressive disease, but may be associated with immune infiltration. In current clinical practice, physicians should be aware of the high false positive rate of FDG uptake during treatment with T-VEC in patients with melanoma. Therefore, pathological examination of lymph node lesions with new FDG uptake is recommended to differentiate between progressive disease and immune infiltration after treatment with T-VEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalyn E. A. P. Mulder
- Department of Surgical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Emma H. A. Stahlie
- Department of Surgical OncologyNetherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van LeeuwenhoekAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Verver
- Department of Surgical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Clara Lemstra
- Department of Surgical OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lukas B. Been
- Department of Surgical OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Tessa Brabander
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erik Vegt
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Frederik A. Verburg
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Astrid A. M. van der Veldt
- Department of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Verhoef
- Department of Surgical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander C. J. van Akkooi
- Department of Surgical OncologyNetherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van LeeuwenhoekAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Grünhagen
- Department of Surgical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Hernando-Calvo A, Cescon DW, Bedard PL. Novel classes of immunotherapy for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 191:15-29. [PMID: 34623509 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have profoundly changed the treatment landscape for many tumor types. Despite marked improvements in disease control for highly immunogenic cancers, the clinical impact of checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancers to date is limited. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different levels of PD-L1 expression and variable tumor microenvironment (TME) composition according to molecular subtype. With emerging evidence of the role of different factors involved in immune evasion, there are promising new immunotherapy targets that will reshape early drug development for metastatic breast cancer. This review examines the available evidence for existing and emerging immuno-oncology (IO) approaches including small molecules targeting different regulators of the cancer-immunity cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Hernando-Calvo
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre - University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - David W Cescon
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre - University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philippe L Bedard
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre - University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Santos Apolonio J, Lima de Souza Gonçalves V, Cordeiro Santos ML, Silva Luz M, Silva Souza JV, Rocha Pinheiro SL, de Souza WR, Sande Loureiro M, de Melo FF. Oncolytic virus therapy in cancer: A current review. World J Virol 2021; 10:229-255. [PMID: 34631474 PMCID: PMC8474975 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i5.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the advancement in the understanding about the most diverse types of cancer and consequently a relentless search for a cure and increased survival rates of cancer patients, finding a therapy that is able to combat the mechanism of aggression of this disease is extremely important. Thus, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have demonstrated great benefits in the treatment of cancer because it mediates antitumor effects in several ways. Viruses can be used to infect cancer cells, especially over normal cells, to present tumor-associated antigens, to activate "danger signals" that generate a less immune-tolerant tumor microenvironment, and to serve transduction vehicles for expression of inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines. The success of therapies using OVs was initially demonstrated by the use of the genetically modified herpes virus, talimogene laherparepvec, for the treatment of melanoma. At this time, several OVs are being studied as a potential treatment for cancer in clinical trials. However, it is necessary to be aware of the safety and possible adverse effects of this therapy; after all, an effective treatment for cancer should promote regression, attack the tumor, and in the meantime induce minimal systemic repercussions. In this manuscript, we will present a current review of the mechanism of action of OVs, main clinical uses, updates, and future perspectives on this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Santos Apolonio
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João Victor Silva Souza
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus Vitória da Conquista, Vitória da Conquista 45083-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Luca Rocha Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Wedja Rafaela de Souza
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus Sande Loureiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Andtbacka RHI, Curti B, Daniels GA, Hallmeyer S, Whitman ED, Lutzky J, Spitler LE, Zhou K, Bommareddy PK, Grose M, Wang M, Wu C, Kaufman HL. Clinical Responses of Oncolytic Coxsackievirus A21 (V937) in Patients With Unresectable Melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:3829-3838. [PMID: 34464163 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the activity of intratumoral Coxsackievirus A21 (V937) in 57 patients with unresectable stage IIIC or IV melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this multicenter, open-label, phase II study, patients received up to a total V937 dose of 3 × 108 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) in a maximum 4.0-mL volume by intratumoral injection. Ten sets of V937 injections were administered between days 1 and 127 (NCT01227551). Patients who had stable disease or were responding could continue treatment in an extension study (NCT01636882). Response and progression status were based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or caliper measurement and were categorized using immune-related Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (irRECIST). Other evaluations included monitoring of adverse events and serum levels of V937 and anti-V937 antibody titers. The primary efficacy end point was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate per irRECIST. RESULTS The primary efficacy end point, 6-month PFS rate per irRECIST, was 38.6% (95% CI, 26.0 to 52.4). Durable response rate (partial or complete response for ≥ 6 months) was 21.1% per irRECIST. Best overall response rate (complete plus partial response) was 38.6% (unconfirmed) and 28.1% (confirmed) per irRECIST. Regression of melanoma was observed in noninjected lesions. Based on Kaplan-Meier estimation, 12-month PFS was 32.9% (95% CI, 19.5 to 46.9) per irRECIST and 12-month overall survival was 75.4% (95% CI, 62.1 to 84.7). No treatment-related grade ≥ 3 adverse events occurred. Viral RNA was detected in serum within 30 minutes of administration. Neutralizing antibody titers increased to > 1:16 in all patients after day 22, without effect on clinical or immunologic response. CONCLUSION V937 was well tolerated and warrants further investigation for treatment of patients with unresectable melanoma. Studies of combination approaches with V937 and immune checkpoint inhibitors are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan Curti
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Gregory A Daniels
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Eric D Whitman
- Atlantic Melanoma Center, Atlantic Health System Cancer Care, Morristown, NJ
| | - Jose Lutzky
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | | | - Karl Zhou
- inVentiv Health Clinical, Bridgewater, NJ
| | | | - Mark Grose
- Viralytics Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
| | | | - Cai Wu
- Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ
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Farrow NE, Leddy M, Landa K, Beasley GM. Injectable Therapies for Regional Melanoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2021; 29:433-444. [PMID: 32482318 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with unresectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, or nodal melanoma metastases are often candidates for injectable therapies, which are attractive for ease of intralesional delivery to superficial metastases and limited systemic toxicity profiles. Injectable or intralesional therapies can be part of multifaceted treatment strategies to kill tumor directly or to alter the tumor so as to make it more sensitive to systemic therapy. Talimogene laherparepvec is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved injectable therapy currently in wide clinical use in the United States, although ongoing trials are evaluating novel intralesional agents as well as combinations with systemic therapies, particularly checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma E Farrow
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3443, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Margaret Leddy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, DUMC Box 3966, Durham, NC 27110, USA
| | - Karenia Landa
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3443, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia M Beasley
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, DUMC Box 3118, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Xie R, Bi X, Shang B, Zhou A, Shi H, Shou J. Efficacy and safety of oncolytic viruses in advanced or metastatic cancer: a network meta-analysis. Virol J 2021; 18:158. [PMID: 34332591 PMCID: PMC8325792 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have shown prospects in advanced and metastatic cancer, and many clinical trials have been carried out. To compare OV therapies comprehensively and provide a categorized profile and ranking of efficacy and safety, a network meta-analysis was conducted. METHODS A total of 5948 studies were screened and 13 randomized controlled trials with 1939 patients, of whom 1106 patients received OV therapies, comparing four OVs (NTX-010, pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa-Vec), talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), and pelareorep) were included in a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Eligible studies reported at least one of the following clinical outcome measures: objective response rate (ORR) and grade ≥ 3 adverse events. RESULTS Compared to systemic treatments alone, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) (OR 7.00, 95% CI 1.90-26.00) and T-VEC plus systemic treatment (2.90, 0.80-11.00) showed better objective response rates (ORRs), whereas Pexa-Vec 1 * 109 pfu plus systemic treatment (0.91, 0.26-3.00) and pelareorep plus systemic treatment (1.10, 0.61-2.00) were found to be comparable. The grade ≥ 3 adverse event ranking of the treatments from worst to best was as follows: T-VEC (ranking probability 24%), Pexa-Vec 1 * 109 pfu plus systemic treatment (21%), Pexa-Vec 1 * 109 pfu (17%), T-VEC plus systemic treatment (13%), pelareorep plus systemic treatment (13%), systemic treatments (18%), Pexa-Vec 1 * 108 pfu (12%), and NTX-010 (20%). CONCLUSIONS Compared with other oncolytic virus therapies for patients with advanced or metastatic cancer, T-VEC and T-VEC plus systemic treatment appear to provide the best ORR therapy in terms of monotherapy and combination respectively, but should be given with caution to grade ≥ 3 adverse events. Conversely, combining OVs with chemotherapy or target agents was demonstrated not to improve efficacy compared with chemotherapy or target agents alone. Combining OV therapies with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, instead of chemotherapy or target agents, tended to provide better ORRs without causing severe adverse events. This study will guide treatment choice and optimize future trial designs for investigations of advanced or metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Xie
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Xingang Bi
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Bingqing Shang
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Aiping Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhe Shi
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Jianzhong Shou
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli #17, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 China
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Monga V, Miller BJ, Tanas M, Boukhar S, Allen B, Anderson C, Stephens L, Hartwig S, Varga S, Houtman J, Wang L, Zhang W, Jaber O, Thomason J, Kuehn D, Rajput M, Metz C, Zamba KD, Mott S, Abanonu C, Bhatia S, Milhem M. Intratumoral talimogene laherparepvec injection with concurrent preoperative radiation in patients with locally advanced soft-tissue sarcoma of the trunk and extremities: phase IB/II trial. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003119. [PMID: 34330766 PMCID: PMC8327848 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) in the extremities and trunk treated with standard-of-care preoperative external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) followed by surgical resection are associated with local and distant relapses. In preclinical studies, oncolytic virotherapy in sarcoma has demonstrated antitumor effects via direct intratumoral oncolysis and cytotoxic T-cell–mediated immune responses. Talimogene laherparepvec (TVEC) is a replication-competent, immune-enhanced, oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 engineered for intratumoral injection; it has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic melanoma. Methods We explored a novel combination of TVEC with standard-of-care EBRT administered preoperatively in patients with locally advanced STS of the extremities and trunk in a phase IB/II clinical trial. Thirty patients with primary STS >5 cm for which EBRT was indicated to achieve negative margins were enrolled. FDA-approved TVEC doses were used. Immune correlative studies in peripheral blood, biopsy and resected tumor tissues were performed. Results No dose-limiting toxicity was observed. Adverse events were similar to those reported in prior studies with TVEC. One patient with myxoid liposarcoma exhibited a partial response. Seven of the 29 (24%) evaluable patients achieved 95% pathological necrosis. None of the patients developed a herpes infection due to the treatment. Eight of the 29 (27%) patients developed postoperative wound complications, which is consistent with previous studies. None of the patients developed local recurrence after surgical resection of the primary sarcoma. 2-year progression-free and overall survival were 57% and 88%, respectively. Caspase-3 demonstrated increased expression of both in TVEC-treated tissue samples as compared with control samples treated with radiation alone. Conclusion Preoperative intratumoral TVEC with concurrent EBRT for locally advanced STS is safe and well-tolerated. This combination treatment may enhance immune responses in some cases but did not increase the proposed rate of pathological necrosis. The Caspase-3 biomarker may be associated with a positive effect of TVEC in sarcoma tumor tissue and should be explored in future studies. Trial registration number NCT02453191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Monga
- Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Benjamin J Miller
- Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Munir Tanas
- Pathology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sarag Boukhar
- Pathology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bryan Allen
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Carryn Anderson
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Laura Stephens
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stacey Hartwig
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Steven Varga
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jon Houtman
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Omar Jaber
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jon Thomason
- Pathology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David Kuehn
- Radiology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Maheen Rajput
- Radiology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Catherine Metz
- Radiology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - K D Zamba
- Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sarah Mott
- The University of Iowa Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Chinemerem Abanonu
- HealthCare Partners Hematology/Oncology Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Sudershan Bhatia
- Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Oncolytic HSV: Underpinnings of Tumor Susceptibility. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071408. [PMID: 34372614 PMCID: PMC8310378 DOI: 10.3390/v13071408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) is a therapeutic modality that has seen substantial success for the treatment of cancer, though much remains to be improved. Commonly attenuated through the deletion or alteration of the γ134.5 neurovirulence gene, the basis for the success of oHSV relies in part on the malignant silencing of cellular pathways critical for limiting these viruses in healthy host tissue. However, only recently have the molecular mechanisms underlying the success of these treatments begun to emerge. Further clarification of these mechanisms can strengthen rational design approaches to develop the next generation of oHSV. Herein, we review our current understanding of the molecular basis for tumor susceptibility to γ134.5-attenuated oHSV, with particular focus on the malignant suppression of nucleic acid sensing, along with strategies meant to improve the clinical efficacy of these therapeutic viruses.
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Shirakawa Y, Tazawa H, Tanabe S, Kanaya N, Noma K, Koujima T, Kashima H, Kato T, Kuroda S, Kikuchi S, Kagawa S, Katsui K, Kanazawa S, Urata Y, Fujiwara T. Phase I dose-escalation study of endoscopic intratumoral injection of OBP-301 (Telomelysin) with radiotherapy in oesophageal cancer patients unfit for standard treatments. Eur J Cancer 2021; 153:98-108. [PMID: 34153720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OBP-301 (Telomelysin) is an attenuated type-5 adenovirus that contains the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter to regulate viral replication. OBP-301 sensitises human cancer cells to ionising radiation by inhibiting DNA repair, and radiation enhances coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-mediated OBP-301 infection on the contrary. We assessed OBP-301 with radiotherapy in oesophageal cancer patients unfit for standard chemoradiation treatments. METHODS A phase I dose-escalation study of OBP-301 with radiotherapy was conducted in 13 histologically confirmed oesophageal cancer patients deemed unfit to undergo surgery or chemotherapy. Study treatment consisted of OBP-301 administration by intratumoural needle injection using a flexible endoscope on days 1, 18 and 32. Radiotherapy was administered concurrently over 6 weeks, beginning on day 4, to a total of 60 Gy. RESULTS Of the 13 patients, 7, 3 and 3 patients were treated with 1010, 1011 and 1012 virus particles, respectively. Study group comprised 10 males and 3 females, with a median age of 82 years (range, 53-91 years). All patients developed a transient, self-limited lymphopenia. Distribution studies revealed transient virus shedding in the plasma. Eight patients had local complete response (CR); all of them exhibited no pathologically viable malignant cells in biopsy specimens, and 3 patients had a partial response. The objective response rate was 91.7%. The clinical CR rate was 83.3% in stage I and 60.0% in stage II/III. Histopathological examination revealed massive infiltration of CD8+ cells and increased PD-L1 expression. CONCLUSION Multiple courses of endoscopic intratumoural OBP-301 injection with radiotherapy are feasible and provide clinical benefits in patients with oesophageal cancer unfit for standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Kanaya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Koujima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hajime Kashima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinji Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoru Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Katsui
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Susumu Kanazawa
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuo Urata
- Oncolys BioPharma, Inc., Tokyo 106-0032, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Chianese A, Santella B, Ambrosino A, Stelitano D, Rinaldi L, Galdiero M, Zannella C, Franci G. Oncolytic Viruses in Combination Therapeutic Approaches with Epigenetic Modulators: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112761. [PMID: 34199429 PMCID: PMC8199618 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer rates have been accelerating significantly in recent years. Despite notable advances having been made in cancer therapy, and numerous studies being currently conducted in clinical trials, research is always looking for new treatment. Novel and promising anticancer therapies comprise combinations of oncolytic viruses and epigenetic modulators, including chromatin modifiers, such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylases, and microRNA. Combinatorial treatments have several advantages: they enhance viral entry, replication, and spread between proximal cells and, moreover, they strengthen the immune response. In this review we summarize the main combination of therapeutic approaches, giving an insight into past, present, and future perspectives. Abstract According to the World Cancer Report, cancer rates have been increased by 50% with 15 million new cases in the year 2020. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the only one of the most common tumors to cause a huge increase in mortality with a survival rate between 40% and 70% at 5 years, due to the high relapse and limitations associated with current therapies. Despite great progress in medicine, oncological research is always looking for new therapies: different technologies have been evaluated in clinical trials and others have been already used in clinics. Among them, oncolytic virotherapy represents a therapeutic option with a widespread possibility of approaches and applications. Oncolytic viruses are naturally occurring, or are engineered, viruses characterized by the unique features of preferentially infecting, replicating, and lysing malignant tumor cells, as well as activating the immune response. The combination of oncolytic virotherapy and chemical drugs are arousing great interest in the tumor treatment. In this scenario, novel and promising anticancer therapies comprise combinations of oncolytic viruses and epigenetic modulators or inhibitors of the signalling pathways. Combination treatments are required to improve the immune response and allow viral entry, replication, and diffusion between proximal cells. In this review, we summarize all combination therapies associated with virotherapy, including co-administered inhibitors of chromatin modifiers (combination strategies) and inserted target sites for miRNAs (recombination or arming strategies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Biagio Santella
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Ambrosino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Debora Stelitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (A.A.); (D.S.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (G.F.)
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49
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Zawit M, Swami U, Awada H, Arnouk J, Milhem M, Zakharia Y. Current status of intralesional agents in treatment of malignant melanoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1038. [PMID: 34277838 PMCID: PMC8267328 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of metastatic melanoma has undergone substantial improvement with the discovery of checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapies and targeted therapies have improved the median overall survival (OS) of metastatic melanoma from 6 months to more than 3 years. However, still about half of the patients die due to uncontrolled disease. Therefore, multiple strategies are currently being investigated to improve outcomes. One such strategy is intralesional/intratumoral (IT) therapies which can either directly kill the tumor cells or make the tumor more immunogenic to be recognized by the immune system. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), an oncolytic virus, is the first FDA approved IT therapy. This review focuses on the current status of IT agents currently under clinical trials in melanoma. Reviewed therapies include T-VEC, T-VEC with immune checkpoint inhibitors including ipilimumab and pembrolizumab or other agents, RP1, OrienX010, Canerpaturev (C-REV, HF10), CAVATAK (coxsackievirus A21, CVA21) alone or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic polio/rhinovirus recombinant (PVSRIPO), MAGE-A3-expressing MG1 Maraba virus, VSV-IFNbetaTYRP1, suicide gene therapy, ONCOS-102, OBP-301 (Telomelysin), Stimulation of Interferon Genes Pathway (STING agonists) including DMXAA, MIW815 (ADU-S100) and MK-1454, PV-10, toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists including TLR-9 agonists (SD-101, CMP-001, IMO-2125 or tilsotolimod, AST-008 or cavrotolimod, MGN1703 or lefitolimod), CV8102, NKTR-262 plus NKTR-214, LHC165, G100, intralesional interleukin-2, Daromun (L19IL2 plus L19TNF), Hiltonol (poly-ICLC), electroporation including calcium electroporation and plasmid interleukin-12 electroporation (pIL-12 EP), IT ipilimumab, INT230-6 (cisplatin and vinblastine with an amphiphilic penetration enhancer), TTI-621 (SIRPαFc), CD-40 agonistic antibodies (ABBV-927 and APX005M), antimicrobial peptide LL37 and other miscellaneous agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misam Zawit
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hassan Awada
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joyce Arnouk
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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50
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George A, Sahin I, Carneiro BA, Dizon DS, Safran HP, El-Deiry WS. Strategies to sensitize cancer cells to immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2595-2601. [PMID: 34019474 PMCID: PMC8475577 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1891817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen the emergence of immunotherapy as a promising modality for treating a variety of cancers. However, the initial data have led to the ultimate reality that such a treatment does not work effectively in all cancers, nor does it universally result in long-lasting benefits, which can be partly attributed to the development of drug resistance- itself a major challenge. Worse, in some cases, immunotherapy can lead to accelerated tumor growth known as hyperprogression. Tumor sensitization is being pursued as a means to circumvent resistance to immunotherapy, and perhaps as a means to prevent hyperprogression. Such approaches aim to counteract features of immune resistance demonstrated by refractory tumors, paving the way for improved treatment effectiveness when standard immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors are utilized. Sensitizing agents can be categorized by whether their target is a tumor-intrinsic or a tumor cell-extrinsic factor. Tumor-intrinsic sensitization strategies act directly on cancer cells, suppressing their anti-immune tendencies, whereas tumor cell-extrinsic sensitization strategies target the tumor microenvironment to more effectively mediate the desired therapeutic effects of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew George
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ilyas Sahin
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,The Warren Alpert Medical School, Cancer Center at Brown University, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Don S Dizon
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,The Warren Alpert Medical School, Cancer Center at Brown University, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Howard P Safran
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,The Warren Alpert Medical School, Cancer Center at Brown University, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,The Warren Alpert Medical School, Cancer Center at Brown University, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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