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Kang J, Huang G, Ma L, Tong Y, Shahapal A, Chen P, Shen J. Cell autonomous role of leucine-rich repeat kinase in protection of dopaminergic neuron survival. bioRxiv 2024:2023.10.06.561293. [PMID: 37873418 PMCID: PMC10592668 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the leading neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). However, whether LRRK2 mutations cause PD and degeneration of DA neurons via a toxic gain-of-function or a loss-of-function mechanism is unresolved and has pivotal implications for LRRK2-based PD therapies. In this study, we investigate whether LRRK2 and its functional homologue LRRK1 play an essential, intrinsic role in DA neuron survival through the development of DA neuron-specific LRRK conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice. We first generated and characterized floxed LRRK1 and LRRK2 mice and then confirmed that germline deletions of the floxed LRRK1 and LRRK2 alleles result in null mutations, as evidenced by the absence of LRRK1 and LRRK2 mRNA and protein in the respective homozygous deleted mutant mice. We further examined the specificity of Cre-mediated recombination driven by the dopamine transporter-Cre (DAT-Cre) knockin (KI) allele using a GFP reporter line and confirmed that DAT-Cre-mediated recombination is restricted to DA neurons in the SNpc. Crossing these validated floxed LRRK1 and LRRK2 mice with DAT-Cre KI mice, we then generated DA neuron-restricted LRRK cDKO mice and further showed that levels of LRRK1 and LRRK2 are reduced in dissected ventral midbrains of LRRK cDKO mice. While DA neuron-restricted LRRK cDKO mice of both sexes exhibit normal mortality and body weight, they develop age-dependent loss of DA neurons in the SNpc, as demonstrated by the progressive reduction of DA neurons in the SNpc of LRRK cDKO mice at the ages of 20 and 24 months but the unaffected number of DA neurons at the age of 15 months. Moreover, DA neurodegeneration is accompanied with increases of apoptosis and elevated microgliosis in the SNpc as well as decreases of DA terminals in the striatum, and is preceded by impaired motor coordination. Taken together, these findings provide the unequivocal evidence for the importance of LRRK in DA neurons and raise the possibility that LRRK2 mutations may impair its protection of DA neurons, leading to DA neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkyun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Guodong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Youren Tong
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Anu Shahapal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Phoenix Chen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
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Ito G, Utsunomiya-Tate N. Overview of the Impact of Pathogenic LRRK2 Mutations in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050845. [PMID: 37238714 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large protein kinase that physiologically phosphorylates and regulates the function of several Rab proteins. LRRK2 is genetically implicated in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), although the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Several pathogenic mutations in the LRRK2 gene have been identified, and in most cases the clinical symptoms that PD patients with LRRK2 mutations develop are indistinguishable from those of typical PD. However, it has been shown that the pathological manifestations in the brains of PD patients with LRRK2 mutations are remarkably variable when compared to sporadic PD, ranging from typical PD pathology with Lewy bodies to nigral degeneration with deposition of other amyloidogenic proteins. The pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 are also known to affect the functions and structure of LRRK2, the differences in which may be partly attributable to the variations observed in patient pathology. In this review, in order to help researchers unfamiliar with the field to understand the mechanism of pathogenesis of LRRK2-associated PD, we summarize the clinical and pathological manifestations caused by pathogenic mutations in LRRK2, their impact on the molecular function and structure of LRRK2, and their historical background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Ito
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoko Utsunomiya-Tate
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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3
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Peña-díaz S, García-pardo J, Ventura S. Development of Small Molecules Targeting α-Synuclein Aggregation: A Promising Strategy to Treat Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:839. [PMID: 36986700 PMCID: PMC10059018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, is characterized by the accumulation of protein deposits in the dopaminergic neurons. These deposits are primarily composed of aggregated forms of α-Synuclein (α-Syn). Despite the extensive research on this disease, only symptomatic treatments are currently available. However, in recent years, several compounds, mainly of an aromatic character, targeting α-Syn self-assembly and amyloid formation have been identified. These compounds, discovered by different approaches, are chemically diverse and exhibit a plethora of mechanisms of action. This work aims to provide a historical overview of the physiopathology and molecular aspects associated with Parkinson’s disease and the current trends in small compound development to target α-Syn aggregation. Although these molecules are still under development, they constitute an important step toward discovering effective anti-aggregational therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
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Turski P, Chaberska I, Szukało P, Pyska P, Milanowski Ł, Szlufik S, Figura M, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Siuda J, Koziorowski D. Review of the epidemiology and variability of LRRK2 non-p.Gly2019Ser pathogenic mutations in Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:971270. [PMID: 36203807 PMCID: PMC9530194 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.971270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a heterogenous neurodegenerative disorder. Genetic factors play a significant role, especially in early onset and familial cases. Mutations are usually found in the LRRK2 gene, but their importance varies. Some mutations, such as p.Arg1441Cys or other alterations in the 1441 codon, show clear correlation with PD, whereas others are risk factors found also in healthy populations or have neglectable consequences. They also exhibit various prevalence among different populations. The aim of this paper is to sum up the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology and pathogenicity of LRRK2 mutations, other than the well-established p.Gly2019Ser. We performed a review of the literature using PubMed database. 103 publications met our inclusion criteria. p.Arg1441Cys, p.Arg1441Gly, p.Arg1441His, p.Arg1441Ser are the most common pathogenic mutations in European populations, especially Hispanic. p.Asn1437His is pathogenic and occurs mostly in the Scandinavians. p.Asn1437Ser and p.Asn1437Asp have been reported in German and Chinese cohorts respectively. p.Ile2020Thr is a rare pathogenic mutation described only in a Japanese cohort. p.Met1869Thr has only been reported in Caucasians. p.Tyr1699Cys, p.Ile1122Val have only been found in one family each. p.Glu1874Ter has been described in just one patient. We found no references concerning mutation p.Gln416Ter. We also report the first case of a Polish PD family whose members carried p.Asn1437His.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Turski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Chaberska
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Szukało
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Pyska
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Milanowski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Szlufik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Figura
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Koziorowski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Dariusz Koziorowski,
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Simpson C, Vinikoor-Imler L, Nassan FL, Shirvan J, Lally C, Dam T, Maserejian N. Prevalence of ten LRRK2 variants in Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 98:103-113. [PMID: 35654702 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD), but their prevalence varies geographically, reflecting the locations of founder events and dispersion of founders' descendants. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify studies providing prevalence estimates for any of ten variants in LRRK2 (G2019S, R1441C, R1441G, R1441H, I2020T, N1437H, Y1699C, S1761R, G2385R, R1628P) among individuals with PD globally. We calculated crude country-specific variant prevalence estimates and, when possible, adjusted estimates for ethno-racial composition. For clinic-based studies, probands were used over other familial cases, whereas for population-based studies, all PD cases were used. RESULTS The analysis included 161 articles from 52 countries yielding 581 prevalence estimates across the ten variants. G2019S was the most common variant, exceeding 1.0% in 26 of 51 countries with estimates. The other variants were far less common. G2385R and R1628P were observed almost exclusively in East Asian countries, where they were found in ∼5-10% of cases. All prevalence estimates adjusted for ethno-racial composition were lower than their unadjusted counterparts, although data permitting this adjustment was only available for six countries. CONCLUSIONS Except for G2019S, the LRRK2 variants covered in this review were uncommon in most countries studied. However, there were countries with higher prevalence for some variants, reflecting the uneven geographic distribution of LRRK2 variants. The fact that ethno-racial group‒adjusted estimates were lower than crude estimates suggests that estimates derived largely from clinic-based studies may overstate the true prevalence of some LRRK2 variants in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cathy Lally
- Epidemiology Research and Methods LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Beger AW, Dudzik B, Woltjer RL, Wood PL. Human Brain Lipidomics: Pilot Analysis of the Basal Ganglia Sphingolipidome in Parkinson’s Disease and Lewy Body Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020187. [PMID: 35208260 PMCID: PMC8875811 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids constitute a complex class of bioactive lipids with diverse structural and functional roles in neural tissue. Lipidomic techniques continue to provide evidence for their association in neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Lewy body disease (LBD). However, prior studies have primarily focused on biological tissues outside of the basal ganglia, despite the known relevancy of this brain region in motor and cognitive dysfunction associated with PD and LBD. Therefore electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry was used to analyze levels of sphingolipid species, including ceramides (Cer), dihydroceramides (DHC), hydoxyceramides (OH-Cer), phytoceramides (Phyto-Cer), phosphoethanolamine ceramides (PE-Cer), sphingomyelins (SM), and sulfatides (Sulf) in the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus of PD (n = 7) and LBD (n = 14) human subjects and were compared to healthy controls (n = 9). The most dramatic alterations were seen in the putamen, with depletion of Cer and elevation of Sulf observed in both groups, with additional depletion of OH-Cer and elevation of DHC identified in LBD subjects. Diverging levels of DHC in the caudate suggest differing roles of this lipid in PD and LBD pathogenesis. These sphingolipid alterations in PD and LBD provide evidence for biochemical involvement of the neuronal cell death that characterize these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. Beger
- Anatomy Department, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Beatrix Dudzik
- Anatomy Department, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
| | - Randall L. Woltjer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Paul L. Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
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7
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Guadagnolo D, Piane M, Torrisi MR, Pizzuti A, Petrucci S. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Monogenic Parkinson Disease: A Review on Clinical and Molecular Findings. Front Neurol 2021; 12:648588. [PMID: 34630269 PMCID: PMC8494251 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.648588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, usually with multifactorial etiology. It is characterized by prominent movement disorders and non-motor symptoms. Movement disorders commonly include bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Non-motor symptoms can include behavior disorders, sleep disturbances, hyposmia, cognitive impairment, and depression. A fraction of PD cases instead is due to Parkinsonian conditions with Mendelian inheritance. The study of the genetic causes of these phenotypes has shed light onto common pathogenetic mechanisms underlying Parkinsonian conditions. Monogenic Parkinsonisms can present autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or even X-linked inheritance patterns. Clinical presentations vary from forms indistinguishable from idiopathic PD to severe childhood-onset conditions with other neurological signs. We provided a comprehensive description of each condition, discussing current knowledge on genotype-phenotype correlations. Despite the broad clinical spectrum and the many genes involved, the phenotype appears to be related to the disrupted cell function and inheritance pattern, and several assumptions about genotype-phenotype correlations can be made. The interest in these assumptions is not merely speculative, in the light of novel promising targeted therapies currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Guadagnolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto i Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Piane
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto i Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics Unit, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
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8
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Abe T, Kuwahara T. Targeting of Lysosomal Pathway Genes for Parkinson's Disease Modification: Insights From Cellular and Animal Models. Front Neurol 2021; 12:681369. [PMID: 34194386 PMCID: PMC8236816 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.681369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous genetic studies on hereditary Parkinson's disease (PD) have identified a set of pathogenic gene mutations that have strong impacts on the pathogenicity of PD. In addition, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) targeted to sporadic PD have nominated an increasing number of genetic variants that influence PD susceptibility. Although the clinical and pathological characteristics in hereditary PD are not identical to those in sporadic PD, α-synuclein, and LRRK2 are definitely associated with both types of PD, with LRRK2 mutations being the most frequent cause of autosomal-dominant PD. On the other hand, a significant portion of risk genes identified from GWAS have been associated with lysosomal functions, pointing to a critical role of lysosomes in PD pathogenesis. Experimental studies have suggested that the maintenance or upregulation of lysosomal activity may protect against neuronal dysfunction or degeneration. Here we focus on the roles of representative PD gene products that are implicated in lysosomal pathway, namely LRRK2, VPS35, ATP13A2, and glucocerebrosidase, and provide an overview of their disease-associated functions as well as their cooperative actions in the pathogenesis of PD, based on the evidence from cellular and animal models. We also discuss future perspectives of targeting lysosomal activation as a possible strategy to treat neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Abe
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kuwahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhao Y, Qin L, Pan H, Liu Z, Jiang L, He Y, Zeng Q, Zhou X, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Fang Z, Wang Z, Xiang Y, Yang H, Wang Y, Zhang K, Zhang R, He R, Zhou X, Zhou Z, Yang N, Liang D, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Liu H, Deng P, Xu K, Xu K, Zhou C, Zhong J, Xu Q, Sun Q, Li B, Zhao G, Wang T, Chen L, Shang H, Liu W, Chan P, Xue Z, Wang Q, Guo L, Wang X, Xu C, Zhang Z, Chen T, Lei L, Zhang H, Wang C, Tan J, Yan X, Shen L, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Xia K, Yue Z, Li J, Guo J, Tang B. The role of genetics in Parkinson's disease: a large cohort study in Chinese mainland population. Brain 2020; 143:2220-2234. [PMID: 32613234 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the mutational spectrum of familial Parkinson's disease and sporadic early-onset Parkinson's disease (sEOPD) in a mainland Chinese population and the clinical features of mutation carriers. We performed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assays and whole-exome sequencing for 1676 unrelated patients with Parkinson's disease in a mainland Chinese population, including 192 probands from families with autosomal-recessive Parkinson's disease, 242 probands from families with autosomal-dominant Parkinson's disease, and 1242 sEOPD patients (age at onset ≤ 50). According to standards and guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in 23 known Parkinson's disease-associated genes occurred more frequently in the autosomal-recessive Parkinson's disease cohort (65 of 192, 33.85%) than in the autosomal-dominant Parkinson's disease cohort (10 of 242, 4.13%) and the sEOPD cohort (57 of 1242, 4.59%), which leads to an overall molecular diagnostic yield of 7.88% (132 of 1676). We found that PRKN was the most frequently mutated gene (n = 83, 4.95%) and present the first evidence of an SNCA duplication and LRRK2 p.N1437D variant in mainland China. In addition, several novel pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants including LRRK2 (p.V1447M and p.Y1645S), ATP13A2 (p.R735X and p.A819D), FBXO7 (p.G67E), LRP10 (c.322dupC/p.G109Rfs*51) and TMEM230 (c.429delT/p.P144Qfs*2) were identified in our cohort. Furthermore, the age at onset of the 132 probands with genetic diagnoses (median, 31.5 years) was about 14.5 years earlier than that of patients without molecular diagnoses (i.e. non-carriers, median 46.0 years). Specifically, the age at onset of Parkinson's disease patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in ATP13A2, PLA2G6, PRKN, or PINK1 was significantly lower than that of non-carriers, while the age at onset of carriers with other gene pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants was similar to that of non-carriers. The clinical spectrum of Parkinson's disease-associated gene carriers in this mainland Chinese population was similar to that of other populations. We also detected 61 probands with GBA possibly pathogenic variants (3.64%) and 59 probands with GBA p.L444P (3.52%). These results shed insight into the genetic spectrum and clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease in mainland China and expand the existing repertoire of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants involved in known Parkinson's disease-associated genes. Our data highlight the importance of genetic testing in Parkinson's disease patients with age at onset < 40 years, especially in those from families with a recessive inheritance pattern, who may benefit from early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lixia Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hongxu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yangjie Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhenghuan Fang
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yaqin Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Honglan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yige Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Kailin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Runcheng He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Nannan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Dongxiao Liang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xuxiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Penghui Deng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chaojun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Junfei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Guihu Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.,Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zheng Xue
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450047, China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Henan provincial people's hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Lifang Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jinchen Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Centre for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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10
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Zheng R, Jin CY, Chen Y, Ruan Y, Gao T, Lin ZH, Dong JX, Yan YP, Tian J, Pu JL, Zhang BR. Analysis of rare variants of autosomal-dominant genes in a Chinese population with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1449. [PMID: 32794657 PMCID: PMC7549569 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, several studies have suggested that genes involved in monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) contribute to unrelated sporadic cases, but there is limited evidence in the Chinese population. METHODS We performed a systematic analysis of 12 autosomal-dominant PD (AD-PD) genes (SNCA, LRRK2, GIGYF2, VPS35, EIF4G1, DNAJC13, CHCHD2, HTRA2, NR4A2, RIC3, TMEM230, and UCHL1) using panel sequencing and database filtration in a case-control study of a cohort of 391 Chinese sporadic PD patients and unrelated controls. We evaluated the association between candidate variants and sporadic PD using gene-based analysis. RESULTS Overall, 18 rare variants were discovered in 18.8% (36/191) of the index patients. In addition to previously reported pathogenic mutations (LRRK2 p.Arg1441His and p.Ala419Val), another four unknown variants were found in LRRK2, which also contribute to PD risk (p = 0.002; odds ratio (OR) = 7.83, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.76-34.93). The cumulative frequency of undetermined rare variants was significantly higher in PD patients (14.1%) than in controls (3.5%) (p = 0.0002; OR=4.54, 95% CI = 1.93-10.69). CONCLUSION Our results confirm the strong impact of LRRK2 on the risk of sporadic PD, and also provide considerable evidence of the existence of additional undetermined rare variants in AD-PD genes that contribute to the genetic etiology of sporadic PD in a Chinese cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zheng
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chong-Yao Jin
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Ruan
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Lin
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Xian Dong
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Tan MMX, Malek N, Lawton MA, Hubbard L, Pittman AM, Joseph T, Hehir J, Swallow DMA, Grosset KA, Marrinan SL, Bajaj N, Barker RA, Burn DJ, Bresner C, Foltynie T, Hardy J, Wood N, Ben-Shlomo Y, Grosset DG, Williams NM, Morris HR. Genetic analysis of Mendelian mutations in a large UK population-based Parkinson's disease study. Brain 2020; 142:2828-2844. [PMID: 31324919 PMCID: PMC6735928 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to define the prevalence and clinical features of genetic Parkinson’s disease in a large UK population-based cohort, the largest multicentre prospective clinico-genetic incident study in the world. We collected demographic data, Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale scores, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. We analysed mutations in PRKN (parkin), PINK1, LRRK2 and SNCA in relation to age at symptom onset, family history and clinical features. Of the 2262 participants recruited to the Tracking Parkinson’s study, 424 had young-onset Parkinson’s disease (age at onset ≤ 50) and 1799 had late onset Parkinson’s disease. A range of methods were used to genotype 2005 patients: 302 young-onset patients were fully genotyped with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and either Sanger and/or exome sequencing; and 1701 late-onset patients were genotyped with the LRRK2 ‘Kompetitive’ allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay and/or exome sequencing (two patients had missing age at onset). We identified 29 (1.4%) patients carrying pathogenic mutations. Eighteen patients carried the G2019S or R1441C mutations in LRRK2, and one patient carried a heterozygous duplication in SNCA. In PRKN, we identified patients carrying deletions of exons 1, 4 and 5, and P113Xfs, R275W, G430D and R33X. In PINK1, two patients carried deletions in exon 1 and 5, and the W90Xfs point mutation. Eighteen per cent of patients with age at onset ≤30 and 7.4% of patients from large dominant families carried pathogenic Mendelian gene mutations. Of all young-onset patients, 10 (3.3%) carried biallelic mutations in PRKN or PINK1. Across the whole cohort, 18 patients (0.9%) carried pathogenic LRRK2 mutations and one (0.05%) carried an SNCA duplication. There is a significant burden of LRRK2 G2019S in patients with both apparently sporadic and familial disease. In young-onset patients, dominant and recessive mutations were equally common. There were no differences in clinical features between LRRK2 carriers and non-carriers. However, we did find that PRKN and PINK1 mutation carriers have distinctive clinical features compared to young-onset non-carriers, with more postural symptoms at diagnosis and less cognitive impairment, after adjusting for age and disease duration. This supports the idea that there is a distinct clinical profile of PRKN and PINK1-related Parkinson’s disease. We estimate that there are approaching 1000 patients with a known genetic aetiology in the UK Parkinson’s disease population. A small but significant number of patients carry causal variants in LRRK2, SNCA, PRKN and PINK1 that could potentially be targeted by new therapies, such as LRRK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela M X Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naveed Malek
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Leon Hubbard
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alan M Pittman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Theresita Joseph
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jason Hehir
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Diane M A Swallow
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katherine A Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah L Marrinan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nin Bajaj
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Bresner
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Donald G Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nigel M Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK
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12
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Domingos S, Duarte T, Saraiva L, Guedes RC, Moreira R. Targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1953-77. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a serine-threonine kinase involved in multiple cellular processes and signaling pathways. LRRK2 mutations are associated with autosomal-inherited Parkinson's disease (PD), and evidence suggests that LRRK2 pathogenic variants generally increase kinase activity. Therefore, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase function is a promising therapeutic strategy for PD treatment. The search for drug-like molecules capable of reducing LRRK2 kinase activity in PD led to the design of selective LRRK2 inhibitors predicted to be within the CNS drug-like space. This review highlights the journey that translates chemical tools for interrogating the role of LRRK2 in PD into promising drug candidates, addressing the challenges in discovering selective and brain-penetrant LRRK2 modulators and exploring the structure–activity relationship of distinct LRRK2 inhibitors.
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13
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Takanashi M, Funayama M, Matsuura E, Yoshino H, Li Y, Tsuyama S, Takashima H, Nishioka K, Hattori N. Isolated nigral degeneration without pathological protein aggregation in autopsied brains with LRRK2 p.R1441H homozygous and heterozygous mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:105. [PMID: 30333048 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common causative gene for autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is also known to be a susceptibility gene for sporadic PD. Although clinical symptoms with LRRK2 mutations are similar to those in sporadic PD, their pathologies are heterogeneous and include nigral degeneration with abnormal inclusions containing alpha-synuclein, tau, TAR DNA-binding protein 43, and ubiquitin, or pure nigral degeneration with no protein aggregation pathologies. We discovered two families harboring heterozygous and homozygous c.4332 G > A; p.R1441H in LRRK2 with consanguinity, sharing a common founder. They lived in the city of Makurazaki, located in a rural area of the southern region, the Kagoshima prefecture, in Kyushu, Japan. All patients presented late-onset parkinsonism without apparent cognitive decline and demonstrated a good response to levodopa. We obtained three autopsied cases that all presented with isolated nigral degeneration with no alpha-synuclein or other protein inclusions. This is the first report of neuropathological findings in patients with LRRK2 p.R1441H mutations that includes both homozygous and heterozygous mutations. Our findings in this study suggest that isolated nigral degeneration is the primary pathology in patients with LRRK2 p.R1441H mutations, and that protein aggregation of alpha-synuclein or tau might be secondary changes.
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14
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Zhang JR, Jin H, Li K, Mao CJ, Yang YP, Wang F, Gu CC, Zhang HJ, Chen J, Liu CF. Genetic analysis of LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease in Han Chinese population. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 72:187.e5-187.e10. [PMID: 30049590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are recognized as the most frequent genetic factors contributing to Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of our study was to explore LRRK2 variants in PD patients within the mainland Han Chinese population. The whole coding regions of LRRK2 from 296 PD patients were sequenced by targeted regions sequencing and exome sequencing. Eighteen rare variants were identified in 27 PD patients, and 13 of them (M100T, L153W, A459S, S722N, R792K, C925Y, R981K, S1007T, V1447M, R1677S, N2308D, N2313S, and S2350I) were firstly reported in PD. We also tried to explore the genotype-phenotype associations of LRRK2 variants in our data and found that PD with common and rare LRRK2 variants was more likely to have motor fluctuation and nonmotor symptoms. The identification of novel variants in LRRK2 suggests that this gene plays an important role in the pathogenesis and phenotype of PD in Han Chinese population, and our data also rang the alarm bell-more attention should be paid to the whole coding regions of LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen-Chen Gu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
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15
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Chen ML, Wu RM. LRRK 2 gene mutations in the pathophysiology of the ROCO domain and therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease: a review. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:52. [PMID: 29903014 PMCID: PMC6000924 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and manifests as resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Pathologically, PD is characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the formation of intracellular inclusions containing α-synuclein and ubiquitin called Lewy bodies. Consequently, a remarkable deficiency of dopamine in the striatum causes progressive disability of motor function. The etiology of PD remains uncertain. Genetic variability in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause of sporadic and familial PD. LRRK2 encodes a large protein containing three catalytic and four protein-protein interaction domains. Patients with LRRK2 mutations exhibit a clinical and pathological phenotype indistinguishable from sporadic PD. Recent studies have shown that pathological mutations of LRRK2 can reduce the rate of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis, increase kinase activity and GTP binding activity, and subsequently cause cell death. The process of cell death involves several signaling pathways, including the autophagic–lysosomal pathway, intracellular trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the ubiquitin–proteasome system. This review summarizes the cellular function and pathophysiology of LRRK2 ROCO domain mutations in PD and the perspective of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ling Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Da-an Dist, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Da-an Dist, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan.
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16
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Baltussen LL, Rosianu F, Ultanir SK. Kinases in synaptic development and neurological diseases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:343-352. [PMID: 29241837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal morphogenesis and synapse development is essential for building a functioning nervous system, and defects in these processes are associated with neurological disorders. Our understanding of molecular components and signalling events that contribute to neuronal development and pathogenesis is limited. Genes associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases provide entry points for elucidating molecular events that contribute to these conditions. Several protein kinases, enzymes that regulate protein function by phosphorylating their substrates, are genetically linked to neurological disorders. Identifying substrates of these kinases is key to discovering their function and providing insight for possible therapies. In this review, we describe how various methods for kinase-substrate identification helped elucidate kinase signalling pathways important for neuronal development and function. We describe recent advances on roles of kinases TAOK2, TNIK and CDKL5 in neuronal development and the converging pathways of LRRK2, PINK1 and GAK in Parkinson's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Baltussen
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Rosianu
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.
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17
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Zhao HT, John N, Delic V, Ikeda-Lee K, Kim A, Weihofen A, Swayze EE, Kordasiewicz HB, West AB, Volpicelli-Daley LA. LRRK2 Antisense Oligonucleotides Ameliorate α-Synuclein Inclusion Formation in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2017; 8:508-519. [PMID: 28918051 PMCID: PMC5573879 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
No treatments exist to slow or halt Parkinson’s disease (PD) progression; however, inhibition of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) activity represents one of the most promising therapeutic strategies. Genetic ablation and pharmacological LRRK2 inhibition have demonstrated promise in blocking α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology. However, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors may reduce LRRK2 activity in several tissues and induce systemic phenotypes in the kidney and lung that are undesirable. Here, we test whether antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) provide an alternative therapeutic strategy, as they can be restricted to the CNS and provide a stable, long-lasting reduction of protein throughout the brain. Administration of LRRK2 ASOs to the brain reduces LRRK2 protein levels and fibril-induced α-syn inclusions. Mice exposed to α-syn fibrils treated with LRRK2 ASOs show more tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons compared to control mice. Furthermore, intracerebral injection of LRRK2 ASOs avoids unwanted phenotypes associated with loss of LRRK2 expression in the periphery. This study further demonstrates that a reduction of endogenous levels of normal LRRK2 reduces the formation of α-syn inclusions. Importantly, this study points toward LRRK2 ASOs as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing PD-associated pathology and phenotypes without causing potential adverse side effects in peripheral tissues associated with LRRK2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neena John
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vedad Delic
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Aneeza Kim
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | - Eric E Swayze
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | - Andrew B West
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Laura A Volpicelli-Daley
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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18
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Ferreira M, Massano J. An updated review of Parkinson's disease genetics and clinicopathological correlations. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 135:273-284. [PMID: 27273099 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the pathophysiological basis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been greatly expanded over the past two decades, with extraordinary contributions from the field of genetics. However, genetic classifications became complex, difficult to follow, and at times misleading, by placing well-established monogenic forms of the disease along with others associated with risk loci, often ill characterized. The present paper summarizes the genetic, clinical, and neuropathological findings of the currently described monogenic forms of PD and also approaches the progress made in determining genetic risk factors for PD. Furthermore, the text incorporates the data into a recently proposed classification system that will hopefully bring a "user-friendly" approach to this issue. This paper also highlights a number of inconsistencies regarding classification of PD as a single, unique clinicopathological entity-in fact, in order to achieve the development of truly innovative therapies, PD should probably be regarded clinically as a "Parkinson's disease cluster", instead of a single disease. In the future, we hope that an in-depth and groundbreaking understanding of PD will allow the development of truly disease-modifying therapies that will target the molecular processes responsible for the cascade of pathological events underlying each form of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - J. Massano
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Department of Neurology; Hospital Pedro Hispano/ULS Matosinhos; Matosinhos Portugal
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19
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Abstract
Since the first discovery of a specific genetic defect in the SNCA gene, encoding for α-synuclein, as a causative factor for Parkinson's disease 20 years ago, a multitude of other genes have been linked to this disease in rare cases with Mendelian inheritance. Furthermore, the genetic contribution to the much more common sporadic disease has been demonstrated through case control association studies and, more recently, genome-wide association studies. Interestingly, some of the genes with Mendelian inheritance, such as SNCA, are also relevant to the sporadic disease, suggesting common pathogenetic mechanisms. In this review, we place an emphasis on Mendelian forms, and in particular genetic defects which present predominantly with Parkinsonism. We provide details into the particular phenotypes associated with each genetic defect, with a particular emphasis on nonmotor symptoms. For genetic defects for whom a sufficient number of patients has been assessed, there are evident genotype-phenotype correlations. However, it should be noted that patients with the same causative mutation may present with distinctly divergent phenotypes. This phenotypic variability may be due to genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors. From a clinical and genetic point of view, it will be especially interesting in the future to identify genetic factors that modify disease penetrance, the age of onset or other specific phenotypic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Koros
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Simitsi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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20
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Abstract
Linkage and genome-wide association studies have identified a genetic risk locus for late-onset Parkinson's disease in chromosome 12, originally identified as PARK6. The causative gene was identified to code for a large multifunctional protein, LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2). The combined genetic and biochemical evidence supports a hypothesis in which the LRRK2 kinase function is causally involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic and familial forms of PD, and therefore that LRRK2 kinase inhibitors could be useful for treatment. Although LRRK2 has so far not been crystallised, the use of homology modelling and crystallographic surrogates has allowed the optimisation of chemical structures such that compounds of high selectivity with good brain penetration and appropriate pharmacokinetic properties are now available for understanding the biology of LRRK2 in vitro and in vivo. This chapter reviews LRRK2 biology, the structural biology of LRRK2 and gives an overview of inhibitors of LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Christensen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - G P Smith
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
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Abstract
The discovery of LRRK2 mutations as a cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), including the sporadic late-onset form, established the decisive role of genetics in the field of PD research. Among LRRK2 mutations, the G2019S, mostly lying in a haplotype originating from a common Middle Eastern ancestor, has been identified in different populations worldwide. The G2385R and R1628P variants represent validated risk factors for PD in Asian populations. Here, we describe in detail the origin, the present worldwide epidemiology, and the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations. Furthermore, this chapter aims to characterize other definitely/probably pathogenic mutations and risk variants of LRRK2. Finally, we provide some general guidelines for a LRRK2 genetic testing and counseling. In summary, LRRK2 discovery revolutionized the understanding of PD etiology and laid the foundation for a promising future of genetics in PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Monfrini
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Kasten M, Marras C, Klein C. Nonmotor Signs in Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease. International Review of Neurobiology 2017; 133:129-178. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Peng F, Sun YM, Chen C, Luo SS, Li DK, Wang YX, Yang K, Liu FT, Zuo CT, Ding ZT, An Y, Wu JJ, Wang J. The heterozygous R1441C mutation of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene in a Chinese patient with Parkinson disease: A five-year follow-up and literatures review. J Neurol Sci 2016; 373:23-26. [PMID: 28131193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) was recognized associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinson Disease (PD). Seven missense mutations (G2019S, R1441C, R1441G, R1441H, Y1699C, I2020T, N1437H) of it have been confirmed disease- causing. They were common among Caucasian PD patients, but rarely reported in Asian, especially in Chinese Han population. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the frequencies of these seven mutations of LRRK2 in Chinese early-onset PD (EOPD) patients and analyze the phenotypes. METHODS One hundred and thirty seven EOPD patients were enrolled for genetic testing. The seven disease-causing mutations of LRRK2 were carried out by target sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 2000 Sequencer. The identified variants were further confirmed by Sanger sequence. The clinical materials were investigated retrospectively. RESULTS Only one patient (0.73%) was found carrying pathogenetic LRRK2 mutation of R1441C. The age at onset of the female patient was 44. She manifested typical motor symptoms of PD and responded well to levodopa therapy. Longitudinal evaluation showed progression of motor symptoms and depression but no cognitive impairment. The dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging via [11C]-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl) tropan (CFT) and Positron emission computed tomography (PET) revealed typical dopamine transporter uptake reduction. CONCLUSIONS The LRRK2 R1441C mutation was found in a Chinese EOPD patient for the first time. The manifestations of LRRK2-R1441C carriers were indistinguishable from sporadic PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Peng
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yi-Min Sun
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Su-Shan Luo
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Da-Ke Li
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Feng-Tao Liu
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chuan-Tao Zuo
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Zheng-Tong Ding
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yu An
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wu
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department & Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
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24
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, substantial progress has been made in identifying the underlying genetics of Parkinson's disease (PD). Of the known genes, LRRK2 is a major genetic contributor to PD. However, the exact function of LRRK2 remains to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss how familial forms of PD have led us to hypothesize that alterations in endomembrane trafficking play a role in the pathobiology of PD. We will discuss the major observations that have been made to elucidate the role of LRRK2 in particular, including LRRK2 animal models and high-throughput proteomics approaches. Taken together, these studies strongly support a role of LRRK2 in vesicular dynamics. We also propose that targeting these pathways may not only be beneficial for developing therapeutics for LRRK2-driven PD, but also for other familial and sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Roosen
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 35, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
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Mata IF, Davis MY, Lopez AN, Dorschner MO, Martinez E, Yearout D, Cholerton BA, Hu SC, Edwards KL, Bird TD, Zabetian CP. The discovery of LRRK2 p.R1441S, a novel mutation for Parkinson's disease, adds to the complexity of a mutational hotspot. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:925-30. [PMID: 27111571 PMCID: PMC5028305 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 gene result in autosomal dominant, late onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Three such mutations (p.R1441C, p.R1441G, and p.R1441H) are known to occur within codon 1441, and haplotype analyses indicate that each one has arisen independently on multiple occasions. We sequenced the entire coding region of 18 casual genes for PD or other parkinsonian neurodegenerative disorders in the proband of a family with autosomal dominant PD. We discovered a new missense mutation in the LRRK2 gene, c.4321C>A (p.R1441S). The mutation was predicted to be highly deleterious in silico (Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion score of 25.5) and segregated with disease in the pedigree. The clinical characteristics of affected family members were similar to those described in PD families with other mutations in LRRK2 codon 1441 and included resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, unilateral onset, and a good response to levodopa. Age at onset ranged from 41 to 76. Two of the affected members of the pedigree underwent detailed, longitudinal neuropsychological testing, and both displayed evidence of mild cognitive deficits at or slightly preceding the onset of motor symptoms. LRRK2 p.R1441S represents the fourth pathogenic mutation observed within codon 1441 and its discovery adds to the remarkable complexity of a mutational hotspot within the ROC domain of the LRRK2 protein. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio F. Mata
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marie Y. Davis
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Alexis N. Lopez
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael O. Dorschner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Erica Martinez
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Dora Yearout
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Brenna A. Cholerton
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Shu-Ching Hu
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Karen L. Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Cyrus P. Zabetian
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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26
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Costa-Mallen P, Zabetian CP, Hu SC, Agarwal P, Yearout D, Checkoway H. Smoking and haptoglobin phenotype modulate serum ferritin and haptoglobin levels in Parkinson disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1319-1330. [PMID: 27349967 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype Hp 2-1 of haptoglobin has been previously associated with increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD) and with serum iron abnormalities in PD patients. Tobacco smoking has been consistently observed in epidemiology studies to be inversely related to PD risk, with mechanisms that remain uncertain. We recently observed that the protective effect of smoking on PD risk is stronger among subjects of haptoglobin Hp 2-2 and Hp 1-1 phenotypes, and weaker among subjects of haptoglobin Hp 2-1 phenotype. In this PD case-control study, we investigated whether tobacco smoking was associated with changes in serum haptoglobin and ferritin concentration that depended on haptoglobin phenotype among 106 PD patients and 238 controls without PD or other neurodegenerative disorders. Serum ferritin concentration, serum haptoglobin concentration, haptoglobin phenotype, and smoking data information of cases and controls were obtained. Differences in haptoglobin and ferritin concentration by smoking status and pack-years of smoking were calculated as well as regression between pack-years and haptoglobin and ferritin concentration, and the effect of haptoglobin phenotype on these parameters. Tobacco smoking was associated with an elevation in serum haptoglobin concentration, especially among healthy controls of haptoglobin Hp 2-2 phenotype, and with an elevation in ferritin concentration especially among PD patients of haptoglobin Hp 2-1 phenotype. These findings suggest that an elevation in haptoglobin concentration, preferentially among subjects of haptoglobin Hp 2-2 phenotype, could be a contributing factor to the protective effect of smoking on PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Costa-Mallen
- Bastyr University Research Institute, 14500 Juanita Drive NE, Kenmore, WA, 98028, USA.
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, 3EH70, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Shu-Ching Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, 3EH70, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Evergreen Health, 12040 NE 128th Street, Mailstop 11, Kirkland, WA, 98034, USA
| | - Dora Yearout
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Harvey Checkoway
- Department of Family and Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0725, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Nucifora FC, Nucifora LG, Ng CH, Arbez N, Guo Y, Roby E, Shani V, Engelender S, Wei D, Wang XF, Li T, Moore DJ, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Sawa A, Dawson TM, Smith W, Lim KL, Ross CA. Ubiqutination via K27 and K29 chains signals aggregation and neuronal protection of LRRK2 by WSB1. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11792. [PMID: 27273569 PMCID: PMC4899630 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A common genetic form of Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by mutations in LRRK2. We identify WSB1 as a LRRK2 interacting protein. WSB1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 through K27 and K29 linkage chains, leading to LRRK2 aggregation and neuronal protection in primary neurons and a Drosophila model of G2019S LRRK2. Knocking down endogenous WSB1 exacerbates mutant LRRK2 neuronal toxicity in neurons and the Drosophila model, indicating a role for endogenous WSB1 in modulating LRRK2 cell toxicity. WSB1 is in Lewy bodies in human PD post-mortem tissue. These data demonstrate a role for WSB1 in mutant LRRK2 pathogenesis, and suggest involvement in Lewy body pathology in sporadic PD. Our data indicate a role in PD for ubiquitin K27 and K29 linkages, and suggest that ubiquitination may be a signal for aggregation and neuronal protection in PD, which may be relevant for other neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, our study identifies a novel therapeutic target for PD. Mutations in LRRK2 are linked to Parkinson's Disease. Here, the authors identify WSB1 as a LRRK2 interacting protein and find that it promotes LRRK2 aggregation in primary neurons and drosophila models via ubiquitin K27 and K29 linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Leslie G Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Chee-Hoe Ng
- Danone Nutricia Research, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix Building, #05-01B, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Nicolas Arbez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Yajuan Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Elaine Roby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Vered Shani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rappaport Institute of Medical Research, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Simone Engelender
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rappaport Institute of Medical Research, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685, USA
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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28
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Ho DH, Kim H, Kim J, Sim H, Ahn H, Kim J, Seo H, Chung KC, Park BJ, Son I, Seol W. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) phosphorylates p53 and induces p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression. Mol Brain 2015; 8:54. [PMID: 26384650 PMCID: PMC4575451 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a gene in which a mutation causes Parkinson’s disease (PD), and p53 is a prototype tumor suppressor. In addition, activation of p53 in patient with PD has been reported by several studies. Because phosphorylation of p53 is critical for regulating its activity and LRRK2 is a kinase, we tested whether p53 is phosphorylated by LRRK2. Results LRRK2 phosphorylates threonine (Thr) at TXR sites in an in vitro kinase assay, and the T304 and T377 were identified as putative phosphorylated residues. An increase of phospho-Thr in the p53 TXR motif was confirmed in the cells overexpressing G2019S, and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells of a G2019S carrier. Interactions between LRRK2 and p53 were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of lysates of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. LRRK2 mediated p53 phosphorylation translocalizes p53 predominantly to nucleus and increases p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay results. The luciferase assay using the p21WAF1/CIP1 promoter-reporter also confirmed that LRRK2 kinase activity increases p21 expression. Exogenous expression of G2019S and the phosphomimetic p53 T304/377D mutants increased expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 and cleaved PARP, and cytotoxicity in the same cells. We also observed increase of p21 expression in rat primary neuron cells after transient expression of p53 T304/377D mutants and the mid-brain lysates of the G2019S transgenic mice. Conclusion p53 is a LRRK2 kinase substrate. Phosphorylation of p53 by LRRK2 induces p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and apoptosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and rat primary neurons. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0145-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Ho
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Kim
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuna Sim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Ahn
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 321 Sanbon-ro, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
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Costa-Mallen P, Zabetian CP, Agarwal P, Hu SC, Yearout D, Samii A, Leverenz JB, Roberts JW, Checkoway H. Haptoglobin phenotype modifies serum iron levels and the effect of smoking on Parkinson disease risk. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1087-92. [PMID: 26228081 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Haptoglobin is a hemoglobin-binding protein that exists in three functionally different phenotypes, and haptoglobin phenotype 2-1 has previously been associated with Parkinson disease (PD) risk, with mechanisms not elucidated. Some evidence is emerging that low levels of serum iron may increase PD risk. In this study we investigated whether PD patients have lower serum iron and ferritin than controls, and whether this is dependent on haptoglobin phenotype. We also investigated the effect of Hp phenotype as a modifier of the effect of smoking on PD risk. METHODS The study population consisted of 128 PD patients and 226 controls. Serum iron, ferritin, and haptoglobin phenotype were determined, and compared between PD cases and controls. Stratified analysis by haptoglobin phenotype was performed to determine effect of haptoglobin phenotype on serum iron parameter differences between PD cases and controls and to investigate its role in the protective effect of smoking on PD risk. RESULTS PD cases had lower serum iron than controls (83.28 ug/100 ml vs 94.00 ug/100 ml, p 0.006), and in particular among subjects with phenotype 2-1. The protective effect of smoking on PD risk resulted stronger in subjects with phenotype 1-1 and 2-2, and weakest among subjects with phenotype 2-1. Ferritin levels were higher in PD cases than controls among subjects of White ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Our results report for the first time that the haptoglobin phenotype may be a contributor of iron levels abnormalities in PD patients. The mechanisms for these haptoglobin-phenotype specific effects will have to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center, Evergreen Health, Kirkland, WA, USA
| | - Shu-Ching Hu
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dora Yearout
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali Samii
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Harvey Checkoway
- University of California San Diego, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, La Jolla, USA
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La Cognata V, D'Agata V, Cavalcanti F, Cavallaro S. Splicing: is there an alternative contribution to Parkinson's disease? Neurogenetics 2015; 16:245-63. [PMID: 25980689 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-015-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a crucial mechanism of gene expression regulation that enormously increases the coding potential of our genome and represents an intermediate step between messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription and protein posttranslational modifications. Alternative splicing occupies a central position in the development and functions of the nervous system. Therefore, its deregulation frequently leads to several neurological human disorders. In the present review, we provide an updated overview on the impact of alternative splicing in Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. We will describe the alternative splicing of major PD-linked genes by collecting the current evidences about this intricate and not carefully explored aspect. Assessing the role of this mechanism on PD pathobiology may represent a central step toward an improved understanding of this complex disease.
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Janković MZ, Kresojević ND, Dobričić VS, Marković VV, Petrović IN, Novaković IV, Kostić VS. Identification of novel variants in LRRK2 gene in patients with Parkinson's disease in Serbian population. J Neurol Sci 2015; 353:59-62. [PMID: 25899316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are the most common cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). Large international studies have revealed that pathogenic mutations are clustered in several exons coding for functional domains of LRRK2 protein, but the mutation frequency differs among populations. Systematic study of LRRK2 mutation prevalence and phenotype in Serbian population has not been performed. METHODS Comprehensive mutation screening of selected exons of LRRK2 was performed in 486 Serbian PD patients. RESULTS Previously reported mutations I1371V and G2019S were identified in a single patient each, and c.4536+3A>G substitution in two patients. G2019S is the most common, pathogenic mutation, while pathogenic roles for recurrent variants I1371V and c.4536+3A>G are not confirmed yet. Two novel variants S1508G and I1991V were discovered in 2 unrelated patients. These variants are considered as disease causing according to several software predictions, but additional segregation and functional analyses are required. CONCLUSIONS Mutation frequency in our study (1.23%) was similar to other European populations, although the most common mutations were underestimated and novel variants were detected. In most cases, symptoms of LRRK2-PD are similar to sporadic PD, so estimation of frequency and penetrance of mutations in different populations is important for efficient genetic testing strategy and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Z Janković
- Neurology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola D Kresojević
- Neurology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Valerija S Dobričić
- Neurology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladana V Marković
- Neurology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor N Petrović
- Neurology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana V Novaković
- Institute for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir S Kostić
- Neurology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Yun HJ, Kim H, Ga I, Oh H, Ho DH, Kim J, Seo H, Son I, Seol W. An early endosome regulator, Rab5b, is an LRRK2 kinase substrate. J Biochem 2015; 157:485-95. [PMID: 25605758 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been identified as a causative gene for Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 contains a kinase and a GTPase domain, both of which provide critical intracellular signal-transduction functions. We showed previously that Rab5b, a small GTPase protein that regulates the motility and fusion of early endosomes, interacts with LRRK2 and co-regulates synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Using recombinant proteins, we show here that LRRK2 phosphorylates Rab5b at its Thr6 residue in in vitro kinase assays with mass spectrophotometry analysis. Phosphorylation of Rab5b by LRRK2 on the threonine residue was confirmed by western analysis using cells stably expressing LRRK2 G2019S. The phosphomimetic T6D mutant exhibited stronger GTPase activity than that of the wild-type Rab5b. In addition, phosphorylation of Rab5b by LRRK2 also exhibited GTPase activity stronger than that of the unphosphorylated Rab5b protein. Two assays testing Rab5's activity, neurite outgrowth analysis and epidermal growth factor receptor degradation assays, showed that Rab5b T6D exhibited phenotypes that were expected to be observed in the inactive Rab5b, including longer neurite length and less degradation of EGFR. These results suggest that LRRK2 kinase activity functions as a Rab5b GTPase activating protein and thus, negatively regulates Rab5b signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Yun
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Hyejung Kim
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Inhwa Ga
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Hakjin Oh
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Ho
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Ilhong Son
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Gaegumdong, Busanjingu, Busan, South Korea; InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansanshi, Gyeonggido, South Korea; and Department of Neurology, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Sanbondong, Gunposhi, Gyeonggido, South Korea
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Abstract
Variation within and around the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we discuss the prevalence of LRRK2 substitutions in different populations and their association with PD, as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathologically relevant LRRK2 mutations. Kinase activation was proposed as a universal molecular mechanism for all pathogenic LRRK2 mutations, but later reports revealed heterogeneity in the effect of mutations on different activities of LRRK2. One mutation (G2019S) increases kinase activity, whereas mutations in the Ras of complex proteins (ROC)-C-terminus of ROC (COR) bidomain impair the GTPase function of LRRK2. Some risk factor variants, including G2385R in the WD40 domain, actually decrease the kinase activity of LRRK2. We suggest a model where LRRK2 mutations exert different molecular mechanisms but interfere with normal cellular function of LRRK2 at different levels of the same downstream pathway. Finally, we discuss the current state of therapeutic approaches for LRRK2-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakov N. Rudenko
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Abstract
Beyond their contribution to basic metabolism, the major cellular organelles, in particular mitochondria, can determine whether cells respond to stress in an adaptive or suicidal manner. Thus, mitochondria can continuously adapt their shape to changing bioenergetic demands as they are subjected to quality control by autophagy, or they can undergo a lethal permeabilization process that initiates apoptosis. Along similar lines, multiple proteins involved in metabolic circuitries, including oxidative phosphorylation and transport of metabolites across membranes, may participate in the regulated or catastrophic dismantling of organelles. Many factors that were initially characterized as cell death regulators are now known to physically or functionally interact with metabolic enzymes. Thus, several metabolic cues regulate the propensity of cells to activate self-destructive programs, in part by acting on nutrient sensors. This suggests the existence of "metabolic checkpoints" that dictate cell fate in response to metabolic fluctuations. Here, we discuss recent insights into the intersection between metabolism and cell death regulation that have major implications for the comprehension and manipulation of unwarranted cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Sheerin UM, Houlden H, Wood NW. Advances in the Genetics of Parkinson's Disease: A Guide for the Clinician. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2014; 1:3-13. [PMID: 30363913 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 16 years, insights in clinical and genetic characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD) have increased substantially. We summarize the clinical, genetic, and pathological findings of autosomal dominant PD linked to mutations in SNCA, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, vacuolar protein sorting-35, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 and autosomal recessive PD linked to parkin,PINK1, and DJ-1, as well as autosomal recessive complicated parkinsonian syndromes caused by mutations in ATP13A2,FBXO7,PLA2G6,SYNJ1, and DNAJC6. We also review the advances in high- and low-risk genetic susceptibility factors and present multisystem disorders that may present with parkinsonism as the major clinical feature and provide recommendations for prioritization of genetic testing. Finally, we consider the challenges of future genetic research in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una-Marie Sheerin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience UCL Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience UCL Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- UCL Department of Molecular Neuroscience and UCL Genetics Institute University College London London United Kingdom
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Wu YR, Chang KH, Chang WT, Hsiao YC, Hsu HC, Jiang PR, Chen YC, Chao CY, Chang YC, Lee BH, Hu FJ, Chen WL, Lee-Chen GJ, Chen CM. Genetic variants ofLRRK2 in Taiwanese Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82001. [PMID: 24339985 PMCID: PMC3855417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) were reported to alter the risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the genetic spectrum of LRRK2 variants has not been clearly disclosed yet in Taiwanese population. Herein, we sequenced LRRK2 coding region in 70 Taiwanese early onset PD patients (age at onset ≤ 50), and found six amino acid-changing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, N551K, R1398H, R1628P, S1647T, G2385R and M2397T), one reported (R1441H) and 2 novel missense (R767H and S885N) mutations. We examined the frequency of identified LRRK2 variants by genotyping 573 Taiwanese patients with PD and 503 age-matched control subjects. The results showed that PD patients demonstrated a higher frequency of G2385R A allele (4.6%) than control subjects (2.1%; odds ratio = 2.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.38-3.88, P = 0.0017). Fewer PD patients (27.7%) carried the 1647T-2397T haplotype as compared with the control subjects (33.0%; odds ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.65-0.97, P = 0.0215). However, the frequency of 1647T-2385R-2397T haplotype (4.3%) in PD patients was still higher than in control subjects (1.9%, odds ratio: 2.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.27-3.78, P = 0.0058). While no additional subject was found to carry R767H and R1441H, one more patient was observed to carry the S885N variant. Our results indicate a robust risk association regarding G2385R and a new possible protective haplotype (1647T-2397T). Gene-environmental interaction and a larger cohort study are warranted to validate our findings. Additionally, two new missense mutations (R767H and S885N) regarding LRRK2 in PD patients were identified. Functional studies are needed to elucidate the effects of these LRRK2 variants on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Teng Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Hsiao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Chu Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Jiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Chao
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Hsun Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fen-Ju Hu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (GJLC); (CMC)
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (GJLC); (CMC)
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Huang L, Shimoji M, Wang J, Shah S, Kamila S, Biehl ER, Lim S, Chang A, Maguire-Zeiss KA, Su X, Federoff HJ. Development of inducible leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cell lines for therapeutics development in Parkinson's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:840-51. [PMID: 23963789 PMCID: PMC3805857 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanism(s) contributing to loss of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain obscure. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations are linked, as a causative gene, to PD. LRRK2 mutations are estimated to account for 10% of familial and between 1 % and 3 % of sporadic PD. LRRK2 proximate single nucleotide polymorphisms have also been significantly associated with idiopathic/sporadic PD by genome-wide association studies. LRRK2 is a multidomain-containing protein and belongs to the protein kinase super-family. We constructed two inducible dopaminergic cell lines expressing either human-LRRK2-wild-type or human-LRRK2-mutant (G2019S). Phenotypes of these LRRK2 cell lines were examined with respect to cell viability, morphology, and protein function with or without induction of LRRK2 gene expression. The overexpression of G2019S gene promoted (1) low cellular metabolic activity without affecting cell viability, (2) blunted neurite extension, and (3) increased phosphorylation at S910 and S935. Our observations are consistent with reported general phenotypes in LRRK2 cell lines by other investigators. We used these cell lines to interrogate the biological function of LRRK2, to evaluate their potential as a drug-screening tool, and to investigate screening for small hairpin RNA-mediated LRRK2 G2019S gene knockdown as a potential therapeutic strategy. A proposed LRRK2 kinase inhibitor (i.e., IN-1) decreased LRRK2 S910 and S935 phosphorylation in our MN9DLRRK2 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Lentivirus-mediated transfer of LRRK2 G2019S allele-specific small hairpin RNA reversed the blunting of neurite extension caused by LRRK2 G2019S overexpression. Taken together, these inducible LRRK2 cell lines are suitable reagents for LRRK2 functional studies, and the screening of potential LRRK2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- />Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Mika Shimoji
- />Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Juan Wang
- />Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Salim Shah
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecule & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Sukanta Kamila
- />Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Edward R. Biehl
- />Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Seung Lim
- />Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Allison Chang
- />Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Xiaomin Su
- />Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
| | - Howard J. Federoff
- />Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
- />Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC USA
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Zhang L, Quadri M, Guedes LC, Coelho M, Valadas A, Mestre T, Lobo PP, Rosa MM, Simons E, Oostra BA, Ferreira JJ, Bonifati V. Comprehensive LRRK2 and GBA screening in Portuguese patients with Parkinson's disease: identification of a new family with the LRRK2 p.Arg1441His mutation and novel missense variants. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:897-900. [PMID: 23726462 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 and GBA genes are increasingly recognized as frequent determinants of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, for several populations, accurate data on the prevalence and types of mutations are not available, because previous studies have not investigated the complete coding regions of these genes in large samples. We studied 312 PD patients ascertained at a single centre in Lisbon, Portugal. In 61 patients, with familial PD, we sequenced the entire open reading frames and exon-intron boundaries of LRRK2 and GBA. In LRRK2, we identified ten heterozygous p.Gly2019Ser (16.4%), and two heterozygous p.Arg1441His carriers (3.3%); furthermore, six patients each carried a novel LRRK2 heterozygous variant (five coding and one 3'-UTR variants) of undetermined pathogenic role. Segregation of the p.Arg1441His mutation with PD was observed in the families of both carriers. None of these variants were identified in 138 healthy controls. Screening of GBA revealed no mutations. In the remaining 251 PD patients (25 familial and 226 sporadic) we found ten additional carriers of the heterozygous p.Gly2019Ser and no carriers of the other mutations. Thus, the p.Gly2019Ser mutation was detected in a total number of 20 carriers out of 312 patients (6.4%), including twelve familial (14%) and eight sporadic patients (3.5%). This comprehensive study confirms that p.Gly2019Ser is the most important genetic cause of PD known so far in Portugal and supports the contention that p.Arg1441His is also a PD-causing mutation. These findings have relevance for the genetic testing and counseling of PD patients in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Korvatska O, Strand NS, Berndt JD, Strovas T, Chen DH, Leverenz JB, Kiianitsa K, Mata IF, Karakoc E, Greenup JL, Bonkowski E, Chuang J, Moon RT, Eichler EE, Nickerson DA, Zabetian CP, Kraemer BC, Bird TD, Raskind WH. Altered splicing of ATP6AP2 causes X-linked parkinsonism with spasticity (XPDS). Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3259-68. [PMID: 23595882 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel gene for a parkinsonian disorder. X-linked parkinsonism with spasticity (XPDS) presents either as typical adult onset Parkinson's disease or earlier onset spasticity followed by parkinsonism. We previously mapped the XPDS gene to a 28 Mb region on Xp11.2-X13.3. Exome sequencing of one affected individual identified five rare variants in this region, of which none was missense, nonsense or frame shift. Using patient-derived cells, we tested the effect of these variants on expression/splicing of the relevant genes. A synonymous variant in ATP6AP2, c.345C>T (p.S115S), markedly increased exon 4 skipping, resulting in the overexpression of a minor splice isoform that produces a protein with internal deletion of 32 amino acids in up to 50% of the total pool, with concomitant reduction of isoforms containing exon 4. ATP6AP2 is an essential accessory component of the vacuolar ATPase required for lysosomal degradative functions and autophagy, a pathway frequently affected in Parkinson's disease. Reduction of the full-size ATP6AP2 transcript in XPDS cells and decreased level of ATP6AP2 protein in XPDS brain may compromise V-ATPase function, as seen with siRNA knockdown in HEK293 cells, and may ultimately be responsible for the pathology. Another synonymous mutation in the same exon, c.321C>T (p.D107D), has a similar molecular defect of exon inclusion and causes X-linked mental retardation Hedera type (MRXSH). Mutations in XPDS and MRXSH alter binding sites for different splicing factors, which may explain the marked differences in age of onset and manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Korvatska
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) gene are the most frequent genetic cause of PD (Parkinson's disease), and these mutations play important roles in sporadic PD. The LRRK2 protein contains GTPase and kinase domains and several protein-protein interaction domains. The kinase and GTPase activity of LRRK2 seem to be important in regulating LRRK2-dependent cellular signalling pathways. LRRK2's GTPase and kinase domains may reciprocally regulate each other to direct LRRK2's ultimate function. Although most LRRK2 investigations are centred on LRRK2's kinase activity, the present review focuses on the function of LRRK2's GTPase activity in LRRK2 physiology and pathophysiology.
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Abstract
LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) is a large protein encoding multiple functional domains, including two catalytically active domains, a kinase and a GTPase domain. The LRRK2 GTPase belongs to the Ras-GTPase superfamily of GTPases, more specifically to the ROC (Ras of complex proteins) subfamily. Studies with recombinant LRRK2 protein purified from eukaryotic cells have confirmed that LRRK2 binds guanine nucleotides and catalyses the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. LRRK2 is linked to PD (Parkinson's disease) and GTPase activity is impaired for several PD mutants located in the ROC and COR (C-terminal of ROC) domains, indicating that it is involved in PD pathogenesis. Ras family GTPases are known to function as molecular switches, and several studies have explored this possibility for LRRK2. These studies show that there is interplay between the LRRK2 GTPase function and its kinase function, with most data pointing towards a role for the kinase domain as an upstream regulator of ROC. The GTPase function is therefore a pivotal functionality within the LRRK2-mediated signalling cascade which includes partners encoded by other LRRK2 domains as well as other cellular signalling partners. The present review examines what is known of the enzymatic properties of the LRRK2 GTPase, the interplay between ROC and other LRRK2 domains, and the interplay between ROC and other cellular proteins with the dual goal to understand how LRRK2 GTPase affects cellular functions and point to future research venues.
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Puschmann A. Monogenic Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism: clinical phenotypes and frequencies of known mutations. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:407-15. [PMID: 23462481 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in seven genes are robustly associated with autosomal dominant (SNCA, LRRK2, EIF4G1, VPS35) or recessive (parkin/PARK2, PINK1, DJ1/PARK7) Parkinson's disease (PD) or parkinsonism. Changes in a long list of additional genes have been suggested as causes for parkinsonism or PD, including genes for hereditary ataxias (ATXN2, ATXN3, FMR1), frontotemporal dementia (C9ORF72, GRN, MAPT, TARDBP), DYT5 (GCH1, TH, SPR), and others (ATP13A2, CSF1R, DNAJC6, FBXO, GIGYF2, HTRA2, PLA2G6, POLG, SPG11, UCHL1). This review summarizes the clinical features of diseases caused by mutations in these genes, and their frequencies. Point mutations and multiplications in SNCA cause cognitive or psychiatric symptoms, parkinsonism, dysautonomia and myoclonus with widespread alpha-synuclein pathology in the central and peripheral nervous system. LRRK2 mutations may lead to a clinical phenotype closely resembling idiopathic PD with a puzzling variety in neuropathology. Mutations in parkin/PARK2, PINK1 or DJ1/PARK7 may cause early-onset parkinsonism with a low risk for cognitive decline and a pathological process usually restricted to the brainstem. Carriers of mutations in the other genes may develop parkinsonism with or without additional symptoms, but rarely a disease resembling PD. The pathogenicity of several mutations remains unconfirmed. Although some mutations occur with high frequency in specific populations, worldwide all are very rare. The genetic cause of the majority of patients with sporadic or hereditary PD remains unknown in most populations. Clinical genetic testing is useful for selected patients. Testing strategies need to be adapted individually based on clinical phenotype and estimated frequency of the mutation in the patient's population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Puschmann
- Dept. for Neurology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Getingevägen 4, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
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Li HL, Lu SJ, Sun YM, Guo QH, Sadovnick AD, Wu ZY. The LRRK2 R1628P variant plays a protective role in Han Chinese population with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:207-15. [PMID: 23421816 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders that may share some overlapping etiologies. Mutations within leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been reported to be responsible for PD, and the location of LRRK2 is within a linkage peak for sporadic AD (SAD). The aim of this study was to investigate two Asian-specific LRRK2 variants, R1628P and G2385R, with the association of Han Chinese SAD. METHODS Genotyping of R1628P and G2385R was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in 390 patients with SAD and 545 unrelated age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS The frequency of the C allele within R1628P was more than three times higher in control group (1.7%) than in patients with SAD (0.5%) (OR 0.264; 95% CI, 0.088-0.792, P = 0.018). After stratification by the presence of one or two apolipoprotein E ε4 alleles, the protective effect becomes stronger (ε44: OR 0.028; 95% CI, 0.003-0.303, P = 0.003; ε4: OR 0.104; 95% CI, 0.013-0.818, P = 0.031). However, no difference was found in G2385R variant. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that R1628P variant within LRRK2 plays a protective role in Han Chinese population with SAD and such effect has an interaction with the APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Mata IF, Checkoway H, Hutter CM, Samii A, Roberts JW, Kim HM, Agarwal P, Alvarez V, Ribacoba R, Pastor P, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Infante J, Sierra M, Gómez-Garre P, Mir P, Ritz B, Rhodes SL, Colcher A, Van Deerlin V, Chung KA, Quinn JF, Yearout D, Martinez E, Farin FM, Wan JY, Edwards KL, Zabetian CP. Common variation in the LRRK2 gene is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012; 27:1822-5. [PMID: 23115130 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variants in the LRRK2 gene influence the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Asians, but whether the same is true in European-derived populations is less clear. METHODS We genotyped 66 LRRK2 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 575 PD patients and 689 controls from the northwestern United States (tier 1). PD-associated SNPs (P < .05) were then genotyped in an independent sample of 3617 cases and 2512 controls from the United States and Spain (tier 2). Logistic regression was used to model additive SNP genotype effects adjusted for age and sex among white individuals. RESULTS Two regions showed independent association with PD in tier 1, and SNPs in both regions were successfully replicated in tier 2 (rs10878226, combined odds ratio [OR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.33; P = 6.3 × 10(-4); rs11176013, OR, 0.89; CI, 0.83-0.95; P = 4.6 × 10(-4)). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that common variation within LRRK2 conveys susceptibility for PD in individuals of European ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio F Mata
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA.
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting ∼1 % of people over the age of 65. Neuropathological hallmarks of PD are prominent loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of intraneuronal protein inclusions termed Lewy bodies, composed mainly of α-synuclein (αSyn). Missense mutations in αSyn gene giving rise to production of degradation-resistant mutant proteins or multiplication of wild-type αSyn gene allele can cause rare inherited forms of PD. Therefore, the existence of abnormally high amount of αSyn protein is considered responsible for the DA neuronal death in PD. Normally, αSyn protein localizes to presynaptic terminals of neuronal cells, regulating the neurotransmitter release through the modulation of assembly of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor complex. On the other hand, of note, pathological examinations on the recipient patients of fetal nigral transplants provided a prion-like cell-to-cell transmission hypothesis for abnormal αSyn. The extracellular αSyn fibrils can internalize to the cells and enhance intracellular formation of protein inclusions, thereby reducing cell viability. These findings suggest that effective removal of abnormal species of αSyn in the extracellular space as well as intracellular compartments can be of therapeutic relevance. In this review, we will focus on αSyn-triggered neuronal cell death and provide possible disease-modifying therapies targeting abnormally accumulating αSyn.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is accompanied by the appearance of intraneuronal inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, the Lewy bodies. It is becoming increasingly clear that genetic factors contribute to its complex pathogenesis. Over the past decade, the genetic basis of rare PD forms with Mendelian inheritance, representing no more than 10% of the cases, has been investigated. More than 16 loci and 11 associated genes have been identified so far; genome-wide association studies have provided convincing evidence that polymorphic variants in these genes contribute to sporadic PD. The knowledge acquired of the functions of their protein products has revealed pathways of neurodegeneration that may be shared between inherited and sporadic PD. An impressive set of data in different model systems strongly suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in clinically similar, early-onset autosomal recessive PD forms caused by parkin and PINK1, and possibly DJ-1 gene mutations. In contrast, α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies defines a spectrum of disorders ranging from typical late-onset PD to PD dementia and including sporadic and autosomal dominant PD forms due to mutations in SCNA and LRRK2. However, the pathological role of Lewy bodies remains uncertain, as they may or may not be present in PD forms with one and the same LRRK2 mutation. Impairment of autophagy-based protein/organelle degradation pathways is emerging as a possible unifying but still fragile pathogenic scenario in PD. Strengthening these discoveries and finding other convergence points by identifying new genes responsible for Mendelian forms of PD and exploring their functions and relationships are the main challenges of the next decade. It is also the way to follow to open new promising avenues of neuroprotective treatment for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U.975, Paris, France
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de Yñigo-Mojado L, Martín-Ruíz I, Sutherland JD. Efficient allele-specific targeting of LRRK2 R1441 mutations mediated by RNAi. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21352. [PMID: 21712955 PMCID: PMC3119704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since RNA interference (RNAi) has the potential to discriminate between single nucleotide changes, there is growing interest in the use of RNAi as a promising therapeutical approach to target dominant disease-associated alleles. Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been linked to dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). We focused on three LRRK2 mutations (R1441G/C and the more prevalent G2109S) hoping to identify shRNAs that would both recognize and efficiently silence the mutated alleles preferentially over the wild-type alleles. Using a luciferase-based reporter system, we identified shRNAs that were able to specifically target the R1441G and R1441C alleles with 80% silencing efficiency. The same shRNAs were able to silence specifically mRNAs encoding either partial or full-length mutant LRRK2 fusion proteins, while having a minimal effect on endogenous wild-type LRRK2 expression when transfected in 293FT cells. Shifting of the mutant recognition site (MRS) from position 11 to other sites (4 and 16, within the 19-mer window of our shRNA design) reduced specificity and overall silencing efficiency. Developing an allele-specific RNAi of G2019S was problematic. Placement of the MRS at position 10 resulted in efficient silencing of reporters (75–80%), but failed to discriminate between mutant and wild-type alleles. Shifting of the MRS to positions 4, 5, 15, 16 increased the specificity of the shRNAs, but reduced the overall silencing efficiency. Consistent with previous reports, these data confirm that MRS placement influences both allele-specificity and silencing strength of shRNAs, while further modification to hairpin design or MRS position may lead to the development of effective G2019S shRNAs. In summary, the effective shRNA against LRRK2 R1441 alleles described herein suggests that RNAi-based therapy of inherited Parkinson's disease is a viable approach towards developing effective therapeutic interventions for this serious neurodegenerative disease.
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