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Hao T, Zhao X, Ji Z, Xia M, Lu H, Sang J, Wang S, Li L, Ge RS, Zhu Q. UV-filter benzophenones suppress human, pig, rat, and mouse 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: Structure-activity relationship and in silico docking analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 281:109900. [PMID: 38518984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone chemicals (BPs) have been developed to prevent the adverse effects of UV radiation and they are widely contaminated. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyze the conversion of inactive glucocorticoid to active glucocorticoid, playing critical role in many physiological function. However, the direct effect of BPs on human, pig, rat, and mouse 11β-HSD1 remains unclear. In this study, we screened the inhibitory strength of 12 BPs on 4 species, and performed the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and in silico docking analysis. The inhibitory potency of BPs was: for human 11β-HSD1, BP6 (IC50 = 18.76 μM) > BP8 (40.84 μM) > BP (88.89 μM) > other BPs; for pig 11β-HSD1, BP8 (45.57 μM) > BP6 (59.44 μM) > BP2 (65.12 μM) > BP (135.56 μM) > other BPs; for rat 11β-HSD1, BP7 (67.17 μM) > BP (68.83 μM) > BP8 (133.04 μM) > other BPs; and for mouse 11β-HSD1, BP8 (41.41 μM) > BP (50.61 μM) > other BPs. These BP chemicals were mixed/competitive inhibitors of these 11β-HSD1 enzymes. The 2,2'-dihydroxy substitutions in two benzene rings play a key role in enhancing the effectiveness of inhibiting 11β-HSD1, possibly via increasing hydrogen bond interactions. Docking analysis shows that these BPs bind to NADPH/glucocorticoid binding sites and forms hydrogen bonds with catalytic residues Ser and/or Tyr. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that BP chemicals can inhibit 11β-HSD1 from 4 species, and there are subtle species-dependent difference in the inhibitory strength and structural variations of BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhongyao Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Miaomiao Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jianmin Sang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Abud JE, Pagotto R, Galliani V, Teglia C, Culzoni J, Bollati-Fogolín M, Zenclussen ML, Rodríguez HA. In vitro blastocyst implantation and trophoblast migration are disrupted by the UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP3). Environ Pollut 2024; 349:123840. [PMID: 38537797 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP3) is a common ingredient in personal care products (PCPs) due to its well-established effectiveness in absorbing UV radiation. Sunscreen products are among the most widely used PCPs-containing BP3 applied to the skin, resulting in significant human exposure to BP3 primarily through a dermal application. In the present work, we have tested the action of three environmentally relevant concentrations of BP3 (2, 20 and 200 μg/L) on an in vitro model of implantation of murine blastocysts and on migration ability of the human trophoblast cell line Swan 71. We showed that BP3 caused a significant reduction of blastocyst expansion and a delayed hatching in a non-monotonic way. Besides, embryos displayed a delayed attachment in the three BP3 groups, resulting in a smaller implantation area on the 6th day of culture: BP3(2) (0.32 ± 0.07 mm2); BP3(20) (0.30 ± 0.08 mm2) and BP3(200) (0.25 ± 0.06 mm2) in comparison to the control (0.42 ± 0.07 mm2). We also found a reduced migration capacity of the human first-trimester trophoblast cell line Swan 71 in a scratch assay when exposed to BP3: the lowest dose displayed a higher uncovered area (UA) at 6h when compared to the control, whereas a higher UA of the wound was observed for the three BP3 concentrations at 18 and 24 h of exposure. The changes in UA provoked by BP3 restored to normal values in the presence of flutamide, an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor. These results indicate that a direct impairment on early embryo implantation and a defective migration of extravillous trophoblast cells through the androgen receptor pathway can be postulated as mechanisms of BP3-action on early gestation with potential impact on fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Elías Abud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Romina Pagotto
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valentina Galliani
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Argentina
| | - Carla Teglia
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, FBCB-UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Julia Culzoni
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, FBCB-UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Laura Zenclussen
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Horacio Adolfo Rodríguez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Lorigo M, Quintaneiro C, Breitenfeld L, Cairrao E. Exposure to UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate and human health effects: Focus on endocrine disruptor actions. Chemosphere 2024; 358:142218. [PMID: 38704047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Human skin is the first line of photoprotection against UV radiation. However, despite having its defence mechanisms, the photoprotection that the skin exerts is not enough. To protect human skin, the inclusion of UV filters in the cosmetic industry has grown significantly as a photoprotection strategy. Octylmethoxycinnamate, also designated by octinoxate, or 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (CAS number: 5466-77-3) is one of the most widely used UV-B filter in the cosmetic industry. The toxic effects of OMC have alarmed the public, but there is still no consensus in the scientific community about its use. This article aims to provide an overview of the UV filters' photoprotection, emphasizing the OMC and the possible negative effects it may have on the public health. Moreover, the current legislation will be addressed. In summary, the recommendations should be rethought to assess their risk-benefit, since the existing literature warns us to endocrine-disrupting effects of OMC. Further studies should be focus on the toxicity of OMC alone, in mixture and should consider its degradation products, to improve the knowledge of its risk assessment as EDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Luiza Breitenfeld
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Fischer F, Kretschmer T, Seifert P, Howanski J, Krieger E, Rödiger J, Fink B, Yin Z, Bauer M, Zenclussen ML, Meyer N, Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. Single and combined exposures to bisphenol A and benzophenone-3 during early mouse pregnancy have differential effects on fetal and placental development. Sci Total Environ 2024; 922:171386. [PMID: 38431166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) possess the capability to interfere with the endocrine system by binding to hormone receptors, for example on immune cells. Specific effects have already been described for individual substances, but the impact of exposure to chemical mixtures during pregnancy on maternal immune regulation, placentation and fetal development is not known. In this study, we aimed to investigate the combined effects of two widespread EDCs, bisphenol A (BPA) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3), at allowed concentrations on crucial pregnancy processes such as implantation, placentation, uterine immune cell populations and fetal growth. From gestation day (gd) 0 to gd10, female mice were exposed to 4 μg/kg/d BPA, 50 mg/kg/d BP-3 or a BPA/BP-3 mixture. High frequency ultrasound and Doppler measurements were used to determine intrauterine fetal development and hemodynamic parameters. Furthermore, uterine spiral artery remodeling and placental mRNA expression were studied via histology and CHIP-RT-PCR, respectively. Effects of EDC exposure on multiple uterine immune cell populations were investigated using flow cytometry. We found that exposure to BP-3 caused intrauterine growth restriction in offspring at gd14, while BPA and BPA/BP-3 mixture caused varying effects. Moreover, placental morphology at gd12 and placental efficiency at gd14 were altered upon BP-3 exposure. Placental gene transcription was altered particularly in female offspring after in utero exposure to BP-3. Flow cytometry analyses revealed an increase in uterine T cells and NK cells in BPA and BPA/BP-3-treated dams at gd14. Doppler measurements revealed no effect on uterine hemodynamic parameters and spiral artery remodeling was not affected following EDC exposure. Our results provide evidence that exposure to BPA and BP-3 during early gestation affects fetal development in a sex-dependent manner, placental function and immune cell frequencies at the feto-maternal interface. These results call for inclusion of studies addressing pregnancy in the risk assessment of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Fischer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Kretschmer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paulina Seifert
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Howanski
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Krieger
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Rödiger
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate Fink
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ziran Yin
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Bauer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - María Laura Zenclussen
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana (FBCB-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nicole Meyer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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Santbay L, Kassir M, Nassar R, Mokh S, Al Iskandarani M, Rifai A. Removal of benzophenone-4 via chlorination and advanced oxidation processes in aqueous solution: kinetics, by-product identification, and mechanistic studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33191-3. [PMID: 38625467 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone-4 (BP-4) is one of the UV filters widely used in personal care products (PCPs). BP-4 has been identified as an emergent contaminant detected in influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at high concentrations showing that conventional treatment is unable to remove it, subsequently, the presence of BP-4 in surface water is inevitable. In this study, we focus on the degradation of this compound by chlorine, and we report the efficiency of its removal from water by applying two advanced oxidation processes UV/TiO2 and UV/H2O2 aiming to achieve a superior mineralization result. The study was performed in purified water (pH = 6.5, temperature = 25 °C) with an initial concentration of BP-4 similar to that detected in WWTPs (10 mg/L). The results showed that 76% of BP-4 was degraded after 80 min of reaction with chlorine leading to the formation of one by-product persistent in the solution. The oxidation by UV/TiO2 and UV/H2O2 led to a total removal of BP-4 and their generated by-products after 50 and 10 min of reactions, respectively. The kinetic study showed that BP-4 degradation by UV/H2O2 and UV/TiO2 followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics and the apparent rate constants (kapp) were determined to be 0.48 min-1 and 0.08 min-1, respectively. The degradation of BP-4 by chlorine followed first-order reaction kinetics with kapp = 0.02 min-1. The identification of by-product structures was performed using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS. The fragmentation of BP-4 and by-product ions at different collision energies allowed to propose the pathways of degradation and to predict the toxicity using a silico toxicity program which confirmed a higher toxicity of all generated by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Santbay
- Faculty of Public Health I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Mounir Kassir
- Platform for Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rania Nassar
- Faculty of Public Health I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Samia Mokh
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission LAEC, National Council for Scientific Research CNRS, 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2260, Lebanon
| | | | - Ahmad Rifai
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission LAEC, National Council for Scientific Research CNRS, 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2260, Lebanon.
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Lee WJ, Hwang JM, Jo JH, Jang SI, Jung EJ, Bae JW, Ha JJ, Kim DH, Kwon WS. Adverse Effects of Avobenzone on Boar Sperm Function: Disruption of Protein Kinase A Activity and Tyrosine Phosphorylation. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 125:108559. [PMID: 38378073 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Avobenzone (AVO), an ultraviolet (UV) filter, is frequently used as an ingredient in personal cosmetics. This UV filter has been found to be easily exposed in swimming pools and beaches, and it has been detected in human urine and blood. Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated that AVO exhibits endocrine-disrupting properties. Nevertheless, the effects of AVO on male fertility have not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of AVO on various sperm functions during capacitation. First, boar spermatozoa were treated with various AVO concentrations. After treatment, sperm motility and kinetic characteristics, capacitation status, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and sperm viability were evaluated. Moreover, Western blot analysis w.as conducted to evaluate protein kinase A (PKA) activity and tyrosine phosphorylation. As a result, AVO treatment significantly decreased total motility, progressive motility, and several kinetic characteristics at high concentrations (50 and 100 μM). Furthermore, the capacitation status dose-dependently decreased. Conversely, no significant differences in acrosome reaction, cell viability, and intracellular ATP levels were observed. However, the intracellular ATP level tended to decrease. In addition, AVO dose-dependently induced abnormal changes in PKA activity and tyrosine phosphorylation. Although AVO did not directly exert a toxic effect on cell viability, it ultimately negatively affected sperm functions through abnormal alterations in PKA activity and tyrosine phosphorylation. Thus, the potential implications on male fertility must be considered when contemplating the safe utilization of AVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Mi Hwang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Jo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ik Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jung Ha
- Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 36052, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Sung Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37224, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Sung CR, Kim BJ, Park CJ, Oh IA, Lee YJ, Park YR, Kwack SJ. Evaluation of the anti-androgenic and cytotoxic effects of benzophenone-3 in male Sprague-Dawley rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2024; 87:266-273. [PMID: 38166509 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2300785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, oxybenzone) is one of the most widely used types of benzophenone organic sunscreen. However, this compound is a potentially harmful toxicant. The aim of this study was 2-fold to: (1) utilize a Hershberger bioassay in vivo in castrated male Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the anti-androgenic activities of BP-3, and (2) use in vitro a methyl tetrazolium assay to compare the toxicity between Leydig cells (TM3 cells) and mouse fibroblast (NIH-3T3) cell lines. In the Hershberger assay, rats were divided into 6 groups (each of n = 7): a vehicle control, negative control, positive control, PB-3 low (40 mg/kg), BP-3 intermediate (200 mg/kg), and BP-3 high (1000 mg/kg)-dose. The weight of the ventral prostate was significantly decreased at BP-3 doses of 200 or 1,000 mg/kg/day. In addition, the levator anibulbocavernosus muscle weights were also significantly reduced at BP-3 doses of 40, 200, or 1,000 mg/kg/day. In the MTT assay, the viability of NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells was within the normal range. However, the TM3 mouse testis Leydig cell viability was significantly lowered in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, data indicate that BP-3 might exert in vivo anti-androgenic and in vitro cytotoxic effects in cells associated with the male reproductive system compared to normal non-reproductive cells.Abbreviation: BP-3: benzophenone-3; CG: Cowper's gland; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; GP: glans penis; LABC: levator anibulbocavernosus muscle; MTT: methyl tetrazolium; NC: negative control; PC: positive control; SV: seminal vesicle; TP: testosterone propionate; VC: vehicle control; VP: ventral prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Rim Sung
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Jun Kim
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ju Park
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ah Oh
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Rim Park
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kwack
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
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Ye R, Li Z, Xian H, Zhong Y, Liang B, Huang Y, Chen D, Dai M, Tang S, Guo J, Bai R, Feng Y, Chen Z, Yang X, Huang Z. Combined Effects of Polystyrene Nanosphere and Homosolate Exposures on Estrogenic End Points in MCF-7 Cells and Zebrafish. Environ Health Perspect 2024; 132:27011. [PMID: 38381479 PMCID: PMC10880820 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) and homosalate (HMS) are ubiquitous emerging environmental contaminants detected in human samples. Despite the well-established endocrine-disrupting effects (EDEs) of HMS, the interaction between MNPs and HMS and its impact on HMS-induced EDEs remain unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the influence of MNPs on HMS-induced estrogenic effects and elucidate the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. METHODS We assessed the impact of polystyrene nanospheres (PNSs; 50 nm , 1.0 mg / L ) on HMS-induced MCF-7 cell proliferation (HMS: 0.01 - 1 μ M , equivalent to 2.62 - 262 μ g / L ) using the E-SCREEN assay and explored potential mechanisms through transcriptomics. Adult zebrafish were exposed to HMS (0.0262 - 262 μ g / L ) with or without PNSs (50 nm , 1.0 mg / L ) for 21 d. EDEs were evaluated through gonadal histopathology, fertility tests, steroid hormone synthesis, and gene expression changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad-liver (HPGL) axis. RESULTS Coexposure of HMS and PNSs resulted in higher expression of estrogen receptor α (ESR1) and the mRNAs of target genes (pS2, AREG, and PGR), a greater estrogen-responsive element transactivation activity, and synergistic stimulation on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Knockdown of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) rescued the MCF-7 cell proliferation induced by PNSs alone or in combination with HMS. In zebrafish, coexposure showed higher expression of SGK1 and promoted ovary development but inhibited spermatogenesis. In addition, coexposure led to lower egg hatchability, higher embryonic mortality, and greater larval malformation. Coexposure also modulated steroid hormone synthesis genes (cyp17a2, hsd17[Formula: see text]1, esr2b, vtg1, and vtg2), and resulted in higher 17 β -estradiol (E 2 ) release in females. Conversely, males showed lower testosterone, E 2 , and gene expressions of cyp11a1, cyp11a2, cyp17a1, cyp17a2, and hsd17[Formula: see text]1. DISCUSSION PNS exposure exacerbated HMS-induced estrogenic effects via SGK1 up-regulation in MCF-7 cells and disrupting the HPGL axis in zebrafish, with gender-specific patterns. This offers new mechanistic insights and health implications of MNP and contaminant coexposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyi Ye
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Xian
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Zhong
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boxuan Liang
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuji Huang
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Shuqin Tang
- College of Environment and Climate, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruobing Bai
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Feng
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Wang M, Tan J, Qi Z, Ge X, Li G, Yu Y. A combined study of skin penetration by confocal Raman spectroscopy and human metabolism: A case of benzophenone-3 in sunscreen. Environ Pollut 2024; 340:122868. [PMID: 37926406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous experiments on benzophenone-3 (BP3) have shown that it can permeate into the skin, the in vivo penetration situation and urinary metabolic trend have not yet been investigated. In this study, sunscreen containing 5.72% BP3 was selected for human-skin exposure. Confocal Raman was successfully used to investigate in vivo skin penetration of BP3 in sunscreen. During 2 h of skin exposure, the semi-quantitative mean values were 5.50, 13.48, 15.79, and 15.00 μg/cm2 after application of sunscreen for 15, 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively, indicating that BP3 penetrated the stratum corneum during 60-120 min. After a single exposure of human limbs, BP3 was quickly metabolized and excreted through urine and reached its peak concentration in the 6th hour, whereas its metabolite 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP1) reached its peak concentration in the 9th hour. Meanwhile, 6% BP3 and 1% BP1 were excreted through the urine within 48 h, but the concentration of 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP8) was low, although it varied greatly within 48 h after exposure. During consecutive exposures, a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between BP3 concentration and exposure time was found, indicating that BP3 concentration increased at longer exposure times. Therefore, combining Raman spectroscopy and human sample analysis provided a new way to assess absorption and metabolism of personal care additives in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- National Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Cosmetics (Guangzhou), Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 511447, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Beck AL, Rehfeld A, Mortensen LJ, Lorenzen M, Andersson AM, Juul A, Bentin-Ley U, Krog H, Frederiksen H, Petersen JH, Holmboe SA, Jensen MB. Ovarian follicular fluid levels of phthalates and benzophenones in relation to fertility outcomes. Environ Int 2024; 183:108383. [PMID: 38109833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), for instance phthalates and benzophenones, are associated with adverse fertility outcomes and semen quality parameters. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if concentrations of selected phthalate metabolites and benzophenones measured in follicular fluid are associated with fertility outcomes (i.e., reproductive hormones, antral follicle count, detected heartbeat at gestational week 7, and live birth) and, in a supplementary study, if measured concentrations of chemicals in follicular fluid can exert biological effects on human spermatozoa. METHODS Overall, 111 couples from a fertility clinic in Denmark contributed with 155 follicular fluid samples. Concentrations of 43 metabolites from 19 phthalates and phthalate substitutes and six benzophenones were measured in follicular fluid using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Multiple linear and logistic regression with an applied generalized estimating equation model allowing more than one measurement per woman assessed the association between follicular EDC levels and fertility outcomes. The assessment of biological effects of individual and mixtures of EDCs on human spermatozoa was conducted through a human sperm cell based Ca2+-fluorimetric assay. RESULTS Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and seven metabolites of five phthalates were detectable in follicular fluid. Women with metabolites of dibutyl phthalate isomers in the highest tertiles had lower antral follicle count (MiBP: β = -5.35 [95 % CI: -9.06; -2.00], MnBP: β = -5.25 [95 % CI: -9.00; -2.00]) and lower odds for detecting a heartbeat at gestational week 7 (MiBP: OR = 0.35 [95 % CI: 0.14; 0.91], MnBP: OR = 0.39 [95 % CI: 0.13; 1.15]). Mixtures of the measured concentrations of BP-3 and the seven phthalate metabolites induced a small significant increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration in human spermatozoa from healthy donors (n = 3). DISCUSSION Phthalate metabolites and BP-3 were detectable in follicular fluid and high concentrations of some phthalate metabolites were linked with lower chance of successful fertility treatment outcomes. Chemical mixture concentrations in follicular fluid induced a calcium response in human spermatozoa highlighting possible biological effects at physiologically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid L Beck
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Rehfeld
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Li J Mortensen
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Translational Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Mette Lorenzen
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Translational Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ursula Bentin-Ley
- Dansk Fertilitetsklinik, Seedorffs Vaenge 2, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hans Krog
- Dansk Fertilitetsklinik, Seedorffs Vaenge 2, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen H Petersen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine A Holmboe
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Blomberg Jensen
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Translational Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark
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11
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Zhang Y, Qin Y, Ju H, Liu J, Chang F, Junaid M, Duan D, Zhang J, Diao X. Mechanistic toxicity and growth abnormalities mediated by subacute exposure to environmentally relevant levels of benzophenone-3 in clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris). Sci Total Environ 2023; 902:166308. [PMID: 37595922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is a UV filter that is ubiquitously present in the environment due to its photostability and degradation resistance and has wide applications in personal care products. BP-3 will eventually be discharged into the ocean. Studies shows BP-3 interferes with endocrine system of aquatic organisms, especially fish. However, the toxicity and mechanisms of subacute exposure of the coral reef fish to BP-3 remain elusive. Here, we exposed the one-month-old clown anemonefish to BP-3 at 1 and 10 μg/L for 14 and 28 days, respectively. After chronic exposure, the effects of BP-3 on the growth of clown anemonefish were investigated in terms of growth-related hormones, immune enzyme activity, digestive enzyme activity, transcriptional profiling of feeding- and obesity-related genes and digital RNA sequencing. The body weight in the BP-3 groups were abnormally increased (1 μg/L group in 14 days treatment and all groups in 28 days treatment), altered insulin content (28 days exposure), immune-related and digestive-related enzymatic activities. At the molecular level, BP-3 interferes with the expression of feeding- and obesity-related genes. Digital RNA sequencing analysis showed that BP-3 interferes with Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways related to growth, social behavior (learning behavior), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and insulin secretion. Notably, in the insulin secretion, BP-3 induced Ca2+ up-regulation that may damage β cells. Growth abnormalities and social behavior (learning behavior) KEGG pathway disturbances may have potential impacts on populations of clown anemonefish. Our results reveal the toxicological effects of subacute exposure to BP-3, and provides insight into the effects and mechanisms of BP-3 on clown anemonefish growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; College of Life Science Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Yongqiang Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; College of Life Science Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Hanye Ju
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; College of Life Science Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; College of Life Science Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Fengtong Chang
- College of Ecology and Environment Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Dandan Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; College of Life Science Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; College of Life Science Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Xiaoping Diao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; College of Life Science Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China.
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12
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Lee S, Ka Y, Lee B, Lee I, Seo YE, Shin H, Kho Y, Ji K. Single and mixture toxicity evaluation of avobenzone and homosalate to male zebrafish and H295R cells. Chemosphere 2023; 343:140271. [PMID: 37758070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone and homosalate are widely used in sunscreens to provide ultraviolet (UV) protection, either as single compounds or in combination. Some UV filters exhibit estrogenic or anti-androgenic activities, however, studies regarding their interactions and toxicity in mixtures are limited. In this study, the effect of the toxicity of a binary mixture comprising avobenzone (0.72 μg L-1) and homosalate (1.02 and 103 μg L-1) on steroid hormone biosynthesis were investigated using male zebrafish and human adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R) cells. In fish exposed to homosalate, a significant decrease in the gonadosomatic index, testosterone level, and transcription of several genes (e.g, hsd3b2, cyp17a1, and hsd17b1) and a significant increase in the hepatosomatic index, liver steatosis, 17β-estradiol level, and transcription of vtg gene were observed. These results suggest that estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects of homosalate were mediated by the steroidogenic pathway. The presence of 0.72 μg L-1 of avobenzone augmented the anti-androgenic responses in male fish. The testosterone level in the H295R cells were significantly decreased after they were exposed to homosalate alone or in combination with avobenzone, which is consistent with observations in male zebrafish. Further studies need to be conducted to understand the endocrine disrupting properties of long-term exposure to substances typically used in sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Ka
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Lee
- Institute of Natural Science, Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Seo
- Department of Food Technology & Service, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Shin
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, 17092, Republic of Korea.
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He H, Wen HP, Liu JP, Wu CC, Mai L, Zeng EY. Hydrophobic organic contaminants affiliated with polymer-specific microplastics in urban river tributaries and estuaries. Sci Total Environ 2023; 899:166415. [PMID: 37598956 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to microplastics (MPs) and hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) combined at high concentrations may induce adverse effects to aquatic organisms in laboratory-scale studies. To determine environmentally relevant concentrations of HOCs in MPs, it is essential to understand the occurrence of MP-affiliated HOCs in the aquatic environment. Here we report the occurrences of HOCs affiliated with polymer-specific floating MPs from 12 tributaries and three estuaries in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Target HOCs include nine synthetic musks (SMs), 14 ultraviolet adsorbents (UVAs), 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Average concentrations of MP-affiliated ∑9SM, ∑14UVA, ∑15PAH, ∑8PBDE, and ∑14PCB were 1790, 5550, 1090, 412, and 107 ng g-1, respectively. The average concentrations of HOCs affiliated with MPs of different polymer types were 9790, 7220, 72,500, and 55,800 ng g-1 for polyethylene (PE), polypropylene, polystyrene, and other MPs, respectively. As the concentration of PE was the highest among all MPs at the average concentration of 0.77 mg m-3, the monthly outflow of PE-affiliated HOCs accounted for the largest proportion (46 %) in the outflow of MP-affiliated HOCs (2.8 g) to the coastal ocean via three estuaries. These results suggest that HOCs were highly concentrated in MPs and varied among different chemicals and polymer types. Due to the differences of polymer characteristics and half-life of affiliated chemicals, future toxicology studies concerning exposure to these combined pollutants may need to specify polymer types and their affiliated chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) and Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hui-Ping Wen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) and Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ji-Peng Liu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) and Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) and Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lei Mai
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) and Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) and Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Research Center of Low Carbon Economy for Guangzhou Region, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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14
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Lu Y, Chow MK, Sun J, Tao D, Jin Q, Ren Y, Wang WX, He Y. Identification of Transformation Products of Organic UV Filters by Photooxidation and Their Differential Estrogenicity Assessment. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:17110-17122. [PMID: 37851929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are extensively released into aquatic environments, where they undergo complex phototransformation. However, there is little knowledge regarding their transformation products (TPs) and associated endocrine disruption potentials. In the present study, we characterized the chemical and toxicological profiles of TPs for two common OUVFs, oxybenzone (BP3) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), by photooxidation under environmentally relevant conditions. It is hypothesized that TPs of the tested OUVFs will show varied estrogenicity at different reaction times. High-resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) identified 17 TPs of 7 m/z for BP-3 and 13 TPs of 8 m/z for EHMC at confidence levels ≤2. Five novel TPs of 2 m/z were reported for the first time with structure-diagnostic MS/MS spectra. Estrogenicity assessment using the MCF-7-luc cell line showed discrepant estrogenic activities exhibited by OUVF-TPs over time. Specifically, BP3-TPs exhibited significantly greater estrogenicity than the parent at several reaction times, whereas EHMC-TPs displayed fluctuating estrogenicity with a declining trend. Correlation analysis coupled with molecular docking simulations further suggested several TPs of BP3 as potential endocrine disruptive compounds. These findings underscore the necessity of considering mixtures during chemical testing and risk assessment and highlight the potentially greater risks associated with post-transformation cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Lu
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Kwan Chow
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiaji Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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15
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Wang B, Jin Y, Li J, Yang F, Lu H, Zhou J, Liu S, Shen Z, Yu X, Yuan T. Exploring environmental obesogenous effects of organic ultraviolet filters on children from a case-control study. Chemosphere 2023; 341:139883. [PMID: 37672813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been globally recognized that obesity has become a major public health concern, especially childhood obesity. There is limited information, however, regarding the exposure risk of organic ultraviolet (UV) filters, a kind of emerging contaminant, on childhood obesity. This study would be made on 284 obese and 220 non-obese Chinese children with eight organic UV filters at urinary levels. The eight organic UV filters, including 2-Ethylhexyl 4-aminobenzoate (PABA-E), octisalate (EHS), homosalate (HMS), 2-Ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), amiloxate (IAMC), octocrylene (OC) and 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) were identified in urine samples with detection rates ranged from 35.32% to 100%, among which PABA-E, HMS, IAMC and OC were firstly detected in children' s urine. And the urinary UV filters concentration was associated with genders, living sites, guardian education levels, household income, and dietary factors. Urinary EHMC concentrations and childhood obesity were positively associated for girls [Adjusted OR = 2.642 (95% CI: 1.019, 6.853)], while OC concentrations and childhood obesity were negatively associated for girls [Adjusted OR = 0.022 (95% CI: 0.001, 0.817)]. The results suggest that EHMC exposure may be an environmental obesogen for girls. Moreover, two statistical models were used separately to evaluate the impact of UV filter mixtures on childhood obesity, including the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model and the quantile g-computation (qgcomp) model. The negative association between UV filter mixtures and childhood obesity was proposed from both BKMR and qgcomp models. Further experimental and epidemiological studies are called upon to discern the individual and mixture impacts of organic UV filters on childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beili Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yihui Jin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinyang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shijian Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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16
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Zhou YL, Dong WR, Shu MA. Toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of estuarian crustaceans (Scylla paramamosain) exposed to five commonly used benzophenones. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 196:115672. [PMID: 37857059 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are commonly used in personal care products like sunscreens and are increasingly being released into the environment, raising concerns about their potential ecotoxic effects. BPs as emerging environmental contaminants, little is known about their toxic effects on estuarine organisms. This study firstly investigated the toxic effects of five commonly used BPs on mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain). The crabs were exposed to varying concentrations of BPs for 14 days. The results showed that BPs caused damage to antioxidant systems in crabs. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that BP-3 and BP-1 had a greater impact on the crabs compared to the other BPs. Specifically, BP-1 and BP-3 caused severe damage to organelles and ribosomes. BP affected catalytic activity and hydrolase activity, BP-2 affected phosphoenolpyruate carboxykinase activity, and BP-4 affected tRNA aminoacylation and hydrolase activity. These findings can enhance our understanding of the ecotoxicity of BPs and may help to protect estuarine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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Onyango DO, Selman BG, Rose JL, Ellison CA, Nash JF. Comparison between endocrine activity assessed using ToxCast/Tox21 database and human plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients/UV filters. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:25-37. [PMID: 37561120 PMCID: PMC10613966 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunscreen products are composed of ultraviolet (UV) filters and formulated to reduce exposure to sunlight thereby lessening skin damage. Concerns have been raised regarding the toxicity and potential endocrine disrupting (ED) effects of UV filters. The ToxCast/Tox21 program, that is, CompTox, is a high-throughput in vitro screening database of chemicals that identify adverse outcome pathways, key events, and ED potential of chemicals. Using the ToxCast/Tox21 database, octisalate, homosalate, octocrylene, oxybenzone, octinoxate, and avobenzone, 6 commonly used organic UV filters, were found to have been evaluated. These UV filters showed low potency in these bioassays with most activity detected above the range of the cytotoxic burst. The pathways that were most affected were the cell cycle and the nuclear receptor pathways. Most activity was observed in liver and kidney-based bioassays. These organic filters and their metabolites showed relatively weak ED activity when tested in bioassays measuring estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), thyroid receptor, and steroidogenesis activity. Except for oxybenzone, all activity in the endocrine assays occurred at concentrations greater than the cytotoxic burst. Moreover, except for oxybenzone, plasma concentrations (Cmax) measured in humans were at least 100× lower than bioactive (AC50/ACC) concentrations that produced a response in ToxCast/Tox21 assays. These data are consistent with in vivo animal/human studies showing weak or negligible endocrine activity. In sum, when considered as part of a weight-of-evidence assessment and compared with measured plasma concentrations, the results show these organic UV filters have low intrinsic biological activity and risk of toxicity including endocrine disruption in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Onyango
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Bastian G Selman
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Jane L Rose
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Corie A Ellison
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - J F Nash
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
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18
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Shetty N, Schalka S, Lim HW, Mohammad TF. The effects of UV filters on health and the environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2463-2471. [PMID: 37344707 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens are an important means of protection against sunburns, dyspigmentation, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. Sunscreens come in a variety of formulations that can protect against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, both UVB and ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation (broad-spectrum sunscreens), and UVB, UVA, and visible light (tinted broad-spectrum sunscreens). In the USA, there is currently a paucity of FDA-approved broad-spectrum filters on the market. Studies have identified the presence of multiple UV filters in water sources globally. Many laboratory studies have implicated the potential impact of UV filters on coral reef bleaching, the food chain, and human health. However, many of these studies are performed at concentrations that are much higher than those present in the natural environment. With increasing discussion surrounding the role of organic and inorganic UV filters as potential environmental pollutants over the past decade, approval of additional broad-spectrum filters would be an important means of alleviating the use of more controversial filters. The aim of this article is to review the effects of UV filters on health and the environment and explore potential adjunctive agents for photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayha Shetty
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sérgio Schalka
- Medcin Skin Research Center and Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Tasneem F Mohammad
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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19
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Ji X, Liang J, Liu J, Shen J, Li Y, Wang Y, Jing C, Mabury SA, Liu R. Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity of Commercial Photoinitiators. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:11704-11717. [PMID: 37515552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are a family of anthropogenic chemicals used in polymerization systems that generate active substances to initiate polymerization reactions under certain radiations. Although polymerization is considered a green method, its wide application in various commercial products, such as UV-curable inks, paints, and varnishes, has led to ubiquitous environmental issues caused by PIs. In this study, we present an overview of the current knowledge on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of PIs and provide suggestions for future research based on numerous available studies. The residual concentrations of PIs in commercial products, such as food packaging materials, are at microgram per gram levels. The migration of PIs from food packaging materials to foodstuffs has been confirmed by more than 100 reports of food contamination caused by PIs. Furthermore, more than 20 PIs have been detected in water, sediment, sewage sludge, and indoor dust collected from Asia, the United States, and Europe. Human internal exposure was also confirmed by the detection of PIs in serum. In addition, PIs were present in human breast milk, indicating that breastfeeding is an exposure pathway for infants. Among the most available studies, benzophenone is the dominant congener detected in the environment and humans. Toxicity studies of PIs reveal multiple toxic end points, such as carcinogenicity and endocrine-disrupting effects. Future investigations should focus on synergistic/antagonistic toxicity effects caused by PIs coexposure and metabolism/transformation pathways of newly identified PIs. Furthermore, future research should aim to develop "greener" PIs with high efficiency, low migration, and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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20
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McKenzie C, Nahm WJ, Kearney CA, Zampella JG. Sun-protective behaviors and sunburn among US adults. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:1665-1674. [PMID: 36790452 PMCID: PMC9930066 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Individuals can reduce the risk of developing skin cancer by minimizing ultraviolet sunlight exposure, though recent trends in sun-protective behaviors remain to be investigated. To evaluate sun-protective behaviors and sunburn among US adults. We analyzed data from the 2010, 2015, and 2020 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), an annual, cross-sectional survey conducted by the US Census Bureau. Multivariable regression models were stratified by demographic variables and constructed to evaluate sun-protective behaviors and sunburn avoidance across time. From 2010 through 2020, US adults had significantly increased prevalence of seeking shade (p value, 0.003), wearing wide-brimmed hats (< 0.001), wearing long-sleeved shirts (< 0.001), using sunscreen (< 0.001), and avoiding sunburns (< 0.001) and significantly decreased prevalence of sun avoidance (< 0.001). Disparities in sun-protective behaviors also exist among different sexes, ages, education levels, and those reporting higher sun sensitivity. This cross-sectional study found that by 2020, US adults had an increased prevalence of wearing sun-protective clothing and sunscreen use, though decreased prevalence of sun avoidance. Although certain sun-protective behaviors have become more prevalent, the incidence of skin cancer continues to rise. Efforts to understand drivers of sun-protective behaviors and targeted intervention efforts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costner McKenzie
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 555 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10022, USA
| | - William J Nahm
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - John G Zampella
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 555 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10022, USA.
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21
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Morin SM, Gregory KJ, Medeiros B, Terefe T, Hoshyar R, Alhusseiny A, Chen S, Schwartz RC, Jerry DJ, Vandenberg LN, Schneider SS. Benzophenone-3 exposure alters composition of tumor infiltrating immune cells and increases lung seeding of 4T1 breast cancer cells. Adv Cancer Biol Metastasis 2023; 7:100080. [PMID: 37593105 PMCID: PMC10434833 DOI: 10.1016/j.adcanc.2022.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals are a persistent and pervasive part of everyday life. A subset of environmental chemicals are xenoestrogens, compounds that bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) and drive estrogen-related processes. One such chemical, benzophenone-3 (BP3), is a common chemical in sunscreen. It is a potent UV protectant but also is quickly absorbed through the skin. While it has been approved by the FDA, there is a renewed interest in the safety of BP3, particularly in relation to breast cancer. The focus of this study was to examine the impact that BP3 has on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) through alterations to cells in the immune microenvironment. In this study, we exposed female mice to one of two doses of BP3 before injecting them with a TNBC cell line. Several immune endpoints were examined both in the primary tissues and from in vitro studies of T cell behavior. Our studies revealed that in the lung tumor microenvironment, exposure to BP3 not only increased the number of metastases, but also the total area of tumor coverage. We also found that BP3 caused alterations in immune populations in a tissue-dependent manner, particularly in T cells. Taken together, our data suggest that while BP3 may not directly affect the proliferation of TNBC, growth and metastasis of TNBC-derived tumors can be altered by BP3 exposures via the alterations in the immune populations of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Morin
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
- Dept of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Kelly J. Gregory
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
| | - Brenda Medeiros
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, USA
| | - Tigist Terefe
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
| | - Reyhane Hoshyar
- Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ahmed Alhusseiny
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School-Baystate, Department of Pathology, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Richard C. Schwartz
- Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - D. Joseph Jerry
- Dept of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003, USA
| | - Sallie S. Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
- Dept of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School-Baystate, Department of Surgery, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
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22
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Schmidtkunz C, Küpper K, Weber T, Leng G, Kolossa-Gehring M. A time trend of urinary 4-methylbenzylidene camphor metabolites in young adults from Germany. Environ Res 2023; 228:115833. [PMID: 37028537 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is used as a UV-B filter in cosmetics. Two oxidized metabolites of 4-MBC - 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)camphor (cx-MBC) and 3-(4-carboxybenzylidene)-6-hydroxycamphor (cx-MBC-OH) - were analyzed in 250 24-h urine samples from young adults in Germany. The samples were from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) and represented exposure in the years 1995, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2019. A UHPLC-MS/MS method enabled the sensitive determination of both metabolites, with limits of quantification at 0.15 μg L-1 (cx-MBC) and 0.30 μg L-1 (cx-MBC-OH), respectively. A temporal trend of the internal exposure to 4-MBC was clearly noticeable. The metabolite cx-MBC was frequently quantifiable at the beginning of the period: in 70% of the samples in 1995, and 56% in 2005. After 2005, urinary concentrations and detection rates of cx-MBC dropped to reach very low levels. In 2015 and 2019, the detection rate was only 2% and 0%, respectively. A similar trend was observed for cx-MBC-OH, though overall, this metabolite was detected less often and at lower concentration levels than cx-MBC. Nowadays, measurable levels of urinary 4-MBC metabolites are an extremely rare occurrence in Germany. These trends are consistent with the history of 4-MBC use by the cosmetic industry. The highest measured individual concentration of 16.20 μg L-1 (in a sample of the year 2005) was still more than 30 times below the health-based guidance value (HBM-I). An investigation of the ratios between both metabolites uncovered several features of the 4-MBC metabolism which have been essentially overlooked until now. In particular, stereochemical aspects should be explored in future studies. As urine was collected in autumn/winter in Northwestern Germany, the 4-MBC metabolites measured probably do not arise from sunscreen products in a narrow sense. They rather may reveal the use of other skin care products containing 4-MBC for UV protection as an added feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmidtkunz
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Katja Küpper
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- Umweltbundesamt, Corrensplatz 1, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Leng
- Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Chempark Gebäude Q 18, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
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23
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Moreira ALP, Paiva WS, de Souza AM, Pereira MCG, Rocha HAO, de Medeiros SRB, Luchiari AC. Benzophenone-3 causes oxidative stress in the brain and impairs aversive memory in adult zebrafish. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 100:104164. [PMID: 37245610 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxybenzone (BP-3) is an ultraviolet (UV) filter widely used in industries that is directly or indirectly released into the aquatic environment. However, little is known about its effects on brain performance. Here, we investigated whether BP-3 exposure affects the redox imbalance in zebrafish and how they respond to a task that requires memory of an aversive situation. Fish were exposed to BP-3 10 and 50 μg L-1 for 15 days and then tested using an associative learning protocol with electric shock as a stimulus. Brains were extracted for reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement and qPCR analysis of antioxidant enzyme genes. ROS production increased for exposed animals, and catalase (cat) and superoxide dismutase 2 (sod 2) were upregulated. Furthermore, learning and memory were reduced in zebrafish exposed to BP-3. These results suggested that BP-3 may lead to a redox status imbalance, causing impaired cognition and reinforcing the need to replace the toxic UV filters with filters that minimize environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Pires Moreira
- Fish Lab, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Weslley Souza Paiva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Biopolymers, Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Augusto Monteiro de Souza
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Galvão Pereira
- Fish Lab, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Biopolymers, Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Luchiari
- Fish Lab, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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24
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He Y, Pan Z, Liang X, Xie R, Sun Y, Li J, Wang Y, Zeng L. Distribution characteristics of photoinitiators and their flux estimation from the Pearl River Delta to the coastal waters of the South China Sea. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 128:71-80. [PMID: 36801043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiators (PIs) are widely used in industrial polymerization processes. It has been reported that PIs are ubiquitous in indoor environments and that humans are exposed to PIs, but the occurrence of PIs in natural environments are rarely known. In the present study, 25 PIs, including 9 benzophenones (BZPs), 8 amine co-initiators (ACIs), 4 thioxanthones (TXs) and 4 phosphine oxides (POs), were analyzed in water and sediment samples collected from eight riverine outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Eighteen, 14, and 14 of the 25 target PIs were detected in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment samples, respectively. The total concentrations of PIs in water, SPM, and sediment were in the ranges of 2.88‒96.1 ng/L, 9.25‒923 ng/g dry weight (dw), and 3.79‒56.9 ng/g dw, with geometric mean concentration (GM) of 10.8 ng/L, 48.6 ng/g dw, and 17.1 ng/g dw, respectively. A significant linear regression was observed between the log partitioning coefficients (Kd) values of PIs and their log octanol water partition coefficient (Kow) values (R2 = 0.535, p < 0.05). The annual riverine input of PIs to the coastal waters of the South China Sea via eight main outlets of the PRD was estimated to be 4.12 × 103 kg/year, and the ∑BZPs, ∑ACIs, ∑TXs and ∑POs contributed to 1.96 × 103, 1.24 × 103, 89.6 and 830 kg/year, respectively. This is the first report of a systematic description of the occurrence characteristics of PIs exposure in water, SPM, and sediment. The environmental fate and risks of PIs in aquatic environments need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zibin Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinxin Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ruiman Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuying Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Juan Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yawei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Lin H, Wang S, Tang Y, Hu Z, Chen X, Li H, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ge RS. Benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters inhibit human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: structure-activity relationship and in silico docking analysis. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00182-0. [PMID: 37217011 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are a class of chemicals found in various personal care and cosmetic products, such as sunscreens and lotions. Their usage is known to cause reproductive and hormonal health risks, but the exact mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of BPs on human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3β-HSDs), which play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, particularly progesterone. We tested inhibitory effects of 12 BPs, and performed structure-activity relationship (SAR) and in silico docking analysis. The potency of BPs to inhibit human 3β-HSD1 (h3β-HSD1) is BP-1 (IC50, 8.37 μM)>BP-2 (9.06 μM)>BP-12 (94.24 μM)>BP-7 (1160 μM) >BP-6 (1257 μM) >BP-6 (1410 μM) > other BPs (ineffective at 100 μM). The potency of BPs on rat r3β-HSD4 is BP-1 (IC50, 4.31 μM)>BP-2 (117.3 μM)>BP-6 (669 μM) >BP-3 (820 μM)>other BPs (ineffective at 100 μM). BP-1, BP-2, and BP-12 are mixed h3β-HSD1 inhibitors and BP-1 is a mixed r3β-HSD4 inhibitor. LogP, lowest binding energy, and molecular weight were positively associated with IC50 for h3β-HSD1, while LogS was negatively associated with IC50. The 4-OH substitution in the benzene ring play a key role in enhancing the effectiveness of inhibiting h3β-HSD1 and r3β-HSD4, possibly through increasing water solubility and decreasing lipophilicity by forming hydrogen bonds. BP-1 and BP-2 inhibited progesterone production in human JAr cells. Docking analysis shows that 2-OH of BP-1 forms hydrogen bond with catalytic residue Ser125 of h3β-HSD1 and Thr125 of r3β-HSD4. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that BP-1 and BP-2 are moderate inhibitors of h3β-HSD1 and BP-1 is moderate inhibitor of r3β-HSD4. There is a significant SAR difference for 3β-HSD homologues between BPs and distinct species-dependent inhibition of placental 3β-HSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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26
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Hu H, Li Y, Lu G, Wang WX, Li H, You J. Spatiotemporal trends of ultraviolet absorbents in oysters from the Pearl River Estuary, south China during 2015-2020. Environ Pollut 2023; 323:121298. [PMID: 36804145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) are widely used in various industrial materials, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products, resulting in their frequent occurrences in sediment, water, and biota. However, our understanding of the spatiotemporal characteristics and long-term contamination status of UVAs is still limited. Here, a 6-year biomonitoring study with oysters during wet and dry seasons was conducted to examine the annual, seasonal, and spatial characteristics of UVAs in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China. The concentrations of Σ6UVA ranged from 9.1 to 119 (geometric mean ± standard deviation: 31 ± 22) ng/g dry wt. and peaked in 2018. Significant spatiotemporal variations in UVA contamination were observed. The concentrations of UVAs in oysters during the wet season were higher than the dry season, and concentrations in the more industrialized eastern coast were higher than the western coast (p < 0.05). Environmental factors, including precipitation, temperature, and salinity in water significantly impacted the UVA bioaccumulation in the oysters. The present study highlights that long-term biomonitoring with oysters provided valuable insight in the magnitude and seasonal variation of UVAs in this highly dynamic estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Guangyuan Lu
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Wang M, Yu Y, Tang Y, Pan C, Fei Q, Hu Z, Li H, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Ge RS. Benzophenone-1 and -2 UV-filters potently inhibit human, rat, and mouse gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: Structure-activity relationship and in silico docking analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 230:106279. [PMID: 36871834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone (BP) ultraviolet (UV) -filters have been widely used to prevent adverse effects of UV. Whether they can disrupt gonadal steroidogenesis remains unclear. Gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3β-HSD) catalyse the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. This study explored the effect of 12 BPs on human, rat, and mouse 3β-HSD isoforms, and analysed the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and underlying mechanisms. The inhibitory potency was BP-1 (IC50, 5.66 ± 0.95 μM) > BP-2 (5.84 ± 2.22 μM) > BP-6 (185.8 ± 115.2 μM) > BP3-BP12 on human KGN 3β-HSD2, BP-2 (5.90 ± 1.02 μM) > BP-1 (7.55 ± 1.26 μM) > BP3-B12 on rat testicular 3β-HSD1, and BP-1 (15.04 ± 5.20 μM) > BP-2 (22.64 ± 11.81 μM) > BP-6(125.1 ± 34.65 μM)> BP-7 (161.1 ± 102.4 μM) > other BPs on mouse testicular 3β-HSD6. BP-1 is a mixed inhibitor of human, rat, and mouse 3β-HSDs, and BP-2 is a mixed inhibitor of human and rat 3β-HSDs and a noncompetitive inhibitor of mouse 3β-HSD6. 4-Hydroxyl substitution in the benzene ring plays a key role in enhancing potency of inhibiting human, rat, and mouse gonadal 3β-HSDs. BP-1 and BP-2 can penetrate human KGN cells to inhibit progesterone secretion at ≥ 10 μM. Docking analysis revealed that the 4-hydroxyl group of BP-1 and BP-2 forms hydrogen bonds with residue Ser123 of human 3β-HSD2 and residue Asp127 of rat 3β-HSD1. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that BP-1 and BP-2 are the most potent inhibitors of human, rat, and mouse gonadal 3β-HSDs and that there is a significant SAR difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chengshuang Pan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianjin Fei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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28
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Eftekhari A, Morrison GC. Exposure to oxybenzone from sunscreens: daily transdermal uptake estimation. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2023; 33:283-291. [PMID: 34531536 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fugacity, the driving force for transdermal uptake of chemicals, can be difficult to predict based only on the composition of complex, non-ideal mixtures such as personal care products. OBJECTIVE Compare the predicted transdermal uptake of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) from sunscreen lotions, based on direct measurements of BP-3 fugacity in those products, to results of human subject experiments. METHODS We measured fugacity relative to pure BP-3, for commercial sunscreens and laboratory mixtures, using a previously developed/solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method. The measured fugacity was combined with a transdermal uptake model to simulate urinary excretion rates of BP-3 resulting from sunscreen use. The model simulations were based on the reported conditions of four previously published human subject studies, accounting for area applied, time applied, showering and other factors. RESULTS The fugacities of commercial lotions containing 3-6% w/w BP-3 were ~20% of the supercooled liquid vapor pressure. Simulated dermal uptake, based on these fugacities, are within a factor of 3 of the mean results reported from two human-subject studies. However, the model significantly underpredicts total excreted mass from two other human-subject studies. This discrepancy may be due to limitations in model inputs, such as fugacity of BP-3 in lotions used in those studies. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that combining measured fugacity with such a model may provide order-of-magnitude accurate predictions of transdermal uptake of BP-3 from daily application of sunscreen products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Eftekhari
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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29
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Mustieles V, Balogh RK, Axelstad M, Montazeri P, Márquez S, Vrijheid M, Draskau MK, Taxvig C, Peinado FM, Berman T, Frederiksen H, Fernández MF, Marie Vinggaard A, Andersson AM. Benzophenone-3: Comprehensive review of the toxicological and human evidence with meta-analysis of human biomonitoring studies. Environ Int 2023; 173:107739. [PMID: 36805158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and its major metabolite benzophenone-1 (BP-1) are widely used as UV filters in sunscreens and cosmetics to prevent sunburn and skin damage, or as stabilizers to prevent photodegradation in many commercial products. As a result, their presence is ubiquitous in the environment, wildlife and humans. Based on endocrine disruption concerns, international regulatory agencies are performing a closer evaluation. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This work aimed to comprehensively review the available human relevant evidence for safety issues in MEDLINE/PubMed in order to create a structured database of studies, as well as to conduct an integrative analysis as part of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative. RESULTS A total of 1,635 titles and abstracts were screened and 254 references were evaluated and tabulated in detail, and classified in different categories: i) exposure sources and predictors; ii) human biomonitoring (HBM) exposure levels to perform a meta-analysis; iii) toxicokinetic data in both experimental animals and humans; iv) in vitro and in vivo rodent toxicity studies; and v) human data on effect biomarkers and health outcomes. Our integrative analysis showed that internal peak BP-3 concentrations achieved after a single whole-body application of a commercially available sunscreen (4% w/w) may overlap with concentrations eliciting endocrine disrupting effects in vitro, and with internal concentrations causing in vivo adverse female reproductive effects in rodents that were supported by still limited human data. The adverse effects in rodents included prolonged estrous cycle, altered uterine estrogen receptor gene expression, endometrium hyperplasia and altered proliferation and histology of the mammary gland, while human data indicated menstrual cycle hormonal alterations and increased risk of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Among the modes of action reported (estrogenic, anti-androgenic, thyroid, etc.), BP-3 and especially BP-1 showed estrogenic activity at human-relevant concentrations, in agreement with the observed alterations in female reproductive endpoints. The meta-analysis of HBM studies identified a higher concern for North Americans, showing urinary BP-3 concentrations on average 10 and 20 times higher than European and Asian populations, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our work supports that these benzophenones present endocrine disrupting properties, endorsing recent European regulatory efforts to limit human exposure. The reproducible and comprehensive database generated may constitute a point of departure in future risk assessments to support regulatory initiatives. Meanwhile, individuals should not refrain from sunscreen use. Commercially available formulations using inorganic UV filters that are practically not absorbed into systemic circulation may be recommended to susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Ria K Balogh
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Parisa Montazeri
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Márquez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica K Draskau
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Camilla Taxvig
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francisco M Peinado
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Tamar Berman
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 9101002, Israel
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- University of Granada, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | | | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sunyer-Caldú A, Peiró A, Díaz M, Ibáñez L, Gil-Solsona R, Gago-Ferrero P, Silvia Diaz-Cruz M. Target analysis and suspect screening of UV filters, parabens and other chemicals used in personal care products in human cord blood: Prenatal exposure by mother-fetus transfer. Environ Int 2023; 173:107834. [PMID: 36893631 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to certain organic chemicals like pesticides and phenols has been lifelong associated with birth outcomes and health disorders. Many personal care product (PCP) ingredients have similar properties or structures to those chemicals. Previous studies have documented the occurrence of UV filters (UVFs) and paraben preservatives (PBs) in the placenta, but observational studies concerning PCPs chemicals and foetal exposure are particularly scarce. Thus, this work aimed to assess the presence of a wide range of PCPs chemicals using target and suspect screening in the umbilical cord blood of new born babies to evaluate their potential transfer to the fetus. To do so, we analysed 69 umbilical cord blood plasma samples from a mother-child cohort from Barcelona (Spain). We quantified 8 benzophenone-type UVFs and their metabolites, and 4 PBs using validated analytical methodologies based on target screening using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Then, we screened for additional 3246 substances using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and advanced suspect analysis strategies. Six UVFs and three parabens were detected in the plasma with frequencies between 1.4% and 17.4% and concentrations up to 53.3 ng/mL (benzophenone-2). Thirteen additional chemicals were tentatively identified in the suspect screening, and ten were further confirmed with the corresponding standards. Among them, we found the organic solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, the chelating agent 8-hydroxyquinoline, and the antioxidant 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), which have been demonstrated to display reproductive toxicity. UVFs and PBs presence in the umbilical cord blood demonstrates mother-fetus transfer through the placental barrier and prenatal exposure to these PCPs chemicals, which may lead to adverse effects in the early stages of fetal development. Considering the small cohort used in this study, the reported results should be interpreted as a preliminary reference for the background umbilical cord transfer levels of the target PCPs chemicals. Further research is needed to determine the long-term consequences of prenatal exposure to PCPs chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amelia Peiró
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz
- Endocrinology, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pg. Sant Joan de Déu, 2, E-08950 Esplugues (Barcelona), Spain; CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pg. Sant Joan de Déu, 2, E-08950 Esplugues (Barcelona), Spain; CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Gil-Solsona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Collins HN, Johnson PI, Calderon NM, Clark PY, Gillis AD, Le AM, Nguyen D, Nguyen C, Fu L, O'Dwyer T, Harley KG. Differences in personal care product use by race/ethnicity among women in California: implications for chemical exposures. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2023; 33:292-300. [PMID: 34952926 PMCID: PMC10005944 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal care products may contain many chemicals, some of which are suspected endocrine disrupters. This is an important source of chemical exposure for women, but little is known about how chemical exposure differs among different races/ethnicities. OBJECTIVE This study examines differences in personal care product use among Black, Latina, Vietnamese, Mixed Race, and White women in California. METHODS We used a community-based participatory process to create and administer a personal care product usage survey to 321 Black, Latina, Vietnamese, Mixed Race, and White women. We used multivariate regression models with pairwise comparisons to examine the frequency of product use by race/ethnicity. RESULTS We found distinct trends of personal care product use by race/ethnicity: Latina women typically used makeup most frequently; Black women used certain hair products or styles most frequently; and Vietnamese women were most likely to use facial cleansing products compared to other races/ethnicities. Latina and Vietnamese women were less likely to try to avoid certain ingredients in their products. SIGNIFICANCE These findings can help estimate disparities in chemical exposure from personal care product use and complement future research on health inequities due to chemical exposures in the larger environmental and social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N Collins
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paula I Johnson
- California Safe Cosmetics Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy M Le
- California Safe Cosmetics Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Dung Nguyen
- California Healthy Nail Salon Collaborative, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Nguyen
- California Healthy Nail Salon Collaborative, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Fu
- California Healthy Nail Salon Collaborative, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany O'Dwyer
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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32
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Shi Y, Wang H, Zhu Z, Ye Q, Lin F, Cai G. Association between exposure to phenols and parabens and cognitive function in older adults in the United States: A cross-sectional study. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:160129. [PMID: 36370798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People are commonly exposed to mixtures of parabens and phenols. Most studies investigating such exposure and cognitive performance tend to assess only single chemicals, and the tools used to assess cognitive function are not uniform. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association between multiple parabens and phenols and cognitive function in older Americans. METHODS The study included data of older Americans from two cycles of the NHANES survey. Participants were divided into normal cognitive performance and low cognitive performance groups based on the scores of four cognitive tests: the Immediate Recall test (IRT), the Delayed Recall test (DRT), the Animal Fluency test (AFT) and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Generalized linear regression models (GLMs), restricted cubic spline (RCS), weighted quantile sum (WQS) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to assess relationships between chemical exposure and cognitive performance. RESULTS In this cross-sectional study, a total of 961 participants, 470 males and 491 females, were included. GLMs revealed positive association between high levels of bisphenol A (BPA) and low cognitive performance on DRT, especially in male (OR (95%CI): 2.25 (1.10-4.61)), and this association was consistent with WQS and BKMR. In female participants, the third quartile of BPA exposure showed a positive association with low cognition on IRT and global cognition. GLMs also showed that high levels of propylparaben were positively associated with cognitive performance on the IRT in male participants (OR (95%CI): 0.37 (0.18-0.76)). In BKMR, an overall positive correlation between the mixture and low cognition as measured with DRT was observed in male subjects when the mixture was at the 65th percentile or higher. CONCLUSION Exposure to a mixture of parabens and phenols was positively associated with low cognitive performance on DRT in older male subjects, while BPA was the main driver of this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisen Shi
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 35001, China; Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 35001, China
| | | | - Zhibao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 35001, China
| | - Fabin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 35001, China.
| | - Guoen Cai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 35001, China.
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Cahova J, Blahova J, Mares J, Hodkovicova N, Sauer P, Kroupova HK, Svobodova Z. Octinoxate as a potential thyroid hormone disruptor - A combination of in vivo and in vitro data. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159074. [PMID: 36181807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet filters are commonly used in various cosmetic products. Due to their huge consumption ultraviolet filters become a part of the environment. Octinoxate is a commonly used ultraviolet filter that is widely detected in the aquatic environment. In our study, we investigated whether this ultraviolet filter is able to disrupt thyroid hormone regulation after six weeks of exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Thyroid hormones play crucial role in development and regulation of the organism and its disruption could cause the whole-body imbalance. Our study includes a compilation of in vivo and in vitro tests. The results of the in vivo experiment revealed a significant increase in thyroxine hormone in plasma for the highest tested dose of octinoxate (i.e. 395.6 μg/kg). We examined selected tissues (liver and cranial kidney) to determine the mRNA expression of genes involved in thyroid hormones regulation. The analysis confirmed downregulation of deiodinase 2 mRNA expression for the highest tested dose (i.e. 395.6 μg/kg) and downregulation of paired box 8 mRNA for medium (96 μg/kg) and the highest octinoxate dose (395.6 μg/kg.) only in cranial kidney. In vitro analysis indicated that octinoxate does not elicit (anti-)thyroid activity via thrβ and does not behave as a transthyretin ligand. Based on our results, octinoxate has a potential to act as a thyroid hormone disruptor, but further research required to better understand the entire regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Cahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Sauer
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupova
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
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Tian L, Guo M, Chen H, Wu Y. Human health risk assessment of cinnamate UV absorbers: In vitro and in silico investigations. Environ Int 2023; 171:107658. [PMID: 36459820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV absorbers (UVAs) are contaminants of emerging concern. Environmental persistence and potential toxicological enrichment studies of UVAs have attracted international concern. It is important to study the toxicity mechanism of UVAs. This study is the first to report the toxicological mechanism of two cinnamate UV absorbers (CUVAs), 2-ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate (OMC) and isoamyl 4-methoxycinnamate (IMC) based on cellular models and molecular models. Cellular models demonstrated that the CUVAs-induced apoptosis might be associated with cellular mitochondrial damage pathways. The results of molecular models showed that OMC and IMC could affect the binding between major proteins and enzymes in the mitochondrial damage pathway and contaminants, ultimately leading to apoptosis. The cellular-molecular models showed that IMC and OMC have dose-effect relationships on cytotoxicity. The composite model is more informative than a single model. This study further indicate that UVAs causes toxicology effects that have implications for the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Haili Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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Mcdonald KA, Lytvyn Y, Mufti A, Chan A, Rosen CF. Review on photoprotection: a clinician’s guide to the ingredients, characteristics, adverse effects, and disease-specific benefits of chemical and physical sunscreen compounds. Arch Dermatol Res 2022. [PMID: 36443500 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoprotection is a critical health prevention strategy to reduce the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visible light (VL). Methods of photoprotection are reviewed in this paper, with an emphasis on sunscreen. The most appropriate sunscreen formulation for personal use depends on several factors. Active sunscreen ingredients vary in their protective effect over the UVR and VL spectrum. There are dermatologic diseases that cause photosensitivity or that are aggravated by a particular action spectrum. In these situations, sunscreen suggestions can address the specific concern. Sunscreen does not represent a single entity. Appropriate personalized sunscreen selection is critical to improve compliance and clinical outcomes. Health care providers can facilitate informed product selection with awareness of evolving sunscreen formulations and counseling patients on appropriate use. This review aims to summarize different forms of photoprotection, discuss absorption of sunscreen ingredients, possible adverse effects, and disease-specific preferences for chemical, physical or oral agents that may decrease UVR and VL harmful effects.
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Yücel C, Karapinar I, Tüzün SC, Ertaş H, Ertaş FN. Determination of UV Filters in Waste Sludge Using QuEChERS Method Followed by In-Port Derivatization Coupled with GC-MS/MS. Methods Protoc 2022; 5. [PMID: 36548134 DOI: 10.3390/mps5060092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV filters (UVFs) are widely used in personal care and in industrial products for protection against photodegradation. In recent years, their potential toxicological and environmental effects have received growing attention. Due to their excessive use, their residue levels in the environment are gradually increasing and they tend to accumulate on biological wastewater treatment sludge. The utilization of sludge as fertilizer could be one of the main routes of UVF contamination in the environment. Therefore, the development of a reliable and sensitive method of analyzing their trace level residues in waste sludge samples is of great importance. The success of the method largely depends on the sample preparation technique in such complex matrices. This study presents a rapid, sensitive and green analysis method for eight UVFs in sludge samples, selected for their rather low no-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC). For this purpose, the QuEChERS methodology was coupled with in-port derivatization for subsequent detection of the targeted UVFs via GC−MS/MS. The analysis time was substantially shortened using this method, and reagent utilization was also reduced. The method was validated in the sludge samples, and high recovery (66−123%) and low RSD values (<25.6%) were obtained. In addition, major contributing uncertainty sources and expanded uncertainties were determined.
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Jung W, Seok SH, Shin S, Ryu SH, Kim KB, Shin BS, Kim TH. Toxicokinetics, Percutaneous Absorption and Tissue Distribution of Benzophenone-3, an UV Filtering Agent, in Rats. Toxics 2022; 10:672. [PMID: 36355963 PMCID: PMC9697188 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro skin permeation and deposition, in vivo toxicokinetics, percutaneous absorption and tissue distribution of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) in rats. Four transdermal formulations containing BP-3 were prepared and evaluated for in vitro skin permeation and deposition of BP-3 using Franz diffusion cells. A gel formulation was used in subsequent in vivo percutaneous absorption due to its high in vitro skin permeation and deposition. Compared to intravenous (i.v.) injection, the prolonged terminal t1/2 (3.1 ± 1.6 h for i.v. injection and 18.3 ± 5.8 h for topical application) was observed indicating occurrence of flip-flop kinetics after topical application. The bioavailability of BP-3 after topical application was 6.9 ± 1.8%. The tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (kp) for testis, considered a toxic target for BP-3, was less than 1.. Overall, findings of this study may be useful for risk assessment of BP-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Seok
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Soyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Sung Ha Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- R&D Center, GL Pharm Tech Corp., Seongnam-si 13202, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
- Center for Human Risk Assessment, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Gyeongbuk, Korea
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Lorigo M, Cairrao E. UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate-induced vascular endothelial disruption on rat aorta: In silico and in vitro approach. Chemosphere 2022; 307:135807. [PMID: 35931261 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout human life, an extensive and varied range of emerging environmental contaminants, called endocrine disruptors (EDCs), cause adverse health effects, including in the cardiovascular (CV) system. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are worryingly one of the leading causes of all mortality and mobility worldwide. The UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate (also designated octinoxate, or ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (CAS number: 5466-77-3)) is an EDC widely present in all personal care products. However, to date, there are no studies evaluating the OMC-induced effects on vasculature using animal models to improve human cardiovascular health. This work analysed the effects of OMC on rat aorta vasculature and explored the modes of action implicated in these effects. Our results indicated that OMC relaxes the rat aorta by endothelium-dependent mechanisms through the signaling pathways of cyclic nucleotides and by endothelium-independent mechanisms involving inhibition of L-Type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (L-Type VOCC). Overall, OMC toxicity on rat aorta may produce hypotension via vasodilation due to excessive NO release and blockade of L-Type VOCC. Moreover, the OMC-induced endothelial dysfunction may also occur by promoting the endothelial release of endothelin-1. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that exposure to OMC alters the reactivity of the rat aorta and highlight that long-term OMC exposure may increase the risk of human CV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS - UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS - UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Xu W, Zhang L, Tian Y, Zhu X, Han X, Miao L, Yan W. Occurrence and distribution of organic corrosion inhibitors (OCIs) in riverine sediments from the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:76961-76969. [PMID: 35670946 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although soluble organic corrosion inhibitors (OCIs) have been observed globally in surface water, data on their exposures in sediments are still scarce. In this study, a comprehensive investigation on spatial variations and potential sources of OCIs were conducted in riverine sediments from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), one of the most developed and urbanized areas in China. Of 12 OCIs, 7 were detected with the total concentrations ranging from 81.8 to 401.2 ng/g. When the results were compared with those of the water phase, OCIs in the riverine sediments exhibited relatively low concentrations, which was likely due to their low Kow, and they were not expected to be adsorbed onto sediments. The spatial variation of OCIs suggested that the discharge of sewage treatment plants (STPs) effluent could be a major source of OCIs in the PRD region. The total concentrations of OCIs had a significant positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC) contents, suggesting that they have similar sources. This study strongly indicated that the high consumption of OCIs have led to their wide exposure in different environments in the PRD region and additional ecotoxicological data are needed to evaluate their potential risks in riverine sediments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Xu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, China.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuhang Tian
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xue Han
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Miao
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Wen Yan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Güil-Oumrait N, Cano-Sancho G, Montazeri P, Stratakis N, Warembourg C, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Vioque J, Santa-Marina L, Jimeno-Romero A, Ventura R, Monfort N, Vrijheid M, Casas M. Prenatal exposure to mixtures of phthalates and phenols and body mass index and blood pressure in Spanish preadolescents. Environ Int 2022; 169:107527. [PMID: 36126421 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are simultaneously exposed to several non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which may influence the risk of childhood obesity and cardiovascular diseases later in life. Previous prospective studies have mostly examined single-chemical effects, with inconsistent findings. We assessed the association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and phenols, individually and as a mixture, and body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) in preadolescents. METHODS We used data from the Spanish INMA birth cohort study (n = 1,015), where the 1st and 3rd- trimester maternal urinary concentrations of eight phthalate metabolites and six phenols were quantified. At 11 years of age, we calculated BMI z-scores and measured systolic and diastolic BP. We estimated individual chemical effects with linear mixed models and joint effects of the chemical mixture with hierarchical Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Analyses were stratified by sex and by puberty status. RESULTS In single-exposure models, benzophenone-3 (BP3) was nonmonotonically associated with higher BMI z-score (e.g. Quartile (Q) 3: β = 0.23 [95% CI = 0.03, 0.44] vs Q1) and higher diastolic BP (Q2: β = 1.27 [0.00, 2.53] mmHg vs Q1). Methyl paraben (MEPA) was associated with lower systolic BP (Q4: β = -1.67 [-3.31, -0.04] mmHg vs Q1). No consistent associations were observed for the other compounds. Results from the BKMR confirmed the single-exposure results and showed similar patterns of associations, with BP3 having the highest importance in the mixture models, especially among preadolescents who reached puberty status. No overall mixture effect was found, except for a tendency of higher BMI z-score and lower systolic BP in girls. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to UV-filter BP3 may be associated with higher BMI and diastolic BP during preadolescence, but there is little evidence for an overall phthalate and phenol mixture effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Güil-Oumrait
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Parisa Montazeri
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nikos Stratakis
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Charline Warembourg
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Nursing and Chiropody, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Biodonostia, Health Research Institute, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Alba Jimeno-Romero
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Biodonostia, Health Research Institute, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Ekstein SF, Hylwa S. Sunscreens: A Review of UV Filters and Their Allergic Potential. Dermatitis 2022; Publish Ahead of Print. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Giannini CM, Huang B, Chandler DW, Fassler CS, Schwartz RC, Biro FM, Pinney SM. The Association between Sex Hormones, Pubertal Milestones and Benzophenone-3 Exposure, Measured by Urinary Biomarker or Questionnaire. Int J Environ Health Res 2022; 32:2135-2148. [PMID: 34313174 PMCID: PMC8903022 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1947990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies have suggested benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a sunscreen ingredient, may have endocrine-disrupting properties. A cohort of girls were recruited at ages 6-7 years and returned semi-annually for pubertal maturation staging, provided blood for serum hormone analyses [estradiol, estrone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S)], and urine to measure BP-3 concentrations. We found a significant negative linear association between amount of reported sunscreen use and testosterone levels at the onset of puberty (N = 157, adjusted β = -0.0163, 97.5% CI:-0.0300,-0.0026). The 2nd quartile of the BP-3 biomarker had earlier thelarche compared to the 1st quartile (N = 282, adjusted HR = 1.584, 97.5% CI:1.038,2.415). Results suggest that higher report of sunscreen use may be associated with lower testosterone levels at thelarche and a non-linear relationship between the BP-3 urinary biomarker and onset of puberty, although the clinical significance of the finding is limited and may be a random effect. Improved methods of BP-3 exposure characterization are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Giannini
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bin Huang
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Donald W Chandler
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cecily S Fassler
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Frank M Biro
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Susan M Pinney
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Choi S, Na H, Rahman RT, Sim J, Chang JB, Nam YS. Chitosan-coated mesoporous silica particles as a plastic-free platform for photochemical suppression and stabilization of organic ultraviolet filters. J Photochem Photobiol B 2022; 235:112565. [PMID: 36113261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical instability and reactivity of organic ultraviolet (UV) filters not only degrade the performance of sunscreen formulations but also generate toxic photodegradation products and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the encapsulation of organic UV filters into synthetic polymer particles has been widely investigated, synthetic plastics were recently banned for personal care and cosmetic products due to marine and coastal pollution issues. Here we present a plastic-free, photochemically stable and inactive UV filter platform based on chitosan-coated mesoporous silica microparticles, denoted 'mSOCPs', incorporating octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) as a sunscreen agent. Sunlight induced the degradation of ∼80% free OMC in artificial sweat in 1 h at room temperature, while only 20% of OMC degraded for 3 h when encapsulated within mSOCPs. Moreover, mSOCPs efficiently suppressed the photochemical generation of ROS by about 99% through the combined effects of the mesoporous silica structure and chitosan coating. Accordingly, mSOCPs substantially increased the cell viability of fibroblasts exposed to UV irradiation. This work demonstrates that the biopolymer coatings of mesoporous inorganic particles can be a promising approach to the plastic-free encapsulation of organic UV filters for suppressing their photochemical reactivity and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saehan Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Na
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Rafia Tasnim Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueun Sim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Byum Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Martin N, Wassmur B, Slomberg D, Labille J, Lammel T. Influence of TiO 2 nanocomposite UV filter surface chemistry and their interactions with organic UV filters on uptake and toxicity toward cultured fish gill cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 243:113984. [PMID: 35988383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments have been found to be contaminated with a variety of inorganic and organic UV filters. This includes novel nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite particles, which have been increasingly developed and incorporated into commercial sunscreens in recent years. So far, relatively little is known about the effects of this novel class of UV filters on aquatic life. Therefore, this study aimed to determine and compare the toxicity of three such nanoparticulate TiO2 UV filters with different surface coatings, namely Eusolex® T-Avo (SiO2-coated), T-Lite™ SF (Al(OH)3/PDMS-coated), and Eusolex® T-S (Al2O3/stearic acid-coated) either alone, or in the presence of selected organic UV filters (octinoxate, avobenzone, octocrylene), toward fish using RTgill-W1 cell cultures as an in vitro experimental model. Besides standard exposure protocols, alternative approaches (i.e., exposure to water accommodated fractions (WAFs), hanging-drop exposure) were explored to account for nanoparticle (NP)-specific fate in the medium and obtain additional/complementary information on their toxicity in different conditions. The AlamarBlue, CFDA-AM and Neutral Red Retention (NR) assays were used to measure effects on different cellular endpoints. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine NP uptake. Our results showed that none of the TiO2 NP UV filters were cytotoxic at the concentrations tested (0.1-10 µg/mL; 24 h) but there were differences in their uptake by the cells. Thus, only the hydrophilic T-AVO was detected inside cells, but the hydrophobic T-Lite SF and T-S were not. In addition, our results show that the presence of NPs (or the used dispersant) tended to decrease organic UV filter toxicity. The level of combination effect depended on both NP-type (surface chemistry) and concentration, suggesting that the reduced toxicity resulted from reduced availability of the organic UV filters due to their adsorption to the NP surface. Thus, mixtures of TiO2 NP UV filters and organic UV filters may have a different toxicological profile compared to the single substances, but probably do not pose an increased hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Martin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Britt Wassmur
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Danielle Slomberg
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jérôme Labille
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Tobias Lammel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Parks CG, Meier HCS, Jusko TA, Wilkerson J, Miller FW, Sandler DP. Benzophenone-3 and antinuclear antibodies in U.S. adolescents and adults ages 12-39 years. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958527. [PMID: 36177040 PMCID: PMC9513228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Between 1988 and 2012, prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) increased in the U.S., especially in adolescents and non-Hispanic Whites. Female predominance of ANA suggests a role for hormonal factors, including xenobiotic exposures that may disrupt endocrine signaling. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one such chemical with increasing exposure through sunscreen use. We investigated whether urinary BP-3 levels were related to ANA in adolescents and young adults. Methods In a sample of 1,785 individuals ages 12-39 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2003-4, 2011-12), we examined cross-sectional associations of ANA (N=192; 3+ or 4+ at the 1:80 dilution, measured by HEp-2 immunofluorescence) with urinary BP-3, and other phenols bisphenol-A, triclosan, and parabens. Adjusted prevalence odds ratios (POR) were calculated in season-stratified models [winter (November-April) and summer (May-October)], given differences in sunscreen use and BP-3 concentrations. Results BP-3 concentrations (detected in >98.5% of individuals) did not differ by ANA positivity in the summer (geometric mean, GM 30.6 ng/ml ANA-positive vs. 35.3 ANA-negative; GM ratio 1.15), but in winter were higher among ANA-positives (50.2 vs. 20.1 ANA-negative; GM ratio 2.50). ANA was associated with log10BP-3 in winter (POR 1.57; 95%CI 1.07-2.30 per unit increase) but not summer (0.94; 0.61, 1.44; interaction p=0.09). Triclosan, parabens, and bisphenol-A levels were unrelated to ANA overall or by season (ORs 0.64 to 1.33). Conclusions The association of urinary BP-3 with ANA in the winter may reflect different exposure patterns or unmeasured confounders. Findings warrant replication in prospective studies and including past and year-round exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine G. Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Christine G. Parks,
| | - Helen C. S. Meier
- Population, Neurodevelopment and Genetics Program, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Todd A. Jusko
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Environmental Medicine, and Pediatrics University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Frederick W. Miller
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
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Li ZM, Kannan K. Comprehensive Survey of 14 Benzophenone UV Filters in Sunscreen Products Marketed in the United States: Implications for Human Exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:12473-12482. [PMID: 35951380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone (BP)-type ultraviolet (UV) filters are estrogenic chemicals used extensively in sunscreen products, leading to concerns over human exposure. To assess exposure to BP derivatives in sunscreens, we tested 14 BP UV filters in 50 products representing 44 brands marketed in the United States in 2021, finding BP, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3 or oxybenzone), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4'-methylbenzophenone (BP-10), 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone (2,3,4-OH-BP), and 4-methylbenzophenone (4-Me-BP) in ≥70% of the samples. The geometric mean (GM) concentration of the sum of these BPs (∑14BPs) in the 50 products was 6600 ng/g. BP-3 was the predominant BP in oxybenzone-containing products (accounting for >99% of the total concentration), with a concentration 5-6 orders of magnitude higher than that in "oxybenzone-free" products (GM: 35 600 000 vs 113 ng/g). BP was present in >90% of products analyzed, including those labeled "oxybenzone-free" (GM: 2100 ng/g). BP concentrations were ∼100-fold higher in octocrylene-containing vs "octocrylene-free" products (GM: 15900 vs 151 ng/g). Dermal exposure doses of BP-3 from oxybenzone-containing products (GM: 4140 000 ng/kg body weight (BW)/day) and of BP in some (24%) octocrylene-containing products (GM: 12 200 ng/kg BW/day) were above reference values (2 000 000 and 30 000 ng/kg BW/day for BP-3 and BP, respectively). This study provides evidence that BP and BP-3 concentrations in sunscreen products vary widely and may be noteworthy even in products labeled oxybenzone- or octocrylene-free, making dermal exposure a continuing concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
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Couselo-Rodríguez C, González-Esteban P, Diéguez Montes M, Flórez Á. Impacto de los filtros ultravioleta en el entorno natural. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas 2022; 113:792-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Jedynak P, Rolland M, Pin I, Thomsen C, Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Philippat C, Slama R. Pregnancy Exposure to Phenols and Anthropometric Measures in Gestation and at Birth. Epidemiology 2022; 33:616-623. [PMID: 35700189 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some synthetic phenols alter pathways involved in fetal development. Despite their high within-subject temporal variability, earlier studies relied on spot urine samples to assess pregnancy exposure. In this study, we examined associations between prenatal phenol exposure and fetal growth. METHODS We measured concentrations of two bisphenols, four parabens, benzophenone-3, and triclosan in 478 pregnant women in two weekly pools of 21 samples each, collected at 18 and 34 gestational weeks. We used adjusted linear regressions to study associations between phenol concentrations and growth outcomes assessed twice during pregnancy and at birth. RESULTS Benzophenone-3 was positively associated with all ultrasound growth parameters in at least one time point, in males but not females. In females, butylparaben was negatively associated with third-trimester abdominal circumference and weight at birth. We observed isolated associations for triclosan (negative) and for methylparaben and bisphenol S (positive) and late pregnancy fetal growth. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest associations between prenatal exposure to phenols and fetal growth. Benzophenone-3 was the exposure most consistently (positively) associated across all growth parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jedynak
- From the Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble Alpes University, Inserm, CNRS, La Tronche, France
| | - Matthieu Rolland
- From the Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble Alpes University, Inserm, CNRS, La Tronche, France
| | - Isabelle Pin
- From the Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble Alpes University, Inserm, CNRS, La Tronche, France
- Pediatric Department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | | | | | | | - Claire Philippat
- From the Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble Alpes University, Inserm, CNRS, La Tronche, France
| | - Rémy Slama
- From the Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble Alpes University, Inserm, CNRS, La Tronche, France
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Mao JF, Li W, Ong CN, He Y, Jong MC, Gin KYH. Assessment of human exposure to benzophenone-type UV filters: A review. Environ Int 2022; 167:107405. [PMID: 35843073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To avoid the harmful effects of UV radiation, benzophenone-type UV filters (BPs) are widely used in personal care products and other synthetic products. Biomonitoring studies have shown the presence of BPs in various human biological samples, raising health concerns. However, there is a paucity of data on the global human exposure to this group of contaminants. In this study, we compiled data on the body burden of BPs along with the possible exposure routes and biotransformation pathways. BPs can easily penetrate the skin barrier and thus, they can be absorbed through the skin. In the human body, BPs can undergo Phase I (mainly demethylation and hydroxylation) and Phase II (mainly glucuronidation and sulfation) biotransformations. From a total of 158 studies, most of the studies are related to urine (concentration up to 92.7 mg L-1), followed by those reported in blood (up to 0.9 mg L-1) and milk (up to 0.8 mg L-1). Among BPs, benzophenone-1 and benzophenone-3 are the most commonly detected congeners. The body burden of BPs is associated with various factors, including the country of residence, lifestyle, income, education level, and ethnicity. The presence of BPs in maternal urine (up to 1.1 mg L-1), placenta (up to 9.8 ng g-1), and amniotic fluid (up to 15.7 μg L-1) suggests potential risks of prenatal exposure. In addition, transplacental transfer of BPs is possible, as demonstrated by their presence in maternal serum and cord serum. The possible association of BPs exposure and health effects was discussed. Future human biomonitoring studies and studies on the potential health effects are warranted. Overall, this review provides a summary of the global human exposure to BPs and can serve as supporting evidence to guide usage in order to protect humans from being exposed to BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Feijian Mao
- Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210098, China; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Wenxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mui-Choo Jong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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50
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Couselo-Rodríguez C, González-Esteban P, Diéguez Montes M, Flórez Á. [Translated article] Environmental Impact of UV Filters. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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