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Gendron RL, Hyde T, Paradis H, Cao T, Machimbirike VI, Segovia C, Vasquez I, Ghasemieshkaftaki M, Scapigliati G, Boyce D, Santander J. CD45 in ocular tissues during larval and juvenile stages and early stages of V. anguillarum infection in young lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 128:523-535. [PMID: 35998868 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to infectious diseases impacting lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eye tissue are only starting to be studied at a molecular and histopathological level. In this study, we extend our understanding of lumpfish sensory organ anatomy, of components of the lumpfish nasal and ocular immune system and the nature of the intraocular response to Vibrio anguillarum infection. We have evaluated the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 45 protein, a tyrosine phosphatase, in larval and juvenile lumpfish tissues in order to spatially survey ocular and related head structures that may participate in early stages of intraocular immune responses. We provide here a histological mapping of the larval lumpfish nasal chamber system since its connectively with the eye though mucosal epithelia have not been explored. These results build upon our growing understanding of the lumpfish intraocular immune response to pathogens, exemplified herein by experimental nasally delivered V. anguillarum infection. CD45 is developmentally regulated in lumpfish eyes and periocular anatomy with early expression appearing in larvae in corneal epithelium and in nasal structures adjacent to the eye. Normal juvenile and adult lumpfish eyes express CD45 in the corneal epithelium, in leukocyte cells within blood vessel lumens of the rete mirabile, choroid body and choriocapillaris vasculatures. Experimental nasally delivered V. anguillarum infection led to qualitative and quantitative changes in CD45 expression in head kidney renal tubule tissues by 7 days post infection (dpi). The same animals showed redistribution and upregulation of corneal epithelial CD45 expression, corneal epithelial dysplasia and an increased frequency of CD45+ cells in ocular vasculature. Interestingly, while CD45 upregulation and/or CD45+ cell infiltration into inner ocular and retinal tissues was not observed under this experimental scenario, subtle neural retinal changes were observed in infected fish. This work provides new fundamental knowledge on North Atlantic teleost visual systems and vision biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Gendron
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, A1B 3V6, NL, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Hyde
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, A1B 3V6, NL, Canada
| | - Hélène Paradis
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, A1B 3V6, NL, Canada
| | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Vimbai I Machimbirike
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Maryam Ghasemieshkaftaki
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | | | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, A1C 5S7, NL, Canada
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Alesci A, Lauriano ER, Aragona M, Capillo G, Pergolizzi S. Marking vertebrates langerhans cells, from fish to mammals. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151622. [PMID: 33066843 PMCID: PMC7480233 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are specialized dendritic cells (DCs) that play a defense role in recognizing foreign antigens, in tissue where antigenic exposures occur, as in the skin and mucous membranes. LCs are able to continuously move within the tissues thanks to dendritic contraction and distension performing their surveillance and/or phagocytosis role. These cells are characterized by the presence of Birbeck granules in their cytoplasm, involved in endocytosis. LCs have been characterized in several classes of vertebrates, from fish to mammals using different histological and molecular techniques. The aim of the present review is to define the state of art and the need of information about immunohistochemical markers of LCs in different classes of vertebrates. The most used immunohistochemical (IHC) markers are Langerin/CD207, CD1a, S-100 and TLR. These IHC markers are described in relation to their finding in different vertebrate classes with phylogenetical considerations. Among the four markers, Langerin/CD207 and TLR have the widest spectrum of cross reactivity in LCs.
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Arnemo M, Kavaliauskis A, Gjøen T. Effects of TLR agonists and viral infection on cytokine and TLR expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 46:139-145. [PMID: 24736205 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and cheap vaccines against several aquatic viruses is necessary for a sustainable fish farming industry. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have already been used as good adjuvants in human vaccines. With more understanding of TLR expression, function, and ligand specificity in fish, more efficient adjuvants for fish viral vaccines can be developed. In this paper, we examine all known TLRs in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and demonstrate that head kidney and spleen are the main organs expressing TLRs in salmon. We also show that adherent head kidney leucocytes from salmon are able to respond to many of the known agonists for human TLRs, and that viral infection can induce up-regulation of several TLRs. These findings substantiate these receptors' role in immune responses to pathogens in salmonids making their ligands attractive as vaccine adjuvant candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Arnemo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arturas Kavaliauskis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Nordgreen J, Bjørge MH, Janczak AM, Poppe T, Koppang EO, Ranheim B, Horsberg TE. The effect of morphine on changes in behaviour and physiology in intraperitoneally vaccinated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013; 145:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Arciuli M, Fiocco D, Cicero R, Maida I, Zanna PT, Guida G, Horsberg TE, Koppang EO, Gallone A. Melanogenesis in visceral tissues ofSalmo salar. A link between immunity and pigment production? Biochem Cell Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/o2012-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is mostly studied in melanocytes and melanoma cells, but much less is known about other pigment cell systems. Liver, spleen, kidney, and other organs of lower vertebrates harbour a visceral pigment cell system with an embryonic origin that differs from that of melanocytes. In teleosts, melanin-containing cells occur in the reticulo-endothelial system and are mainly in the kidney and spleen. The Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) is an ichthyic breeding species of considerable economic importance. The accumulation of pigments in salmon visceral organs and musculature adversely affects the quality of fish products and is a problem for the aquaculture industry. With the aim to reveal novel functions and behaviour of the salmonid extracutaneous pigment system, we investigated aspects of the melanogenic systems in the tissues of Atlantic salmon, as well as in SHK-1 cells, which is a long-term cell line derived from macrophages of the Atlantic salmon head-kidney. We demonstrate that a melanogenic system is present in SHK-1 cells, head-kidney, and spleen tissues. As teleosts lack lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches, the head-kidney and spleen are regarded as the most important secondary lymphoid organs. The detection of tyrosinase activity in lymphoid organs indicates that a link exists between the extracutaneous pigmentary system and the immune system in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Arciuli
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Fiocco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosina Cicero
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Immacolata Maida
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola T. Zanna
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Tor E. Horsberg
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Food Safety & Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevålsveien 72, Box 8146 Dep, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erling O. Koppang
- Section of Anatomy and Pathology, Department of Basic Sciences & Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevålsveien 72, Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Gallone
- Sezione di Biologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze ed Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari, Policlinico-Piazza Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Yousaf MN, Koppang EO, Skjødt K, Hordvik I, Zou J, Secombes C, Powell MD. Comparative cardiac pathological changes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) and pancreas disease (PD). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012. [PMID: 23200434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The heart is considered the powerhouse of the cardiovascular system. Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) and pancreas disease (PD) are cardiac diseases of marine farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) which commonly affect the heart in addition to the skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas. The main findings of these diseases are necrosis and inflammatory cells infiltrates affecting different regions of the heart. In order to better characterize the cardiac pathology, study of the inflammatory cell characteristics and cell cycle protein expression was undertaken by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin embedded hearts from confirmed diseased cases applying specific antibodies. The inflammatory cells were predominantly CD3(+) T lymphocytes. The PD diseased hearts exhibited moderate hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) immuno-reaction that suggested tissue hypoxia while recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α (rTNFα) antibody identified putative macrophages and eosinophilic granulocytes (EGCs) in addition to endocardial cells around lesions. There were strong to low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II immunostaining in the diseased hearts associated with macrophage-like and lymphocyte-like cells. The diseased hearts expressed strong to low levels of apoptotic cells identified by caspase 3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The strong signals for proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and TUNEL, and moderate levels of caspase 3 immuno-reactivity suggested a high cell turnover where DNA damage/repair might be occurring in the diseased hearts. Interestingly, the apparently similar cardiac diseases exhibited differences in the immunopathological responses in Atlantic salmon.
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Kibenge FS, Godoy MG, Fast M, Workenhe S, Kibenge MJ. Countermeasures against viral diseases of farmed fish. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:257-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yousaf MN, Koppang EO, Skjødt K, Köllner B, Hordvik I, Zou J, Secombes C, Powell MD. Cardiac pathological changes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 33:305-315. [PMID: 22609767 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a disease of marine farmed Atlantic salmon where the pathological changes associated with the disease involve necrosis and an infiltration of inflammatory cells into different regions of the heart and skeletal muscle. The aim of this work was to characterize cardiac changes and inflammatory cell types associated with a clinical HSMI outbreak in Atlantic salmon using immunohistochemistry. Different immune cells and cardiac tissue responses associated with the disease were identified using different markers. The spectrum of inflammatory cells associated with the cardiac pathology consisted of mainly CD3(+) T lymphocytes, moderate numbers of macrophages and eosinophilic granulocytes. Proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immuno-reaction identified significantly increased nuclear and cytoplasmic staining as well as identifying hypertrophic nuclei. Strong immunostaining was observed for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in HSMI hearts. Although low in number, a few positive cells in diseased hearts were detected using the mature myeloid cell line granulocytes/monocytes antibody indicating more positive cells in diseased than non-diseased hearts. The recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) antibody identified stained macrophage-like cells and endothelial cells around lesions in addition to eosinophilic granular cells (EGCs). These findings suggested that the inflammatory response in diseased hearts comprised of mostly CD3(+) T lymphocytes and eosinophilic granular cells and hearts exhibited high cell turnover where DNA damage/repair might be the case (as identified by PCNA, caspase 3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) reactivity).
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Bjørge MH, Nordgreen J, Janczak AM, Poppe T, Ranheim B, Horsberg TE. Behavioural changes following intraperitoneal vaccination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Haugarvoll E, Bjerkås I, Szabo NJ, Satoh M, Koppang EO. Manifestations of systemic autoimmunity in vaccinated salmon. Vaccine 2010; 28:4961-9. [PMID: 20553770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of systemic autoimmunity may result as an undesired side-effect following vaccination, and this condition was recently shown to occur in farmed salmon (Salmo salar). Several of previously reported side-effects following vaccination of fish should therefore be reviewed in the light of this condition. Here, organs and pathological changes in three separate groups of fish severely affected by vaccination were investigated by different morphological methods (n=84). Granulomas or microgranulomas were observed at the injection site and in several organs. Mott cells were observed in all tissues examined. Pannus-like changes with lymphocyte infiltrates were observed in spines. In conclusion, the reactions following vaccination were of a systemic nature that may be explained by a pathogenetic mechanism caused by systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Haugarvoll
- Section of Anatomy and Pathology, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevålsveien 72, PO Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Seppänen E, Kuukka H, Voutilainen A, Huuskonen H, Peuhkuri N. Metabolic depression and spleen and liver enlargement in juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus exposed to chronic parasite infection. J Fish Biol 2009; 74:553-561. [PMID: 20735578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study on the connection between standard metabolic rate (R(S)) and chronic Diplostomum spp. infection resulted in a decrease in R(S), and an enlargement in spleen and liver sizes in the infected juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus compared to control fish. As splenic enlargement observed in infected fish was not due to condition-related changes in the spleen, it could most probably be explained by increased leucocyte synthesis. The higher liver masses in infected S. alpinus may have been related to disorders in energetic function, which could have had major effects on biochemical regulation by the liver. The proposed metabolic syndrome with a possible reduction in insulin sensitivity in tissues results in ineffective glucose and lipid metabolism and thus it is suggested that chronic Diplostomum infection in S. alpinus might not impose direct energetic costs, but it may weaken the efficiency of energy metabolism and thus lead to lowered R(S).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Seppänen
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute (FGFRI), Laasalantie 9, Enonkoski, Finland.
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Koppang EO, Bjerkås I, Haugarvoll E, Chan EKL, Szabo NJ, Ono N, Akikusa B, Jirillo E, Poppe TT, Sveier H, Tørud B, Satoh M. Vaccination-induced systemic autoimmunity in farmed Atlantic salmon. J Immunol 2008; 181:4807-14. [PMID: 18802084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over half of the salmon consumed globally are farm-raised. The introduction of oil-adjuvanted vaccines into salmon aquaculture made large-scale production feasible by preventing infections. The vaccines that are given i.p. contain oil adjuvant such as mineral oil. However, in rodents, a single i.p. injection of adjuvant hydrocarbon oil induces lupus-like systemic autoimmune syndrome, characterized by autoantibodies, immune complex glomerulonephritis, and arthritis. In the present study, whether the farmed salmon that received oil-adjuvanted vaccine have autoimmune syndrome similar to adjuvant oil-injected rodents was examined. Sera and tissues were collected from vaccinated or unvaccinated Atlantic salmon (experimental, seven farms) and wild salmon. Autoantibodies (immunofluorescence, ELISA, and immunoprecipitation) and IgM levels (ELISA) in sera were measured. Kidneys and livers were examined for pathology. Autoantibodies were common in vaccinated fish vs unvaccinated controls and they reacted with salmon cells/Ags in addition to their reactivity with mammalian Ags. Diffuse nuclear/cytoplasmic staining was common in immunofluorescence but some had more specific patterns. Serum total IgM levels were also increased in vaccinated fish; however, the fold increase of autoantibodies was much more than that of total IgM. Sera from vaccinated fish immunoprecipitated ferritin and approximately 50% also reacted with other unique proteins. Thrombosis and granulomatous inflammation in liver, and immune-complex glomerulonephritis were common in vaccinated fish. Autoimmunity similar to the mouse model of adjuvant oil-induced lupus is common in vaccinated farmed Atlantic salmon. This may have a significant impact on production loss, disease of previously unknown etiology, and future strategies of vaccines and salmon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling O Koppang
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevålsveien 72, Oslo, Norway
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Strandskog G, Skjaeveland I, Ellingsen T, Jørgensen JB. Double-stranded RNA- and CpG DNA-induced immune responses in Atlantic salmon: comparison and synergies. Vaccine 2008; 26:4704-15. [PMID: 18602433 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several TLR agonists are shown to activate piscine immunity and are interesting adjuvant candidates in vaccine development. To test the outcome of stimulating Atlantic salmon with CpG DNA and poly I:C, ligands for TLR9 and 3, respectively, we have measured the in vivo expression of different immune molecules in spleen and head kidney. The expression profiles for individual treatments with CpGs or poly I:C not only showed similarities but they also displayed unique profiles. When combining them a synergistic up-regulation of the genes interferon (IFN)-alpha1/alpha2, Mx, CXCL10, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and CD83 was detected. Interestingly, synergies between two different CpG ODNs classes also resulted in pronounced IFN-alpha1/alpha2 and IFN-gamma transcripts levels. To our knowledge this is the first study showing synergy by combining two different TLR9 ligands. In conclusion, detection of dsRNA and CpG DNA in fish may mimic viral recognition, resulting in an enhanced innate immune response that could be used for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Strandskog
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Løvoll M, Dalmo RA, Bøgwald J. Extrahepatic synthesis of complement components in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 23:721-31. [PMID: 17513127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The components of activated complement display a wide range of functions in inflammatory reactions, including chemotaxis, opsonisation and the destruction of microorganisms. In fish, the complement system is believed to be more complex than in mammals. Teleost fish possess several complement components encoded by multiple genes giving rise to complement subtypes, such as C3-1, C3-3 and C3-4. Complement synthesis is mainly localised in the liver and little attention has been paid to studying production at extrahepatic sites in fish. In mammalian species, the monocyte-macrophage lineage is known to be an important contributor to extrahepatic C3 levels. In vitro studies of piscine macrophages have, however, revealed absence of basal transcription of C3. The objective of this study was to quantify and localise the C3 and C7 subtypes, C4, C5 and factor B in rainbow trout using real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridisation. Widespread extrahepatic synthesis of all complement components studied was detected, though with high degrees of individual variation between fish. Compared to the levels of complement mRNA in the liver, extrahepatic synthesis was low, but indeed high enough to imply biological significance. This study represents the first comprehensive mapping of the distribution and levels of complement components in any vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Løvoll
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Bakke-McKellep AM, Koppang EO, Gunnes G, Sanden M, Hemre GI, Landsverk T, Krogdahl A. Histological, digestive, metabolic, hormonal and some immune factor responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed genetically modified soybeans. J Fish Dis 2007; 30:65-79. [PMID: 17298562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports the second and final part of an experiment aiming to study physiological and health-related effects of genetically modified (GM) soybean meal (SBM) type Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) in diets for post-smolt Atlantic salmon. For 3 months salmon were fed diets containing 172 g kg(-1) full-fat SBM from RRS (GM-soy) or an unmodified, non-isogenic line (nGM-soy), or a reference diet with fishmeal as the sole protein source (FM). Slight differences in anti-nutrient levels were observed between the GM and nGM-soy. Histological changes were observed only in the distal intestine of the soy-fed fish. The incidence of moderate inflammation was higher in the GM-soy group (9 of 10 sampled fish) compared with the nGM-soy group (7 of 10). However, no differences in the concomitant decreases in activities of digestive enzymes located in the brush border (leucine aminopeptidase and maltase) and apical cytoplasm (acid phosphatase) of enterocytes or in the number of major histocompatibility complex class II+ cells, lysozyme activity, or total IgM of the distal intestine were observed. GM compared with nGM-soy fed fish had higher head kidney lysozyme (11,856 vs. 10,456 units g(-1) tissue) and a tendency towards higher acid phosphatase (0.45 vs. 0.39 micromol h(-1) kg(-1) body mass in whole tissue) activities, respectively. Plasma insulin and thyroxin levels, and hepatic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities were not significantly affected. It is not possible, however, to conclude whether the differences in responses to GM-soy were due to the genetic modification or to differences in soy cultivars in the soy-containing diets. Results from studies using non-modified, parental line soybeans as the control group are necessary to evaluate whether genetic modification of soybeans in diets poses any risk to farmed Atlantic salmon.
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Williams DL, Brancker WM. Aggravating factors in the development of ocular abnormalities in farmed Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Vet J 2006; 172:501-5. [PMID: 16309935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cystic lesions in the eyes of farmed halibut with a number of ocular sequelae have been reported previously with evidence that the condition can be associated with increased activity of choroidal carbonic anhydrase and elevated oxygen tension in the aqueous humour of affected fish. These changes may be compared to the 'bends' in human divers which are characterized by elevated circulating levels of nitrogen together with aggravating factors such as physical exercise. It is postulated that bubble formation and subsequent development of cysts in halibut require not only high aqueous humour oxygen tension but also the imposition of factors such as handling or intraspecific aggression which lead to bubble formation. A significantly higher incidence of lesions was noted in fish handled, weighed and measured every two weeks compared with a control group of unhandled fish, suggesting that physical activity associated with handled and possibly also intraspecific aggression is a factor in generation of ocular lesions in these fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Williams
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Seierstad SL, Poppe TT, Koppang EO, Svindland A, Rosenlund G, Frøyland L, Larsen S. Influence of dietary lipid composition on cardiac pathology in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 2005; 28:677-90. [PMID: 16303029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the short-term (5 months) effect of replacing dietary marine oils with vegetable oils on the development of arteriosclerotic changes in the heart of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. The experiment was performed as a randomized observer-blinded and controlled trial. Farmed Atlantic salmon were randomly sampled from a study population containing 900 individuals. The salmon were divided into three groups and given diets with either 100% fish oil (Diet 1), a 50/50% mixture of fish oil and rapeseed oil (Diet 2) or 100% rapeseed oil (Diet 3). Ten sexually immature salmon from each dietary group were sampled in March and August 2002. Additionally, 47 sexually mature wild salmon were randomly collected in mid-September 2001. Serial histological sections were taken from the bulbus arteriosus and ventricle wall for histopathological evaluation of the coronary arteries and myocardium. No significant differences in mean coronary changes recorded by the main variable 'mean range lesion' (MRL) were detected between the groups in March or August. MRL increased significantly between March and August with Diet 2 (P < 0.01), was nearly significant with Diet 3 (P = 0.06) and was unchanged with Diet 1. This pattern coincided with the Diet 2 group having the highest increase in heart weight. MHC class II immunoreactive cells in the coronary changes were detected in sections from one individual in each group. Heart weight was the most dominant variable in the data set and explained linearly 15.5% of the variation in MRL. Body weight, fish length and heart weight were all significantly, positively and linearly correlated to MRL. The Diet 2 group had the highest growth rate and also exhibited a significant increase in MRL. The possible influence of diet composition on weight gain and MRL needs to be further elucidated. Increase in heart weight seems to be the dominating predictor of the appearance of MRL in Atlantic salmon. However, the present results cannot exclude the possibility that differences in fatty acid composition of fish feed can influence the development of arteriosclerotic changes in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Seierstad
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Morrison RN, Koppang EO, Hordvik I, Nowak BF. MHC class II+ cells in the gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected by amoebic gill disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 109:297-303. [PMID: 16182375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is characterised by the association of Neoparamoeba sp. with hyperplastic gill tissue of affected fishes, however, the identity and role of host cells associated with AGD lesions are not known. Here, we investigated cells with an immunological role that were associated with AGD lesions by locating cellular MHC class II beta chain. A tank housing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was inoculated with Neoparamoeba sp., and MHC class II beta chain expression in the gills was qualitatively assessed by immunohistochemistry. In AGD-naïve control fish, MHC class II+ cells were detected basolateral to the interlamellar epithelium as well as upon the interlamellar and secondary epithelium. In the gills of AGD affected fish MHC class II+ cells were observed in both affected and unaffected tissue. Within AGD lesions, numerous MHC class II+ cells were present and these cells exhibited variable levels of expression suggesting that like mammals, MHC class II expression is highly regulated. The presence of MHC class II+ cells within gill lesions is indicative of immune cell trafficking and these cells could contribute in an antigen presentation capacity to the development of an antibody response in fish chronically affected by AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Morrison
- School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania and Aquafin CRC, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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Afonso A, Gomes S, da Silva J, Marques F, Henrique M. Side effects in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) due to intraperitoneal vaccination against vibriosis and pasteurellosis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2005; 19:1-16. [PMID: 15722227 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Revised: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) were injected intraperitoneally with monovalent (Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida or Vibrio anguillarum) and divalent (Ph. damselae subsp. piscicida and V. anguillarum) vaccine formulations, with or without adjuvants (mineral oil, liposome or alginate), to evaluate the short and long-term pathological effects. Eight animals from each group were sampled one, two, four and 11 months after intraperitoneal injection. The acute peritoneal response and the progression to a chronic status were evaluated by analysing peritoneal leucocytes collected during the first days post-injection. To evaluate the chronic response, the late peritoneal leucocyte response was analysed and the peritoneal cavity was examined and the intra-abdominal lesion level scored based on a pre-defined scale. Correlation between leucocyte exudative response, tissue inflammatory response and the development of granuloma were sought. The acute leucocyte response was characterized by an early (24-48 h) mobilization of neutrophils and macrophages, with phagocyte numbers dependent on the formulation, but no significant variations were observed in lymphocytes/small cells and EGCs. Later on, a steady increase occurred in lymphocytes/small cells and EGCs and a high concentration in neutrophils and macrophages was maintained up to 30-60 days in groups i.p. injected with oil adjuvanted formulations with antigen. All the lesions observed were moderate, indicating that in sea bass, the pathological effects due to intraperitoneally injected vaccines are less severe than in other fish species. The divalent oil adjuvanted vaccine induced the most severe side effects, with macroscopic granulomas consistently present up to 11 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Afonso
- IBMC--Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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Koppang EO, Haugarvoll E, Hordvik I, Aune L, Poppe TT. Vaccine-associated granulomatous inflammation and melanin accumulation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., white muscle. J Fish Dis 2005; 28:13-22. [PMID: 15660789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of variably sized pigmented foci encountered in fillets of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The material was sampled on the fillet production line and on salmon farms from fish with an average size of 3 kg from various producers. The fish had been routinely vaccinated by injection. Gross pathology, histology, immunohistochemistry using antisera against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II beta chain and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the changes. Macroscopically, melanized foci were seen penetrating from the peritoneum deep into the abdominal wall, sometimes right through to the skin, and also embedded in the caudal musculature. Histological investigation revealed muscle degeneration and necrosis, fibrosis and granulomatous inflammation containing varying numbers of melano-macrophages. Vacuoles, either empty or containing heterogeneous material, were frequently seen. The presence of abundant MHC class II+ cells indicated an active inflammatory condition. TEM showed large extracellular vacuoles and leucocytes containing homogeneous material of lipid-like appearance. The results showed that the melanized foci in Atlantic salmon fillet resulted from an inflammatory condition probably induced by vaccination. The described condition is not known in wild salmon and in farmed salmon where injection vaccination is not applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Koppang
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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