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Raja Xavier JP, Rianna C, Hellwich E, Nikolou I, Lankapalli AK, Brucker SY, Singh Y, Lang F, Schäffer TE, Salker MS. Excessive endometrial PlGF- Rac1 signalling underlies endometrial cell stiffness linked to pre-eclampsia. Commun Biol 2024; 7:530. [PMID: 38704457 PMCID: PMC11069541 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell stiffness is regulated by dynamic interaction between ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and p21 protein-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) proteins, besides other biochemical and molecular regulators. In this study, we investigated how the Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) changes endometrial mechanics by modifying the actin cytoskeleton at the maternal interface. We explored the global effects of PlGF in endometrial stromal cells (EnSCs) using the concerted approach of proteomics, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Proteomic analysis shows PlGF upregulated RhoGTPases activating proteins and extracellular matrix organization-associated proteins in EnSCs. Rac1 and PAK1 transcript levels, activity, and actin polymerization were significantly increased with PlGF treatment. AFM further revealed an increase in cell stiffness with PlGF treatment. The additive effect of PlGF on actin polymerization was suppressed with siRNA-mediated inhibition of Rac1, PAK1, and WAVE2. Interestingly, the increase in cell stiffness by PlGF treatment was pharmacologically reversed with pravastatin, resulting in improved trophoblast cell invasion. Taken together, aberrant PlGF levels in the endometrium can contribute to an altered pre-pregnancy maternal microenvironment and offer a unifying explanation for the pathological changes observed in conditions such as pre-eclampsia (PE).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmela Rianna
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Emily Hellwich
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iliana Nikolou
- Department of Women's Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sara Y Brucker
- Department of Women's Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Women's Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman E Schäffer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madhuri S Salker
- Department of Women's Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Ding W, Chen L, Xia J, Pei B, Song B, Li X. Causal association between lipid-lowering drugs and cancers: A drug target Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38010. [PMID: 38701318 PMCID: PMC11062692 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidences have indicated that lipid-lowering drugs have effect for the treatment of cancers. However, causal associations between lipid-lowering drugs and the risk of cancers are still unclear. In our study, we utilized single nucleotide polymorphisms of proprotein convertase subtilis kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-assisted enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors and performed a drug target Mendelian randomization to explore the causal association between lipid-lowering drugs and the risk of cancers. Five regression methods were carried out, including inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode and weighted mode methods, of which IVW method was considered as the main analysis. Our outcome dataset contained the risk of breast cancer (BC), colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, gastric cancer (GC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), lung cancer, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer (PC), and skin cancer (SC). Our results demonstrated that PCSK9 inhibitors were significant associated with a decreased effect of GC [IVW: OR = 0.482, 95% CI: 0.264-0.879, P = .017]. Besides, genetic inhibitions of HMGCR were significant correlated with an increased effect of BC [IVW: OR = 1.421, 95% CI: 1.056-1.911, P = .020], PC [IVW: OR = 1.617, 95% CI: 1.234-2.120, P = .0005] and SC [IVW: OR = 1.266, 95% CI: 1.022-1.569, P = .031]. For GC [IVW: OR = 0.559, 95% CI: 0.382-0.820, P = .0029] and HCC [IVW: OR = 0.241, 95% CI: 0.085-0.686, P = .0077], HMGCR inhibitors had a protective risk. Our method suggested that PCSK9 inhibitors were significant associated with a protective effect of GC. Genetic inhibitions of HMGCR were significant correlated with an increased effect of BC, PC and SC. Meanwhile, HMGCR inhibitors had a protective risk of GC and HCC. Subsequent studies still needed to assess potential effects between lipid-lowering drugs and the risk of cancers with clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bei Pei
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Biao Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Kong L, He Q, Ma D, Shi W, Xin Q, Jiang C, Wu J. Ezetimibe inhibits the migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells by targeting TGFβ2 and EMT. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:831-842. [PMID: 38531630 PMCID: PMC11073500 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The important role of cholesterol in tumor metastasis has been widely studied in recent years. Ezetimibe is currently the only selective cholesterol uptake inhibitor on the market. Here, we explored the effect of ezetimibe on breast cancer metastasis by studying its impact on breast cancer cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Differential gene expression analysis and validation were also carried out to compare ezetimibe-treated and untreated breast cancer cells. Finally, breast cancer cells overexpressing TGFβ2 were constructed, and the effect of TGFβ2 on the migration and invasion of ezetimibe-treated breast cancer cells was examined. Our results show that ezetimibe treatment of breast cancer cells inhibited cell migration, invasion, and EMT, and it significantly suppressed the expression of TGFβ2. Overexpression of TGFβ2 reversed the inhibitory effect of ezetimibe on the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Taken together, our results suggest that ezetimibe might be a potential candidate for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingkai Kong
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityChina
| | - Qinyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityChina
| | - Ding Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityChina
| | - Weiwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityChina
| | - Qilei Xin
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryChina
| | - Chunping Jiang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityChina
| | - Junhua Wu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityChina
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Filaferro L, Zaccarelli F, Niccolini GF, Colizza A, Zoccali F, Grasso M, Fusconi M. Are statins onco- suppressive agents for every type of tumor? A systematic review of literature. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38609343 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2343338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins, in the role of anti-cancer agents, have been used in many types of cancers with results in some cases promising while, in others, disappointing. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to identify and highlight data from literature on the successes or failure of using statins as anti-cancer agents. We asked ourselves the following two questions:1. Could statins, which are taken mostly to reduce cardiovascular risk, guarantee a lower incidence or a better cancer disease prognosis, concerning local recurrence, metastasis or mortality?2. Does statins intake (before and/or after cancer diagnosis) improve the prognosis or increase the chemotherapeutic action when combined with other anticancer therapies? For the first question twenty-seven manuscripts have been selected, for the second one, twenty-eight. EXPERT OPINION There are data which correlate statins with a possible tumor suppressive action among the following cancers: breast, lung, prostate and head and neck. Lastly, for gastric cancer and colorectal there is no evidence of a correlation. The onco-suppressive efficacy of statins is mainly related to the histopathological and/or molecular characteristics of the tumor cells, which have different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filaferro
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Colizza
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Fusconi
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Jiang W, Jin WL, Xu AM. Cholesterol metabolism in tumor microenvironment: cancer hallmarks and therapeutic opportunities. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2044-2071. [PMID: 38617549 PMCID: PMC11008265 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.92274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is crucial for cell survival and growth, and dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis has been linked to the development of cancer. The tumor microenvironment (TME) facilitates tumor cell survival and growth, and crosstalk between cholesterol metabolism and the TME contributes to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Targeting cholesterol metabolism has demonstrated significant antitumor effects in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms of cholesterol homeostasis and the impact of its dysregulation on the hallmarks of cancer. We also describe how cholesterol metabolism reprograms the TME across seven specialized microenvironments. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of targeting cholesterol metabolism as a therapeutic strategy for tumors. This approach not only exerts antitumor effects in monotherapy and combination therapy but also mitigates the adverse effects associated with conventional tumor therapy. Finally, we outline the unresolved questions and suggest potential avenues for future investigations on cholesterol metabolism in relation to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - A-Man Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
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Wang D, Dai S, Lou D, Wang T, Wang S, Zheng Z. Association between statins exposure and risk of skin cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:1332-1344. [PMID: 37681467 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between statin (lipophilic statin and hydrophilic statin) exposure and the risk of skin cancer. The incidence of skin cancer under statin exposure was used as the primary outcome, and the relevant studies were screened from Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO electronic database until September 2022. Ten observational studies and two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The statistical results indicated that in lipophilic statins, the exposed group had a higher risk of skin cancer than the non-exposed group (OR: 1.09, P = 0.003). However, compared with the non-exposed group, there was no significant difference between hydrophilic statins exposure and the incidence of skin cancer (OR: 1.02, P = 0.341). Further subgroup analysis of the subtypes of statins revealed that compared with the non-exposed group, exposure to lovastatin (OR: 1.18, P = 0.048) or simvastatin (OR: 1.11, P < 0.001) was a risk factor for skin cancer. Besides, subgroup analysis based on the subtypes of skin cancer demonstrated that the risks of melanoma (OR: 1.13, P = 0.009), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (OR: 1.05, P = 0.036), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (OR: 1.13, P = 0.026) under lipophilic statin exposure were significantly higher than those in the non-exposed group. On the contrary, compared with the non-exposed group, the risk of BCC was significantly reduced under the exposure of hydrophilic statins (OR: 0.93, P = 0.031). This study showed that the relationship between statin exposure and skin cancer risk was affected by the subtypes of statins and skin cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senjie Dai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandi Lou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianyue Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shihui Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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He Q, Kong L, Shi W, Ma D, Liu K, Yang S, Xin Q, Jiang C, Wu J. Ezetimibe inhibits triple-negative breast cancer proliferation and promotes cell cycle arrest by targeting the PDGFR/AKT pathway. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21343. [PMID: 38027998 PMCID: PMC10651468 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol levels were strongly associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Targeted cholesterol metabolism has broad prospects in tumor treatment. Ezetimibe, the only FDA-approved inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, has been reported to be able to inhibit angiogenesis in liver cancer. However, the efficacy and specific mechanisms of Ezetimibe in the treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)have not been reported. Our research shows Ezetimibe inhibits TNBC cell proliferation and blocks the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Mechanistically, Ezetimibe inhibits the activation of PDGFRβ/AKT pathway, thereby promoting cell cycle arrest and inhibiting cell proliferation. By overexpressing PDGFRβ in TNBC cells, we found that PDGFRβ significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of Ezetimibe on TNBC cell proliferation and the cell cycle. Similarly, SC79, an AKT agonist, can reduce the proliferation inhibitory and cycle-blocking effects of Ezetimibe on TNBC cells. Furthermore, the AKT inhibitor MK2206 enhanced the inhibitory effect of Ezetimibe on the cell cycle and proliferation ability of TNBC cells overexpressing PDGFRβ. In xenograft tumor models, we also found that Ezetimibe inhibited TNBC growth, an effect that can be blocked by overexpression of PDGFR or activation of AKT. In summary, we have demonstrated that EZ inhibits the PDGFR/AKT pathway, thereby halting TNBC cycle progression and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093 China
| | - Lingkai Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093 China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093 China
| | - Ding Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093 China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093 China
| | - Shuwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093 China
| | - Qilei Xin
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Shounuo City Light West Block, Qingdao Road 3716#, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunping Jiang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Shounuo City Light West Block, Qingdao Road 3716#, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093 China
| | - Junhua Wu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Shounuo City Light West Block, Qingdao Road 3716#, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093 China
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Liu Y, Liu J, Peng N, Hai S, Zhang S, Zhao H, Liu W. Role of non-canonical post-translational modifications in gastrointestinal tumors. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:225. [PMID: 37777749 PMCID: PMC10544213 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins contribute to the occurrence and development of tumors. Previous studies have suggested that canonical PTMs such as ubiquitination, glycosylation, and phosphorylation are closely implicated in different aspects of gastrointestinal tumors. Recently, emerging evidence showed that non-canonical PTMs play an essential role in the carcinogenesis, metastasis and treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. Therefore, we summarized recent advances in sumoylation, neddylation, isoprenylation, succinylation and other non-canonical PTMs in gastrointestinal tumors, which comprehensively describe the mechanisms and functions of non-classical PTMs in gastrointestinal tumors. It is anticipated that targeting specific PTMs could benefit the treatment as well as improve the prognosis of gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Na Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuangshuang Hai
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Weixin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.
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Zaky MY, Fan C, Zhang H, Sun XF. Unraveling the Anticancer Potential of Statins: Mechanisms and Clinical Significance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4787. [PMID: 37835481 PMCID: PMC10572000 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are an essential medication class in the treatment of lipid diseases because they inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. They reduce cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in both primary and secondary prevention. In addition to their powerful pharmacologic suppression of cholesterol production, statins appear to have pleitropic effects in a wide variety of other diseases by modulating signaling pathways. In recent years, statins have seen a large increase in interest due to their putative anticancer effects. Statins appear to cause upregulation or inhibition in key pathways involved in cancer such as inhibition of proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis as well as reducing cancer stemness. Further, statins have been found to induce oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Interestingly, clinical studies have shown that statin use is associated with a decreased risk of cancer formation, lower cancer grade at diagnosis, reduction in the risk of local reoccurrence, and increasing survival in patients. Therefore, our objective in the present review is to summarize the findings of the publications on the underlying mechanisms of statins' anticancer effects and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y. Zaky
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Chuanwen Fan
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Dautović E, Rustemović-Čorbić M, Srabović N, Softić A, Smajlović A, Husejnović MŠ, Hatkić A, Halilčević D. Some pleiotropic effects of statins on hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Comparative study on atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin. Adv Med Sci 2023; 68:258-264. [PMID: 37478516 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For many years, statins have been the most commonly used drugs in cholesterol-lowering therapy. In addition to these therapeutic effects, statins exhibit other, pleiotropic effects that can be beneficial, but also harmful to cells and tissues. The aim of this research was to determine and compare the pleiotropic effects of structurally different statins: atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin at different concentrations on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effects of statins. The influence of statins on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by measuring fluorescent response of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The effect of statins on glucose production and excretion was determined with glucose production assay. RESULTS The obtained results confirmed that all tested statins exhibit cytotoxic effects, increase the production of ROS as well as the production and excretion of glucose from HepG2 cells. It was observed that all the mentioned effects are more pronounced with lipophilic statins, atorvastatin and simvastatin compared to hydrophilic rosuvastatin. CONCLUSION The less pronounced pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin on HepG2 cells are probably due to differences in structure and solubility compared to atorvastatin and simvastatin. Transporter-dependent and a slower influx of rosuvastatin into cells compared to the tested lipophilic statins probably lead to a weaker accumulation of rosuvastatin in HepG2 cells, which results in less pronounced pleiotropic effects compared to lipophilic atorvastatin and simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Dautović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | | | - Nahida Srabović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adaleta Softić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aida Smajlović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maida Šljivić Husejnović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alen Hatkić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dalila Halilčević
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Liu C, Chen H, Hu B, Shi J, Chen Y, Huang K. New insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1188926. [PMID: 37484027 PMCID: PMC10359995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1188926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread clinical use of statins has contributed to significant reductions of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increasing preclinical and epidemiological evidences have revealed that dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and that statins as powerful inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase can exert prevention and intervention effects on cancers, and promote sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer mechanisms of statins include not only inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, but also their pleiotropic effects in modulating angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, tumor metastasis, and tumor microenvironment. Moreover, recent clinical studies have provided growing insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins and the feasibility of combining statins with other anti-cancer agents. Here, we provide an updated review on the application potential of statins in cancer prevention and treatment and summarize the underneath mechanisms, with focuses on data from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bicheng Hu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajian Shi
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tongji-RongCheng Biomedical Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Sarbassova G, Nurlan N, Raddam Al shammari B, Francis N, Alshammari M, Aljofan M. Investigating potential anti-proliferative activity of different statins against five cancer cell lines. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:727-735. [PMID: 37181137 PMCID: PMC10172604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have been reported to have potential anti-proliferative effects through an unknown mechanism. This study aims to investigate the anti-proliferative activities of five statins, including simvastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, and pravastatin, against five different cancer cell lines; cervical epithelial carcinoma DoTc2 4510, malignant melanoma A-375, muscle Ewing's sarcoma A-673, hepatocellular carcinoma HUH-7, as well as breast cancer cells MCF-7. At 100 µM, simvastatin and atorvastatin significantly inhibited 70% of cellular proliferation. At the same concentration, rosuvastatin and fluvastatin showed about 50% of inhibition only in A-375 and A-673 cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Of all the statin drugs used, pravastatin had the least inhibitory effect on all the cancer cell lines. Western Blot analysis showed a decrease in mTOR level, and the expression of p53 tumour suppression and BCL-2 proteins was relatively elevated compared to the untreated cells. Simvastatin and atorvastatin may inhibit cellular proliferation via BCL-2/p53, Bax/Bak, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. This is the first research to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of simvastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, and pravastatin against five different cell lines from distinct origins and provided a relevant comparison of their efficacies for their anti-proliferative activity.
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Giuliano A, Horta RS, Vieira RAM, Hume KR, Dobson J. Repurposing Drugs in Small Animal Oncology. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13. [PMID: 36611747 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Repurposing drugs in oncology consists of using off-label drugs that are licensed for various non-oncological medical conditions to treat cancer. Repurposing drugs has the advantage of using drugs that are already commercialized, with known mechanisms of action, proven safety profiles, and known toxicology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and posology. These drugs are usually cheaper than new anti-cancer drugs and thus more affordable, even in low-income countries. The interest in repurposed anti-cancer drugs has led to numerous in vivo and in vitro studies, with some promising results. Some randomized clinical trials have also been performed in humans, with certain drugs showing some degree of clinical efficacy, but the true clinical benefit for most of these drugs remains unknown. Repurposing drugs in veterinary oncology is a very new concept and only a few studies have been published so far. In this review, we summarize both the benefits and challenges of using repurposed anti-cancer drugs; we report and discuss the most relevant studies that have been previously published in small animal oncology, and we suggest potential drugs that could be clinically investigated for anti-cancer treatment in dogs and cats.
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Kafka M, Gruber R, Neuwirt H, Ladurner M, Eder IE. Long-Term Treatment with Simvastatin Leads to Reduced Migration Capacity of Prostate Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 11. [PMID: 36672537 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have been shown to improve survival of metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). Nevertheless, their therapeutic use is still under debate. In the present study, we investigated the short-term effects of three different statins (simvastatin, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin) in various PCa cell lines mimicking androgen-sensitive and -insensitive PCa. Moreover, we generated three new PCa cell lines (LNCaPsim, ABLsim, PC-3sim) that were cultured with simvastatin over several months. Our data showed that the three statins expressed highly diverse short-term effects, with the strongest growth-inhibitory effect from simvastatin in PC-3 cells and almost no effect from rosuvastatin in any of the cell lines. Long-term treatment with simvastatin resulted in a loss of response to statins in all three cell lines, which was associated with an upregulation of cholesterol and fatty acid pathways as revealed through RNA sequencing. Despite that, long-term treated cells exhibited diminished spheroid growth and significantly reduced migration capacity per se and to differentiated osteoclasts. These findings were strengthened by reduced expression of genes annotated to cell adhesion and migration after long-term simvastatin treatment. Notably, mPCa patients taking statins were found to have lower numbers of circulating tumor cells in their blood with reduced levels of PSA and alkaline phosphatase. Our data suggest that long-term usage of simvastatin hampers the metastatic potential of PCa cells and may therefore be a potential therapeutic drug for mPCa.
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Zhou D, Wu Q, Qiu H, Li M, Ji Y. Simvastatin Inhibits Endometrial Cancer Malignant Behaviors by Suppressing RAS/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Ferroptosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022; 2022:6177477. [PMID: 36276874 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6177477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper was designed to explore the function of simvastatin as a chemotherapeutic drug on the endometrial cancer (EC) cell proliferation, invasion, and ferroptosis. Firstly, a number of in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the impact of different treatments of simvastatin on the Ishikawa cell invasion, proliferation, and colony formation. The concentration of DCFH-DA-labeled reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to examine the intracellular contents of Fe2+, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). Additionally, Western blot was utilized to measure the expression level of RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related proteins and ferroptosis-related proteins in cells. The results showed that simvastatin at 10 μM and 15 μM apparently suppressed the proliferation of Ishikawa cells, colony formation, and invasion ability of Ishikawa cells, and upregulated the level of MDA and ROS, but downregulated the level of GSH. Besides, 10 μM and 15 μM of simvastatin promoted cell ferroptosis (up-regulation of Fe2+ and TRF 1 protein level; down-regulation of SLC7A11 and FPN protein level) and lowered the RAS, p-MEK, and ERK protein level. Furthermore, experiments also revealed that the inhibitory effects of simvastatin on Ishikawa cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion, as well as the promoting effects on oxidation and ferroptosis were reversed. All in all, simvastatin reduces the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway to inhibit Ishikawa cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion, and promote cell oxidation and ferroptosis. This paper demonstrates the potential of simvastatin as a new anticancer drug for EC.
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM, Askari H, Savardashtaki A, Pirro M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Statin-regulated phagocytosis and efferocytosis in physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Longwei Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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Kim MH, Kim MY, Salloum S, Qian T, Wong LP, Xu M, Lee Y, Shroff SG, Sadreyev RI, Corey KE, Baumert TF, Hoshida Y, Chung RT. Atorvastatin favorably modulates a clinical hepatocellular carcinoma risk gene signature. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2581-2593. [PMID: 35712812 PMCID: PMC9426409 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic but not hydrophilic statins have been shown to be associated with reduced risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. We investigated differential actions of lipophilic and hydrophilic statins and their ability to modulate a clinical prognostic liver signature (PLS) predicting HCC risk in patients with liver disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)–infected Huh7.5.1 cells, recently developed as a model to screen HCC chemopreventive agents, were treated with lipophilic statins (atorvastatin and simvastatin) and hydrophilic statins (rosuvastatin and pravastatin), and then analyzed by RNA sequencing and PLS. Lipophilic statins, particularly atorvastatin, more significantly suppressed the HCV‐induced high‐risk pattern of PLS and genes in YAP and AKT pathway implicated in fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis, compared with the hydrophilic statins. While atorvastatin inhibited YAP activation through the mevalonate pathway, the distinctive AKT inhibition of atorvastatin was mediated by stabilizing truncated retinoid X receptor alpha, which has been known to enhance AKT activation, representing a target for HCC chemoprevention. In addition, atorvastatin modulated the high‐risk PLS in an in vitro model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Conclusion: Atorvastatin distinctively inhibits YAP and AKT activation, which are biologically implicated in HCC development, and attenuates a high‐risk PLS in an in vitro model of HCV infection and NAFLD. These findings suggest that atorvastatin is the most potent statin to reduce HCC risk in patients with viral and metabolic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Ho Kim
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea.,Department of Gastroenterology, Chaum Life Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shadi Salloum
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tongqi Qian
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lai Ping Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stuti G Shroff
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France.,Pole Hepato-digestif, IHU, Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sandeep Kumar J, Sujeevan Reddy G, Medishetti R, Amirul Hossain K, Thirupataiah B, Edelli J, Dilip Bele S, Kristina Edwin R, Joseph A, Shenoy GG, Mallikarjuna Rao C, Pal M. Ultrasound assisted one-pot synthesis of rosuvastatin based novel azaindole derivatives via coupling-cyclization strategy under Pd/Cu-catalysis: their evaluation as potential cytotoxic agents. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wróbel K, Wołowiec S, Markowicz J, Wałajtys-rode E, Uram Ł. Synthesis of Biotinylated PAMAM G3 Dendrimers Substituted with R-Glycidol and Celecoxib/Simvastatin as Repurposed Drugs and Evaluation of Their Increased Additive Cytotoxicity for Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:714. [PMID: 35158983 PMCID: PMC8833738 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New anti-cancer drugs can be created through the combination of well-known substances acting on different molecular targets. Repurposed drugs selected in this way can then be attached to special carriers that have specific, high affinity for cancer cells. In this study, two anti-glioma drugs, celecoxib and simvastatin, were chosen and linked to the PAMAM G3 dendrimer targeted to cancer cells by attached biotin and R-glycidol. In vitro studies performed with human glioblastoma (U-118 MG) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) cells revealed that dendrimer conjugate containing both celecoxib and simvastatin was 20–50 times more potent than either drug administered alone or in combination. Thus, the obtained combined conjugate can be considered as a potential candidate for a new therapy of malignant glioblastoma. Abstract Recent achievement in anticancer therapy considers the application of repurposed drugs in optimal combinations with the use of specific carriers for their targeted delivery. As a result, new optimized medications with reduced side effects can be obtained. In this study, two known anticancer drugs, celecoxib and/or simvastatin, were conjugated covalently with PAMAM G3 dendrimer and tested in vitro against human squamous carcinoma (SCC-15-15) and glioblastoma (U-118 MG) cells, as well as normal human fibroblasts (BJ). The obtained conjugates were also substituted with biotin and R-glycidol to increase their affinity for cancer cells and were characterized with NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering technique. Conjugates furnished with two celecoxib and four simvastatin residues revealed the very high effectiveness and dramatically decreased the SCC-15 and U-118 MG cell viability at very low concentrations with IC50 equal to about 3 µM. Its action was 20–50-fold stronger than that of either drug alone or as a mixture. Combined conjugate revealed also additive action since it was 2–8-fold more effective than conjugates with either single drug. The combined conjugate revealed rather low specificity since it was also highly cytotoxic for BJ cells. Despite this, it may be concluded that biotinylated and R-glycidylated PAMAM G3 dendrimers substituted with both celecoxib and simvastatin can be considered as a new perspective anticancer agent, effective in therapy of malignant, incurable glioblastomas.
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Abstract
Preclinical studies highlighted potential therapeutic applications of aspirin and statins as anticancer agents based on their pleiotropic effects. Epidemiologic studies suggested the role of aspirin and statins in the chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, observational data is prone to bias, and no prospective randomized trials are currently available to assess the risks and benefits of statin or aspirin therapy for chemoprevention of HCC. It is therefore important for clinicians and researchers to be aware of the quality of current evidence regarding this issue. In this review, we summarize currently available evidence to assist clinicians with their decision to use statin or aspirin and provide information for further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Ji Goh
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sinn
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality in the 21st century. Statins as inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase not only reduce the cholesterol levels in the blood and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease but may also play an important role in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer. Statins have several antitumor properties including the ability to reduce cell proliferation and angiogenesis, decrease invasion and synergistic suppression of lung cancer progression. Statins induce tumor cell apoptosis by inhibition of downstream products such as small GTP-binding proteins, Rho, Ras and Rac, which are dependent on isoprenylation. Statins reduce angiogenesis in tumors by down-regulation of pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. In this review, the feasibility and efficacy of statins in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amin
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Fathi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Biosensor and Bioelectronic Department, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ako S, Teper Y, Ye L, Sinnett-smith J, Hines OJ, Rozengurt E, Eibl G. Statins Inhibit Inflammatory Cytokine Production by Macrophages and Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia of Pancreatic Cells. Gastro Hep Advances 2022; 1:640-651. [PMID: 36313271 PMCID: PMC9615480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Animal data show that the presence of an oncogenic Kras mutation in pancreatic acinar cells leads to acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Inflammatory macrophages play an important role in the formation of ADMs and transition to PanINs. Epidemiologically, statins are associated with a reduced risk of PDAC. We investigated whether statins inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and whether this leads to reduced ADM formation. METHODS: The efficacy of statins on inflammatory cytokine production in 2 macrophage cell lines was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of macrophage-conditioned medium on ADM in primary pancreatic acinar cells was investigated. Mouse pancreatic tissue samples were analyzed for macrophage numbers, cytokine levels, and neoplastic/dysplastic area. RESULTS: Lipophilic statins prevented inflammatory cytokine production in Raw264.7 and J774A.1 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. The inhibitory effect of statins was mediated by inhibition of mevalonate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthesis and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton but not by a reduction in intracellular cholesterol. Treatment of macrophages with lipophilic statins also blocked ADM formation of primary pancreatic acinar cells. Furthermore, oral administration of simvastatin was associated with a reduction in the number of intrapancreatic macrophages, decreased inflammatory cytokine levels in the pancreas, and attenuated ADM/PanIN formation in mice. CONCLUSION: Our data support the hypothesis that statins oppose early PDAC development by their effects on macrophages and ADM formation. The inhibitory actions of statins on macrophages may collaborate with direct inhibitory effects on transformed pancreatic epithelial cells, which cumulatively may reduce early PDAC development and progression.
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Škara L, Huđek Turković A, Pezelj I, Vrtarić A, Sinčić N, Krušlin B, Ulamec M. Prostate Cancer-Focus on Cholesterol. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4696. [PMID: 34572923 PMCID: PMC8469848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy in men. Common characteristic involved in PC pathogenesis are disturbed lipid metabolism and abnormal cholesterol accumulation. Cholesterol can be further utilized for membrane or hormone synthesis while cholesterol biosynthesis intermediates are important for oncogene membrane anchoring, nucleotide synthesis and mitochondrial electron transport. Since cholesterol and its biosynthesis intermediates influence numerous cellular processes, in this review we have described cholesterol homeostasis in a normal cell. Additionally, we have illustrated how commonly deregulated signaling pathways in PC (PI3K/AKT/MTOR, MAPK, AR and p53) are linked with cholesterol homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Škara
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers (Epimark), School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ana Huđek Turković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivan Pezelj
- Department of Urology, University Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Alen Vrtarić
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nino Sinčić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers (Epimark), School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Božo Krušlin
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers (Epimark), School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kumar JS, Reddy GS, Medishetti R, Ray A, Bele SD, Hossain KA, Thirupataiah B, Edwin RK, Behera P, Joseph A, Shenoy GG, Rao CM, Pal M. Sonochemical synthesis of rosuvastatin based novel 3-methyleneisoindolin-1-one derivatives as potential anticancer agents. J Mol Struct 2021; 1240:130574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Støer NC, Bouche G, Pantziarka P, Sloan EK, Andreassen BK, Botteri E. Use of non-cancer drugs and survival among patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a nationwide registry-based study in Norway. Acta Oncol 2021; 60:1146-1153. [PMID: 34338111 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2021.1953136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of pancreatic cancer is poor and new treatment strategies are urgently needed. To identify non-cancer drugs that could be re-purposed for cancer, we investigated the association between the use of selected drugs and cancer-specific mortality in a nationwide cohort of pancreatic cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study is based on linkage between the Cancer Registry of Norway and the Norwegian Prescription Database, comprising 2614 pancreatic cancer patients diagnosed between 2007 and 2014. We evaluated the association between use at diagnosis of a pre-defined list of non-cancer drugs, including metformin, antihypertensives, and statins, and pancreatic cancer-specific mortality, using Cox regression. Patients were defined as users of a particular drug if it was prescribed before diagnosis, and the prescription covered the date of diagnosis. RESULTS In total, 2096 (80.2%) patients died from pancreatic cancer; median survival was 6 months. Statin users (n = 621) had lower mortality (hazard ratio (HR): 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-0.97) compared to non-users (n = 1993). This association was more pronounced (P-heterogeneity 0.062) in users of hydrophilic (n = 37, HR: 0.61; 95% CI 0.42-0.90) than lipophilic (n = 587, HR: 0.87; 95% CI 0.78-0.98) statins. An indication for lower mortality (HR: 0.85; 95% CI 0.69-1.05) was observed in users of non-selective beta-blockers (n = 113) compared to non-users (n = 2501). Notably, when compared to users of other antihypertensives (n = 643), users of non-selective beta-blockers (n = 40) had lower mortality (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.47-0.96). The use of other drugs, including selective beta-blockers and metformin, was not associated with mortality. CONCLUSION The findings suggest an association between the use of statins and non-selective beta-blockers and reduced pancreatic cancer mortality, and add to the literature supporting the design of randomised clinical trials to evaluate those drugs in the management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica K. Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Edoardo Botteri
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Colorectal Cancer Screening, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
As competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, statins not only reduce cholesterol and improve cardiovascular risk, but also exhibit pleiotropic effects that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. Among them, the anti-cancer properties of statins have attracted much attention and indicated the potential of statins as repurposed drugs for the treatment of cancer. A large number of clinical and epidemiological studies have described the anticancer properties of statins, but the evidence for anticancer effectiveness of statins is inconsistent. It may be that certain molecular subtypes of cancer are more vulnerable to statin therapy than others. Whether statins have clinical anticancer effects is still an active area of research. Statins appear to enhance the efficacy and address the shortcomings associated with conventional cancer treatments, suggesting that statins should be considered in the context of combined therapies for cancer. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the potential of statins in anti-cancer treatments. We discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer properties of statins and their effects on different malignancies. We also provide recommendations for the design of future well-designed clinical trials of the anti-cancer efficacy of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Wei Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Ran He
- Department of Finance, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yang He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China.
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Duarte JA, de Barros ALB, Leite EA. The potential use of simvastatin for cancer treatment: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111858. [PMID: 34323700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, typically used to reduce lipid levels, have been rediscovered for exhibiting anticancer activities. Among them, especially simvastatin may influence the proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer cells. The concept of using statins to treat cancer has been adopted since the 1990s In vitro and in vivo experiments and cohort studies using statins have been carried out to demonstrate their antitumor effects (such as proliferation and migration impairment) by influencing inflammatory and oxidative stress-related tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the biological mechanisms for these actions are not fully elucidated. In this review, we present an overview of the most important studies conducted from 2015 to date on the use of simvastatin in cancer therapy. This review brings the most recent perspectives and targets in epidemiological, in vitro, and in vivo studies, regarding the use of simvastatin alone or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Orlowski S, Mourad JJ, Gallo A, Bruckert E. Coronaviruses, cholesterol and statins: Involvement and application for Covid-19. Biochimie 2021; 189:51-64. [PMID: 34153377 PMCID: PMC8213520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The infectious power of coronaviruses is dependent on cholesterol present in the membranes of their target cells. Indeed, the virus enters the infected cell either by fusion or by endocytosis, in both cases involving cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains. These membrane domains can be disorganized in-vitro by various cholesterol-altering agents, including statins that inhibit cell cholesterol biosynthesis. As a consequence, numerous cell physiology processes, such as signaling cascades, can be compromised. Also, some examples of anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects of statins have been observed for infectious agents known to be cholesterol dependent. In-vivo, besides their widely-reported hypocholesterolemic effect, statins display various pleiotropic effects mediated, at least partially, by perturbation of membrane microdomains as a consequence of the alteration of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. It should thus be worth considering a high, but clinically well-tolerated, dose of statin to treat Covid-19 patients, in the early phase of infection, to inhibit virus entry into the target cells, in order to control the viral charge and hence avoid severe clinical complications. Based on its efficacy and favorable biodisposition, an option would be considering Atorvastatin, but randomized controlled clinical trials are required to test this hypothesis. This new therapeutic proposal takes benefit from being a drug repurposing, applied to a widely-used drug presenting a high efficiency-to-toxicity ratio. Additionally, this therapeutic strategy avoids any risk of drug resistance by viral mutation since it is host-targeted. Noteworthy, the same pharmacological approach could also be proposed to address different animal coronavirus endemic infections that are responsible for heavy economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Orlowski
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR 9198, and CEA / DRF / Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric-Joliot / SB2SM, and Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine and ESH Excellence Centre, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France.
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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30
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Rimpelová S, Kolář M, Strnad H, Ruml T, Vítek L, Gbelcová H. Comparison of Transcriptomic Profiles of MiaPaCa-2 Pancreatic Cancer Cells Treated with Different Statins. Molecules 2021; 26:3528. [PMID: 34207840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have been widely used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia due to their ability to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo cholesterol synthesis, via the so-called mevalonate pathway. However, their inhibitory action also causes depletion of downstream intermediates of the pathway, resulting in the pleiotropic effects of statins, including the beneficial impact in the treatment of cancer. In our study, we compared the effect of all eight existing statins on the expression of genes, the products of which are implicated in cancer inhibition and suggested the molecular mechanisms of their action in epigenetic and posttranslational regulation, and in cell-cycle arrest, death, migration, or invasion of the cancer cells.
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Abstract
The study of cancer cell metabolism has traditionally focused on glycolysis and glutaminolysis. However, lipidomic technologies have matured considerably over the last decade and broadened our understanding of how lipid metabolism is relevant to cancer biology [1-3]. Studies now suggest that the reprogramming of cellular lipid metabolism contributes directly to malignant transformation and progression [4, 5]. For example, de novo lipid synthesis can supply proliferating tumor cells with phospholipid components that comprise the plasma and organelle membranes of new daughter cells [6, 7]. Moreover, the upregulation of mitochondrial β-oxidation can support tumor cell energetics and redox homeostasis [8], while lipid-derived messengers can regulate major signaling pathways or coordinate immunosuppressive mechanisms [9-11]. Lipid metabolism has, therefore, become implicated in a variety of oncogenic processes, including metastatic colonization, drug resistance, and cell differentiation [10, 12-16]. However, whether we can safely and effectively modulate the underlying mechanisms of lipid metabolism for cancer therapy is still an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Park
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan J Coffey
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Limoges
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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32
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Wei G, Xue L, Zhu Y, Qian X, Zou L, Jin Q, Wang D, Ge G. Differences in susceptibility of HT-29 and A549 cells to statin-induced toxicity: An investigation using high content screening. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22699. [PMID: 33398916 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Statins are a group of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors that are used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, statins have been found to be cytotoxic, and many unexpected side effects have been reported in clinical applications. The susceptibilities of different cell lines toward statins are diverse, and the mechanisms of cytotoxicity remain unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate differences in the susceptibility to and mechanisms of statin-induced cytotoxicity in two cell lines, HT-29 and A549, using a high content screening-based multiparametric toxicity assay panel. We found that the two cell types exhibited differing susceptibilities to the cytotoxic effects of the different statins. Additionally, the cytotoxicity was inconsistent between different statins in the two cell lines. Four statins with strong cytotoxicity decreased the viability of HT-29 cells via the mitochondrial pathway, as evidenced by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevated mitochondrial mass, calcium release and cell apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species. In contrast, these four statins only induced a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential in A549 cells. The above results provide an objective reason for future evaluations of cytotoxic differences in cell types and the underlying mechanisms of cytotoxicity in different statins, and provide a good scientific basis for further research on countermeasures against statin-induced cell injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Wei
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Xue
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yadi Zhu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingkai Qian
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ahmadi M, Amiri S, Pecic S, Machaj F, Rosik J, Łos MJ, Alizadeh J, Mahdian R, da Silva Rosa SC, Schaafsma D, Shojaei S, Madrakian T, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165968. [PMID: 32927022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The statin drugs ('statins') potently inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase by competitively blocking the active site of the enzyme. Statins decrease de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and thereby reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Statins exhibit "pleiotropic" properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. For example, preclinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types. Furthermore, statins show chemo-sensitizing effects by impairing Ras family GTPase signaling. However, whether statins have clinically meaningful anti-cancer effects remains an area of active investigation. Both preclinical and clinical studies on the potential mechanisms of action of statins in several cancers have been reviewed in the literature. Considering the contradictory data on their efficacy, we present an up-to-date summary of the pleiotropic effects of statins in cancer therapy and review their impact on different malignancies. We also discuss the synergistic anti-cancer effects of statins when combined with other more conventional anti-cancer drugs to highlight areas of potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, R4046 - 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Shahla Shojaei
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. U.C. Davis Lung Center, Davis, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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34
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Susilowati R, Jannah J, Maghfuroh Z, Kusuma MT. Antihyperlipidemic effects of apple peel extract in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2020; 11:128-133. [PMID: 33102196 PMCID: PMC7574727 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_28_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is generally managed with statin-based drugs. Simvastatin serves as a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) inhibitor, with prolonged use proven to cause side effects. In the present study, antihyperlipidemic material is tested for its effect in lowering lipid in animals and its proven ability to bind to HMGR. Hyperlipidemia rats were divided into four groups, with different doses of 0, 57, and 114 mg/kg BW of apple peel extract (APE) and simvastatin (3.6 mg/kg BW). The total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) serum were measured. In silico inhibition test of HMGR activity was conducted by molecular docking using PyRx software. This process places HMGR as a receptor and active compound of apple peels as a ligand. APE treatment with a dose of 114 mg/kg BW could significantly reduce LDLc and increase serum HDLc levels. Docking tests confirmed that quercetin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and catechins depicted HMGR inhibition. Quercetin could bind to HMGR at a similar location to amino acid residues as simvastatin. These material extracts have inhibited cholesterol synthesis through a stronger HMGR inhibition than simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retno Susilowati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (UIN), Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Jauharotul Jannah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (UIN), Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Zahrotul Maghfuroh
- Master Program of Biology, Postgraduate Program, State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (UIN), Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Meike Tiya Kusuma
- Master Program of Biomedical Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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35
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Kumar JS, Thirupataiah B, Medishetti R, Ray A, Bele SD, Hossain KA, Reddy GS, Edwin RK, Joseph A, Kumar N, Shenoy GG, Rao CM, Pal M. Rosuvastatin based novel 3-substituted isocoumarins / 3-alkylidenephthalides: Ultrasound assisted synthesis and identification of new anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112335. [PMID: 32599323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new class of 3-substituted isocoumarin/3-alkylidenephthalide based novel small molecules derived from rosuvastatin were designed and synthesized via the ultrasound assisted Cu-mediated coupling-cyclization in a single pot with remarkable regioselectivity. The phthalides were generally obtained at lower temperature whereas the use of elevated temperature afforded isocoumarins. Two compounds e.g. 3n and 4d showed promising cytotoxic effects when tested against HCT 116, HepG2 and PA-1 cell lines at 10 μM. Indeed, 4d was found to be a potent cytotoxic agent (IC50 ∼ 0.76-4.51 μM). Both 3n and 4d were tested for their effects on PANC-1 cells. Considerable decrease in p-Akt substrates shown by 4d and 3n at 50 μM (western blot analysis) indicated their ability to inhibit p-Akt signal transduction pathway and arresting growth of PANC-1 cells in vitro. This was further supported by the cytotoxic effect of 4d on PANC-1 cells (MTT assay) that was better than rosuvastatin. While none of 3n and 4d showed any significant effect on non-cancerous HEK cell line (indicating their potential selectivity towards cancer cells) these compounds were further evaluated for their toxicities in Zebrafish embryo. The NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) for teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity was found to be 100 μM for both compound. Thus, 4d as a novel and potent but safer cytotoxic agent with potential to treat colorectal/ovarian and pancreatic cancer is of further medicinal interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetta Sandeep Kumar
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - B Thirupataiah
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavender Medishetti
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Aramita Ray
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Shilpak Dilip Bele
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Kazi Amirul Hossain
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Gangireddy Sujeevan Reddy
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rebecca Kristina Edwin
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Alex Joseph
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gautham G Shenoy
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - C Mallikarjuna Rao
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India
| | - Manojit Pal
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 046, India.
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36
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Chen F, Wu X, Niculite C, Gilca M, Petrusca D, Rogozea A, Rice S, Guo B, Griffin S, Calin GA, Boswell HS, Konig H. Classic and targeted anti-leukaemic agents interfere with the cholesterol biogenesis metagene in acute myeloid leukaemia: Therapeutic implications. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7378-7392. [PMID: 32450611 PMCID: PMC7339218 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in deciphering the molecular landscape of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), therapeutic outcomes of this haematological malignancy have only modestly improved over the past decades. Drug resistance and disease recurrence almost invariably occur, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of these processes. While low O2 compartments, such as bone marrow (BM) niches, are well‐recognized hosts of drug‐resistant leukaemic cells, standard in vitro studies are routinely performed under supra‐physiologic (21% O2, ambient air) conditions, which limits clinical translatability. We hereby identify molecular pathways enriched in AML cells that survive acute challenges with classic or targeted therapeutic agents. Experiments took into account variations in O2 tension encountered by leukaemic cells in clinical settings. Integrated RNA and protein profiles revealed that lipid biosynthesis, and particularly the cholesterol biogenesis branch, is a particularly therapy‐induced vulnerability in AML cells under low O2 states. We also demonstrate that the impact of the cytotoxic agent cytarabine is selectively enhanced by a high‐potency statin. The cholesterol biosynthesis programme is amenable to additional translational opportunities within the expanding AML therapeutic landscape. Our findings support the further investigation of higher‐potency statin (eg rosuvastatin)–based combination therapies to enhance targeting residual AML cells that reside in low O2 environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Chen
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xue Wu
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cristina Niculite
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Petrusca
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adriana Rogozea
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Susan Rice
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shawn Griffin
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Scott Boswell
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heiko Konig
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Simon TG, Duberg AS, Aleman S, Hagstrom H, Nguyen LH, Khalili H, Chung RT, Ludvigsson JF. Lipophilic Statins and Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Death in Patients With Chronic Viral Hepatitis: Results From a Nationwide Swedish Population. Ann Intern Med 2019; 171:318-327. [PMID: 31426090 PMCID: PMC8246628 DOI: 10.7326/m18-2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether statin type influences hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence or mortality in chronic hepatitis B or C virus infection is unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between lipophilic or hydrophilic statin use and HCC incidence and mortality in a nationwide population with viral hepatitis. DESIGN Prospective propensity score (PS)-matched cohort. SETTING Swedish registers, 2005 to 2013. PARTICIPANTS A PS-matched cohort of 16 668 adults (8334 who initiated statin use [6554 lipophilic and 1780 hydrophilic] and 8334 nonusers) among 63 279 eligible adults. MEASUREMENTS Time to incident HCC, ascertained from validated registers. Statin use was defined from filled prescriptions as 30 or more cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs). RESULTS Compared with matched nonusers, 10-year HCC risk was significantly lower among lipophilic statin users (8.1% vs. 3.3%; absolute risk difference [RD], -4.8 percentage points [95% CI, -6.2 to -3.3 percentage points]; adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [aHR], 0.56 [CI, 0.41 to 0.79]) but not hydrophilic statin users (8.0% vs. 6.8%; RD, -1.2 percentage points [CI, -2.6 to 0.4 percentage points]; aHR, 0.95 [CI, 0.86 to 1.08]). The inverse association between lipophilic statins and HCC risk seemed to be dose-dependent. Compared with nonusers, 10-year HCC risk was lowest with 600 or more lipophilic statin cDDDs (8.4% vs. 2.5%; RD, -5.9 percentage points [CI, -7.6 to -4.2 percentage points]; aHR, 0.41 [CI, 0.32 to 0.61]), and 10-year mortality was significantly lower among both lipophilic (15.2% vs. 7.3%; RD, -7.9 percentage points [CI, -9.6 to -6.2 percentage points]) and hydrophilic (16.0% vs. 11.5%; RD, -4.5 percentage points [CI, -6.0 to -3.0 percentage points]) statin users. LIMITATION Lack of lipid, fibrosis, or HCC surveillance data. CONCLUSION In a nationwide viral hepatitis cohort, lipophilic statins were associated with significantly reduced HCC incidence and mortality. An association between hydrophilic statins and reduced risk for HCC was not found. Further research is needed to determine whether lipophilic statin therapy is feasible for prevention of HCC. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey G Simon
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (T.G.S., L.H.N., R.T.C.)
| | | | - Soo Aleman
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (S.A.)
| | - Hannes Hagstrom
- Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (H.H.)
| | - Long H Nguyen
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (T.G.S., L.H.N., R.T.C.)
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (H.K.)
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (T.G.S., L.H.N., R.T.C.)
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden, and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (J.F.L.)
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Thompson JM, Alvarez A, Singha MK, Pavesic MW, Nguyen QH, Nelson LJ, Fruman DA, Razorenova OV. Targeting the Mevalonate Pathway Suppresses VHL-Deficient CC-RCC through an HIF-Dependent Mechanism. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1781-1792. [PMID: 29720560 PMCID: PMC6072609 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC-RCC) is a devastating disease with limited therapeutic options available for advanced stages. The objective of this study was to investigate HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, as potential therapeutics for CC-RCC. Importantly, treatment with statins was found to be synthetically lethal with the loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene, which occurs in 90% of CC-RCC driving the disease. This effect has been confirmed in three different CC-RCC cell lines with three different lipophilic statins. Inhibition of mevalonate synthesis by statins causes a profound cytostatic effect at nanomolar concentrations and becomes cytotoxic at low micromolar concentrations in VHL-deficient CC-RCC. The synthetic lethal effect can be fully rescued by both mevalonate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate, but not by squalene, indicating that the effect is due to disruption of small GTPase isoprenylation and not the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. Inhibition of Rho and Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling contributes to the synthetic lethality effect, and overactivation of hypoxia-inducible factor signaling resulting from VHL loss is required. Finally, statin treatment is able to inhibit both tumor initiation and progression of subcutaneous 786-OT1-based CC-RCC tumors in mice. Thus, statins represent potential therapeutics for the treatment of VHL-deficient CC-RCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(8); 1781-92. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Thompson
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Alejandro Alvarez
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Monika K Singha
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Matthew W Pavesic
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Quy H Nguyen
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Luke J Nelson
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - David A Fruman
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Olga V Razorenova
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.
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Beckwitt CH, Shiraha K, Wells A. Lipophilic statins limit cancer cell growth and survival, via involvement of Akt signaling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197422. [PMID: 29763460 PMCID: PMC5953490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, have been used as lipid lowering drugs for decades and several epidemiological studies suggest statin usage correlates with a decreased incidence of cancer specific mortality in patients. However, the mechanism of this mortality benefit remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that statin drug lipophilicity and affinity for its target enzyme, HMGCR, determine their growth suppressive potency against various tumor cell lines. The lipophilic atorvastatin decreases cancer cell proliferation and survival in vitro. Statin sensitivity coincided with Ras localization to the cytosol instead of the membrane, consistent with a decrement in prenylation. To investigate signaling pathways that may be involved with sensitivity to statin therapy, we employed inhibitors of the PI3K-Akt and Mek-Erk signaling cascades. We found that inhibition of PI3K signaling through Akt potentiated statin sensitivity of breast cancer cells in vitro and in co-culture with primary human hepatocytes. The same effect was not observed with inhibition of Mek signaling through Erk. Moreover, the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to atorvastatin-mediated growth suppression correlated with a decrease in EGF-mediated phosphorylation of Akt. As an increase in Akt activity has been shown to be involved in the metastasis and metastatic outgrowth of many cancer types (including breast), these data suggest a mechanism by which statins may reduce cancer specific mortality in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H. Beckwitt
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Shiraha
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Alan Wells
- Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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40
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Park JK, Coffey NJ, Limoges A, Le A. The Heterogeneity of Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism 2018; 1063:33-55. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77736-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Chimento A, Casaburi I, Avena P, Trotta F, De Luca A, Rago V, Pezzi V, Sirianni R. Cholesterol and Its Metabolites in Tumor Growth: Therapeutic Potential of Statins in Cancer Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:807. [PMID: 30719023 PMCID: PMC6348274 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for cell function and viability. It is a component of the plasma membrane and lipid rafts and is a precursor for bile acids, steroid hormones, and Vitamin D. As a ligand for estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRA), cholesterol becomes a signaling molecule. Furthermore, cholesterol-derived oxysterols activate liver X receptors (LXRs) or estrogen receptors (ERs). Several studies performed in cancer cells reveal that cholesterol synthesis is enhanced compared to normal cells. Additionally, high serum cholesterol levels are associated with increased risk for many cancers, but thus far, clinical trials with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have had mixed results. Statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis within cells through the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate and cholesterol synthetic pathway. Many downstream products of mevalonate have a role in cell proliferation, since they are required for maintenance of membrane integrity; signaling, as some proteins to be active must undergo prenylation; protein synthesis, as isopentenyladenine is an essential substrate for the modification of certain tRNAs; and cell-cycle progression. In this review starting from recent acquired findings on the role that cholesterol and its metabolites fulfill in the contest of cancer cells, we discuss the results of studies focused to investigate the use of statins in order to prevent cancer growth and metastasis.
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42
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Raghu VK, Beckwitt CH, Warita K, Wells A, Benos PV, Oltvai ZN. Biomarker identification for statin sensitivity of cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:659-665. [PMID: 29146185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Statins are potent cholesterol reducing drugs that have been shown to reduce tumor cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in animal models. Moreover, retrospective human cohort studies demonstrated decreased cancer-specific mortality in patients taking statins. We previously implicated membrane E-cadherin expression as both a marker and mechanism for resistance to atorvastatin-mediated growth suppression of cancer cells; however, a transcriptome-profile-based biomarker signature for statin sensitivity has not yet been reported. Here, we utilized transcriptome data from fourteen NCI-60 cancer cell lines and their statin dose-response data to produce gene expression signatures that identify statin sensitive and resistant cell lines. We experimentally confirmed the validity of the identified biomarker signature in an independent set of cell lines and extended this signature to generate a proposed statin-sensitive subset of tumors listed in the TCGA database. Finally, we predicted drugs that would synergize with statins and found several predicted combination therapies to be experimentally confirmed. The combined bioinformatics-experimental approach described here can be used to generate an initial biomarker signature for anticancer drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K Raghu
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Colin H Beckwitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Warita
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Zoltán N Oltvai
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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43
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Caro-Maldonado A, Camacho L, Zabala-Letona A, Torrano V, Fernández-Ruiz S, Zamacola-Bascaran K, Arreal L, Valcárcel-Jiménez L, Martín-Martín N, Flores JM, Cortazar AR, Zúñiga-García P, Arruabarrena-Aristorena A, Guillaumond F, Cabrera D, Falcón-Perez JM, Aransay AM, Gomez-Muñoz A, Olivan M, Morote J, Carracedo A. Low-dose statin treatment increases prostate cancer aggressiveness. Oncotarget 2017; 9:1494-1504. [PMID: 29416709 PMCID: PMC5788577 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is diagnosed late in life, when co-morbidities are frequent. Among them, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes or metabolic syndrome exhibit an elevated incidence. In turn, prostate cancer patients frequently undergo chronic pharmacological treatments that could alter disease initiation, progression and therapy response. Here we show that treatment with anti-cholesterolemic drugs, statins, at doses achieved in patients, enhance the pro-tumorigenic activity of obesogenic diets. In addition, the use of a mouse model of prostate cancer and human prostate cancer xenografts revealed that in vivo simvastatin administration alone increases prostate cancer aggressiveness. In vitro cell line systems supported the notion that this phenomenon occurs, at least in part, through the direct action on cancer cells of low doses of statins, in range of what is observed in human plasma. In sum, our results reveal a prostate cancer experimental system where statins exhibit an undesirable effect, and warrant further research to address the relevance and implications of this observation in human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Camacho
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Verónica Torrano
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Leire Arreal
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | | | | | - Juana M Flores
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Fabienne Guillaumond
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,UMR 7258, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Juan M Falcón-Perez
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque foundation for science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana M Aransay
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Muñoz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mireia Olivan
- Department of Urology and Research Group in Urology, Vall d´Hebron Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute, and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Morote
- Department of Urology and Research Group in Urology, Vall d´Hebron Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute, and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque foundation for science, Bilbao, Spain
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Morantes Acevedo J, Álvarez Vega J, Sánchez Vergara J. Effect of a single dose of pre-operative pravastatin on C-reactive protein levels and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer. Revista Médica del Hospital General de México 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hgmx.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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45
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Ashida S, Kawada C, Inoue K. Stromal regulation of prostate cancer cell growth by mevalonate pathway enzymes HMGCS1 and HMGCR. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6533-6542. [PMID: 29163687 PMCID: PMC5686443 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor progression, acquisition of androgen independence, and distant metastasis in prostate cancer (PC). However, little is known about the transcriptional basis of cellular interactions in the human PC microenvironment. To clarify the mechanism of PC progression and metastasis, we investigated the interaction of PC, epithelial, and stromal cells using genome-wide gene expression profiling. We hypothesized that PC cells could induce stromal cells to differentiate into so-called cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which might contribute to cancer invasion and metastasis. Genes upregulated in normal human prostate stromal cells (PrSC) co-cultured with human PC cells (LNCaP) included the mevalonate pathway enzymes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Knockdown of endogenous HMGCS1 or HMGCR in PC cells by shRNA resulted in a significant reduction of PC cell viability. Importantly, exogenous overexpression of HMGCS1 or HMGCR in either PC cells or prostate stromal cells stimulated PC cell growth, suggesting a possible autocrine/paracrine mechanism of action. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that HMGCS1 and HMGCR were overexpressed in PC stroma, especially in early stage PC. These results provide clues to the molecular mechanisms underlying PC invasion and metastasis, and suggest that HMGCS1 and HMGCR in PC, as well as in PC stroma, might serve as molecular targets for the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ashida
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kawada
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Nayir E, Cor S, Altintas ZM, Buyukafsar K, Tiftik RN, Ata A, Arican A. Comparative investigation of antitumoral effectiveness of Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632, pravastatin and atorvastatin in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell culture. Journal of Oncological Sciences 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jons.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Gbelcová H, Rimpelová S, Ruml T, Fenclová M, Kosek V, Hajšlová J, Strnad H, Kolář M, Vítek L. Variability in statin-induced changes in gene expression profiles of pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44219. [PMID: 28276528 PMCID: PMC5343581 DOI: 10.1038/srep44219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, besides being powerful cholesterol-lowering drugs, also exert potent anti-proliferative activities. However, their anti-cancer efficacy differs among the individual statins. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the biological pathways affected by individual statins in an in vitro model of human pancreatic cancer. The study was performed on a human pancreatic cancer cell line MiaPaCa-2, exposed to all commercially available statins (12 μM, 24 h exposure). DNA microarray analysis was used to determine changes in the gene expression of treated cells. Intracellular concentrations of individual statins were measured by UPLC (ultra performance liquid chromatography)-HRMS (high resolution mass spectrometer). Large differences in the gene transcription profiles of pancreatic cancer cells exposed to various statins were observed; cerivastatin, pitavastatin, and simvastatin being the most efficient modulators of expression of genes involved namely in the mevalonate pathway, cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, apoptosis and cytoskeleton signaling. Marked differences in the intracellular concentrations of individual statins in pancreatic cancer cells were found (>11 times lower concentration of rosuvastatin compared to lovastatin), which may contribute to inter-individual variability in their anti-cancer effects. In conclusion, individual statins exert different gene expression modulating effects in treated pancreatic cancer cells. These effects may be partially caused by large differences in their bioavailability. We report large differences in gene transcription profiles of pancreatic cancer cells exposed to various statins. These data correlate to some extent with the intracellular concentrations of statins, and may explain the inter-individual variability in the anti-cancer effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gbelcová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Fenclová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vítek Kosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, and 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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48
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Gong J, Sachdev E, Robbins LA, Lin E, Hendifar AE, Mita MM. Statins and pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1035-1040. [PMID: 28454210 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains among the most lethal cancers, despite ongoing advances in treatment for all stages of the disease. Disease prevention represents another opportunity to improve patient outcome, with metabolic syndrome and its components, such as diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia, having been recognized as modifiable risk factors for pancreatic cancer. In addition, statins have been shown to potentially reduce pancreatic cancer risk and to improve survival in patients with a combination of metabolic syndrome and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, preclinical studies have demonstrated that statins exhibit antitumor effects in pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro and animal models in vivo, in addition to delaying the progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and inhibiting PDAC formation in conditional K-Ras mutant mice. The mechanisms by which statins produce anticancer effects remain poorly understood, although appear to involve inhibition of the mevalonate/cholesterol synthesis pathway, thus blocking the synthesis of intermediates important for prenylation and activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, statins have been identified to modulate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt serine/threonine kinase 1 and inflammation signaling pathways, and to alter the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, which are important for PDAC growth and proliferation. In addition, statins have been demonstrated to exhibit further antitumor mechanisms in a number of other cancer types, which are beyond the scope of the present review. In the present review, current evidence highlighting the potential of statins as chemopreventive agents in pancreatic cancer is presented, and the antitumor mechanisms of statins elucidated thus far in this disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Esha Sachdev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lori A Robbins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Emily Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Andrew E Hendifar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Monica M Mita
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Wang G, Cao R, Wang Y, Qian G, Dan HC, Jiang W, Ju L, Wu M, Xiao Y, Wang X. Simvastatin induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits proliferation of bladder cancer cells via PPARγ signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35783. [PMID: 27779188 DOI: 10.1038/srep35783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is currently one of the most common drugs for old patients with hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic diseases by reducing cholesterol level and anti-lipid properties. Importantly, simvastatin has also been reported to have anti-tumor effect, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. We collected several human bladder samples and performed microarray. Data analysis suggested bladder cancer (BCa) was significantly associated with fatty acid/lipid metabolism via PPAR signalling pathway. We observed simvastatin did not trigger BCa cell apoptosis, but reduced cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, accompanied by PPARγ-activation. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis indicated that simvastatin induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, suggested by downregulation of CDK4/6 and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, simvastatin suppressed BCa cell metastasis by inhibiting EMT and affecting AKT/GSK3β. More importantly, we found that the cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and the alterations of CDK4/6 and Cyclin D1 triggered by simvastatin could be recovered by PPARγ-antagonist (GW9662), whereas the treatment of PPARα-antagonist (GW6471) shown no significant effects on the BCa cells. Taken together, our study for the first time revealed that simvastatin inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at G1/G0 phase via PPARγ signalling pathway.
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Fahmy UA, Aljaeid BM. Combined strategy for suppressing breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell lines by loading simvastatin on alpha lipoic acid nanoparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1653-1660. [PMID: 27636370 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1236788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmentation of simvastatin (SMV) cytotoxicity in breast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7, by: improvement of cellular uptake and loading on alpha lipoic acid (ALA). METHODS In this study, SMV was loaded on ALA nanoparticles and characterized for surface morphology, SMV entrapment efficiency percent (%EE), zeta potential and release profile. Cellular viability, morphology and uptake and DNA fragmentations were analyzed as a hallmark of cellular apoptosis. RESULTS TEM images demonstrated spherical nanoparticles with particle size 104.7 ± 5.5 nm, SMV %EE was 95.8 ± 2.1% with a zeta potential - 23.6 ± 5.4 mV, and release properties were significantly enhanced. IC50 was decreased to 22.2 ± 2.4 µM while raw SMV was 49.3 ± 6.6 µM. Cellular uptake of SMV-ALA nanoparticles was increased by about 3- and 2-folds after 2 and 4 h, respectively. DNA fragments confirmed the apoptosis property of ALA, which is associated with SMV cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION This study suggests evidence that SMV loaded on ALA nanoparticles increases the MCF-7 cellular uptake and cytotoxic effects induced by SMV as revealed by significantly enhanced cell death rates in MCF-7 cells. These findings demonstrate that ALA induces cell death, which makes the combination a candidate for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama A Fahmy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader M Aljaeid
- a Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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