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Sun Q, Guo J. Associations between serum retinol and all-cause mortality among adults with prediabetes and diabetes: A cohort study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297552. [PMID: 38306354 PMCID: PMC10836695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the associations between serum retinol and all-cause mortality among people with prediabetes and diabetes. The study included 2582 participants with prediabetes and 1654 with diabetes aged ≥40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006. Serum retinol was collected from laboratory tests and categorized into five groups, including <50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, and ≥80 μg/dL. Deaths were obtained by linkage to National Death Index up to December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the associations between serum retinol and all-cause mortality. During the follow-up, 993 participants with prediabetes died and 874 participants with diabetes died. There were U-shaped associations between serum retinol and mortality among participants with prediabetes and diabetes, separately. Among participants with prediabetes, compared to serum retinol levels of 50-60 μg/dL, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of mortality was 1.40 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.76) and 1.26 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.57) for serum retinol <50 or ≥80 μg/dL, respectively. Among participants with diabetes, compared to serum retinol levels of 50-60 μg/dL, the hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of mortality was 1.25 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.62) and 1.21 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.62) for serum retinol <50 or ≥80 μg/dL, respectively. The U-shaped associations between serum retinol and mortality still existed among participants aged ≥60 years with prediabetes or diabetes but were not statistically significant among those aged 40-59 years with prediabetes or diabetes. In conclusion, both low and excessive serum retinol tended to be with higher mortality risk among people with abnormal blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Care Sciences and Society, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Zhang Y, Tian K, Chen G. Replenishment of vitamin A for 7 days partially restored hepatic gene expressions altered by its deficiency in rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:999323. [PMID: 36276822 PMCID: PMC9583942 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.999323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of vitamin A (VA) status on metabolism of Zucker rats with different genders and genotypes, and of short-term refeeding of a VA sufficient (VAS) diet on VA deficient (VAD) animals. First, male and female Zucker lean (ZL) and fatty (ZF) rats at weaning were fed a VAD or VAS diet for 8 weeks. Second, male VAD ZL rats were fed a VAS diet for 3 (VAD-VAS3d) or 7 (VAD-VAS7d) days. The body weight (BW), blood parameters, and hepatic expressions of genes for metabolism were determined. VA deficiency reduced BW gain in ZL and ZF rats of either gender. VAD ZL rats had lower plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin levels than VAS ZL rats. VAD-VAS3d and VAD-VAS7d rats had higher plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin levels than that in the VAD rats. The hepatic mRNA levels of Gck, Cyp26a1, Srebp-1c, Igf1, Rarb, Rxra, Rxrg, Pparg, and Ppard were lowered by VA deficiency. Refeeding of the VAS diet for 3 days restored the Gck and Cyp26a1 expressions, and for 7 days restored the Gck, Cyp26a1, Igf1, and Rxrb expressions significantly. The 7-day VA replenishment partially restored the hepatic gene expressions and metabolic changes in VAD ZL rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Puren Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kui Tian
- Department of Radiology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Wang T, Tang X, Hu X, Wang J, Chen G. Reduction in the Dietary VA Status Prevents Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040528. [PMID: 35454117 PMCID: PMC9032907 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the vitamin A (VA) status regulates type 2 diabetes (T2D) development in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Zucker Lean and ZDF rats at weaning were fed a VA deficient with basal fat (VAD-BF, no VA and 22.1% fat energy), VA marginal with BF (VAM-BF, 0.35 mg retinyl palmitate (RP)/kg), VA sufficient with BF (VAS-BF, 4.0 mg RP/kg), VAD with high fat (VAD-HF, 60% fat energy), VAM-HF or VAS-HF diet for 8 weeks, including an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at week 7.5. The hepatic mRNA and proteins levels were determined using real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The VAD-BF/HF and VAM-BF/HF diets prevented peripheral hyperglycemia and attenuated obesity in ZDF rats, which occurred in the presence of the VAS-BF/HF diets. This lowered VA status reduced venous blood hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia, and improved OGTT and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance results in ZDF rats. The expression levels of key hepatic genes for glucose and fat metabolism were regulated by VA status and dietary fat contents. An interaction between VA and HF condition was also observed. We conclude that the reduction in the dietary VA status in both BF and HF conditions prevents T2D and obesity in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Xia Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (T.W.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+1-865-974-6257
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Yu L, Wang Y, Yu D, Zhang S, Zheng F, Ding N, Zhu L, Zhu Q, Sun W, Li S, Zhang G, Chen L, Liu Y, Yang L, Feng J. Association between Serum Vitamin A, Blood Lipid Level and Dyslipidemia among Chinese Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071444. [PMID: 35406055 PMCID: PMC9002720 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To study the relationship between serum vitamin A (VA) level and blood lipid profiles in children and adolescents aged 6−18 years, as well as the effect of VA on dyslipidemia. Methods: The project adopted a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to obtain dietary factors data. Blood samples of subjects were taken via venipuncture. Generalized linear models were used to explore the correlation be-tween VA and biochemical indicators, as well as stratified and inter-actions analysis to explore the influence of confounders on these relationships. Generalized linear models were constructed to explore the association between VA and blood lipids. Restricted cubic splines were used to characterize dose−response associations between serum VA and dyslipidemia based on logistic regression. Results: Serum VA was positively correlated with TC, TG and HDL-C (p < 0.05), but these associations were influenced by age (p < 0.05). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) values of VA for hypercho lesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, mixed hyperlipidemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia were 3.283, 3.239, 5.219 and 0.346, respectively (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, significant age interactions affected the relationship between VA and TC, as well as TG and LDL-C (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Serum VA was positively correlated with blood lipids, but these associations were influenced by age. VA was a risk factor for dyslipidemias, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemia, but was a protective factor for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlong Yu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (L.Y.); (F.Z.); (W.S.); (S.L.); (G.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Dongmei Yu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Shixiu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Fengjia Zheng
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (L.Y.); (F.Z.); (W.S.); (S.L.); (G.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China;
| | - Lichao Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China;
| | - Qianrang Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Wenkui Sun
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (L.Y.); (F.Z.); (W.S.); (S.L.); (G.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Suyun Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (L.Y.); (F.Z.); (W.S.); (S.L.); (G.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Gaohui Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (L.Y.); (F.Z.); (W.S.); (S.L.); (G.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Liangxia Chen
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China; (L.Y.); (F.Z.); (W.S.); (S.L.); (G.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Yiya Liu
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550001, China;
| | - Li Yang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250021, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (J.F.); Tel.: +86-18615422180 (L.Y.); +86-0531-82166927 (J.F.)
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (J.F.); Tel.: +86-18615422180 (L.Y.); +86-0531-82166927 (J.F.)
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Xiao ML, Zhong HL, Lin HR, Liu CY, Yan Y, Ke YB, Chen YM. Higher serum vitamin A is associated with a worsened progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: a prospective study. Food Funct 2022; 13:970-977. [PMID: 35015002 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: The association between serum vitamin A and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains uncertain due to inconsistent results and scarce longitudinal data. We examined the prospective associations between serum vitamin A and the evolution of the NAFLD severity score as well as the potential mediating effects in middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Method: A total of 2658 adults (between 40-75 years of age) were included in the analysis. We determined the serum concentrations of vitamin A at the onset of the study (the baseline), and the degree of NAFLD after years 3 and 6. Results: Subjects were classified into stable, progressed, and improved groups according to the changes in their severity score (0-3) of NAFLD between two visits. Analyses of covariance showed that the serum VA concentrations were positively associated with NAFLD progression (all p-trend < 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, the mean differences in the serum vitamin A were 7.7% lower in the improved group than those in the progressed group among the total population. Path analyses showed that vitamin A was positively associated with the serum retinol-binding protein 4, triglycerides, insulin resistance, and body mass index (standardized β 0.065-0.304, all p < 0.001), and all of these factors positively correlated with the prevalence and progression of NAFLD (standardized β 0.045-0.384, all p < 0.01). Conclusions: A higher serum vitamin A concentration was associated with NAFLD progression, which might be mediated by increases in the serum retinol-binding protein 4, triglycerides, insulin resistance, and body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian-Li Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hai-Li Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hong-Rou Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chun-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yue-Bin Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chen G. The Interactions of Insulin and Vitamin A Signaling Systems for the Regulation of Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082160. [PMID: 34440929 PMCID: PMC8393264 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes have become a concern of public health. Nutrition plays a key role in these concerns. Insulin as an anabolic hormonal was discovered exactly 100 years ago due to its activity in controlling blood glucose level. Vitamin A (VA), a lipophilic micronutrient, has been shown to regulate glucose and fat metabolism. VA's physiological roles are mainly mediated by its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), which activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which are two transcription factors. The VA status and activations of RARs and RXRs by RA and synthetic agonists have shown to affect the glucose and lipid metabolism in animal models. Both insulin and RA signaling systems regulate the expression levels of genes involved in the regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Interactions of insulin and RA signaling systems have been observed. This review is aimed at summarizing the history of diabetes, insulin and VA signaling systems; the effects of VA status and activation of RARs and RXRs on metabolism and RAR and RXR phosphorylation; and possible interactions of insulin and RA in the regulation of hepatic genes for glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, some future research perspectives for understanding of nutrient and hormone interactions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Yang FC, Xu F, Wang TN, Chen GX. Roles of vitamin A in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:4506-4519. [PMID: 34222419 PMCID: PMC8223857 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i18.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary macronutrients and micronutrients play important roles in human health. On the other hand, the excessive energy derived from food is stored in the form of triacylglycerol. A variety of dietary and hormonal factors affect this process through the regulation of the activities and expression levels of those key player enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid elongases, and desaturases. As a micronutrient, vitamin A is essential for the health of humans. Recently, vitamin A has been shown to play a role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. This review summarizes recent research progresses about the roles of vitamin A in fatty acid synthesis. It focuses on the effects of vitamin A on the activities and expression levels of mRNA and proteins of key enzymes for fatty acid synthesis in vitro and in vivo. It appears that vitamin A status and its signaling pathway regulate the expression levels of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Yang
- Food College, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical College, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Tian-Nan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37909, United States
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37909, United States
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Kuang H, Wei CH, Wang T, Eastep J, Li Y, Chen G. Vitamin A status affects weight gain and hepatic glucose metabolism in rats fed a high-fat diet. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:545-553. [PMID: 30802138 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether vitamin A (VA) has a role in the development of metabolic abnormalities associated with intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) is unclear. Sprague-Dawley rats after weaning were fed an isocaloric VA sufficient HFD (VAS-HFD) or a VA deficient HFD (VAD-HFD) for 8 weeks. Body mass, food intake, liver and adipose tissue mass, and the hepatic expression levels of key proteins for metabolism were determined. VAD-HFD rats had lower body, liver, and epididymal fat mass than VAS-HFD rats. VAD-HFD rats had lower hepatic protein expression levels of cytochrome P450 26A1, glucokinase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase than VAS-HFD rats. VAD-HFD rats had higher protein levels of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α and lower levels of GSK-3β, but not glycogen synthase, than VAS-HFD rats. VAD-HFD rats had higher hepatic levels of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor β-subunit, mitogen-activated protein kinase proteins, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α mRNA, and lower level of IRS-2 protein than VAS-HFD rats. These results indicate that in a HFD setting, VA deficiency attenuated HFD-induced obesity, and VA status altered the expression levels of proteins required for glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. We conclude that VA status contributes to the regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in a HFD setting, and may regulate hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqian Kuang
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsin Wei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer Eastep
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Li Y, Liu Y, Chen G. Vitamin A status affects the plasma parameters and regulation of hepatic genes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biochimie 2017; 137:1-11. [PMID: 28238841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) status regulates metabolism in rats. Whether VA status and availability of retinoic acid (RA) contribute to the insulin-regulated hepatic gene expression remains to be determined. Zucker lean rats with VA sufficient (VAS) or VA deficient (VAD) status were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce insulin-dependent diabetes. They were treated with saline (STZ-VAS-C or STZ-VAD-C), RA (STZ-VAS-RA or STZ-VAD-RA), insulin (STZ-VAS-INS or STZ-VAD-INS), or insulin + RA (STZ-VAS-INS + RA or STZ-VAD-INS + RA) for 3 h. Insulin and insulin + RA treatments reduced tail tip blood glucose, raised plasma insulin and suppressed plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels in both STZ-VAD and STZ-VAS rats. STZ-VAD-INS and STZ-VAD-INS + RA rats had lower plasma glucose levels than STZ-VAD-C rats had. STZ-VAD-INS and STZ-VAD-INS + RA rats had higher plasma leptin level and lower glucagon level than STZ-VAD-C rats did. Insulin treatment induced Gck, Srebp-1c and Fas and suppressed Pck1 expression levels in the liver of STZ-VAS and STZ-VAD rats. Interestingly, insulin treatment inhibited Cyp26a1 expression in STZ-VAD, but not STZ-VAS rats, whereas RA treatment induced it in both. RA treatment induced Gck expression only in STZ-VAD rats. Insulin + RA treatment further induced the Cyp26a1 and Gck expressions in STZ-VAD rats. The Srebp-1c expression levels of STZ-VAD-INS and STZ-VAD-INS + RA rats were higher than that of STZ-VAS-INS and STZ-VAS-INS + RA rats. The changes of Gck mRNA and glucokinase protein were consistent. In STZ-induced diabetic rats, VA is not required for insulin-regulated Gck, Srebp-1c, Fas and Pck1 expression. However, VA status altered responses of certain genes (Cyp26a1 and Srebp-1c) to insulin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430223, China
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major reason for end-stage renal disease in the Western world. Patients with DN developed more severe cardiovascular complications with worse prognosis. In spite of tight blood pressure and glucose control through applying angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonism, angiotensin receptor inhibitors, and even direct renin inhibitors, the progression and development of DN has continued to accelerate. Nuclear receptors are, with few exceptions, ligand-depended transcription factors, some of which modulate genes involved in the transport and metabolism of carbohydrates or lipids, and in the modulation of inflammation. Considering the diverse biological functions of nuclear receptors, efforts have been made to explore their contributions to the pathogenesis of DN and their potential in therapeutic strategies. This review is mainly focused on the association between various nuclear receptors and the pathogenesis of DN, the potential beneficial effects of targeting these receptors for treating and preventing the progress of DN, and the important role that nuclear receptors may play in future therapeutic strategies for DN.
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Li Y, Li R, Chen W, Chen G. Vitamin A status and its metabolism contribute to the regulation of hepatic genes during the cycle of fasting and refeeding in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 30:33-43. [PMID: 27012619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) status and its metabolism affect hepatic metabolic homeostasis. We investigated if VA status and metabolism contribute to energy metabolism and expression of hepatic genes in the cycle of fasting and refeeding. Zucker lean rats with VA sufficient (VAS) or VA deficient (VAD) status were respectively grouped as: ad libitum (VAS-AD or VAD-AD), 48-h fasted (VAS-Fasted or VAD-Fasted), 48-h fasted and refed a VAS diet (VAS-Refed-VAS or VAD-Refed-VAS), or refed a VAD diet (VAS-Refed-VAD or VAD-Refed-VAD) for 6 h. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of rats fed the VAS or VAD diet was monitored for 6 weeks. From week four, rats fed the VAS diet had higher RER than those fed the VAD diet. VAS-Refed rats had higher plasma levels of glucose, triglyceride, insulin and leptin than VAD-Refed rats. The mRNA and protein levels of hepatic genes for fuel metabolism in the fasting and refeeding cycle were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot, respectively. The mRNA levels of glucokinase (Gck), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp-1c), and fatty acid synthase (Fas) were lowered in VAS-Fasted and VAD-Fasted rats, and increased in VAS-Refed-VAS, VAS-Refed-VAD and VAD-Refed-VAS, but not VAD-Refed-VAD, rats. The ACL and FAS protein levels only dropped in VAS-Fasted rats and increased in VAS-Refed-VAS rats. The GK protein level decreased only in VAS-Fasted rats, and increased in VAS-Refed-VAS, VAS-Refed-VAD and VAD-Refed-VAS (but not VAD-Refed-VAD) rats. We conclude that VA status and its metabolism in the fasting and refeeding cycle contribute to the regulation of hepatic gene expression in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Zhang R, Wang Y, Li R, Chen G. Transcriptional Factors Mediating Retinoic Acid Signals in the Control of Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14210-44. [PMID: 26110391 PMCID: PMC4490549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A (VA), is important for many physiological processes including energy metabolism. This is mainly achieved through RA-regulated gene expression in metabolically active cells. RA regulates gene expression mainly through the activation of two subfamilies in the nuclear receptor superfamily, retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). RAR/RXR heterodimers or RXR/RXR homodimers bind to RA response element in the promoters of RA target genes and regulate their expressions upon ligand binding. The development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes is often associated with profound changes in the expressions of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in metabolically active cells. RA regulates some of these gene expressions. Recently, in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that status and metabolism of VA regulate macronutrient metabolism. Some studies have shown that, in addition to RARs and RXRs, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor β/δ may function as transcriptional factors mediating RA response. Herein, we summarize current progresses regarding the VA metabolism and the role of nuclear receptors in mediating RA signals, with an emphasis on their implication in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Food and Drug Administration Hubei Center for Medical Equipment Quality Supervision and Testing, 666 High-Tech Avenue, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Yueqiao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Chen W, Goff MR, Kuang H, Chen G. Higher protein kinase C ζ in fatty rat liver and its effect on insulin actions in primary hepatocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121890. [PMID: 25822413 PMCID: PMC4379029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed the impairment of insulin-regulated gene expression in the primary hepatocytes from Zucker fatty (ZF) rats, and its association with alterations of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism is unknown. A preliminary experiment shows that the expression level of protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ), a member of atypical PKC family, is higher in the liver and hepatocytes of ZF rats than that of Zucker lean (ZL) rats. Herein, we intend to investigate the roles of atypical protein kinase C in the regulation of hepatic gene expression. The insulin-regulated hepatic gene expression was evaluated in ZL primary hepatocytes treated with atypical PKC recombinant adenoviruses. Recombinant adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PKCζ, or the other atypical PKC member PKCι/λ, alters the basal and impairs the insulin-regulated expressions of glucokinase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, the catalytic subunit of glucose 6-phosphatase, and insulin like growth factor-binding protein 1 in ZL primary hepatocytes. PKCζ or PKCι/λ overexpression also reduces the protein level of insulin receptor substrate 1, and the insulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473 and Thr308. Additionally, PKCι/λ overexpression impairs the insulin-induced Prckz expression, indicating the crosstalk between PKCζ and PKCι/λ. We conclude that the PKCζ expression is elevated in hepatocytes of insulin resistant ZF rats. Overexpressions of aPKCs in primary hepatocytes impair insulin signal transduction, and in turn, the down-stream insulin-regulated gene expression. These data suggest that elevation of aPKC expression may contribute to the hepatic insulin resistance at gene expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthew Ray Goff
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heqian Kuang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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