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Kumar G, Adhikrao PA. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis iron-scavenging tools: a recent update on siderophores inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1885-1913. [PMID: 37859726 PMCID: PMC10583813 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the various bacterial infections, tuberculosis (TB) remains a life-threatening infectious disease responsible as the most significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with TB burdens the healthcare system substantially. Notably, M.tb possesses defence against most antitubercular antibiotic drugs, and the efficacy of existing frontline anti-TB drugs is waning. Also, new and recurring cases of TB from resistant bacteria such as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR), extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR), and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR) strains are increasing. Hence, TB begs the scientific community to explore the new therapeutic class of compounds with their novel mechanism. M.tb requires iron from host cells to sustain, grow, and carry out several biological processes. M.tb has developed strategic methods of acquiring iron from the surrounding environment. In this communication, we discuss an overview of M.tb iron-scavenging tools. Also, we have summarized recently identified MbtA and MbtI inhibitors, which prevent M.tb from scavenging iron. These iron-scavenging tool inhibitors have the potential to be developed as anti-TB agents/drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad (NIPER-Hyderabad) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Patil Amruta Adhikrao
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad (NIPER-Hyderabad) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
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2
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Anand PK, Kaur G, Saini V, Kaur J, Kaur J. N-terminal PPE domain plays an integral role in extracellular transportation and stability of the immunomodulatory Rv3539 protein of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochimie 2023; 213:30-40. [PMID: 37156406 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multigene PE/PPE family is exclusively present in mycobacterium species. Only few selected genes of this family have been characterized till date. Rv3539 was annotated as PPE63 with conserved PPE domain at N-terminal and PE-PPE at C-terminal. An α/β hydrolase structural fold, characteristic of lipase/esterase, was present in the PE-PPE domain. To assign the biochemical function to Rv3539, the corresponding gene was cloned in pET-32a (+) as full-length, PPE, and PE-PPE domains individually, followed by expression in E. Coli C41 (DE3). All three proteins demonstrated esterase activity. However, the enzyme activity in the N-terminal PPE domain was very low. The enzyme activity of Rv3539 and PE-PPE proteins was approximately same with the pNP-C4 as optimum substrate at 40 °C and pH 8.0. The loss of enzyme activity after mutating the predicted catalytic triad (Ser296Ala, Asp369Ala, and His395Ala) found only in the PE-PPE domain, confirmed the candidature of the bioinformatically predicted active site residue. The optimal activity and thermostability of the Rv3539 protein was altered by removing the PPE domain. CD-spectroscopy analysis confirmed the role of PPE domain to the thermostability of Rv3539 by maintaining the structural integrity at higher temperatures. The presence of the N-terminal PPE domain directed the Rv3539 protein to the cell membrane/wall and the extracellular compartment. The Rv3539 protein could generate humoral response in TB patients. Therefore, results demonstrated that Rv3539 demonstrated esterase activity. PE-PPE domain of Rv3539 is functionally automated, however, N-terminus domain played a role in protein stabilization and its transportation. Both domains participated in immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Varinder Saini
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jasbinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block-1, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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3
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Dechow SJ, Baker JJ, Murto M, Abramovitch RB. ppe51 Variants Enable Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at Acidic pH by Selectively Promoting Glycerol Uptake. J Bacteriol 2022;:e0021222. [PMID: 36226966 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00212-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In defined media supplemented with single carbon sources, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exhibits carbon source specific growth restriction. When supplied with glycerol as the sole carbon source at pH 5.7, Mtb establishes a metabolically active state of nonreplicating persistence known as acid growth arrest. We hypothesized that acid growth arrest on glycerol is not a metabolic restriction, but rather an adaptive response. To test this hypothesis, we selected for and identified several Mtb mutants that could grow under these restrictive conditions. All mutations were mapped to the ppe51 gene and resulted in variants with 3 different amino acid substitutions- S211R, E215K, and A228D. Expression of the ppe51 variants in Mtb promoted growth at acidic pH showing that the mutant alleles are sufficient to cause the dominant gain-of-function, Enhanced Acid Growth (EAG) phenotype. Testing growth on other single carbon sources showed the PPE51 variants specifically enhanced growth on glycerol, suggesting PPE51 plays a role in glycerol uptake. Using radiolabeled glycerol, enhanced glycerol uptake was observed in Mtb expressing the PPE51 (S211R) variant, with glycerol overaccumulation in triacylglycerol. Notably, the EAG phenotype is deleterious for growth in macrophages, where the mutants have selectively faster replication and reduced survival in activated macrophages compared to resting macrophages. Recombinant PPE51 protein exhibited differential thermostability in the wild type (WT) or S211R variants in the presence of glycerol, supporting the model that EAG substitutions alter PPE51-glycerol interactions. Together, these findings support that PPE51 variants selectively promote glycerol uptake and that slowed growth at acidic pH is an important adaptive mechanism required for macrophage pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE It is puzzling why Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cannot grow on glycerol at acidic pH, as it has a carbon source and oxygen, everything it needs to grow. In this study, we found that Mtb limits uptake of glycerol at acidic pH to restrict its growth and that mutations in ppe51 promote uptake of glycerol at acidic pH and enable growth. That is, Mtb can grow well at acidic pH on glycerol, but has adapted instead to stop growth. Notably, ppe51 variants exhibit enhanced replication and reduced survival in activated macrophages, supporting a role for pH-dependent slowed growth during macrophage pathogenesis.
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Rafeeq H, Hussain A, Shabbir S, Ali S, Bilal M, Sher F, Iqbal HMN. Esterases as emerging biocatalysts: Mechanistic insights, genomic and metagenomic, immobilization, and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2176-2194. [PMID: 34699092 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Esterase enzymes are a family of hydrolases that catalyze the breakdown and formation of ester bonds. Esterases have gained a prominent position in today's world's industrial enzymes market. Due to their unique biocatalytic attributes, esterases contribute to environmentally sustainable design approaches, including biomass degradation, food and feed industry, dairy, clothing, agrochemical (herbicides, insecticides), bioremediation, biosensor development, anticancer, antitumor, gene therapy, and diagnostic purposes. Esterases can be isolated by a diverse range of mammalian tissues, animals, and microorganisms. The isolation of extremophilic esterases increases the interest of researchers in the extraction and utilization of these enzymes at the industrial level. Genomic, metagenomic, and immobilization techniques have opened innovative ways to extract esterases and utilize them for a longer time to take advantage of their beneficial activities. The current study discusses the types of esterases, metagenomic studies for exploring new esterases, and their biomedical applications in different industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Rafeeq
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asim Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Shabbir
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, China
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
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5
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Lam L, Ilies MA. Evaluation of the Impact of Esterases and Lipases from the Circulatory System against Substrates of Different Lipophilicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031262. [PMID: 35163184 PMCID: PMC8836011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esterases and lipases can process amphiphilic esters used as drugs and prodrugs and impact their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. These hydrolases can also process ester components of drug delivery systems (DDSs), thus triggering DDSs destabilization with premature cargo release. In this study we tested and optimized assays that allowed us to quantify and compare individual esterase contributions to the degradation of substrates of increased lipophilicity and to establish limitations in terms of substrates that can be processed by a specific esterase/lipase. We have studied the impact of carbonic anhydrase; phospholipases A1, A2, C and D; lipoprotein lipase; and standard lipase on the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate, 4-nitrophenyl palmitate, DGGR and POPC liposomes, drawing structure–property relationships. We found that the enzymatic activity of these proteins was highly dependent on the lipophilicity of the substrate used to assess them, as expected. The activity observed for classical esterases was diminished when lipophilicity of the substrate increased, while activity observed for lipases generally increased, following the interfacial activation model, and was highly dependent on the type of lipase and its structure. The assays developed allowed us to determine the most sensitive methods for quantifying enzymatic activity against substrates of particular types and lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Lam
- College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1803 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Marc A. Ilies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Alzheimer’s Center (ACT), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-707-1749
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6
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Mallick I, Santucci P, Poncin I, Point V, Kremer L, Cavalier JF, Canaan S. Intrabacterial lipid inclusions in mycobacteria: unexpected key players in survival and pathogenesis? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6283747. [PMID: 34036305 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rely on lipids to survive and chronically persist within their hosts. Upon infection, opportunistic and strict pathogenic mycobacteria exploit metabolic pathways to import and process host-derived free fatty acids, subsequently stored as triacylglycerols under the form of intrabacterial lipid inclusions (ILI). Under nutrient-limiting conditions, ILI constitute a critical source of energy that fuels the carbon requirements and maintain redox homeostasis, promoting bacterial survival for extensive periods of time. In addition to their basic metabolic functions, these organelles display multiple other biological properties, emphasizing their central role in the mycobacterial lifecycle. However, despite of their importance, the dynamics of ILI metabolism and their contribution to mycobacterial adaptation/survival in the context of infection has not been thoroughly documented. Herein, we provide an overview of the historical ILI discoveries, their characterization, and current knowledge regarding the micro-environmental stimuli conveying ILI formation, storage and degradation. We also review new biological systems to monitor the dynamics of ILI metabolism in extra- and intracellular mycobacteria and describe major molecular actors in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, maintenance and breakdown. Finally, emerging concepts regarding to the role of ILI in mycobacterial survival, persistence, reactivation, antibiotic susceptibility and inter-individual transmission are also discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Mallick
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Poncin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Vanessa Point
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRIM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
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7
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Tran HKR, Grebenc DW, Klein TA, Whitney JC. Bacterial type VII secretion: An important player in host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:478-489. [PMID: 33410158 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type VII secretion systems (T7SSs) are poorly understood protein export apparatuses found in mycobacteria and many species of Gram-positive bacteria. To date, this pathway has predominantly been studied in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, where it has been shown to play an essential role in virulence; however, much less studied is an evolutionarily divergent subfamily of T7SSs referred to as the T7SSb. The T7SSb is found in the major Gram-positive phylum Firmicutes where it was recently shown to target both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, suggesting a dual role for this pathway in host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. In this review, we compare the current understanding of the molecular architectures and substrate repertoires of the well-studied mycobacterial T7SSa systems to that of recently characterized T7SSb pathways and highlight how these differences may explain the observed biological functions of this understudied protein export machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu-Ki R Tran
- Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dirk W Grebenc
- Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy A Klein
- Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John C Whitney
- Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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8
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Gunn KH, Roberts BS, Wang F, Strauss JD, Borgnia MJ, Egelman EH, Neher SB. The structure of helical lipoprotein lipase reveals an unexpected twist in lipase storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10254-64. [PMID: 32332168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916555117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are enzymes necessary for the proper distribution and utilization of lipids in the human body. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is active in capillaries, where it plays a crucial role in preventing dyslipidemia by hydrolyzing triglycerides from packaged lipoproteins. Thirty years ago, the existence of a condensed and inactive LPL oligomer was proposed. Although recent work has shed light on the structure of the LPL monomer, the inactive oligomer remained opaque. Here we present a cryo-EM reconstruction of a helical LPL oligomer at 3.8-Å resolution. Helix formation is concentration-dependent, and helices are composed of inactive dihedral LPL dimers. Heparin binding stabilizes LPL helices, and the presence of substrate triggers helix disassembly. Superresolution fluorescent microscopy of endogenous LPL revealed that LPL adopts a filament-like distribution in vesicles. Mutation of one of the helical LPL interaction interfaces causes loss of the filament-like distribution. Taken together, this suggests that LPL is condensed into its inactive helical form for storage in intracellular vesicles.
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9
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Burggraaf MJ, Speer A, Meijers AS, Ummels R, van der Sar AM, Korotkov KV, Bitter W, Kuijl C. Type VII Secretion Substrates of Pathogenic Mycobacteria Are Processed by a Surface Protease. mBio 2019; 10:e01951-19. [PMID: 31662454 PMCID: PMC6819658 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01951-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, one of the world's most severe infectious diseases, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis A major weapon of this pathogen is a unique cell wall that protects the pathogen from eradication by the immune system. Mycobacteria have specialized secretion systems, e.g., type VII secretion or ESX systems, to transport substrates across this cell wall. The largest group of proteins that are secreted by these ESX systems are the PE proteins. Previously, it was shown that the N-terminal PE domain of about 100 amino acids is required for secretion. Here, we describe the identification of an aspartic protease, designated PecA, that removes (part of) this PE domain at the cell surface. Nearly all of the observed PE_PGRS proteins are processed by PecA. Interestingly, the protease itself is also a secreted PE protein and subject to self-cleavage. Furthermore, a defect in surface processing has no effect on the activity of the PE lipase protein LipY but does seem to affect the functioning of other virulence factors, as a pecA mutant strain of Mycobacterium marinum shows moderate attenuation in zebrafish larvae. In conclusion, our results reveal the presence of a functional aspartic acid protease in M. marinum that cleaves LipY, itself as well as other members of the PE_PGRS family. Finally, mutants lacking PecA show growth attenuation in vivo, suggesting that PecA plays a role during infection.IMPORTANCE Aspartic proteases are common in eukaryotes and retroviruses but are relatively rare among bacteria (N. D. Rawlings and A. Bateman, BMC Genomics 10:437, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-10-437). In contrast to eukaryotic aspartic proteases, bacterial aspartic proteases are generally located in the cytoplasm. We have identified a surface-associated mycobacterial aspartic protease, PecA, which cleaves itself and many other type VII secretion substrates of the PE_PGRS family. PecA is present in most pathogenic mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis In addition, pathogenicity of M. marinum is reduced in the ΔpecA mutant, indicating that PecA contributes to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroeska J Burggraaf
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Speer
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Institute of Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniek S Meijers
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Institute of Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roy Ummels
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Institute of Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M van der Sar
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Institute of Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Konstantin V Korotkov
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Institute of Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Molecular Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Coenraad Kuijl
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam Institute of Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Yu X, Feng J, Huang L, Gao H, Liu J, Bai S, Wu B, Xie J. Molecular Basis Underlying Host Immunity Subversion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE/PPE Family Molecules. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1178-1187. [PMID: 31580738 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis proline-glutamic acid (PE)/proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) family proteins, with >160 members, are crucial for virulence, cell wall, host cell fate, host Th1/Th2 balance, and CD8+ T cell recognition. Ca2+ signaling is involved in PE/PPE protein-mediated host-pathogen interaction. PE/PPE proteins also function in heme utilization and nitric oxide production. PE/PPE family proteins are intensively pursued as diagnosis biomarkers and vaccine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jinkun Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shutong Bai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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11
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Santucci P, Smichi N, Diomandé S, Poncin I, Point V, Gaussier H, Cavalier J, Kremer L, Canaan S. Dissecting the membrane lipid binding properties and lipase activity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisLipY domains. FEBS J 2019; 286:3164-3181. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) CNRS UMR9004 Université de Montpellier France
- INSERM IRIM Montpellier France
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12
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Huang W, Lan D, Popowicz GM, Zak KM, Zhao Z, Yuan H, Yang B, Wang Y. Structure and characterization of
Aspergillus fumigatus
lipase B with a unique, oversized regulatory subdomain. FEBS J 2019; 286:2366-2380. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqian Huang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | | | - Krzysztof M. Zak
- Institute of Structural Biology Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg Germany
| | - Zexin Zhao
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hong Yuan
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) Guangzhou China
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13
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Burggraaf MJ, Ates LS, Speer A, van der Kuij K, Kuijl C, Bitter W. Optimization of secretion and surface localization of heterologous OVA protein in mycobacteria by using LipY as a carrier. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:44. [PMID: 30841891 PMCID: PMC6402100 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is not only used as a vaccine against tuberculosis but also protects against leprosy and is used as part of bladder cancer treatment to induce a protective immune response. However, protection by BCG vaccination is not optimal. To improve vaccine efficacy, recombinant BCG expressing heterologous antigens has been put forward to elicit antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses. Cell surface localized or secreted antigens induce better immune responses than their cytosolic counterparts. Optimizing secretion of heterologous proteins or protein fragments holds therefore unexplored potential for improving the efficacy of recombinant BCG vaccine candidates. Secretion of heterologous antigens requires crossing the mycobacterial inner and outer membrane. Mycobacteria have specialized ESX or type VII secretion systems that enable translocation of proteins across both membranes. Probing this secretion system could therefore be a valid approach to surface localize heterologous antigens. RESULTS We show that ESX-5 substrate LipY, a lipase, can be used as a carrier for heterologous secretion of an ovalbumin fragment (OVA). LipY contains a PE domain and a lipase domain, separated by a linker region. This linker domain is processed upon secretion. Fusion of the PE and linker domains of LipY to OVA enabled ESX-5-dependent secretion of the fusion construct LipY-OVA in M. marinum, albeit with low efficiency. Subsequent random mutagenesis of LipY-OVA and screening for increased secretion resulted in mutants with improved heterologous secretion. Detailed analysis identified two mutations in OVA that improved secretion, i.e. an L280P mutation and a protein-extending frameshift mutation. Finally, deletion of the linker domain of LipY enhanced secretion of LipY-OVA, although this mutation also reduced surface association. Further analysis in wild type LipY showed that the linker domain is required for surface association. CONCLUSION We show that the ESX-5 system can be used for heterologous secretion. Furthermore, minor mutations in the substrate can enhance secretion. Especially the C-terminal region seems to be important for this. The linker domain of LipY is involved in surface association. These findings show that non-biased screening approaches aid in optimization of heterologous secretion, which can contribute to heterologous vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroeska J Burggraaf
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louis S Ates
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Speer
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kim van der Kuij
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Coen Kuijl
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Molecular Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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14
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Larsen EM, Johnson RJ. Microbial esterases and ester prodrugs: An unlikely marriage for combating antibiotic resistance. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:33-47. [PMID: 30302779 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates the search for new platforms for drug development. Prodrugs are common tools for overcoming drawbacks typically associated with drug formulation and delivery, with ester prodrugs providing a classic strategy for masking polar alcohol and carboxylic acid functionalities and improving cell permeability. Ester prodrugs are normally designed to have simple ester groups, as they are expected to be cleaved and reactivated by a wide spectrum of cellular esterases. However, a number of pathogenic and commensal microbial esterases have been found to possess significant substrate specificity and can play an unexpected role in drug metabolism. Ester protection can also introduce antimicrobial properties into previously nontoxic drugs through alterations in cell permeability or solubility. Finally, mutation to microbial esterases is a novel mechanism for the development of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we highlight the important pathogenic and xenobiotic functions of microbial esterases and discuss the development and application of ester prodrugs for targeting microbial infections and combating antibiotic resistance. Esterases are often overlooked as therapeutic targets. Yet, with the growing need to develop new antibiotics, a thorough understanding of the specificity and function of microbial esterases and their combined action with ester prodrug antibiotics will support the design of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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15
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Santucci P, Diomandé S, Poncin I, Alibaud L, Viljoen A, Kremer L, de Chastellier C, Canaan S. Delineating the Physiological Roles of the PE and Catalytic Domains of LipY in Lipid Consumption in Mycobacterium-Infected Foamy Macrophages. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00394-18. [PMID: 29986895 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00394-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Within tuberculous granulomas, a subpopulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides inside foamy macrophages (FM) that contain abundant cytoplasmic lipid bodies (LB) filled with triacylglycerol (TAG). Upon fusion of LB with M. tuberculosis-containing phagosomes, TAG is hydrolyzed and reprocessed by the bacteria into their own lipids, which accumulate as intracytosolic lipid inclusions (ILI). This phenomenon is driven by many mycobacterial lipases, among which LipY participates in the hydrolysis of host and bacterial TAG. However, the functional contribution of LipY's PE domain to TAG hydrolysis remains unclear. Here, enzymatic studies were performed to compare the lipolytic activities of recombinant LipY and its truncated variant lacking the N-terminal PE domain, LipY(ΔPE). Complementarily, an FM model was used where bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages were infected with M. bovis BCG strains either overexpressing LipY or LipY(ΔPE) or carrying a lipY deletion mutation prior to being exposed to TAG-rich very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Results indicate that truncation of the PE domain correlates with increased TAG hydrolase activity. Quantitative electron microscopy analyses showed that (i) in the presence of lipase inhibitors, large ILI (ILI+3) were not formed because of an absence of LB due to inhibition of VLDL-TAG hydrolysis or inhibition of LB-neutral lipid hydrolysis by mycobacterial lipases, (ii) ILI+3 profiles in the strain overexpressing LipY(ΔPE) were reduced, and (iii) the number of ILI+3 profiles in the ΔlipY mutant was reduced by 50%. Overall, these results delineate the role of LipY and its PE domain in host and mycobacterial lipid consumption and show that additional mycobacterial lipases take part in these processes.
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16
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Barisch C, Soldati T. Breaking fat! How mycobacteria and other intracellular pathogens manipulate host lipid droplets. Biochimie 2017; 141:54-61. [PMID: 28587792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (Tb) is a lung infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). With one third of the world population latently infected, it represents the most prevalent bacterial infectious diseases worldwide. Typically, persistence is linked to so-called "dormant" slow-growing bacteria, which have a low metabolic rate and a reduced response to antibiotic treatments. However, dormant bacteria regain growth and virulence when the immune system is weakened, leading again to the active form of the disease. Fatty acids (FAs) released from host triacylglycerols (TAGs) and sterols are proposed to serve as sole carbon sources during infection. The metabolism of FAs requires beta-oxidation as well as gluconeogenesis and the glyoxylate shunt. Interestingly, the Mtb genome encodes more than hundred proteins involved in the five reactions of beta-oxidation, clearly demonstrating the importance of lipids as energy source. FAs have also been proposed to play a role during resuscitation, the resumption of replicative activities from dormancy. Lipid droplets (LDs) are energy and carbon reservoirs and have been described in all domains. TAGs and sterol esters (SEs) are stored in their hydrophobic core, surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. Importantly, host LDs have been described as crucial for several intracellular bacterial pathogens and viruses and specifically translocate to the pathogen-containing vacuole (PVC) during mycobacteria infection. FAs released from host LDs are used by the pathogen as energy source and as building blocks for membrane synthesis. Despite their essential role, the mechanisms by which pathogenic mycobacteria induce the cellular redistribution of LDs and gain access to the stored lipids are still poorly understood. This review describes recent evidence about the dual interaction of mycobacteria with host LDs and membrane phospholipids and integrates them in a broader view of the underlying cellular processes manipulated by various intracellular pathogens to gain access to host lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Barisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211, Geneva-4, Switzerland.
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211, Geneva-4, Switzerland
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17
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Soto-Ramirez MD, Aguilar-Ayala DA, Garcia-Morales L, Rodriguez-Peredo SM, Badillo-Lopez C, Rios-Muñiz DE, Meza-Segura MA, Rivera-Morales GY, Leon-Solis L, Cerna-Cortes JF, Rivera-Gutierrez S, Helguera-Repetto AC, Gonzalez-y-Merchand JA. Cholesterol plays a larger role during Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro dormancy and reactivation than previously suspected. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 103:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Hayne CK, Lafferty MJ, Eglinger BJ, Kane JP, Neher SB. Biochemical Analysis of the Lipoprotein Lipase Truncation Variant, LPL S447X, Reveals Increased Lipoprotein Uptake. Biochemistry 2017; 56:525-533. [PMID: 27984852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is responsible for the hydrolysis of triglycerides from circulating lipoproteins. Whereas most identified mutations in the LPL gene are deleterious, one mutation, LPLS447X, causes a gain of function. This mutation truncates two amino acids from LPL's C-terminus. Carriers of LPLS447X have decreased VLDL levels and increased HDL levels, a cardioprotective phenotype. LPLS447X is used in Alipogene tiparvovec, the gene therapy product for individuals with familial LPL deficiency. It is unclear why LPLS447X results in a serum lipid profile more favorable than that of LPL. In vitro reports vary as to whether LPLS447X is more active than LPL. We report a comprehensive, biochemical comparison of purified LPLS447X and LPL dimers. We found no difference in specific activity on synthetic and natural substrates. We also did not observe a difference in the Ki for ANGPTL4 inhibition of LPLS447X relative to that of LPL. Finally, we analyzed LPL-mediated uptake of fluorescently labeled lipoprotein particles and found that LPLS447X enhanced lipoprotein uptake to a greater degree than LPL did. An LPL structural model suggests that the LPLS447X truncation exposes residues implicated in LPL binding to uptake receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra K Hayne
- Department Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 120 Mason Farm Road, CB7260, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael J Lafferty
- Department Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 120 Mason Farm Road, CB7260, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brian J Eglinger
- Department Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 120 Mason Farm Road, CB7260, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John P Kane
- University of California San Francisco Medical Center , San Francisco, California 94115, United States
| | - Saskia B Neher
- Department Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 120 Mason Farm Road, CB7260, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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19
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Viljoen A, Blaise M, de Chastellier C, Kremer L. MAB_3551c encodes the primary triacylglycerol synthase involved in lipid accumulation in Mycobacterium abscessus. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:611-627. [PMID: 27513974 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Slow growing pathogenic mycobacteria utilize host-derived lipids and accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) in the form of intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions (ILI), serving as a source of carbon and energy during prolonged infection. Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging and rapidly growing species capable to induce severe and chronic pulmonary infections. However, whether M. abscessus, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possesses the machinery to acquire and store host lipids, remains unaddressed. Herein, we aimed at deciphering the contribution of the seven putative M. abscessus TAG synthases (Tgs) in TAG synthesis/accumulation thanks to a combination of genetic and biochemical techniques and a well-defined foamy macrophage (FM) model along with electron microscopy. Targeted gene deletion and functional complementation studies identified the MAB_3551c product, Tgs1, as the major Tgs involved in TAG production. Tgs1 exhibits a preference for long acyl-CoA substrates and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that His144 and Gln145 are essential for enzymatic activity. Importantly, in the lipid-rich intracellular context of FM, M. abscessus formed large ILI in a Tgs1-dependent manner. This supports the ability of M. abscessus to assimilate host lipids and the crucial role of Tgs1 in intramycobacterial TAG production, which may represent important mechanisms for long-term storage of a rich energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertus Viljoen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France.,Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Mickael Blaise
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Chantal de Chastellier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France.,INSERM, CPBS, Montpellier, 34293, France
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20
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Sultana R, Tanneeru K, Kumar ABR, Guruprasad L. Prediction of Certain Well-Characterized Domains of Known Functions within the PE and PPE Proteins of Mycobacteria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146786. [PMID: 26891364 PMCID: PMC4758615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PE and PPE protein family are unique to mycobacteria. Though the complete genome sequences for over 500 M. tuberculosis strains and mycobacterial species are available, few PE and PPE proteins have been structurally and functionally characterized. We have therefore used bioinformatics tools to characterize the structure and function of these proteins. We selected representative members of the PE and PPE protein family by phylogeny analysis and using structure-based sequence annotation identified ten well-characterized protein domains of known function. Some of these domains were observed to be common to all mycobacterial species and some were species specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiya Sultana
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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