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Miranda S, Tonin FS, Pinto-Sousa C, Fortes-Gabriel E, Brito M. Genetic Profile of Rotavirus Type A in Children under 5 Years Old in Africa: A Systematic Review of Prevalence. Viruses 2024; 16:243. [PMID: 38400019 PMCID: PMC10893345 DOI: 10.3390/v16020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human type A rotavirus (RV-A) is world-recognized as the major pathogen causing viral gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. The literature indicates a substantial increase in the diversity of rotavirus strains across continents, especially in Africa, which can pose significant challenges including an increase of disease burden and a reduction of vaccines' effectiveness. However, few studies have mapped the variety of circulating virus strains in different regions, which may hamper decisions on epidemiological surveillance and preventive public health measures. Thus, our aim was to compile the most updated available evidence on the genetic profile of RV-A among children in Africa and determine the prevalence of different genotypes according to the geographical regions by means of a broad systematic review. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo without language, time limits, or geographical restrictions within the African continent. We selected full-text peer-reviewed articles assessing the genetic profile (i.e., genotyping) of RV-A in children up to 5 years old in Africa. Overall, 682 records were retrieved, resulting in 75 studies included for evidence synthesis. These studies were published between 1999 and 2022, were conducted in 28 countries from the five African regions, and 48% of the studies were carried out for 24 months or more. Most studies (n = 55; 73.3%) evaluated RV-A cases before the introduction of the vaccines, while around 20% of studies (n = 13) presented data after the vaccine approval in each country. Only seven (9.3%) studies compared evidence from both periods (pre- and post-vaccine introduction). Genotyping methods to assess RV-A varied between RT-PCR, nested or multiplex RT-PCR, testing only the most common P and G-types. We observed G1 and P[8] to be the most prevalent strains in Africa, with values around 31% and 43%, respectively. Yet if all the genotypes with the following highest prevalence were added ((G1 + G2, G3, G9) and (P[8] + P[6], P[4])), these figures would represent 80% and 99% of the total prevalence. The combination G1P[8] was the most reported in the studies (around 22%). This review study demonstrated an increased strain diversity in the past two decades, which could represent a challenge to the efficacy of the current vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Miranda
- Faculdade de Medicine, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola; (S.M.); (C.P.-S.)
- CISA-Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Bengo, Angola;
- Clínica Girassol, Luanda, Angola
| | - Fernanda S. Tonin
- ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Carlos Pinto-Sousa
- Faculdade de Medicine, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola; (S.M.); (C.P.-S.)
- UPRA-Universidade Privada de Angola, Luanda, Angola
| | - Elsa Fortes-Gabriel
- CISA-Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Bengo, Angola;
- ISTM- Instituto Superior Técnico Militar, Luanda, Angola
| | - Miguel Brito
- CISA-Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Bengo, Angola;
- ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal;
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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Epidemiological significance of the occurrence and persistence of rotaviruses in water and sewage: a critical review and proposal for routine microbiological monitoring. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2022; 24:380-399. [PMID: 35174845 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, waterborne gastroenteritis attributable to rotaviruses is on the increase due to the rapid increase in population growth, poor socioeconomic conditions, and drastic changes in climatic conditions. The burden of diarrhea is quite alarming in developing nations where the majority of the populations still rely on untreated surface water that is usually polluted for their immediate water needs. Humans and animals of all ages are affected by rotaviruses. In humans, the preponderance of cases occurs in children under 5 years. Global efforts in advancing water/wastewater treatment technologies have not yet realized the objective of complete viral removal from wastewater. Most times, surface waters are impacted heavily by inadequately treated wastewater run-offs thereby exposing people or animals to preventable health risks. The relative stability of rotaviruses in aquatic matrices during wastewater treatment, poor correlation of bacteriological indicators with the presence of rotaviruses, and their infectiousness at a low dose informed the proposal for inclusion in the routine microbiological water screening panel. Environmental monitoring data have been shown to provide early warnings that can complement clinical data used to monitor the impact of current rotavirus vaccination in a community. This review was therefore undertaken to critically appraise rotavirus excretion and emission pathways, and the existence, viability and persistence in the receiving aquatic milieu. The efficiency of the current wastewater treatment modality for rotavirus removal, correlation of the current bacteriological water quality assessment strategy, public health risks and current laboratory methods for an epidemiological study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa.
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Peer V, Schwartz N, Green MS. A Pooled Analysis of Sex Differences in Rotaviral Enteritis Incidence Rates in Three Countries Over Different Time Periods. Women's Health Reports 2022; 3:228-237. [PMID: 35262061 PMCID: PMC8896211 DOI: 10.1089/whr.2021.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sex differences in incidence rates (IRs) of infectious diseases could provide clues to the mechanisms of infection. The results of studies on sex differences in the incidence of rotaviral enteritis have been inconsistent. Methods: We carried out a pooled analysis of sex differences in IRs for rotaviral enteritis in three countries for a period of 7–22 years. Male-to-female incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were computed by age group, country, and years of reporting. A meta-analytic methodology was used to combine IRRs. Metaregression was performed to evaluate the contribution of age group, country, and years of reporting to the IRR. Results: Significantly higher IRs in males were found in the age groups 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 years, with pooled IRRs (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of 1.12 (1.09–1.14), 1.07 (1.05–1.09), and 1.13 (1.05–1.21), respectively. In adults, the sex differences were reversed with higher rates in females. The pooled male-to-female IRRs (with 95% CIs) were 0.66 (0.64–0.68), 0.78 (0.72–0.85), and 0.78 (0.72–0.84) for the age groups 15–44, 45–64, and 65+ years, respectively. Metaregression results demonstrated that age is responsible for much of the variation in IRRs. Conclusions: The higher rotaviral enteritis IRs in males at a very early age suggest that sex-related factors unrelated to exposure may play a role. The higher IRs in adult females could result, at least partly, from behavioral and occupational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Peer
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Schwartz
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Giwa FJ, Garba M, Mukhtar A, Idris M, Lartey B, Damanka S, Samaila M, Muktar H, Olayinka A, Armah G. Circulating Rotavirus Genotypes among Children Younger than 5 Years with Acute Gastroenteritis in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the circulating rotavirus genotypes among children 0 to 59 months with acute gastroenteritis in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria.
Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study was performed from November 2015 to April 2017 on 415 stool samples of children 0 to 59 months with acute gastroenteritis presenting at the pediatric clinics in five selected health care facilities in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria. The stool samples were tested for group A rotavirus antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the ProSpecT™ Rotavirus Microplate Assay (Thermo Scientific Oxoid, United Kingdom). Rotavirus-positive strains were further characterized using seminested multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
Results Of the 415 diarrheal stool samples collected from children with acute gastroenteritis, 12.3% (n = 51) tested positive by ELISA. Five rotavirus G genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G9, and G12) and three P genotypes (P[4], P[6], and P[8]) were detected. Eight genotype combinations were detected with G1P[8], G12P[8], and G3P[6] being the most prevalent (9.8% each) followed by G1P[6], G2P[4], and G9P[8] (5.9% each). G/P mix types representing 25.5% (n = 13) of strains were detected during the study period.
Conclusion This study found a high diversity of rotavirus strains with emerging unusual rotavirus genotypes and a concurrent high proportion of mixed infections. This increased antigenic diversity of rotavirus strains may impact on vaccine effectiveness and rotavirus epidemiology and highlights the importance of continuous surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Jummai Giwa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Maria Garba
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Abdulaziz Mukhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Mukhtar Idris
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Belinda Lartey
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Susan Damanka
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Modupeola Samaila
- Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Hassan Muktar
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Adebola Olayinka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - George Armah
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Gasparinho C, Kanjungo A, Zage F, Clemente I, Santos-Reis A, Brito M, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Fortes F, Gonçalves L. Impact of Annual Albendazole versus Four-Monthly Test-and-Treat Approach of Intestinal Parasites on Children Growth-A Longitudinal Four-Arm Randomized Parallel Trial during Two Years of a Community Follow-Up in Bengo, Angola. Pathogens 2021; 10:309. [PMID: 33799921 PMCID: PMC8001871 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition and intestinal parasites continue to have serious impacts on growth and cognitive development of children in Angola. A longitudinal four-arm randomized parallel trial was conducted to investigate if deworming with a single annual dose of albendazole (annual-ALB) or a four-monthly test-and-treat (4TT) intestinal parasites approach at individual or household levels improve nutritional outcomes of pre-school children in Bengo province. Children with intestinal parasites (n = 121) were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to arm A1: annual-ALB*individual level; A2: annual-ALB*household level; A3: 4TT*individual; and A4: 4TT*household level. At baseline, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 months of follow-up, growth was assessed by height, weight, height-for-age, weight-for-height, weight-for-age, and mid-upper arm circumference. Intention-to-treat analysis was done using non-parametric approach, mixed effect models, and generalized estimating equations (GEE). Initially, 57% and 26% of the children were infected by Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides, respectively. This study did not show that a 4TT intestinal parasites approach results on better growth outcomes of children (height, weight, HAZ, WAZ, WHZ and MUACZ) when compared with annual ALB, with exception of height and WHZ using GEE model at 5% level. Positive temporal effects on most nutrition outcomes were observed. Implementing a longitudinal study in a poor setting is challenging and larger sample sizes and 'pure and clean' data are difficult to obtain. Nevertheless, learned lessons from this intensive study may contribute to future scientific research and to tailor multidisciplinary approaches to minimize malnutrition and infections in resource-poor countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gasparinho
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola; (A.K.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (M.B.); (J.C.S.-F.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.-R.); (F.F.)
| | - Aguinaldo Kanjungo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola; (A.K.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (M.B.); (J.C.S.-F.)
| | - Félix Zage
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola; (A.K.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (M.B.); (J.C.S.-F.)
| | - Isabel Clemente
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola; (A.K.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (M.B.); (J.C.S.-F.)
| | - Ana Santos-Reis
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.-R.); (F.F.)
| | - Miguel Brito
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola; (A.K.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (M.B.); (J.C.S.-F.)
- Health and Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Sousa-Figueiredo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola; (A.K.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (M.B.); (J.C.S.-F.)
| | - Filomeno Fortes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.-R.); (F.F.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola
| | - Luzia Gonçalves
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.S.-R.); (F.F.)
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa (CEAUL), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Chissaque A, Cassocera M, Gasparinho C, Langa JS, Bauhofer AFL, Chilaúle JJ, João ED, Munlela BA, Sambo JAM, Boene SS, Djedje MB, Anapakala EM, Guimarães EL, Bero DM, Manhique-Coutinho LV, Cossa-Moiane I, Kellogg TA, Gonçalves LAP, de Deus N. Rotavirus A infection in children under five years old with a double health problem: undernutrition and diarrhoea - a cross-sectional study in four provinces of Mozambique. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:18. [PMID: 33407207 PMCID: PMC7788695 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mozambique has a high burden of group A rotavirus (RVA) infection and chronic undernutrition. This study aimed to determine the frequency and potential risk factors for RVA infection in undernourished children under 5 years old with diarrhoea in Mozambique. METHODS The analysis was conducted using data from March 2015 to December 2017, regarding children under 5 years old with at least one type of undernutrition. Anthropometric measures were used to calculate indices of weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age through the Z-Scores. RVA results were extracted from the National Diarrhoea Surveillance database. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test was used for qualitative variables and organized in contingency tables and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were considered for the calculation of RVA infection proportion and in the multiple logistic regression models to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (AOR). RESULTS Of the 842 undernourished children included in the analysis, 27.2% (95% CI: 24.3-30.3%) were positive for RVA. The rate of RVA infection was 42.7% (95% CI: 38.0-47.5%) in the pre-vaccine period, with great reduction to 12.2% (95% CI: 9.4-15.6%) in the post-vaccine period. Most of the RVA undernourished children had severe wasting (33.3%) and severe stunting (32.0%). The risk of infection was significantly high in children from 0 to 11 months (p-value < 0.001) when compared to the age group of 24-59 months. A higher proportion of RVA infection was detected in households with five or more members (p-value = 0.029). Similar proportions of RVA were observed in children fed only by breast milk (34.9%) and breast milk with formula (35.6%). A higher proportion of undernourished HIV-positive children co-infected with RVA (7.4%) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of RVA infection in undernourished children declined following the introduction of the vaccine in Mozambique. Beyond the temporal variation, Maputo province, age and crowded households were also associated to RVA infection. A high proportion of RVA infection was observed in children with severe wasting and a triple burden of disease: undernutrition, RVA and HIV, highlighting the need to conduct follow-up studies to understand the long-term impact of these conditions on children's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assucênio Chissaque
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Moçambique.
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Marta Cassocera
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Moçambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Gasparinho
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Adilson Fernando Loforte Bauhofer
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Moçambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Eva Dora João
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Benilde António Munlela
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Moçambique
- Centro de Biotecnologia - Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique
| | - Júlia Assiat Monteiro Sambo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Moçambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Simone Salvador Boene
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Moçambique
- Centro de Biotecnologia - Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique
| | | | | | - Esperança Lourenço Guimarães
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Moçambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Idalécia Cossa-Moiane
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Moçambique
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium Institute for Global Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Timothy A Kellogg
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luzia Augusta Pires Gonçalves
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Saúde Pública Internacional e Bioestatística, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nilsa de Deus
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Moçambique
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique
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de Waure C, Sarnari L, Chiavarini M, Ianiro G, Monini M, Alunno A, Camilloni B. 10-Year Rotavirus Infection Surveillance: Epidemiological Trends in the Pediatric Population of Perugia Province. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E1008. [PMID: 32033439 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) infections are a leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children, and vaccination is currently recommended in Italy, according to the National Immunization Plan 2017–2019. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological and molecular RV surveillance in the pediatric population of Perugia province, Umbria. Between September 2007 and August 2018, 663 RV-positive stool specimens were collected from children <15 years of age presenting with gastroenteritis to the emergency room of the Perugia province hospitals who were then hospitalized. Yearly hospitalization rates were expressed per 100,000 persons, and denominators were extrapolated from the National Institute of Statistics. During the 10-year surveillance, the epidemiological trend was fluctuating but slightly decreasing (Max: 89.7 per 100,000 in 2010/2011; Min: 34.8 per 100,000 in 2017/2018). The hospitalization rate was higher in males and in children under five years of age. Among common genotypes, G1P[8] was prevalent most of the years. The uncommon G12P[8] genotype emerged and was the most common in 2012/2013 (58.2%). Afterwards, its circulation remained high. As the Umbria Region started vaccinating from the 2018 birth cohort, our study reviewed pre-vaccination data and will help to assess the protection induced by vaccination and its effect on circulating strains.
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Shariati A, Aslani HR, Shayesteh MR, Taghipour A, Nasser A, Safari H, Alizade-Sani M, Dehghan A, Azimi T. Are Viruses and Parasites Linked to Celiac Disease? A Question that Still has no Definite Answer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:1181-1193. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190828124924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) is a complex autoimmune enteropathy of the small intestine that commonly
occurs in genetically predisposed individuals due to intake of gluten and related proteins. Gluten
consumption, duration of breast-feeding, various infections, especially frequent intestinal infections,
vaccinations and use of antibiotics can be linked to CD. It is predicted that it affects 1% of the
global population and its incidence rate is increasing. Most of the people with the HLA-DQ2 or HLADQ8
are at a higher risk of developing this disease. The link between infections and autoimmune diseases
has been very much considered in recent years. In several studies, we explained that pathogenic
and non-pathogenic microorganisms might have multiple roles in initiation, exacerbation, and development
of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). In various studies,
the relationship between infections caused by viruses, such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Rotavirus,
Hepatitis C (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Influenza virus, and parasites
including Giardia spp. and Toxoplasma gondii with CD has been raised. However, increasing evidence
proposes that some of these microorganisms, especially helminths, can also have protective and
even therapeutic roles in the CD process. Therefore, in order to determine the role of microorganisms
in the process of this disease, we attempted to summarize the evidence suggesting the role of viral and
parasitic agents in pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid R. Aslani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad R.H. Shayesteh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nasser
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizade-Sani
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Environmental Health Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Dehghan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Vrdoljak M, Gužvinec M, Trkulja V, Butić I, Ivić I, Krželj V, Tonkić M, Hegeduš Jungvirth M, Payerl Pal M, Tešović G. Distribution of rotavirus genotypes in three Croatian regions among children ≤5 years of age (2012-2014). Int J Infect Dis 2019; 89:3-9. [PMID: 31521853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rotavirus is the major cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. In countries like Croatia, where rotavirus vaccine has not been introduced in the national immunization program, prospective surveillance is necessary to establish the diversity of rotavirus strains. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and geographical distribution of rotavirus strains in Croatia and to detect the possible emergence of novel strains. METHODS The study was conducted among children ≤5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis at three hospitals located in different geographical regions of Croatia, during the years 2012 to 2014. Rotavirus was detected in stools using an immunochromatographic assay and then sent for further molecular analysis. RESULTS Genotyping of 822 rotaviruses showed that the predominant circulating strain was G1P[8] (61.9%), followed by G2P[4] (19.5%), G1P[4] (3.9%), and G3P[8] (2.9%). A high prevalence of reassortants among common human rotavirus genotypes was detected (7.7%). Possible zoonotic reassortants were found, including G8 and G6 strains. The latter is described for the first time in Croatia. CONCLUSIONS This study represents pre-vaccination data that are important for decisions regarding immunization strategies in Croatia. The high prevalence of 'common' rotavirus strains circulating in Croatia may advocate for rotavirus vaccine introduction, but further surveillance is necessary to monitor the possible emergence of novel genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Vrdoljak
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Mirogojska 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Gužvinec
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Mirogojska 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Trkulja
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Butić
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Mirogojska 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Ivić
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska ulica 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Vjekoslav Krželj
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska ulica 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Tonkić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska ulica 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Hegeduš Jungvirth
- Department of Pediatrics, County Hospital Čakovec, Ivana Gorana Kovačića 1E, 40000 Čakovec, Croatia
| | - Marina Payerl Pal
- Institute of Public Health, County Međimurje, Ivana Gorana Kovačića 1E, 40000 Čakovec, Croatia
| | - Goran Tešović
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Mirogojska 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Sadiq A, Bostan N, Bokhari H, Matthijnssens J, Yinda KC, Raza S, Nawaz T. Molecular characterization of human group A rotavirus genotypes circulating in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan during 2015-2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220387. [PMID: 31361761 PMCID: PMC6667158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children worldwide. Owing to lack of proper surveillance programs and health facilities, developing countries of Asia and Africa carry a disproportionately heavy share of the RVA disease burden. The aim of this hospital-based study was to investigate the circulation of RVA genotypes in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan in 2015 and 2016, prior to the implementation of RVA vaccine. 639 faecal samples collected from children under 10 years of age hospitalized with AGE were tested for RVA antigen by ELISA. Among 171 ELISA positive samples, 143 were successfully screened for RT-PCR and sequencing. The prevalence of RVA was found to be 26.8% with the highest frequency (34.9%) found among children of age group 6-11 months. The most predominant circulating genotypes were G3P[8] (22.4%) followed by G12P[6] (20.3%), G2P[4] (12.6%), G1P[8] (11.9%), G9P[6] (11.9%), G3P[4] (9.1%), G1P[6] (4.2%), G9P[8] (4.2%), and G3P[6] (0.7%). A single mixed genotype G1G3P[8] was also detected. The findings of this study provide baseline data, that will help to assess if future vaccination campaigns using currently available RVA vaccine will reduce RVA disease burden and instigate evolutionary changes in the overall RVA biology. The high prevalence of RVA infections in Pakistan require to improve and strengthen the surveillance and monitoring system for RVA. This will provide useful information for health authorities in planning public health care strategies to mitigate the disease burden caused by RVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kwe Claude Yinda
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saqlain Raza
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Nawaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Arowolo KO, Ayolabi CI, Lapinski B, Santos JS, Raboni SM. Epidemiology of enteric viruses in children with gastroenteritis in Ogun State, Nigeria. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1022-1029. [PMID: 30636345 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) remains a global public health concern and Nigeria is one of the two countries accounting for 42% of global under-5 deaths attributable to gastroenteritis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, seasonality, and risk factors of enteric viruses (EVs) in children with AGE in Ogun State, Nigeria. Stool samples collected from children under-5 from three different hospitals between February 2015 and April 2017 were analyzed using molecular methods for the presence of four EVs (group A rotavirus [RVA], norovirus [NoV], human astrovirus [HAstV], and human adenovirus [HAdV]). Among the 175 samples analyzed, 63 (36%) were positive for at least one EV. The most prevalent was HAstV (19.4%), followed by RVA (16.6%), NoV (5.1%), and HAdV (5.1%). Mixed infections were found in 17 cases. No significant association was observed with age, sex, and risk factors. Though not significant, EV prevalence was higher in the dry season. Positive cases (asides HAdV) had no correlation with temperature and/or humidity. This study provides information on the prevalence and seasonal fluctuations of EVs, which will be of value in the effective management of patients and control strategies for viral gastroenteritis in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kafayat Olushola Arowolo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.,Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Lagos State Polytechnic, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Bruna Lapinski
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jucielia Stadinicki Santos
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sonia Mara Raboni
- Virology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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Sadiq A, Bostan N, Yinda KC, Naseem S, Sattar S. Rotavirus: Genetics, pathogenesis and vaccine advances. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e2003. [PMID: 30156344 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery 40 years ago, rotavirus (RV) is considered to be a major cause of infant and childhood morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries. Nearly every child in the world under 5 years of age is at the risk of RV infection. It is estimated that 90% of RV-associated mortalities occur in developing countries of Africa and Asia. Two live oral vaccines, RotaTeq (RV5, Merck) and Rotarix (RV1, GlaxoSmithKline) have been successfully deployed to scale down the disease burden in Europe and America, but they are less effective in Africa and Asia. In April 2009, the World Health Organization recommended the inclusion of RV vaccination in national immunization programs of all countries with great emphasis in developing countries. To date, 86 countries have included RV vaccines into their national immunization programs including 41 Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization eligible countries. The predominant RV genotypes circulating all over the world are G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], and G9P[8], while G12[P6] and G12[P8] are emerging genotypes. On account of the segmented genome, RV shows an enormous genetic diversity that leads to the evolution of new genotypes that can influence the efficacy of current vaccines. The current need is for a global RV surveillance program to monitor the prevalence and antigenic variability of new genotypes to formulate future vaccine development planning. In this review, we will summarize the previous and recent insights into RV structure, classification, and epidemiology and current status of RV vaccination around the globe and will also cover the status of RV research and vaccine policy in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kwe Claude Yinda
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saadia Naseem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sattar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Agbla JMM, Capo-Chichi A, Agbankpé AJ, Dougnon TV, Yadouleton AWM, Houngbégnon O, Glele-Kakai C, Armah GE, Bankolé H. Epidemiological Survey of Rotaviruses Responsible for Infantile Diarrhea by the Immunomolecular Technique in Cotonou (Benin, West Africa). Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018:3602967. [PMID: 29853901 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3602967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus remains the main causative agent of gastroenteritis in young children, in countries that have not yet introduced the vaccine. Benin, in order to implement the WHO recommendations, projects to introduce the rotavirus vaccine in 2018 as part of its Expanded Program on Immunization. But before the introduction of this vaccine, epidemiological data on rotavirus infections and rotavirus genotypes circulating in Benin should be available. The aim of this study is to generate epidemiological data on infantile rotavirus diarrhea in Benin. In order to determine the epidemiological characteristics and electrophoretypes of rotavirus responsible for gastroenteritis in diarrheic children aged 0 to 5 years, 186 stool samples were collected according to the WHO Rotavirus Laboratory Manual from March 2014 to February 2015 at Suru-Lere University Hospital Center. Detection of rotavirus antigen was performed by the ELISA test, followed by molecular characterization using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 186 stool samples were analyzed for rotavirus, and seventy-three (39.2%) were found to be positive for rotavirus antigen by ELISA. Children aged 3 to 24 months were the most affected by rotavirus diarrhea in this study. Of the seventy-three children affected with rotavirus diarrhea, 27 (37%) had vomiting accompanied by dehydration and fever. Results based on electrophoresis showed that, among the 73 samples tested, 38 yielded typical rotavirus electrophoretic migration profiles.
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Boni-Cisse C, Meite S, Mlan AB, Zaba F, N'Guessan R, Lepri NA, Lartey B. Genotypic characterization of rotavirus in children under 5 years circulating in Côte D'Ivoire from 2010 to 2013. Virol J 2018; 15:78. [PMID: 29699581 PMCID: PMC5922014 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children under five years of age in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends the surveillance of rotavirus strains prior to vaccine introduction in all applicable countries. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics as well as to determine the circulating genotypes of rotaviruses in Côte d’Ivoire prior to vaccine introduction. Methods The study included children under five years of age who met the inclusion criteria after informed consent had been sort from their parents or guardians. Rotavirus VP6 antigens were detected for each stool sample using Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Genotyping of positive EIA samples was performed by reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) assays. Results A total of 684 children were recruited. Children aged between 6 and 11 months were the most represented with 34%. Rotavirus VP6 antigens were found in 27.1% (186/684) of samples tested. Commonly detected G genotypes included G12 (46.6% (82/176) and G1 (13.1% (23/176) whilst P[8] (49.8% (91/183) was the most predominant P genotype. Rotavirus G12P[8] was the most predominant strain circulating in Côte d’Ivoire within the period of study and constituted 26.6% of all strains detected. Conclusion The monitoring of circulating strains will help guide decision-makers in the choice of vaccine. Genotypic variability of circulating rotavirus strains over the years implies there is a need for continuous rotavirus strain surveillance even after vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Boni-Cisse
- UFR des Sciences Médicales, Département de Microbiologie, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Laboratory of Sentinel Site Surveillance of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea CHU Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Sindou Meite
- UFR des Sciences Médicales, Département de Microbiologie, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Laboratory of Sentinel Site Surveillance of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea CHU Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alice Britoh Mlan
- UFR des Sciences Médicales, Département de Microbiologie, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Laboratory of Sentinel Site Surveillance of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea CHU Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Flore Zaba
- Laboratory of Sentinel Site Surveillance of Paediatric Bacterial Meningitis and Rotavirus Diarrhoea CHU Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Nicaise Aka Lepri
- Expanded Program on Immunization of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Bélinda Lartey
- NMIMR West African Regional Rotavirus Reference Laboratory, Accra, Ghana
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