1
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Aramburu IV, Hoving D, Vernardis SI, Tin MC, Ioannou M, Temkin MI, De Vasconcelos NM, Demichev V, Helbig ET, Lippert L, Stahl K, White M, Radbruch H, Ihlow J, Horst D, Chiesa ST, Deanfield JE, David S, Bode C, Kurth F, Ralser M, Papayannopoulos V. Functional proteomic profiling links deficient DNA clearance with increased mortality in individuals with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Immunity 2022; 55:2436-2453.e5. [PMID: 36462503 PMCID: PMC9671605 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The factors that influence survival during severe infection are unclear. Extracellular chromatin drives pathology, but the mechanisms enabling its accumulation remain elusive. Here, we show that in murine sepsis models, splenocyte death interferes with chromatin clearance through the release of the DNase I inhibitor actin. Actin-mediated inhibition was compensated by upregulation of DNase I or the actin scavenger gelsolin. Splenocyte death and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) clearance deficiencies were prevalent in individuals with severe COVID-19 pneumonia or microbial sepsis. Activity tracing by plasma proteomic profiling uncovered an association between low NET clearance and increased COVID-19 pathology and mortality. Low NET clearance activity with comparable proteome associations was prevalent in healthy donors with low-grade inflammation, implicating defective chromatin clearance in the development of cardiovascular disease and linking COVID-19 susceptibility to pre-existing conditions. Hence, the combination of aberrant chromatin release with defects in protective clearance mechanisms lead to poor survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Hoving
- The Francis Crick Institute, Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Spyros I. Vernardis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Martha C.F. Tin
- The Francis Crick Institute, Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Marianna Ioannou
- The Francis Crick Institute, Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Mia I. Temkin
- The Francis Crick Institute, Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, London, UK
| | | | - Vadim Demichev
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Elisa Theresa Helbig
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Lippert
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Stahl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthew White
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neuropathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Ihlow
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott T. Chiesa
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - John E. Deanfield
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sascha David
- Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bode
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Ralser
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London, UK,Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Inomata M, Xu S, Chandra P, Meydani SN, Takemura G, Philips JA, Leong JM. Macrophage LC3-associated phagocytosis is an immune defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae that diminishes with host aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33561-9. [PMID: 33376222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015368117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia and invasive disease, particularly, in the elderly. S. pneumoniae lung infection of aged mice is associated with high bacterial burdens and detrimental inflammatory responses. Macrophages can clear microorganisms and modulate inflammation through two distinct lysosomal trafficking pathways that involve 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-marked organelles, canonical autophagy, and LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). The S. pneumoniae pore-forming toxin pneumolysin (PLY) triggers an autophagic response in nonphagocytic cells, but the role of LAP in macrophage defense against S. pneumoniae or in age-related susceptibility to infection is unexplored. We found that infection of murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by PLY-producing S. pneumoniae triggered Atg5- and Atg7-dependent recruitment of LC3 to S. pneumoniae-containing vesicles. The association of LC3 with S. pneumoniae-containing phagosomes required components specific for LAP, such as Rubicon and the NADPH oxidase, but not factors, such as Ulk1, FIP200, or Atg14, required specifically for canonical autophagy. In addition, S. pneumoniae was sequestered within single-membrane compartments indicative of LAP. Importantly, compared to BMDMs from young (2-mo-old) mice, BMDMs from aged (20- to 22-mo-old) mice infected with S. pneumoniae were not only deficient in LAP and bacterial killing, but also produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of LAP enhanced S. pneumoniae survival and cytokine responses in BMDMs from young but not aged mice. Thus, LAP is an important innate immune defense employed by BMDMs to control S. pneumoniae infection and concomitant inflammation, one that diminishes with age and may contribute to age-related susceptibility to this important pathogen.
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3
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Ma L, Wang L, Nelson AT, Han C, He S, Henn MA, Menon K, Chen JJ, Baek AE, Vardanyan A, Shahoei SH, Park S, Shapiro DJ, Nanjappa SG, Nelson ER. 27-Hydroxycholesterol acts on myeloid immune cells to induce T cell dysfunction, promoting breast cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2020; 493:266-283. [PMID: 32861706 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in the US. Elevated cholesterol is a major risk factor for breast cancer onset and recurrence, while cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as statins, are associated with a good prognosis. Previous work in murine models showed that cholesterol increases breast cancer metastasis, and the pro-metastatic effects of cholesterol were due to its primary metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). In our prior work, myeloid cells were found to be required for the pro-metastatic effects of 27HC, but their precise contribution remains unclear. Here we report that 27HC impairs T cell expansion and cytotoxic function through its actions on myeloid cells, including macrophages, in a Liver X receptor (LXR) dependent manner. Many oxysterols and LXR ligands had similar effects on T cell expansion. Moreover, their ability to induce the LXR target gene ABCA1 was associated with their effectiveness in impairing T cell expansion. Induction of T cell apoptosis was likely one mediator of this impairment. Interestingly, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of 27HC, CYP27A1, is highly expressed in myeloid cells, suggesting that 27HC may have important autocrine or paracrine functions in these cells, a hypothesis supported by our finding that breast cancer metastasis was reduced in mice with a myeloid specific knockout of CYP27A1. Importantly, pharmacologic inhibition of CYP27A1 reduced metastatic growth and improved the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1. Taken together, our work suggests that targeting the CYP27A1 axis in myeloid cells may present therapeutic benefits and improve the response rate to immune therapies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; University of Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Adam T Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chaeyeon Han
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sisi He
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Madeline A Henn
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Karan Menon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joy J Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amy E Baek
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anna Vardanyan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sayyed Hamed Shahoei
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sunghee Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Som G Nanjappa
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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4
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Cheng Z, Abrams ST, Toh J, Wang SS, Wang Z, Yu Q, Yu W, Toh CH, Wang G. The Critical Roles and Mechanisms of Immune Cell Death in Sepsis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1918. [PMID: 32983116 PMCID: PMC7477075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis was first described by the ancient Greek physicians over 2000 years ago. The pathophysiology of the disease, however, is still not fully understood and hence the mortality rate is still unacceptably high due to lack of specific therapies. In the last decade, great progress has been made by shifting the focus of research from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Sepsis has been re-defined as infection-induced MODS in 2016. How infection leads to MODS is not clear, but what mediates MODS becomes the major topic in understanding the molecular mechanisms and developing specific therapies. Recently, the mechanism of infection-induced extensive immune cell death which releases a large quantity of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and their roles in the development of MODS as well as immunosuppression during sepsis have attracted much attention. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that DAMPs, including high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and histones as well as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), may directly or indirectly contribute significantly to the development of MODS. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and consequences of infection-induced extensive immune cell death during the development of sepsis. We also propose a pivotal pathway from a local infection to eventual sepsis and a potential combined therapeutic strategy for targeting sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Cheng
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Simon T Abrams
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Toh
- Wirral University Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | | | - Zhi Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiping Yu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Guozheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Ren Z, Gu X, Fang J, Cai D, Zuo Z, Liang S, Cui H, Deng J, Ma X, Geng Y, Zhang M, Xie Y, Ye G, Gou L, Hu Y. Effect of intranasal instillation of Escherichia coli on apoptosis of spleen cells in diet-induced-obese mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5109. [PMID: 32198370 PMCID: PMC7083956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenic immune function was enhanced in diet-induced-obese (DIO) mice caused by Escherichia coli. The changes in spleen function on apoptosis were still unknown. Two hundred mice in groups Lean-E. coli and DIO-E. coli were intranasal instillation of E. coli. And another two hundred mice in groups Lean-PBS and DIO-PBS were given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Subsequently, spleen histology was analyzed. Then the rates of spleen cell (SC) apoptosis, and expression of the genes and proteins of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were quantified in each group at 0 h (uninfected), 12 h, 24 h, and 72 h postinfection. The SC apoptosis rates of the DIO-E. coli groups were lower than those of the DIO-PBS groups at 12, 24 and 72 h (p < 0.05). Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression gene and protein of the DIO-E. coli groups were higher than those of the DIO-PBS groups (p < 0.05). Gene expressions of pro-apoptotic Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 of the DIO-E. coli groups were lower than those of DIO-PBS groups at 12, 24 and 72 h (p < 0.05). The SC apoptosis rates of the Lean-E. coli groups were higher than those of the Lean- PBS groups at 12 h and 24 h (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the SC apoptosis rates in the DIO-E. coli groups were lower than those of the Lean-E. coli groups at 12 h (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggested that the DIO mice presented stronger anti-apoptotic abilities than Lean mice in non-fatal acute pneumonia induced by E. coli infection, which is more conducive to protecting the spleen and improving the immune defense ability of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xuchu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dongjie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Shuang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liping Gou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Fu S, Zhao W, Xiong C, Guo L, Guo J, Qiu Y, Hu CAA, Ye C, Liu Y, Wu Z, Hou Y. Baicalin modulates apoptosis via RAGE, MAPK, and AP-1 in vascular endothelial cells during Haemophilus parasuis invasion. Innate Immun 2019; 25:420-432. [PMID: 31271085 PMCID: PMC6900640 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919856078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glässer’s disease, caused by Haemophilus parasuis, is a chronic
disease related to an inflammatory immune response. Baicalin exerts important
biological functions. In this study, we explored the protective efficacy of
treatment with baicalin and the potential mechanism of activation of the MAPK
signaling pathway in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells (PAVECs) induced
by H. parasuis. H. parasuis stimulated
expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products, induced a
significant increase in the level of protein kinase-α and protein kinase-δ
phosphorylation, and significantly up-regulated ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase,
and p38 phosphorylation in PAVECs. H. parasuis also
up-regulated the levels of apoptotic genes (Bax,
C-myc, and Fasl) and the expression levels
of c-Jun and c-Fos, and induced S-phase arrest in PAVECs. However, treatment
with baicalin inhibited expression of RAGE, suppressed H.
parasuis-induced protein kinase-α and protein kinase-δ
phosphorylation, reduced ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 phosphorylation,
down-regulated apoptotic genes (Bax, C-myc,
and Fasl), attenuated phospho-c-Jun production from the
extracellular to the nuclei, and reversed S-phase arrest in PAVECs. In
conclusion, baicalin treatment inhibited the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby
achieving its anti-inflammatory responses, which provides a new strategy to
control H. parasuis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Fu
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China.,2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, PR China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| | - Chunhong Xiong
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| | - Ling Guo
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China.,2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China.,2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, PR China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China.,2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, PR China
| | - Chien-An Andy Hu
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China.,3 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, USA
| | - Chun Ye
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China.,2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China.,2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, PR China
| | - Zhongyuan Wu
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China.,2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, PR China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China.,2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, PR China
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7
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Özdemir RBÖ, Özdemir AT, Sarıboyacı AE, Uysal O, Tuğlu Mİ, Kırmaz C. The investigation of immunomodulatory effects of adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cell educated macrophages on the CD4 T cells. Immunobiology 2019; 224:585-594. [PMID: 31072631 PMCID: PMC7124282 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are strong immunomodulatory cells investigated in numerous clinical studies on fatal pathologies, such as graft versus host disease and autoimmune diseases; e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Macrophages are one of the critical cells linking the innate and adaptive immune system, and it has been shown that MSCs can differentiate between pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype of macrophages. However, it has not yet been fully clarified whether these differentiated macrophages are functional. In this study, we compared the immunomodulatory effects on the CD4 T cells of M1, M2a and M2c macrophages with the macrophages that directly and indirectly cultured with MSCs. We analyzed the changes in CD14, CD64, CD80, CD163 and CD200R expression to evaluate macrophage phenotypes, and the changes in CD4, IFN-g, IL-4, IL-17a and FoxP3 expression to evaluate T helper subsets using the FACS method. The changes in IL-1b, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17a and IFN-g in the media supernatants were analyzed using the Luminex method. We also performed WST-1 and Caspase-3 ELISA analyses to observe the proliferation and apoptosis status of the T cells. MSCs were found to differentiate macrophages into a distinctive phenotype, which was close to the M2c phenotype, but was not considered as an M2c cell due to the low expression of CD163, a characteristic marker for M2c. While MEM-D, MEM-ID and MSCs showed similar inhibitory effects on the Th2 and Th17 cells, the most significant increase in Treg cell frequencies was seen in MEM-D cells. Macrophages can alter their phenotypes and functions according to the stimuli from the environment. The fact that macrophages educated with MSCs suppressed the production of all the cytokines we evaluated even after the removal of MSCs suggests that these cells may be differentiated by MSCs into a suppressive macrophage subgroup. However, the Treg cell activation caused by direct interactions between MSCs and macrophage cells may be the most prominent observation of this study compared to previous work. As a result, according to our data, the interactions between MSCs and macrophages may lead to differentiation of macrophage cells into an immunosuppressive phenotype, and these macrophages may suppress the T lymphocyte subgroups at least as effectively as MSCs. However, our data obtained from in vitro experiments should be supported by future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alper Tunga Özdemir
- Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ayla Eker Sarıboyacı
- Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Center, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Onur Uysal
- Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Center, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet İbrahim Tuğlu
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Kırmaz
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Manisa, Turkey
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8
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Blevins LK, Parsonage D, Oliver MB, Domzalski E, Swords WE, Alexander-Miller MA. A Novel Function for the Streptococcus pneumoniae Aminopeptidase N: Inhibition of T Cell Effector Function through Regulation of TCR Signaling. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1610. [PMID: 29230212 PMCID: PMC5711787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) causes a variety of disease states including fatal bacterial pneumonia. Our previous finding that introduction of Spn into an animal with ongoing influenza virus infection resulted in a CD8+ T cell population with reduced effector function gave rise to the possibility of direct regulation by pneumococcal components. Here, we show that treatment of effector T cells with lysate derived from Spn resulted in inhibition of IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor α production as well as of cytolytic granule release. Spn aminopeptidase N (PepN) was identified as the inhibitory bacterial component and surprisingly, this property was independent of the peptidase activity found in this family of proteins. Inhibitory activity was associated with reduced activation of ZAP-70, ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38, demonstrating the ability of PepN to negatively regulate TCR signaling at multiple points in the cascade. These results reveal a novel immune regulatory function for a bacterial aminopeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Derek Parsonage
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Melissa B Oliver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth Domzalski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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9
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Viseshakul N, Dechkhajorn W, Benjathummarak S, Nuamtanong S, Maneerat Y. Excretory-secretory product of third-stage Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae induces apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2783-2794. [PMID: 28836111 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human gnathostomiasis caused by third-stage Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae (G. spinigerum L3) is an important zoonotic disease in tropical areas of the world. The excretory-secretory products (ES) that are excreted by infective larva play a significant role in host immune evasion and tissue destruction. To investigate the poorly understood mechanisms of G. spinigerum L3 pathogenesis, we focused on the potential effect of ES on inducing apoptosis in human immune cells by using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as a model. Early and late apoptosis of PBMCs were assessed following the exposure of these cells to G. spinigerum L3 ES (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 μg/ml) for 6-48 h. The apoptotic cells were identified by flow cytometric staining of PBMC with FITC-annexin V and propidium iodide. The expression of regulatory genes related to apoptosis mechanisms in ES-treated PBMCs was investigated using a Human Apoptosis RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array. The results showed significant levels of early phase apoptosis at 18 h and of late phase apoptosis at 24 h. We speculate that this apoptosis in PBMCs occurs via the extrinsic pathway. Apoptosis in the ES-induced PBMCs was observed as quickly as 90 min after exposure, and the highest effect was observed at 18-24 h. Furthermore, ES can trigger apoptosis lasting for 48 h. Our findings expand the understanding of one of the mechanisms involved, immune-evasive strategy mechanism used by G. spinigerum larvae during human gnathostomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareerat Viseshakul
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wilanee Dechkhajorn
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Surachet Benjathummarak
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Research, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Nuamtanong
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yaowapa Maneerat
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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10
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Grayson KM, Blevins LK, Oliver MB, Ornelles DA, Swords WE, Alexander-Miller MA. Activation-dependent modulation of Streptococcus pneumoniae-mediated death in human lymphocytes. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:2966467. [PMID: 28158464 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, with infants and the elderly exhibiting significant susceptibility to the development of severe disease. A growing body of evidence supports the ability of Spn to negatively regulate the host response to infection, e.g. the capacity to induce death in numerous cell types. However, our understanding of the ability of Spn to directly impact lymphocytes remains limited. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that lymphocyte type and activation state influences the susceptibility to pneumococcus-mediated death. We show that in the resting state, CD4+ T cells exhibit a modestly increased susceptibility to Spn-induced death compared to CD8+ T cells or NK cells. In the presence of activating stimuli, the situation most reflective of what would occur in vivo during infection, all subsets demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity to Spn-mediated death. Importantly, the activated subsets diverged dramatically in susceptibility with natural killer cells exhibiting an 8.6-fold greater sensitivity to pneumococcal components compared to the T-cell subsets. These results significantly expand our understanding of the capacity for pneumococcus to negatively regulate lymphocytes.
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11
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Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Vijay R, Mack M, Zhao J, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Dysregulated Type I Interferon and Inflammatory Monocyte-Macrophage Responses Cause Lethal Pneumonia in SARS-CoV-Infected Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:181-93. [PMID: 26867177 PMCID: PMC4752723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1098] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic human respiratory coronaviruses cause acute lethal disease characterized by exuberant inflammatory responses and lung damage. However, the factors leading to lung pathology are not well understood. Using mice infected with SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-CoV, we show that robust virus replication accompanied by delayed type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling orchestrates inflammatory responses and lung immunopathology with diminished survival. IFN-I remains detectable until after virus titers peak, but early IFN-I administration ameliorates immunopathology. This delayed IFN-I signaling promotes the accumulation of pathogenic inflammatory monocyte-macrophages (IMMs), resulting in elevated lung cytokine/chemokine levels, vascular leakage, and impaired virus-specific T cell responses. Genetic ablation of the IFN-αβ receptor (IFNAR) or IMM depletion protects mice from lethal infection, without affecting viral load. These results demonstrate that IFN-I and IMM promote lethal SARS-CoV infection and identify IFN-I and IMMs as potential therapeutic targets in patients infected with pathogenic coronavirus and perhaps other respiratory viruses. SARS-CoV causes a lethal respiratory infection in BALB/c mice Robust SARS-CoV replication and delayed IFN-I signaling promote disease IFN-I induces influx of pathogenic inflammatory monocytes and vascular leakage Disease severity is ameliorated in the absence of IFN signaling
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony R Fehr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93042, Germany
| | - Jincun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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12
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Goehring KC, Marriage BJ, Oliver JS, Wilder JA, Barrett EG, Buck RH. Similar to Those Who Are Breastfed, Infants Fed a Formula Containing 2′-Fucosyllactose Have Lower Inflammatory Cytokines in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2016; 146:2559-2566. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.236919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julie A Wilder
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | - Rachael H Buck
- Research and Development, Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH
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13
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Sakhno LV, Shevela EY, Tikhonova MA, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER. The Phenotypic and Functional Features of Human M2 Macrophages Generated Under Low Serum Conditions. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:151-9. [PMID: 26678544 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic and functional features of human M2 macrophages, in particular, their immunosuppressive activity, can considerably vary depending on M2 polarizing stimulus. This study was aimed at the investigation of cytokine production and pro-apoptogenic/inhibitory molecule expression in macrophages generated with GM-CSF using either standard conditions (M1) or deficiency of serum/growth factors (M2-LS cells). In contrast to M1, M2-LS cells were characterized by an enhanced content of CD206(+), B7-H1(+), FasL(+) and TRAIL(+) cells along with a decreased production of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-α, IL-17 and MCP-1. In addition, M2-LS exhibited a lower T cell stimulatory activity in MLC that was associated with the higher numbers of apoptotic and the lower numbers of proliferating T cells. B7-H1 plays a key role in M2-LS-mediated cytotoxic effects as the neutralization of B7-H1 reduces the apoptosis-inducing activity of M2-LS, while the blocking of CD206 and TRAIL reduces the cytostatic activity of M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Sakhno
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E Ya Shevela
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M A Tikhonova
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Ostanin
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E R Chernykh
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
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14
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Wang L, Qin W, Zhang J, Bao C, Zhang H, Che Y, Sun C, Gu J, Feng X, Du C, Han W, Richard PL, Lei L. Adh enhances Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae pathogenicity by binding to OR5M11 and activating p38 which induces apoptosis of PAMs and IL-8 release. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24058. [PMID: 27046446 PMCID: PMC4820727 DOI: 10.1038/srep24058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin (TAA) family play a crucial role in the adhesion of Gram-negative pathogens to host cells, but the immunopathogenesis of TAAs remains unknown. Our previous studies demonstrated that Adh from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) is required for full bacterial pathogenicity. Alveolar macrophages are the first line of defense against respiratory infections. This study compared the interactions between porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and wild-type A. pleuropneumoniae (5b WT) or an Adh-deletion strain (5b ΔAdh) via gene microarray, immunoprecipitation and other technologies. We found that Adh was shown to interact with the PAMs membrane protein OR5M11, an olfactory receptor, resulting in the high-level secretion of IL-8 by activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Subsequently, PAMs apoptosis via the activation of the Fax and Bax signaling pathways was observed, followed by activation of caspases 8, 9, and 3. The immunological pathogenic roles of Adh were also confirmed in both murine and piglets infectious models in vivo. These results identify a novel immunological strategy for TAAs to boost the pathogenicity of A. pleuropneumoniae. Together, these datas reveal the high versatility of the Adh protein as a virulence factor and provide novel insight into the immunological pathogenic role of TAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China.,College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Wanhai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chuntong Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yanyi Che
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chongtao Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | | | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, JiLin University, Changchun, P. R. China
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15
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Caulfield AJ, Walker ME, Gielda LM, Lathem WW. The Pla protease of Yersinia pestis degrades fas ligand to manipulate host cell death and inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 15:424-34. [PMID: 24721571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonic plague is a deadly respiratory disease caused by Yersinia pestis. The bacterial protease Pla contributes to disease progression and manipulation of host immunity, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are largely unknown. Here we show that Pla degrades the apoptotic signaling molecule Fas ligand (FasL) to prevent host cell apoptosis and inflammation. Wild-type Y. pestis, but not a Pla mutant (Δpla), degrades FasL, which results in decreased downstream caspase-3/7 activation and reduced apoptosis. Similarly, lungs of mice challenged with wild-type Y. pestis show reduced levels of FasL and activated caspase-3/7 compared to Δpla infection. Consistent with a role for FasL in regulating immune responses, Δpla infection results in aberrant proinflammatory cytokine levels. The loss of FasL or inhibition of caspase activity alters host inflammatory responses and enables enhanced Y. pestis outgrowth in the lungs. Thus, by degrading FasL, Y. pestis manipulates host cell death pathways to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Caulfield
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Margaret E Walker
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lindsay M Gielda
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wyndham W Lathem
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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16
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Luan YY, Yao YM, Xiao XZ, Sheng ZY. Insights into the apoptotic death of immune cells in sepsis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:17-22. [PMID: 25007137 PMCID: PMC4291200 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis with subsequent multiple-organ dysfunction is a distinct systemic inflammatory response to concealed or obvious infection, and it is a leading cause of death in intensive care units. Thus, one of the key goals in critical care medicine is to develop novel therapeutic strategies that will affect favorably on outcome of septic patients. In addition to systemic response to infection, apoptosis is implicated to be an important mechanism of the death of immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes, and dendritic cells, and it is usually followed by the development of multiple-organ failure in sepsis. The implication of apoptosis of immune cells is now highlighted by multiple studies that demonstrate that prevention of cell apoptosis can improve survival in relevant animal models of severe sepsis. In this review, we focus on major apoptotic death pathways and molecular mechanisms that regulate apoptosis of different immune cells, and advances in these areas that may be translated into more promising therapies for the prevention and treatment of severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-yi Luan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-ming Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-zhong Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-yong Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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17
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Kung C, Su C, Chang H, Cheng H, Hsiao S, Tsai T, Tsai N, Wang H, Su Y, Lin W, Cheng B, Chang Y, Chiang Y, Lu C. The prognostic value of leukocyte apoptosis in patients with severe sepsis at the emergency department. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 438:364-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Blevins LK, Wren JT, Holbrook BC, Hayward SL, Swords WE, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. Coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae negatively modulates the size and composition of the ongoing influenza-specific CD8⁺ T cell response. J Immunol 2014; 193:5076-87. [PMID: 25311807 PMCID: PMC4265766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus can lead to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial infection, often with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Given the substantial modification of the lung environment that occurs following pathogen infection, there is significant potential for modulation of immune responses. In this study, we show that infection of mice with influenza virus, followed by the noninvasive EF3030 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, leads to a significant decrease in the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response in the lung. Adoptive-transfer studies suggest that this reduction contributes to disease in coinfected animals. The reduced number of lung effector cells in coinfected animals was associated with increased death, as well as a reduction in cytokine production in surviving cells. Further, cells that retained the ability to produce IFN-γ exhibited a decreased potential for coproduction of TNF-α. Reduced cytokine production was directly correlated with a decrease in the level of mRNA. Negative regulation of cells in the mediastinal lymph node was minimal compared with that present in the lung, supporting a model of selective regulation in the tissue harboring high pathogen burden. These results show that entry of a coinfecting pathogen can have profound immunoregulatory effects on an ongoing immune response. Together, these findings reveal a novel dynamic interplay between concurrently infecting pathogens and the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - John T Wren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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19
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Cole J, Aberdein J, Jubrail J, Dockrell DH. The role of macrophages in the innate immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus: mechanisms and contrasts. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 65:125-202. [PMID: 25476766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of innate immune responses against bacteria. The Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus express a range of virulence factors, which challenge macrophages' immune competence. We review how macrophages respond to this challenge. Macrophages employ a range of strategies to phagocytose and kill each pathogen. When the macrophages capacity to clear bacteria is overwhelmed macrophages play important roles in orchestrating the inflammatory response through pattern recognition receptor-mediated responses. Macrophages also ensure the inflammatory response is tightly constrained, to avoid tissue damage, and play an important role in downregulating the inflammatory response once initial bacterial replication is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joby Cole
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jody Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jamil Jubrail
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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20
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Abstract
Bacterial sepsis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV. HIV causes increased susceptibility to invasive infections and affects sepsis pathogenesis caused by pre-existing activation and exhaustion of the immune system. We review the effect of HIV on different components of immune responses implicated in bacterial sepsis, and possible mechanisms underlying the increased risk of invasive bacterial infections. We focus on pattern recognition receptors and innate cellular responses, cytokines, lymphocytes, coagulation, and the complement system. A combination of factors causes increased susceptibility to infection and can contribute to a disturbed immune response during a septic event in patients with HIV. HIV-induced perturbations of the immune system depend on stage of infection and are only in part restored by combination antiretroviral therapy. Immunomodulatory treatments currently under development for sepsis might be particularly beneficial to patients with HIV co-infection because many pathogenic mechanisms in HIV and sepsis overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaëla A M Huson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Bewley MA, Naughton M, Preston J, Mitchell A, Holmes A, Marriott HM, Read RC, Mitchell TJ, Whyte MK, Dockrell DH. Pneumolysin activates macrophage lysosomal membrane permeabilization and executes apoptosis by distinct mechanisms without membrane pore formation. mBio 2014; 5:e01710-14. [PMID: 25293758 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01710-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae is complemented by induction of macrophage apoptosis. Here, we show that the toxin pneumolysin (PLY) contributes both to lysosomal/phagolysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), an upstream event programing susceptibility to apoptosis, and to apoptosis execution via a mitochondrial pathway, through distinct mechanisms. PLY is necessary but not sufficient for the maximal induction of LMP and apoptosis. PLY's ability to induce both LMP and apoptosis is independent of its ability to form cytolytic pores and requires only the first three domains of PLY. LMP involves TLR (Toll-like receptor) but not NLRP3/ASC (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [Nod]-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) signaling and is part of a PLY-dependent but phagocytosis-independent host response that includes the production of cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). LMP involves progressive and selective permeability to 40-kDa but not to 250-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran, as PLY accumulates in the cytoplasm. In contrast, the PLY-dependent execution of apoptosis requires phagocytosis and is part of a host response to intracellular bacteria that also includes NO generation. In cells challenged with PLY-deficient bacteria, reconstitution of LMP using the lysomotrophic detergent LeuLeuOMe favored cell necrosis whereas PLY reconstituted apoptosis. The results suggest that PLY contributes to macrophage activation and cytokine production but also engages LMP. Following bacterial phagocytosis, PLY triggers apoptosis and prevents macrophage necrosis as a component of a broad-based antimicrobial strategy. This illustrates how a key virulence factor can become the focus of a multilayered and coordinated innate response by macrophages, optimizing pathogen clearance and limiting inflammation. Importance: Streptococcus pneumoniae, the commonest cause of bacterial pneumonia, expresses the toxin pneumolysin, which can make holes in cell surfaces, causing tissue damage. Macrophages, resident immune cells essential for responses to bacteria in tissues, activate a program of cell suicide called apoptosis, maximizing bacterial clearance and limiting harmful inflammation. We examined pneumolysin's role in activating this response. We demonstrate that pneumolysin did not directly form holes in cells to trigger apoptosis and show that pneumolysin has two distinct roles which require only part of the molecule. Pneumolysin and other bacterial factors released by bacteria that have not been eaten by macrophages activate macrophages to release inflammatory factors but also make the cell compartment containing ingested bacteria leaky. Once inside the cell, pneumolysin ensures that the bacteria activate macrophage apoptosis, rather than necrosis, enhancing bacterial killing and limiting inflammation. This dual response to pneumolysin is critical for an effective immune response to S. pneumoniae.
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22
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Prince LR, Maxwell NC, Gill SK, Dockrell DH, Sabroe I, McGreal EP, Kotecha S, Whyte MK. Macrophage phenotype is associated with disease severity in preterm infants with chronic lung disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103059. [PMID: 25115925 PMCID: PMC4130498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of persistent lung inflammation in preterm infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) is poorly characterized, hampering efforts to stratify prognosis and treatment. Airway macrophages are important innate immune cells with roles in both the induction and resolution of tissue inflammation. OBJECTIVES To investigate airway innate immune cellular phenotypes in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or CLD. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained from term and preterm infants requiring mechanical ventilation. BAL cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry. RESULTS Preterm birth was associated with an increase in the proportion of non-classical CD14(+)/CD16(+) monocytes on the day of delivery (58.9 ± 5.8% of total mononuclear cells in preterm vs 33.0 ± 6.1% in term infants, p = 0.02). Infants with RDS were born with significantly more CD36(+) macrophages compared with the CLD group (70.3 ± 5.3% in RDS vs 37.6 ± 8.9% in control, p = 0.02). At day 3, infants born at a low gestational age are more likely to have greater numbers of CD14(+) mononuclear phagocytes in the airway (p = 0.03), but fewer of these cells are functionally polarized as assessed by HLA-DR (p = 0.05) or CD36 (p = 0.05) positivity, suggesting increased recruitment of monocytes or a failure to mature these cells in the lung. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that macrophage polarization may be affected by gestational maturity, that more immature macrophage phenotypes may be associated with the progression of RDS to CLD and that phenotyping mononuclear cells in BAL could predict disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne R. Prince
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicola C. Maxwell
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sharonjit K. Gill
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Dockrell
- Academic Unit of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Eamon P. McGreal
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sailesh Kotecha
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Moira K. Whyte
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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23
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Khan MN, Coleman JR, Vernatter J, Varshney AK, Dufaud C, Pirofski LA. An ahemolytic pneumolysin of Streptococcus pneumoniae manipulates human innate and CD4⁺ T-cell responses and reduces resistance to colonization in mice in a serotype-independent manner. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1658-69. [PMID: 25001458 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes express an ahemolytic pneumolysin (PLYa). Serotypes that commonly express PLYa, including serotype 8 (ST8) and ST1, are often associated with a low prevalence during colonization but a higher propensity to cause invasive disease. We sought to study the host response to ST8 PLYa in a homologous and heterologous capsular background. METHODS We genetically exchanged the PLYa of ST8 strain 6308 with the hemolytic PLY (PLYh) of ST3 A66.1 and vice versa and determined the impact of the exchange on nasopharyngeal colonization in mice. Then, to compare the response of human cells to PLYa-expressing and PLYh-expressing strains, we infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with PLY-switched strains and assessed dendritic cell and CD4(+) T-cell responses by intracellular cytokine staining. RESULT Mice colonized with PLYa-expressing strains had significantly higher colonization densities than those colonized with PLYh-expressing strains, irrespective of capsular background. Compared with infection of PBMCs with PLYh-expressing strains, infection with PLYa-expressing strains induced diminished innate (dendritic cell cytokines, costimulatory receptor, and apoptotic) and adaptive (CD4(+) T-cell proliferative and memory interleukin 17A) responses. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that PLYa has the potential to manipulate host immunity irrespective of capsule type. PLY exchange between STs expressing PLYa and PLYh could lead to unexpected colonization or invasion phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nadeem Khan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center
| | | | - Joshua Vernatter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Avanish Kumar Varshney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Chad Dufaud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx
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24
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Liu YL, Zhou Y, Sun L, Wen JT, Teng SJ, Yang L, Du DS. Protective effects of Gingko biloba extract 761 on myocardial infarction via improving the viability of implanted mesenchymal stem cells in the rat heart. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1112-20. [PMID: 24549494 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
When introduced into the infarcted heart, bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) prevent the heart from deleterious remodeling and improve its recovery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) 761 on the infarcted myocardium microenvironment following MSC transplantation. The established rat myocardial infarction (MI) model, with implanted PKH‑26 marked MSCs (1x105 cells), were randomly divided into two groups: The control group (injected with normal saline) and the EGb 761 treatment group (injected with 100 mg/kg/day EGb 761). The following indices for cardiac function, including the extent of inflammation, oxidative stress, MSC apoptosis and MSC differentiation were measured 1, 2 and 7 days after treatment. The anti‑inflammatory effect of EGb 761 was observed by histological examination. Compared with the respective control group, the malondialdehyde content significantly decreased and the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity significantly increased in the EGb761‑treated groups. In addition, the apoptotic index gradually decreased (P<0.05) with the extension of MI time in the EGb761-treated groups compared to the respective control groups, suggesting that EGb761 exhbits anti-oxidative effects. In addition, the level of the Fas protein was positively correlated with the implanted MSC apoptotic ratio. Following 7 days of MSC transplantation with EGb 761 treatment, the expression of cTnI in PKH26‑labeled MSCs was observed in the transplanted myocardium. Cardiac function, including the ejection fraction, left ventricular end‑systolic pressure and dp/dtmax significantly increased, and the left ventricular end diastolic diameters, left ventricular end‑diastolic volumes and left ventricular end‑diastolic pressure significantly decreased (P<0.05, vs. the control group). The results demonstrated that EGb 761 is important in improving cardiac function and the infarcted myocardium microenvironment. The present study indicated that the protective effects of EGb 761 on the infarcted myocardium may be mediated by improving the viability and the differentiation of the implanted MSCs into cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Women and Children's Health Care Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222001, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Tao Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Teng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated Bengbu Medical College, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Shu Du
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
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25
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Aberdein JD, Cole J, Bewley MA, Marriott HM, Dockrell DH. Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary host defence the unrecognized role of apoptosis as a mechanism of intracellular bacterial killing. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:193-202. [PMID: 23841514 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages play an essential role in clearing bacteria from the lower airway, as the resident phagocyte alveolar macrophages must both phagocytose and kill bacteria, and if unable to do this completely must co-ordinate an inflammatory response. The decision to escalate the inflammatory response represents the transition between subclinical infection and the development of pneumonia. Alveolar macrophages are well equipped to phagocytose bacteria and have a large phagolysosomal capacity in which ingested bacteria are killed. The rate-limiting step in control of extracellular bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the capacity of alveolar macrophages to kill ingested bacteria. Therefore, alveolar macrophages complement canonical microbicidal strategies with an additional level of apoptosis-associated killing to help kill ingested bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
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