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Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, Weffort VRS, Ued FDV, Ferraz IS, Contini AA, Martinez EZ, Ciampo LAD. What causes obesity in children and adolescents? J Pediatr (Rio J) 2024; 100 Suppl 1:S48-S56. [PMID: 37918812 PMCID: PMC10960191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the different aspects that may be involved in the genesis and maintenance of obesity in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCE Narrative review of articles published in the PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, using the search terms: overweight, obesity, pre-conception, prenatal, infants, schoolchildren, children, and adolescents. The search was conducted in studies written in Portuguese, English and Spanish, including narrative, integrative or systematic reviews, meta-analyses, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, published between 2003 and 2023. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 598 studies were initially screened and 60 of them, which showed the main biopsychosocial aspects related to greater risks of excessive adiposity in the pediatric age, were included in the review. The data were presented taking into account the incidence of risk factors and their consequences in six periods: pre-conception, pre-natal, infant, preschool, school age, and adolescence. CONCLUSIONS The causal factors described in the scientific literature that have been shown to be related to obesity in childhood and adolescence are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fábio da V Ued
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan S Ferraz
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea A Contini
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Medicina, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Zangiacomi Martinez
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Del Ciampo
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Svendsen M, Forslund HB. Meal patterns, including intermittent fasting - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2024; 68:10505. [PMID: 38370117 PMCID: PMC10870972 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v68.10505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction 'Meal patterns' refers to eating frequency, snacking, regularity, and timing. Here also including intermittent fasting. The effect of meal patterns on health is inconsistent and when updating the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 (NNR2023), summarizing the evidence is important. Aims To describe the evidence for the role of meal patterns on bodyweight, body composition, and cardiovascular risk factors (i.e. blood pressure and lipid- and glukose metabolism) in healthy people living with normal weight, overweight, or obesity in all age groups. Methods An initial search in PubMed found 481 reviews, of which 104 were identified based on titles. Of these, 47 were excluded based on title and abstracts. Of the remaining 57 reviews, 16 were included reporting search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria. In addition, 8 reviews from reference list or known by authors were included. In total, 24 reviews were relevant. Cochrane Library was searched with no results. Results All reviews were rated low or critically low (AMSTAR 2). No consistent findings on eating frequency and body weight or composition were found in children/adolescents or adults. In snacking, mixed results were found, although among adults, some consistent results showed positive associations between snacking and body weight. In regularity, breakfast skipping showed mixed results in children/adolescents on body weight and composition. Among adults, randomized controlled trials on breakfast skipping showed a minor impact on improved weight loss. In prospective studies on timing, lower energy intake during late afternoon/evening was related to less body weight. Intermittent fasting reduced body weight but was not superior to continuous energy restrictions. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed in a minority of the reviews, and despite some beneficial effects, the evidence was limited. Conclusion Given the overall low to critically low quality of the reviews, the evidence is limited and inconclusive. No consistent results providing evidence for setting recommendations for meal patterns were shown. In this regard, meal patterns may vary within the context of an energy balanced and nutritionally adequate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Svendsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heléne Bertéus Forslund
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bermingham KM, May A, Asnicar F, Capdevila J, Leeming ER, Franks PW, Valdes AM, Wolf J, Hadjigeorgiou G, Delahanty LM, Segata N, Spector TD, Berry SE. Snack quality and snack timing are associated with cardiometabolic blood markers: the ZOE PREDICT study. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:121-133. [PMID: 37709944 PMCID: PMC10799113 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snacking is a common diet behaviour which accounts for a large proportion of daily energy intake, making it a key determinant of diet quality. However, the relationship between snacking frequency, quality and timing with cardiometabolic health remains unclear. DESIGN Demography, diet, health (fasting and postprandial cardiometabolic blood and anthropometrics markers) and stool metagenomics data were assessed in the UK PREDICT 1 cohort (N = 1002) (NCT03479866). Snacks (foods or drinks consumed between main meals) were self-reported (weighed records) across 2-4 days. Average snacking frequency and quality [snack diet index (SDI)] were determined (N = 854 after exclusions). Associations between snacking frequency, quality and timing with cardiometabolic blood and anthropometric markers were assessed using regression models (adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, physical activity level and main meal quality). RESULTS Participants were aged (mean, SD) 46.1 ± 11.9 years, had a mean BMI of 25.6 ± 4.88 kg/m2 and were predominantly female (73%). 95% of participants were snackers (≥ 1 snack/day; n = 813); mean daily snack intake was 2.28 snacks/day (24 ± 16% of daily calories; 203 ± 170 kcal); and 44% of participants were discordant for meal and snack quality. In snackers, overall snacking frequency and quantity of snack energy were not associated with cardiometabolic risk markers. However, lower snack quality (SDI range 1-11) was associated with higher blood markers, including elevated fasting triglycerides (TG (mmol/L) β; - 0.02, P = 0.02), postprandial TGs (6hiAUC (mmol/L.s); β; - 400, P = 0.01), fasting insulin (mIU/L) (β; - 0.15, P = 0.04), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; β; - 0.04, P = 0.04) and hunger (scale 0-100) (β; - 0.52, P = 0.02) (P values non-significant after multiple testing adjustments). Late-evening snacking (≥ 9 pm; 31%) was associated with lower blood markers (HbA1c; 5.54 ± 0.42% vs 5.46 ± 0.28%, glucose 2hiAUC; 8212 ± 5559 vs 7321 ± 4928 mmol/L.s, P = 0.01 and TG 6hiAUC; 11,638 ± 8166 vs 9781 ± 6997 mmol/L.s, P = 0.01) compared to all other snacking times (HbA1c remained significant after multiple testing). CONCLUSION Snack quality and timing of consumption are simple diet features which may be targeted to improve diet quality, with potential health benefits. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER AND WEBSITE NCT03479866, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03479866?term=NCT03479866&draw=2&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Bermingham
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- ZOE Ltd, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Emily R Leeming
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana M Valdes
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Linda M Delahanty
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Berry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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O'Kane N, Watson S, Kehoe L, O'Sullivan E, Muldoon A, Woodside J, Walton J, Nugent A. The patterns and position of snacking in children in aged 2-12 years: A scoping review. Appetite 2023:106974. [PMID: 37421978 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is associated with serious comorbidities during childhood and into adulthood. One potential risk factor for childhood obesity is consumption of unhealthy, energy-dense foods. This scoping review examines evidence on snacking in children aged 2-12years of age and presents the patterns and position of snacking in children's diets. METHODS A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase) for articles published from March 2011 to November 2022 was conducted. Articles providing insight into the position of snacking (e.g., energy contribution), or patterns (e.g., location, timing), in children aged 2-12years were included. A quality assessment was conducted and data was synthesised according to data source (nationally representative or other). RESULTS Twenty-one articles were included, most (n = 13) reporting nationally representative data. The average number of daily snacks was 3, with 92.9-100.0% of children consuming snacks. Most were consumed in the afternoon (75.2-84.0%) and at home (46.5-67.3%). Snacks frequently consumed were 'fruits and vegetables', 'baked desserts', 'sweets, candy and confectionery', and 'dairy products'. Snacks contributed 231-565 kcal daily, up to a third of daily carbohydrate intake, a quarter of fat intake, and a fifth of protein intake. Snacks provided up to one third of vitamin C intake, one quarter of vitamin E, potassium and magnesium intake, and a fifth of calcium, folic acid, vitamins D and B12, iron and sodium intake. DISCUSSION This scoping review provides insight into patterns and position of snacking within children's diets. Snacking plays a significant role in children's diets with multiple snacking occasions occurring throughout a child's day, the overconsumption of which has the potential to increase risk of childhood obesity. Further research is required into the role of snacking, particularly specific foods playing a role in micronutrient intake, and clear guidance for snacking intake in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh O'Kane
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Ireland; Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland.
| | - Sinead Watson
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland
| | - Laura Kehoe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland; School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emma O'Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aine Muldoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jayne Woodside
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Ireland; Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland
| | - Janette Walton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne Nugent
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Ireland; Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ireland
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Maffeis C, Olivieri F, Valerio G, Verduci E, Licenziati MR, Calcaterra V, Pelizzo G, Salerno M, Staiano A, Bernasconi S, Buganza R, Crinò A, Corciulo N, Corica D, Destro F, Di Bonito P, Di Pietro M, Di Sessa A, deSanctis L, Faienza MF, Filannino G, Fintini D, Fornari E, Franceschi R, Franco F, Franzese A, Giusti LF, Grugni G, Iafusco D, Iughetti L, Lera R, Limauro R, Maguolo A, Mancioppi V, Manco M, Del Giudice EM, Morandi A, Moro B, Mozzillo E, Rabbone I, Peverelli P, Predieri B, Purromuto S, Stagi S, Street ME, Tanas R, Tornese G, Umano GR, Wasniewska M. The treatment of obesity in children and adolescents: consensus position statement of the Italian society of pediatric endocrinology and diabetology, Italian Society of Pediatrics and Italian Society of Pediatric Surgery. Ital J Pediatr 2023; 49:69. [PMID: 37291604 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This Position Statement updates the different components of the therapy of obesity (lifestyle intervention, drugs, and surgery) in children and adolescents, previously reported in the consensus position statement on pediatric obesity of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and the Italian Society of Pediatrics. Lifestyle intervention is the first step of treatment. In children older than 12 years, pharmacotherapy is the second step, and bariatric surgery is the third one, in selected cases. Novelties are available in the field of the medical treatment of obesity. In particular, new drugs demonstrated their efficacy and safety and have been approved in adolescents. Moreover, several randomized control trials with other drugs are in process and it is likely that some of them will become available in the future. The increase of the portfolio of treatment options for obesity in children and adolescents is promising for a more effective treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Maffeis
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Olivieri
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Valerio
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Department of Health Science, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Licenziati
- Department of Neurosciences, Neuro-Endocrine Diseases and Obesity Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Buganza
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonino Crinò
- Autoimmune Endocrine Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Corica
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Destro
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Procolo Di Bonito
- Department of Internal Medicine, S. Maria Delle Grazie Hospital, Naples, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Mario Di Pietro
- Pediatric and Neonatal Unit, Hospital of Teramo and Atri, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anna Di Sessa
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa deSanctis
- Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionan Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Fintini
- Refernce Center for Prader Willi Syndrome, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Fornari
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Franco
- Pediatric Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria del Friuli Centrale, Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Adriana Franzese
- Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lia Franca Giusti
- Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (SIEDP), Lucca, Italy
| | - Graziano Grugni
- Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Verbania, Italy
| | - Dario Iafusco
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mother, Children and Adults, Pediatric Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lera
- Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (SIEDP), Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Alice Maguolo
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Mancioppi
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Melania Manco
- Research Area for Multifactorial Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anita Morandi
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Moro
- UOSD Diabetology, Complesso Ai Colli, AULSS 6 Euganea, Padua, Italy
| | - Enza Mozzillo
- Department of Traslational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivana Rabbone
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Paola Peverelli
- Department of Pediatrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Belluno, Belluno, Italy
| | - Barbara Predieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mother, Children and Adults, Pediatric Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Stagi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabeth Street
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Paediatrics, University of Parma, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rita Tanas
- Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (SIEDP), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tornese
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rosaria Umano
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Jaeger V, Koletzko B, Luque V, Gruszfeld D, Verduci E, Xhonneux A, Grote V. Eating Frequency in European Children from 1 to 96 Months of Age: Results of the Childhood Obesity Project Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040984. [PMID: 36839341 PMCID: PMC9958886 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the eating frequency (EF) in children over age, and examined the influence of country, sex, feeding mode and weight status on EF. We used the dietary data of the Childhood Obesity Project, which comprised European children from five countries. Dietary data of 3-days weighed and estimated records were available monthly from 1 to 9 and at 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 60-, 72- and 96-months old. Generalized additive mixed effects models were used to estimate EF trajectories with EF as outcome and applying age splines. Additionally, the models were further adjusted for country, feeding mode, sex or weight status. Data from 1244 children were analysed. EF was highest at 1 month with on average 7.3 ± 1.9 feeds per day, and fell to 5.1 ± 1.1 eating occasions at the age 96 months. Night feeding was similarly often than day feeding at 1 month but declined thereafter. Significant differences in EF were observed between countries (p < 0.05), with the highest EF in Poland, and between infant feeding modes, with a higher EF in breastfed than non-breastfed infants (p < 0.05). Sex and body weight were not associated with EF. Despite the importance of EF towards total energy intake, no association with weight status was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Jaeger
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronica Luque
- Paediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira I Virgili-IISPV, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Serra Hunter Fellow, Universitat Rovira I Virgili-IISPV, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Dariusz Gruszfeld
- Neonatal Department and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Annick Xhonneux
- Groupe Santé CHC, Bd. Patience et Beaujonc 2—(B), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Veit Grote
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany
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Chaikali P, Kontele I, Grammatikopoulou MG, Oikonomou E, Sergentanis TN, Vassilakou T. Body Composition, Eating Habits, and Disordered Eating Behaviors among Adolescent Classical Ballet Dancers and Controls. Children (Basel) 2023; 10:children10020379. [PMID: 36832508 PMCID: PMC9955284 DOI: 10.3390/children10020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent classical ballet dancers are nutritionally vulnerable, as they try to retain a lean body shape during a life period of high nutritional requirements due to rapid growth. Studies conducted on adult dancers have indicated a high risk for the development of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), but research on adolescent dancers remains scarce. The aim of the present case-control study was to compare the body composition, dietary habits, and DEBs of female adolescent classical ballet dancers and their non-dancer same-sex peers. Self-reported questionnaires, namely the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and a 19-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), were used for the assessment of habitual diet and DEBs. The assessment of body composition included the measurements of body weight, height, body circumference, and skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The results indicate that the dancers were leaner than the controls, with lower weight, BMIs, and hip and arm circumferences, leaner skinfolds, and less fat mass. No differences were observed between the two groups regarding eating habits and the EAT-26 scores, but almost 1 out of 4 (23.3%) participants scored ≥ 20, indicative of DEBs. Participants with an EAT-26 score ≥ 20 had significantly higher body weight, BMIs, body circumferences, fat mass, and fat-free mass than those with a score < 20. Adolescents must be educated on nutrition and healthy methods to control body weight through evidence-based information and programs, and whenever appropriate, also through individual counseling by the appropriate health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Chaikali
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kontele
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Theodoros N. Sergentanis
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Tonia Vassilakou
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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8
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Juton C, Berruezo P, Torres S, Castañer O, Según G, Fitó M, Homs C, Gómez SF, Schröder H. Association between Meal Frequency and Weight Status in Spanish Children: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040870. [PMID: 36839228 PMCID: PMC9960333 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a major international problem, and unhealthy eating habits remain widespread. Increasing the frequency of meals of nutritious food can help children to regulate their appetite and maintain a healthy weight. However, there is scarce prospective evidence on the relationship between the meal frequency and weight outcomes. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the prospective association between the meal frequency, body mass index, and waist circumference in Spanish children. Additionally, we analyzed the impact of the meal frequency on the incidence of excessive weight and abdominal obesity. The study included 1400 children with a mean (SD) age of 10.1 (0.6) and an average follow-up of 15 months. Anthropometric measurements, including the body weight, height, and waist circumference, were measured by trained personnel, and children were asked about whether they usually had the following meals: breakfast, a mid-morning snack, lunch, an afternoon snack, and dinner. Multiple linear regression models revealed a significant (p < 0.05) inverse association between the meal frequency with a standardized BMI (zBMI) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) after adjusting for sex, age, allocation to an intervention group, school, maternal education, physical activity, diet quality, and for the corresponding outcome variable at the baseline. Furthermore, the odds of developing abdominal obesity or excessive weight during the follow-up significantly decreased with an increase in the meal frequency after controlling for the same confounders. In conclusion, a higher meal frequency at the baseline was predictive for a lower zBMI, WHtR, and odds of the incidence of excessive weight and abdominal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Juton
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Berruezo
- Gasol Foundation Europe, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Torres
- Gasol Foundation Europe, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Health Science and Wellbeing, University of Vic-University Central of Catalonia, 08500 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Castañer
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Genís Según
- Gasol Foundation Europe, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Homs
- Gasol Foundation Europe, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
- Global Research on Wellbeing (GRoW) Research Group, Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, University Ramon Llull, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago F. Gómez
- Gasol Foundation Europe, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- GREpS, Health Education Research Group, Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.F.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.F.G.); (H.S.)
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9
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Vidmar AP, Cáceres NA, Schneider-Worthington CR, Shirazipour C, Buman MP, de la Haye K, Salvy SJ. Integration of Time-Based Recommendations with Current Pediatric Health Behavior Guidelines: Implications for Obesity Prevention and Treatment in Youth. Curr Obes Rep 2022; 11:236-253. [PMID: 36348216 PMCID: PMC9742346 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-022-00491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Youth-onset obesity is associated with negative health outcomes across the lifespan including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, dyslipidemias, asthma, and several cancers. Pediatric health guidelines have traditionally focused on the quality and quantity of dietary intake, physical activity, and sleep. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence suggests that the timing (time of day when behavior occurs) and composition (proportion of time spent allocated to behavior) of food intake, movement (i.e., physical activity, sedentary time), and sleep may independently predict health trajectories and disease risks. Several theoretically driven interventions and conceptual frameworks feature behavior timing and composition (e.g., 24 h movement continuum, circadian science and chronobiology, intermittent fasting regimens, structured day hypothesis). These literatures are, however, disparate, with little crosstalk across disciplines. In this review, we examine dietary, sleep, and movement guidelines and recommendations for youths ages 0-18 in the context of theoretical models and empirical findings in support of time-based approaches. The review aims to inform a unifying framework of health behaviors and guide future research on the integration of time-based recommendations into current quantity and quality-based health guidelines for children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina P Vidmar
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of USC, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Mailstop #61, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
| | - Nenette A Cáceres
- Cancer Research Center On Health Equity, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | | | - Celina Shirazipour
- Cancer Research Center On Health Equity, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Matthew P Buman
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Kayla de la Haye
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah-Jeanne Salvy
- Cancer Research Center On Health Equity, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Zhang S, Gao H, Cui Y, Wang X, Cao W, Ding Q, Chang B. Relationship between energy balance-related behaviors and personal and family factors in overweight/obese primary school students aged 10-12 years in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1968. [PMID: 36303130 PMCID: PMC9608935 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing rates of childhood obesity worldwide are a serious threat to the health of school-aged children. Unhealthy behavioral habits are modifiable factors in the control of childhood obesity, and personal and family factors are key influencing factors of behavioral habits in school-aged children. This study assessed the relationship between overweight/obesity, energy balance-related behaviors (EBRB), and their influencing factors in school-aged children. Methods This cross-sectional survey included 4412 primary school-aged (10–12 years) students who underwent body tests and were selected through stratified sampling in the Northeast, North, Northwest, and Southwest regions of China from March to July 2021. Independent sample t test was used to compare differences between behaviors and influencing factors of energy balance among overweight/obesity and normal weight students. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the influence of EBRB on body shape. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the influence of personal and family factors on EBRB effects. Results Compared with normal-weight students, number of breakfasts consumed per week by overweight/obese students was significantly lower (p < 0.01), and weekly screen-viewing time was significantly longer (p < 0.01). Overweight/obese students’ health beliefs, parental subjective norms, parental modelling, parental practices, and home availability scores increased significantly in terms of beverage consumption behavior (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). Attitude, health beliefs, self-efficacy, parental subjective norms, and parental support scores decreased significantly in terms of breakfast consumption (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). Health belief scores on physical activity increased significantly (p < 0.01), while preference and autonomy scores decreased significantly (p < 0.01). Health beliefs, parental subjective norms, and parental practices scores of screen-viewing activities increased significantly (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). Breakfast consumption (odds ratio [OR]: 0.911; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.870–0.954) and screen-viewing activities (OR:1.055; 95% CI: 1.030–1.080) correlated negatively and positively with overweight/obesity, respectively. The main influencing factors of breakfast behavior in overweight/obese students were self-efficacy (0.14), preference (0.11), attitude (0.07), home availability (0.18), and parent modelling (0.09); those for screen-viewing behavior were preference (0.19), self-efficacy (− 0.15), parental practices (0.13), and parental subjective norm (0.12). Conclusions Irregular breakfast consumption and excessive screen-viewing time are key EBRB associated with overweight/obesity among these Chinese participants. Their unhealthy breakfast consumption and screen-viewing activities result from a combination of personal and family factors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14238-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Zhang
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029 Liaoning China
| | - Haining Gao
- grid.443556.50000 0001 1822 1192Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, 110115 Liaoning China
| | - Ying Cui
- grid.443556.50000 0001 1822 1192Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, 110115 Liaoning China
| | - Xin Wang
- grid.443556.50000 0001 1822 1192Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, 110115 Liaoning China
| | - Wenshuo Cao
- grid.443556.50000 0001 1822 1192Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, 110115 Liaoning China
| | - Qian Ding
- grid.443556.50000 0001 1822 1192Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, 110115 Liaoning China
| | - Bo Chang
- grid.443556.50000 0001 1822 1192Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, 110115 Liaoning China
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11
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Kersting M, Kalhoff H, Sinningen K, Lücke T. A new perspective on meals as part of an Optimized Mixed Diet for children and adolescents. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981587. [PMID: 36147304 PMCID: PMC9485454 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To show by the example of the Optimized Mixed Diet (OMD) for children and adolescents in Germany, how the different food and nutrient profiles of the traditional daily meals complement each other to achieve daily nutrient intakes that meet the Dietary References V. Methods The 7-day menu plan of the OMD with the usual 5 daily meals in Germany was used. The total nutrient intake from all meals was compared with the nutrient references. Then the composition of the meals was optimized. Results Although the cooked meal (lunch) provides only 25% of the daily energy intake, it is relatively rich (>25% of the daily intake) in most vitamins and minerals, which distinguishes it from the other meals. The cold main meals (breakfast, dinner) are rich in calcium and vitamin B2, due to the preferential use of milk in these meals. The two snacks each provide 12.5% of the daily energy intake. Discussion and conclusion People eat foods but not nutrients and they eat foods as meals; this holds especially true for children and adolescents. A well-calculated menu plan can assure the nutrient adequacy of an OMD where the different food and nutrient profiles of the meals complement each other in a modular system. Guidelines for meals could facilitate flexible coordination of family meals and meals in childcare centers and schools. Different meal types set varied stimulus patterns at different levels (neurocognition, emotion, digestion), which may open up long-term health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Kersting
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mathilde Kersting
| | - Hermann Kalhoff
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Pediatric Clinic Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sinningen
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Lücke
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- St. Josef-Hospital, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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12
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Verduci E, Di Profio E, Fiore G, Zuccotti G. Integrated Approaches to Combatting Childhood Obesity. Ann Nutr Metab 2022; 78 Suppl 2:8-19. [PMID: 35679843 DOI: 10.1159/000524962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of childhood obesity has grown sharply in recent decades. Obesity is considered a public health problem which directly affects the health status of children in numerous ways. To combat this trend, integrated approaches are necessary to prevent childhood obesity. Strategies require a comprehensive perspective at individual and parental level alongside the adoption of measures to engage the community and environment. SUMMARY Prevention is addressed as crucial in limiting the pediatric obesity epidemic in the long term. Breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding are recognized as early dietary factors that affect the future risk of obesity development during the first 2 years of life. During childhood and adolescence, dietary patterns, eating habits, portion size, eating frequencies, and family meals are important dietary factors to target for preventive strategies, as well as parenting style which is influenced by parents' education. Physical activity promotion and the reduction of sedentary behavior are also recommended. The adherence of children and families to obesity prevention programs is highly dependent on socioeconomic factors. Moreover, setting food quality standards and public policies to promote healthy lifestyle habits is strongly advocated. The implementation of cost-effective preventive strategies is of high priority and requires an integrated approach by healthcare services. All stakeholders involved should take an active role in supporting and empowering children and families in order to cope with this multifactorial and complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Profio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Animal Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Animal Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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13
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Gong QH, Li SX, Wang SJ, Zhang Y. Self-reported eating speed is associated with overweight among Chinese schoolchildren: a cross-sectional survey. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1297-1302. [PMID: 34260052 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the association between eating speed and overweight in Chinese schoolchildren. METHODS In all, 664 schoolchildren (10-12 years) from three primary schools participated in this study in China. Their height and body weight were measured. Information about eating speed and other lifestyle behaviors were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for overweight. RESULTS Data from 629 students were analyzed. 26.2% of participants reported they were eating fast. The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was 22.9%, and the mean of sleep duration was 9.69 (SD = 0.63) hours (Table 1). In the multiple linear regression analysis, slower eating speed was independently associated with lower BMI (B = - 0.70, 95% CI - 1.26 to - 0.14) and TG (B = - 0.16, 95% CI - 0.28 to - 0.04). In addition, participants who ate fast were more likely to be overweight (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.19-2.75) after adjusting for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that eating fast is associated with overweight among Chinese school children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Cross-section descriptive study, Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hai Gong
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si-Xuan Li
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si-Jia Wang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Leech RM, Spence AC, Lacy KE, Zheng M, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Characterizing children's eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:165. [PMID: 34923993 PMCID: PMC8684678 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommendations to define eating occasions (EO) currently exist for research in adults, but not for children or adolescents. We examined how varying EO definitions affect the characterization of eating patterns in children and adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional dietary data collected using a 24-h recall data during the 2011-12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (1364 boys and 1337 girls aged 2-18 years) were analyzed. Eight definitions were applied: participant-identified, time-of-day, and 6 neutral definitions (EO separated by 15- or 60-min and/or an additional energy criterion of 21 or 210 kJ). Frequency of and total energy intake from meals, snacks, and all EO were estimated. F tests stratified by gender and age-group, were used to assess differences between definitions. Agreement between definitions of meal and snack frequencies was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Linear regression was used to estimate the proportion of variance in total energy intake (kJ) and BMI z-score predicted by each definition. RESULTS Mean frequencies of meals and snacks differed between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, in boys and girls and for all age groups (P < 0.01). Across the six neutral definitions, there were differences between mean frequencies of EO with the largest mean difference observed for children aged 2-3 y (boys: 2.3, girls: 2.5; P < 0.003). Between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, there was good agreement for frequencies of snacks (ICC for both genders: 0.93) but not meals (boys: 0.36; girls: 0.38). The 15-min time interval plus 210 kJ definition of an EO consistently predicted the most variance in total energy intake (R2 range = 8.1-34.8). Definitions that delineated meals and snacks better predicted variance in BMI z-score, when compared to the neutral definitions. CONCLUSIONS How eating patterns are characterized vary depending on the EO definitions employed, particularly in young children. Variance in total energy intake was best predicted by a variation of the neutral definition whereas definitions that delineated meals and snacks performed better in relation to predicting BMI variance. Further international research that compares EO definitions in children will help inform a standard approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Leech
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alison C Spence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Verduci E, Bronsky J, Embleton N, Gerasimidis K, Indrio F, Köglmeier J, de Koning B, Lapillonne A, Moltu SJ, Norsa L, Domellöf M; ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Role of Dietary Factors, Food Habits, and Lifestyle in Childhood Obesity Development: A Position Paper From the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:769-83. [PMID: 33720094 DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Childhood obesity has high societal and economic impact but current treatment approaches are sub-optimal. In the last decade, important studies have been conducted aiming to identify strategies to prevent obesity during critical periods of life. Updated recommendations for childhood obesity prevention are needed. We present data from systematic reviews and meta- analysis, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and large observational studies, published from 2011 onwards that consider the possible role of the following factors in obesity development: breast-feeding; macronutrient composition and method of complementary feeding; parenting style; dietary patterns; sugar-sweetened beverage consumption; eating behaviour (eg, skipping breakfast, family dinners. etc); meal frequency and composition (fast foods, snacking), portion size; dietary modulators of gut microbiota (including pre-, pro-, and synbiotics); physical activity and sedentary behaviour. We used the Medline database and the Cochrane Library to search for relevant publications. Important research gaps were also identified. This position paper provides recommendations on dietary factors, food habits, and lifestyle to prevent childhood obesity development, based on the available literature and expert opinion. Clinical research and high-quality trials are urgently needed to resolve numerous areas of uncertainty.
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Motevalli M, Drenowatz C, Tanous DR, Khan NA, Wirnitzer K. Management of Childhood Obesity-Time to Shift from Generalized to Personalized Intervention Strategies. Nutrients 2021; 13:1200. [PMID: 33917383 PMCID: PMC8067342 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major public health concern, childhood obesity is a multifaceted and multilevel metabolic disorder influenced by genetic and behavioral aspects. While genetic risk factors contribute to and interact with the onset and development of excess body weight, available evidence indicates that several modifiable obesogenic behaviors play a crucial role in the etiology of childhood obesity. Although a variety of systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported the effectiveness of several interventions in community-based, school-based, and home-based programs regarding childhood obesity, the prevalence of children with excess body weight remains high. Additionally, researchers and pediatric clinicians are often encountering several challenges and the characteristics of an optimal weight management strategy remain controversial. Strategies involving a combination of physical activity, nutritional, and educational interventions are likely to yield better outcomes compared to single-component strategies but various prohibitory limitations have been reported in practice. This review seeks to (i) provide a brief overview of the current preventative and therapeutic approaches towards childhood obesity, (ii) discuss the complexity and limitations of research in the childhood obesity area, and (iii) suggest an Etiology-Based Personalized Intervention Strategy Targeting Childhood Obesity (EPISTCO). This purposeful approach includes prioritized nutritional, educational, behavioral, and physical activity intervention strategies directly based on the etiology of obesity and interpretation of individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Motevalli
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.R.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University College of Teacher Education Upper Austria, A-4020 Linz, Austria;
| | - Derrick R. Tanous
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.R.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Nutritional Physiology & Toxicology Division, INSERM UMR 1231, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Katharina Wirnitzer
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.R.T.); (K.W.)
- Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research & Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Life and Health Science Cluster Tirol, Subcluster Health/Medicine/Psychology, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Motevalli M, Drenowatz C, Tanous DR, Khan NA, Wirnitzer K. Management of Childhood Obesity—Time to Shift from Generalized to Personalized Intervention Strategies. Nutrients 2021; 13:1200. [DOI: 10.3390/nu13041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major public health concern, childhood obesity is a multifaceted and multilevel metabolic disorder influenced by genetic and behavioral aspects. While genetic risk factors contribute to and interact with the onset and development of excess body weight, available evidence indicates that several modifiable obesogenic behaviors play a crucial role in the etiology of childhood obesity. Although a variety of systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported the effectiveness of several interventions in community-based, school-based, and home-based programs regarding childhood obesity, the prevalence of children with excess body weight remains high. Additionally, researchers and pediatric clinicians are often encountering several challenges and the characteristics of an optimal weight management strategy remain controversial. Strategies involving a combination of physical activity, nutritional, and educational interventions are likely to yield better outcomes compared to single-component strategies but various prohibitory limitations have been reported in practice. This review seeks to (i) provide a brief overview of the current preventative and therapeutic approaches towards childhood obesity, (ii) discuss the complexity and limitations of research in the childhood obesity area, and (iii) suggest an Etiology-Based Personalized Intervention Strategy Targeting Childhood Obesity (EPISTCO). This purposeful approach includes prioritized nutritional, educational, behavioral, and physical activity intervention strategies directly based on the etiology of obesity and interpretation of individual characteristics.
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18
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Motevalli M, Drenowatz C, Tanous DR, Khan NA, Wirnitzer K. Management of Childhood Obesity-Time to Shift from Generalized to Personalized Intervention Strategies. Nutrients 2021; 13:1200. [PMID: 33917383 PMCID: PMC8067342 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041200&set/a 931824908+802380262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major public health concern, childhood obesity is a multifaceted and multilevel metabolic disorder influenced by genetic and behavioral aspects. While genetic risk factors contribute to and interact with the onset and development of excess body weight, available evidence indicates that several modifiable obesogenic behaviors play a crucial role in the etiology of childhood obesity. Although a variety of systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported the effectiveness of several interventions in community-based, school-based, and home-based programs regarding childhood obesity, the prevalence of children with excess body weight remains high. Additionally, researchers and pediatric clinicians are often encountering several challenges and the characteristics of an optimal weight management strategy remain controversial. Strategies involving a combination of physical activity, nutritional, and educational interventions are likely to yield better outcomes compared to single-component strategies but various prohibitory limitations have been reported in practice. This review seeks to (i) provide a brief overview of the current preventative and therapeutic approaches towards childhood obesity, (ii) discuss the complexity and limitations of research in the childhood obesity area, and (iii) suggest an Etiology-Based Personalized Intervention Strategy Targeting Childhood Obesity (EPISTCO). This purposeful approach includes prioritized nutritional, educational, behavioral, and physical activity intervention strategies directly based on the etiology of obesity and interpretation of individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Motevalli
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.R.T.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University College of Teacher Education Upper Austria, A-4020 Linz, Austria;
| | - Derrick R. Tanous
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.R.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Nutritional Physiology & Toxicology Division, INSERM UMR 1231, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Katharina Wirnitzer
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.R.T.); (K.W.)
- Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research & Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Life and Health Science Cluster Tirol, Subcluster Health/Medicine/Psychology, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Van De Maele K, De Geyter C, Vandenplas Y, Gies I, Devlieger R. Eating Habits of Children Born after Maternal Bariatric Surgery. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092577. [PMID: 32854290 PMCID: PMC7551775 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers who underwent bariatric surgery (BS) before pregnancy have worrisome eating habits, but little is known about the eating habits of their offspring. EFFECTOR is a cross-sectional, long-term follow-up study of 4–11-year-old children born from mothers that underwent bariatric surgery before pregnancy (n = 36), mothers with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) in a control group (n = 71), and mothers with a normal weight (NW) in a second control group (n = 35). Data on anthropometry and on eating habits obtained through a Food Frequency Questionnaire were collected prospectively. The children’s body mass index (BMI) scores significantly correlated with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was the highest in children of the BS group (38.9% vs. 15.5% for children of the OW/OB group and 5.7% for those of the NW group; p = 0.004). Meal-skipping behavior was comparable between the groups. There was no difference in fruit and vegetable consumption. The BS group consumed more low-calorie sweetened beverages compared to the NW group (p = 0.01) but less fruit juice compared to the NW and OW/OB groups (p = 0.01). Our results may indicate a sugar-avoiding behavior in children of the BS group, fitting dietary maternal habits in a strategy to prevent dumping syndrome. In conclusion, maternal pre-pregnancy bariatric surgery does not alter unhealthy eating behaviors and the risk of development of overweight during childhood in their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Van De Maele
- Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.V.D.M.); (I.G.)
- Research Unit Organ Systems, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Research Unit GRON, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Charlotte De Geyter
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- Research Unit GRON, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Inge Gies
- Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (K.V.D.M.); (I.G.)
- Research Unit GRON, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Roland Devlieger
- Research Unit Organ Systems, Department of Development and Regeneration, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-344-200; Fax: +32-16-34-42-05
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Sousa SFD, Wolf VLW, Martini MCS, Assumpção DD, Barros Filho AAD. FREQUENCY OF MEALS CONSUMED BY BRAZILIAN ADOLESCENTS AND ASSOCIATED HABITS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 38:e2018363. [PMID: 32578673 PMCID: PMC7307722 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2020/38/2018363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the studies that identified the frequency of meals ingested by Brazilian adolescents and associated habits. DATA SOURCES A systematic search was made in the databases and electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, The Latin American and Caribbean Center of Information in Health Sciences (BIREME), Scopus, Web of Science and Embase, with articles published between January/2007 until December/2017, which addressed the evaluation of the frequency of meals performed by adolescents, considering or not associations with eating patterns and meal replacement. DATA SYNTHESIS 6,608 studies were obtained through the search and nine were included in this review, all of them with a cross-sectional design. Eight studies used school surveys and only one was a population survey. Seven studies evaluated the frequency of the main daily meals that ranged from 47.0 to 79.0% at breakfast, from 65.0 to 98.4% at lunch, and from 51.0 to 94.0% at dinner. Five studies identified the frequencies of consumption of snacks between meals, finding higher values for afternoon snack (variation from 42.0 to 78.0%). Regarding the substitution of meals for snacks, in three of the four selected studies; it was observed that this practice occurred mainly in substitution of dinner (24.6 to 42.0%). CONCLUSIONS Breakfast was the most omitted meal for adolescents, and dinner was replaced with snacks. Among the between meal snacks, the afternoon snack was the most consumed.
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Ramalho S, Saint-Maurice PF, Silva D, Mansilha HF, Silva C, Gonçalves S, Machado P, Conceição E. APOLO-Teens, a web-based intervention for treatment-seeking adolescents with overweight or obesity: study protocol and baseline characterization of a Portuguese sample. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:453-63. [PMID: 30519810 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE APOLO-Teens is an ongoing web-based program combining a manualized intervention delivered by Facebook®, a self-monitoring web application and monthly chat sessions to optimize treatment as usual for adolescents with overweight and obesity. The aims of this paper are twofold: (1) to describe the study protocol of the APOLO-Teens randomized controlled effectiveness trial and (2) to present baseline descriptive information of the Portuguese sample. METHODS APOLO-Teens includes adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years with BMI percentile ≥ 85 (N = 210; 60.00% girls, BMI z-score 2.40 ± 0.75) undergoing hospital ambulatory treatment for overweight/obesity. Participants completed a set of self-report measures regarding eating behaviors and habits, psychological functioning (depression, anxiety, stress, and impulsivity), physical activity, and quality of life. RESULTS Depression, anxiety, stress, impulsivity, and percentage body fat were inversely associated with health-related quality of life (rs = - 0.39 to - 0.62), while physical activity out-of-school was positively correlated with health-related quality of life (rs = 0.22). When compared to boys, girls demonstrated statistically significant higher scores on psychological distress, disturbed eating behaviors, impulsivity, were less active at school and had lower scores on the health-related quality of life (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results showed that there were gender differences in key psychological constructs that are likely to determine success with the treatment and that, therefore, need to be considered in future interventions. The results of APOLO-Teens randomized controlled trial will determine the impact of these constructs on the efficacy and adherence to a web-based intervention for weight loss in the Portuguese population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Abstract
A growing body of research supports the potential importance of behavioral and social routines for children's health promotion and obesity risk reduction. Evidence in support of this comes from multiple lines of research, which suggest that specific behavioral routines, namely, eating and sleep routines, may be protective against excessive weight gain and development of pediatric obesity. Emerging work also supports the potential importance of the timing of these behavioral routines. From a circadian perspective, alignment of behavioral and social routines with underlying circadian rhythms may be particularly important for enhancing children's weight regulation. Specifically, engaging in appropriately timed behavioral routines may serve to entrain circadian rhythms that affect metabolism and weight regulation. Thus, in addition to promoting healthier eating, activity, and sleep behaviors for prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity, it may also be important to consider promotion of consistency in, and optimal timing of, these behaviors in an effort to enhance extant prevention and treatment approaches. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle N Hart
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University
| | - Elissa Jelalian
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Hollie A Raynor
- Department of Nutrition, College of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Tennessee
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23
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Psaltopoulou T, Tzanninis S, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Panotopoulos G, Kostopoulou M, Tzanninis IG, Tsagianni A, Sergentanis TN. Prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity: a systematic review of meta-analyses. World J Pediatr 2019; 15:350-381. [PMID: 31313240 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this systematic review is to synthesize the published meta-analyses assessing the role of nutritional, behavioral and physical activity factors/interventions on the prevention or treatment of pediatric and adolescent obesity. METHODS An online search was conducted in PubMed (end-of-search: September 30, 2015); English-language meta-analyses pooling observational and/or interventional studies examining weight-related indices on children and adolescents were included. RESULTS Sixty-six meta-analyses corresponding to more than 900,000 children and adolescents were retrieved. The majority of meta-analyses included interventional studies most of which referred to mixed or combined interventions, including components such as diet, physical activity and sedentary behavior reduction. Discrepancies between meta-analyses on observational and interventional studies were noted. Combined interventions including physical activity and nutritional modifications seemed to represent the most effective means for tackling childhood obesity. CONCLUSIONS Synthesis of interventional or observational evidence may yield discrepant results. The combination of enhanced physical activity and improved nutrition emerged as a promising intervention in the fight against childhood/adolescent obesity. However, further research is needed about the most effective multidimensional prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
| | - Stamatios Tzanninis
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Panotopoulos
- Hellenic Association for the Study of Obesity, Metabolism and Eating Disorders (HASOMED), Athens, Greece
| | - Myrto Kostopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anastasia Tsagianni
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theodoros N Sergentanis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
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Vilela S, Correia D, Severo M, Oliveira A, Torres D, Lopes C; IAN-AF Consortium. Eating frequency and weight status in Portuguese children aged 3-9 years: results from the cross-sectional National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015-2016. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:2793-802. [PMID: 31111807 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980019000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate daily eating frequency (main meals and snacks) in relation to weight status in children aged 3-9 years, representative of the Portuguese population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was estimated as the mean of two non-consecutive days of food diaries, followed by face-to-face interviews. Weight and height were measured by trained observers. Eating occasions (EO) were defined by the children's caregiver; an EO was considered separate if the time of consumption was different from other EO and it provided at least 209 kJ (50 kcal). Main meals defined as 'breakfast', 'lunch' and 'dinner' could be selected only once per day. The remaining EO were considered snacks. The association between eating frequency and overweight/obesity was evaluated through logistic regressions weighted for the population distribution. SETTING National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese population, 2015-2016. PARTICIPANTS Portuguese children aged 3-9 years with complete dietary data and anthropometric measurements (n 517). RESULTS Overall, the number of daily EO ranged from 3·5 to 11, and on average children had 5·7 daily EO. After adjustment for child's sex, age and total energy intake, and considering only plausible energy intake reporters, having < 3 snacks/d was positively associated with being overweight/obese (OR = 1·98; 95 % CI 1·00, 3·90), compared with having ≥ 3 snacks/d. CONCLUSIONS Lower daily frequency of EO was associated with increased odds of being overweight or obese in children. A higher eating frequency, maintaining the same energy intake, seems to contribute to a healthy body weight in children.
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Hayek S, Tessler R, Bord S, Endevelt R, Satran C, Livne I, Khatib M, Harel-Fisch Y, Baron-Epel O. Do Israeli health promoting schools contribute to students' healthy eating and physical activity habits? Health Promot Int 2019; 34:102-112. [PMID: 29036666 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dax066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Israeli Health Promoting School Network (HPSN) is actively committed to enhancing a healthy lifestyle for the entire school population. This study aimed to explore the contribution of school participation in the HPSN and students' individual characteristics to healthy eating and physical activity habits among Israeli school children aged 10-12 years. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 4166 students in grades 4-6 from 28 schools. The schools were selected from a sample of HPSN affiliated and non-HPSN schools. The contribution of individual characteristics (grade, gender and subjective self-reported health education activities at school) and school characteristics (school type, population group, deprivation score) to healthy eating and physical activity habits was analyzed using multi-level hierarchical models. Multi-level analysis indicated that student's individual characteristic was significantly associated with healthy eating and physical activity habits. The subjective self-reported health education received at school was statistically significant factor associated with students' health behaviors. The school's affiliation with the HPSN was not associated with higher healthy eating and physical activity scores after adjusting for individual factors. These findings suggest that Israeli HPSN schools do not contribute to children's health behaviors more than other schools. Therefore, health promoting activities in HPSN schools need to be improved to justify their recognition as members of the HPS network and to fulfill their mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Hayek
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Riki Tessler
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shiran Bord
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronit Endevelt
- Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Carmit Satran
- The Department of Nursing, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley, Israel
| | - Irit Livne
- Health Promotion Division, Ministry of Education, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mohammed Khatib
- Nursing Department, Zefat Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
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Mitsopoulou AV, Magriplis E, Dimakopoulos I, Karageorgou D, Bakogianni I, Micha R, Michas G, Chourdakis M, Ntouroupi T, Tsaniklidou SM, Argyri K, Panagiotakos DB, Zampelas A. Association of meal and snack patterns with micronutrient intakes among Greek children and adolescents: data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019; 32:455-467. [PMID: 31020750 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to examine how different meal and snack patterns are associated with micronutrient intakes and diet quality among a nationally representative sample of Greek children and adolescents aged 1-19 years from the cross-sectional Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (n = 598). METHODS Meal and snack patterns were derived using 24-h dietary recalls. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was used as an overall measure of diet quality. Multiple linear regression adjusted for covariates was conducted to examine associations between eating patterns, nutrient intakes and MAR. RESULTS Four most frequently reported eating schemes were identified including breakfast (B), lunch (L), dinner (D) and two snacks (S) (20.9%); B, L, D and 1S (16.2%); B, L, D and 3S (10.8%); and B, L and D (7.9%). Based on these schemes, the daily consumption of all main meals from the majority of the sample was highlighted. In children and adolescents aged 4-19 years, increasing snack frequency was positively associated with intakes of vitamin D, vitamin K, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, folate, magnesium, copper and selenium. An inverse association was recorded for vitamin E, vitamin B6 , calcium and iron. Among children aged 1-3 years, only niacin and copper were significantly associated with number of snacks, with the group of 'B-L-D-2S' presenting the highest intake. As for the overall diet quality, among all participants, there was no significant association of MAR with the type of meal and snack pattern, and thus the snack frequency. CONCLUSIONS Snacking behaviour is a common practice among children and adolescents. Modifying current snack foods with nutrient-rich choices could lead to an improvement of their diet's nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-V Mitsopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Magriplis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I Dimakopoulos
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D Karageorgou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I Bakogianni
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - R Micha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Michas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Cardiology, 'Elpis' General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Chourdakis
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - T Ntouroupi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S-M Tsaniklidou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K Argyri
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - A Zampelas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Marangoni F, Martini D, Scaglioni S, Sculati M, Donini LM, Leonardi F, Agostoni C, Castelnuovo G, Ferrara N, Ghiselli A, Giampietro M, Maffeis C, Porrini M, Barbi B, Poli A. Snacking in nutrition and health. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 70:909-923. [PMID: 30969153 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1595543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that distributing energy and nutrient intake across 4-5 eating occasions/day (rather than across three standard meals) could favourably affect human health. The inclusion of 1-2 snacks in the daily pattern alleviates the potential digestive and metabolic overload caused by fewer heavier meals and might contribute to meet recommendations for food groups (e.g. fruits, dairy) and nutrients like fibre and vitamins. The snack composition should be evaluated taking into account the whole day's diet. In early and late ages, and for specific population groups, snacking may need to follow particular characteristics in order to be optimal, both in terms of composition and timing. This document, which is the result of a collaboration of experts across several fields of research, intends to provide a review of the current scientific literature on meal frequency and health, highlighting the beneficial effects of correct snack consumption across the human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Martini
- Nutrition Foundation of Italy , Milan , Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Silvia Scaglioni
- Fondazione De Marchi-Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Michele Sculati
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca , Milan , Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy.,DISCCO (Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health), University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory , Verbania , Italy.,Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics and Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiselli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, CREA-Alimenti e Nutrizione , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Claudio Maffeis
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, Verona University , Verona , Italy
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | | | - Andrea Poli
- Nutrition Foundation of Italy , Milan , Italy
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McGovern CM, Militello LK, Arcoleo KJ, Melnyk BM. Factors Associated With Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Among Adolescents. J Pediatr Health Care 2018; 32:473-480. [PMID: 29941235 PMCID: PMC7265997 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guided by cognitive theory, this study tested an explanatory model for adolescents' beliefs, feelings, and healthy lifestyle behaviors and sex differences in these relationships. METHODS Structural equation modeling evaluated cross-sectional data from a healthy lifestyle program from 779 adolescents 14 through 17 years old. RESULTS Theoretical relationships among thoughts, feelings, and behaviors were confirmed and sex differences identified. Thoughts had a direct effect on feelings and an indirect effect through feelings on healthy behaviors for both sexes. A direct effect from thoughts to behaviors existed for males only. DISCUSSION Findings provide strong support for the thinking-feeling-behaving triangle for adolescents. To promote healthy lifestyle behaviors in adolescents, interventions should incorporate cognitive behavioral skills-building activities, strengthening healthy lifestyle beliefs, and enhancing positive health behaviors.
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Jacquier EF, Deming DM, Eldridge AL. Location influences snacking behavior of US infants, toddlers and preschool children. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:725. [PMID: 29895277 PMCID: PMC5998573 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compare at-home and away-from-home snacking patterns of US infants and young children. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted using nationwide, cross-sectional dietary survey data from the US Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2008. The sample included infants (6–11.9 months, n = 505), toddlers (12–23.9 months, n = 925), preschool children (24–47.9 months, n = 1461). Weighted population descriptive statistics (means and standard errors) were calculated using SAS. Significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. The main outcome measures of the analyses were the percent of children consuming snacks by location (at home, away from home) and snacking period (morning, afternoon and evening), energy and food groups consumed during snacks. Results Snacking at home was more prevalent than snacking away from home (toddlers, 73% vs 27%; preschoolers, 67% vs 33%). Away-from-home snacks provided about 50 additional calories per day for toddlers (346 vs 298 kcal/day, P ≤ 0.05) and preschoolers (371 vs 326 kcal/day, P ≤ 0.05) versus snacks consumed at home. Caregivers made similar snack choices for toddlers and preschoolers (milk/milk products, fruit/juice, grains and sweets) but differed in frequency of consumption by location. Among toddlers, milk/milk products were the most frequently consumed snacks at home (66%), while sweets were the top snacks consumed away from home (69%). Among preschoolers, sweets were the top snacks both at home (60%) and away (83%). Conclusions Location is an important factor influencing snacking patterns of young children and should be considered when developing feeding guidelines. This data may be of use in the upcoming development of dietary guidelines in the U.S. for the population aged 0–2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Jacquier
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Case postale 44, 1000, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland.
| | - Denise M Deming
- Nestlé Nutrition, 12 Vreeland Rd, Florham Park, New Jersey, NJ, 07962, USA
| | - Alison L Eldridge
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Case postale 44, 1000, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
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Kachurak A, Davey A, Bailey RL, Fisher JO. Daily Snacking Occasions and Weight Status Among US Children Aged 1 to 5 Years. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1034-1042. [PMID: 29656571 PMCID: PMC6001698 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize associations of snacking frequency with weight status among US children aged 1 to 5 years. METHODS Participants were children (n = 4,669) aged 1 to 5 years in the 2005 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Snacking was assessed by two 24-hour dietary recalls using definitions that considered "snack" occasions as well as other foods/beverages consumed between meals. Overweight/obesity (OW/OB) was defined using percentile cutoffs: ≥ 97.7th weight-for-length (< 2 years) cutoff and the ≥ 85th BMI-for-age (≥ 2 years) cutoff. Linear/logistic regressions evaluated snacking based on daily occasions and relative to current recommendations (two to three snacks per day). RESULTS During 2005 to 2014, US children aged 1 to 5 years consumed, on average, two to three snacks daily. Children with normal weight in both age groups tended to snack less frequently than children with OW/OB when considering all foods/beverages eaten between meals (P < 0.01-0.12). Across most snacking definitions, children < 2 years who snacked more frequently than recommended had greater odds of having OW/OB (P < 0.01-0.12) and consumed greater daily snack energy than those who snacked within recommendations (all P < 0.01). Recommendations did not clearly delineate weight status among children aged 2 to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Snacking frequency and weight are positively associated among US children 1 to 5 years old, with most consistent associations seen among children < 2 years old and when considering all foods/beverages consumed between meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Kachurak
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Center for Obesity Research and EducationTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Adam Davey
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, College of Health SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelawareUSA
| | - Regan L. Bailey
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jennifer O. Fisher
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Center for Obesity Research and EducationTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Fayet-Moore F, Peters V, McConnell A, Petocz P, Eldridge AL. Weekday snacking prevalence, frequency, and energy contribution have increased while foods consumed during snacking have shifted among Australian children and adolescents: 1995, 2007 and 2011-12 National Nutrition Surveys. Nutr J 2017; 16:65. [PMID: 28974206 PMCID: PMC5627470 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are limited data on the evolution of eating habits, including snacking, in Australia. This study aimed to understand snacking trends among Australian children over three previous National Nutrition Surveys. Methods Data were analysed from a single weekday 24-h recall in the National Nutrition Surveys 1995, 2007, 2011–12 among children 2-16y (n = 8258). A snacking occasion was defined as an eating occasion that occurred between meals based on time of day. Results The percentage of children snacking increased over time (92.5 ± 0.5(SE) % in 1995, 98.1 ± 0.3% in 2007, and 95.8 ± 0.4% in 2011–12) (P < 0.001), particularly among those having four or more snacking occasions (7.1 ± 0.5% in 1995, 17.9 ± 0.6% in 2007, and 18.5 ± 0.8% in 2011–2) (P < 0.001). The mean number of snacking occasions increased from 2.0 ± 0.0 in 1995, to 2.5 ± 0.0 in 2007 and 2011–12 (P < 0.001). The energy contribution from snacking increased from 24.1 ± 0.3% in 1995 to 27.7 ± 0.3% in 2007 and 30.5 ± 0.4% in 2011–12 (P < 0.001), while the energy from discretionary food during snacking decreased from 56.5 ± 0.7% in 1995 to 47.3 ± 0.5% in 2007 and 47.9 ± 0.7% in 2011–12 (P < 0.001). There were differences in the top foods consumed during snacking: non-alcoholic beverages were prominent contributors in 1995 but not in 2007 or 2011, and pome fruit was the second top energy contributor during snacking in 2007 and 2011 but only fourth in 1995. Conclusions Snacking is a prominent dietary pattern that has increased over time in frequency and energy contribution. Foods and beverages consumed during snacking occasions include a mix of core foods and discretionary foods, and while the contribution of discretionary foods has decreased, there is still an opportunity to encourage consumption of more nutrient dense foods during snacking. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-017-0288-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Fayet-Moore
- Nutrition Research Australia, Level 13 167 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | | | - Andrew McConnell
- Nutrition Research Australia, Level 13 167 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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Zeiher J, Varnaccia G, Jordan S, Lange C. [What are the determinants of childhood obesity? : A literature review as part of the project "Nationwide Monitoring of Childhood Obesity Determinants"]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59:1465-75. [PMID: 27695939 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity can impair health even in childhood and unfold negative health consequences through an individual's lifespan. In Germany, to date, a systematic and periodically updated synopsis of the multifaceted determinants of childhood obesity is lacking. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic literature review on childhood obesity determinants, which was conducted over the course of the implementation of nationwide monitoring. METHODS The review was carried out in three steps. Initially, a search for etiological models of childhood obesity was conducted. Based on these results, a systematic review of reviews on childhood obesity determinants was carried out. Finally, the results were verified by taking international guidelines on childhood obesity into account. RESULTS In total, 21 etiological models, 75 reviews and 7 guidelines were identified. Over 60 determinants were extracted from these publications and were summarized into the following categories: nutritional behavior, physical activity behavior, sleeping pattern, biological determinants and diseases, prenatal and early childhood determinants, psycho-social determinants, food environment, moveability/walkability, setting and social environment, health promotion and prevention, socioeconomic, demographic, and sociocultural determinants. CONCLUSION This review demonstrates the complex patterns of childhood obesity determinants in correspondence with a socio-ecological approach. The review will form the basis for the monitoring-system "Nationwide Monitoring of Childhood Obesity Determinants", which will be implemented at the Robert Koch Institute by the end of 2017.
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Weathers D, Siemens JC, Kopp SW. Tracking food intake as bites: Effects on cognitive resources, eating enjoyment, and self-control. Appetite 2017; 111:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Taylor RW, Iosua E, Heath AM, Gray AR, Taylor BJ, Lawrence JA, Hanna M, Cameron SL, Sayers R, Galland B. Eating frequency in relation to BMI in very young children: a longitudinal analysis. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20:1372-9. [PMID: 28238299 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980017000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating less frequently is associated with increased obesity risk in older children but data are potentially confounded by reverse causation, where bigger children eat less often in an effort to control their weight. Longitudinal data, particularly in younger children, are scarce. We aimed to determine whether eating frequency (meals and snacks) at 2 years of age is associated with past, current or subsequent BMI. DESIGN Cohort analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Eating frequency at 2 years of age was estimated using 48 h diaries that recorded when each child ate meals and snacks (parent-defined) in five-minute blocks. Body length/height and weight were measured at 1, 2 and 3·5 years of age. Linear regression assessed associations between the number of eating occasions and BMI Z-score, before and after adjustment for potential confounding variables. SETTING Prevention of Overweight in Infancy (POI) study, Dunedin, New Zealand. SUBJECTS Children (n 371) aged 1-3·5 years. RESULTS On average, children ate 5·5 (sd 1·2) times/d at 2 years of age, with most children (88-89 %) eating 4-7 times/d. Eating frequency at 2 years was not associated with current (difference in BMI Z-score per additional eating occasion; 95 % CI: -0·02; -0·10, 0·05) or subsequent change (0·02; -0·03, 0·06) in BMI. Similarly, BMI at age 1 year did not predict eating frequency at 2 years of age (difference in eating frequency per additional BMI Z-score unit; 95 % CI: -0·03; -0·19, 0·13). CONCLUSIONS Number of eating occasions per day was not associated with BMI in young children in the present study.
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Silva FA, Candiá SM, Pequeno MS, Sartorelli DS, Mendes LL, Oliveira RM, Netto MP, Cândido APC. Daily meal frequency and associated variables in children and adolescents. Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) 2017; 93:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Jacquier EF, Gatrell A, Bingley A. “We don't snack”: Attitudes and perceptions about eating in-between meals amongst caregivers of young children. Appetite 2017; 108:483-490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Silva FA, Candiá SM, Pequeno MS, Sartorelli DS, Mendes LL, Oliveira RM, Netto MP, Cândido AP. Daily meal frequency and associated variables in children and adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2017; 93:79-86. [PMID: 27393685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency distribution of daily meals and its relation to demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric and biochemical factors in children and adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 708 schoolchildren aged 7-14 years. Data on personal information, socioeconomic status, physical activity and number of meals were obtained through semi-structured questionnaire and consumption by 24-h recall and food record. Weight and height measurements were also performed to calculate the body mass index. Finally, blood samples were collected for analysis of total cholesterol, high- and low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and glucose levels. Descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney test, and Poisson regression were used in statistical analysis. RESULTS Meal frequency <4 was associated in children, family income <3 Brazilian minimum wages (PR=5.42; 95% CI: 1.29-22.77; p=0.021) and adolescents, the number of sons in the family >2 (PR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.11-2.11; p=0.010). Even in the age group of 10-14 years, <4 meals was related to higher prevalence of body mass index (PR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.02-1.74; p=0.032) and low-density lipoprotein (PR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.03-1.87; p=0.030) higher after adjustments. CONCLUSION Lower frequency of meals was related to lower income in children and adolescents, larger number of sons in the family, and increased values of body mass index and low-density lipoprotein.
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Schröder H, Bawaked RA, Ribas-Barba L, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Roman-Viñas B, Fíto M, Serra-Majem L. Cumulative Effect of Obesogenic Behaviours on Adiposity in Spanish Children and Adolescents. Obes Facts 2017; 10:584-596. [PMID: 29207394 PMCID: PMC5836229 DOI: 10.1159/000480403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the cumulative effect of obesogenic behaviours on childhood obesity risk. We determined the cumulative effect on BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), overweight and abdominal obesity of four lifestyle behaviours that have been linked to obesity. METHODS In this cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained from the EnKid sudy, a representative sample of Spanish youth. The study included 1,614 boys and girls aged 5-18 years. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Physical activity (PA), screen time, breakfast consumption and meal frequency were self-reported on structured questionnaires. Obesogenic behaviours were defined as <1 h PA/day, ≥2 h/day screen time, skipping breakfast and <3 meals/day. BMI z-score was computed using age- and sex-specific reference values from the World Health Organization (WHO). Overweight including obesity was defined as a BMI > 1 SD from the mean of the WHO reference population. Abdominal obesity was defined as a WHtR ≥ 0.5. RESULTS High screen time was the most prominent obesogenic behaviour (49.7%), followed by low physical activity (22.4%), low meal frequency (14.4%), and skipping breakfast (12.5%). Although 33% of participants were free of all 4 obesogenic behaviours, 1, 2, and 3 or 4 behaviours were reported by 44.5%, 19.3%, and 5.0%, respectively. BMI z-score and WHtR were positively associated (p < 0.001) with increasing numbers of concurrent obesogenic behaviours. The odds of presenting with obesogenic behaviours were significantly higher in children who were overweight (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.50; 4.80) or had abdominal obesity (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.28; 3.52); they reported more than 2 obesogenic behaviours. High maternal and parental education was inversely associated (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively) with increasing presence of obesogenic behaviours. Surrogate markers of adiposity increased with numbers of concurrent presence of obesogenic behaviours. The opposite was true for high maternal and paternal education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schröder
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Dr. Helmut Schröder, Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Program of Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Rowaedh Ahmed Bawaked
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedicine PhD program, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ribas-Barba
- Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional (Nutrition Research Foundation), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Izquierdo-Pulido
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Roman-Viñas
- Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional (Nutrition Research Foundation), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fíto
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional (Nutrition Research Foundation), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
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Blondin SA, Anzman-Frasca S, Djang HC, Economos CD. Breakfast consumption and adiposity among children and adolescents: an updated review of the literature. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:333-48. [PMID: 26842913 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breakfast consumption has been associated with reduced risk of overweight and obesity among children, but previous evidence reviews fail to confirm a causal relationship. OBJECTIVES To review recent literature on breakfast consumption and adiposity among children and discuss potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of studies published since the 2010 US National Evidence Library review (January 2010-January 2015) was conducted. RESULTS Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. All were conducted in industrialized countries: six in Europe, four in the USA, one in China and one in Australia. Ten of the studies used observational longitudinal designs, with follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 27 years (median: 3, mean: 7.4); of these, eight reported inverse associations between breakfast consumption and excess adiposity, while two found no association. The other studies (1 case-control, 1 experimental) each reported a protective effect of breakfast consumption on overweight and obesity among children. CONCLUSIONS Findings corroborate results from previous reviews, adding support for a possible, protective role for breakfast consumption in preventing excess adiposity during childhood and adolescence. However, drawing a causal conclusion from the collective evidence is curtailed by methodological limitations and inconsistencies, including study design, follow-up duration and frequency, exposure and outcome assessment, as well as limited consideration of confounding, mediating and effect-modifying variables. More rigorous study designs employing valid and standardized measurement of relevant variables are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Blondin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, ChildObesity180, Tufts University, Boston, USA.
| | | | - H C Djang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, ChildObesity180, Tufts University, Boston, USA
| | - C D Economos
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, ChildObesity180, Tufts University, Boston, USA
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Karatzi K, Georgiopoulos G, Yannakoulia M, Efthimiou E, Voidonikola P, Mitrakou A, Manios E, Alevizaki M, Papamichael C, Stamatelopoulos K. Eating frequency predicts new onset hypertension and the rate of progression of blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and wave reflections. J Hypertens 2016; 34:429-37; discussion 437. [PMID: 26771340 DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional evidence indicates that eating frequency correlates with blood pressure, hypertension, and related target organ damage. The aim of the present study was to prospectively assess eating frequency as a predictor of arteriosclerosis progression and new onset hypertension over a follow-up period of 5 years in adults without cardiovascular disease. METHODS Eating frequency among other dietary parameters was evaluated in 115 nondiabetic study participants from a general population sample (54 ± 9.1 years, 45 women) at a baseline visit. Metabolic parameters known to be associated with eating frequency, markers of arteriosclerosis, including augmentation index, pulse wave velocity, SBP, and DBP were evaluated in all volunteers at baseline and after a 5-year follow-up. RESULTS By applying linear mixed models analysis, it was found that a high eating frequency at baseline significantly correlated with the rate of progression of pulse wave velocity (β = 0.521, P = 0.004), augmentation index (β = 0.503, P = 0.01), SBP (β = 0.694, P < 0.001), and DBP (β = 0.477, P = 0.009) and the incidence of new onset hypertension (odds ratio = 8.89, P < 0.001). After adjustment traditional cardiovascular risk factors, heart rate, homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance and total energy intake, the associations with augmentation index, SBP, DBP, and new onset hypertension remained significant. CONCLUSION In a population of nondiabetic adults without cardiovascular disease, eating frequency is associated with the rate of progression of wave reflections, blood pressure and of new onset hypertension. Interventional studies should confirm these data and possibly further assess the utility of eating behavior in the prevention of new onset hypertension and related target organ damage.
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Roßbach S, Diederichs T, Bolzenius K, Herder C, Buyken AE, Alexy U. Age and time trends in eating frequency and duration of nightly fasting of German children and adolescents. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56:2507-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Syrad H, Llewellyn CH, Johnson L, Boniface D, Jebb SA, van Jaarsveld CHM, Wardle J. Meal size is a critical driver of weight gain in early childhood. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28368. [PMID: 27321917 PMCID: PMC4913249 DOI: 10.1038/srep28368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Larger serving sizes and more frequent eating episodes have been implicated in the rising prevalence of obesity at a population level. This study examines the relative contributions of meal size and frequency to weight gain in a large sample of British children. Using 3-day diet diaries from 1939 children aged 21 months from the Gemini twin cohort, we assessed prospective associations between meal size, meal frequency and weight gain from two to five years. Separate longitudinal analyses demonstrated that every 10 kcal increase in meal size was associated with 1.5 g/wk or 4% (p = 0.005) faster growth rate, while meal frequency was not independently associated with growth (β = 0.3 g/wk p = 0.20). Including both meal parameters in the model strengthened associations (meal size: β = 2.6 g/wk, p < 0.001; meal frequency: β = 1.0 g/wk, p = 0.001). Taken together, the implication is that meal size promotes faster growth regardless of frequency, but meal frequency has a significant effect only if meal size is assumed to be held constant. Clearer advice on meal size and frequency, especially advice on appropriate meal size, may help prevent excess weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Syrad
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Clare H. Llewellyn
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura Johnson
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Rd, Bristol BS8 1TZ
| | - David Boniface
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Susan A. Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Cornelia H. M. van Jaarsveld
- Department for Health Evidence & Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jane Wardle
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Wang YQ, Zhang YQ, Zhang F, Zhang YW, Li R, Chen GX. Increased Eating Frequency Is Associated with Lower Obesity Risk, But Higher Energy Intake in Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:ijerph13060603. [PMID: 27322302 PMCID: PMC4924060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Body weight is regulated by energy intake which occurs several times a day in humans. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated whether eating frequency (EF) is associated with obesity risk and energy intake in adults without any dietary restriction. Experimental and observational studies published before July 2015 were selected through English-language literature searches in several databases. These studies reported the association between EF and obesity risk (odd ratios, ORs) in adults who were not in dietary restriction. R software was used to perform statistical analyses. Ten cross-sectional studies, consisting of 65,742 participants, were included in this analysis. ORs were considered as effect size for the analysis about the effect of EF on obesity risk. Results showed that the increase of EF was associated with 0.83 time lower odds of obesity (i.e., OR = 0.83, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.70-0.99, p = 0.040). Analysis about the effect of EF on differences in participants' energy intake revealed that increased EF was associated with higher energy intake (β = 125.36, 95% CI 21.76-228.97, p = 0.017). We conclude that increased EF may lead to lower obesity risk but higher energy intake. Clinical trials are warranted to confirm these results and to assess the clinical practice applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qiao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yun-Quan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yi-Wen Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Chong KH, Wu SK, Noor Hafizah Y, Bragt MCE, Poh BK. Eating Habits of Malaysian Children: Findings of the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS). Asia Pac J Public Health 2016; 28:59S-73S. [PMID: 27307424 DOI: 10.1177/1010539516654260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to describe the eating habits of Malaysian children using a nationally representative data set from the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS) in Malaysia. A total of 2797 children aged 2 to 12 years were included in this analysis. Eating habits and dietary intakes of children were assessed using questionnaires. Overall, 56.1% of children consumed 3 main meals every day. Approximately 20% of children snacked 3 times per day, whereas 9.7% ate fast food on a weekly basis. Irregular meal patterns were significantly associated with lower micronutrient intakes, and the groups with higher odds for this pattern were older children, Malays, and those living in rural areas. Considering the relatively high rate of irregular meal consumption and its potential influence on dietary nutrient intake, persistent efforts must be continued to promote and inculcate healthy eating habits among children from an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Hau Chong
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suet Kei Wu
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yatiman Noor Hafizah
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Bee Koon Poh
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
The most common reasons that cause obesity are eating disorders (overeating), genetic predisposition, sedentary lifestyle (lack of exercise), disorders of the endocrine system, and environmental factors. There is evidence of an obvious relationship of high consumption of sugary drinks and weight gain. Since 1990, there has been considerable growth in the number of obese people in the first place associated with the promotion of soft drinks. According to a study in Finnish diabetes prevention average physical activity and change of diet (1200-1800 kcal) of total fat intake with less than 30% saturated fat, including less than 10%, leading to long-term loss of excess weight (within 4 years). Many studies have demonstrated the impossibility of a single template approach to the determination of optimal diets for patients with overweight and obesity which has been shown in various studies on gene polymorphisms are associated with obesity, and their interaction. This article provides an overview of current data on the genetics of obesity covering the main provisions of the study of candidate genes, such as PPARG, FABP2, ADRB 2, ADRB3. The role nutrigenetics in the creation of individual programs of weight control and weight loss. But the question of the direct role of genetic factors in the development of obesity remains controversial, since one can not ignore the impact of environmental factors, such as lifestyle, diet, physical activity, stress, and harmful habits. To understand the mechanism of the relationship between genetic factors, environmental factors, and obesity, one needs to carry out research not only on the population level, but also in certain groups of people (ethnic, racial, age).
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Marx JM, Hoffmann DA, Musher-eizenman DR. Meals and snacks: Children's characterizations of food and eating cues. Appetite 2016; 97:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Evans EW, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Sacheck J, Must A. The role of eating frequency on relative weight in urban school-age children. Pediatr Obes 2015; 10:442-7. [PMID: 25565335 PMCID: PMC4495000 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of eating frequency on relative weight in childhood is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To clarify this relationship by assessing the cross-sectional and prospective relationships of weekday eating frequency with BMI z-score (BMIz) and change in BMIz in a sample of schoolchildren. METHODS Eating frequency, the average number of reported daily eating occasions, was assessed using two weekday 24-h diet recalls. BMIz was measured at baseline, 6 months and 1 year in 155 urban schoolchildren, ages 9-15 years. Multiple linear regression models were used. RESULTS Cross-sectional analyses at baseline suggest that BMIz was 0.23 units lower for each additional reported eating occasion (regression coefficient = -0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.44, -0.07). From baseline to 6 months, BMIz increased by 0.03 units for each additional reported eating occasion (regression coefficient = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.05). This relationship was no longer statistically significant at 1 year (regression coefficient = 0.01; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the relationship of eating frequency with BMIz differs from that of change in BMIz. This difference may be due to methodological deficiencies of cross-sectional studies, challenges of dietary assessment or differences in eating patterns among normal and overweight youth. Controlled trials are needed to further clarify this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Whitney Evans
- Brown University Medical School, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, 196 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Paul F. Jacques
- Tufts University, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111,Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Gerard E. Dallal
- Tufts University, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111,Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Jennifer Sacheck
- Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Aviva Must
- Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111,Tufts University, School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111
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Reicks M, Banna J, Cluskey M, Gunther C, Hongu N, Richards R, Topham G, Wong SS. Influence of Parenting Practices on Eating Behaviors of Early Adolescents during Independent Eating Occasions: Implications for Obesity Prevention. Nutrients 2015; 7:8783-801. [PMID: 26506384 PMCID: PMC4632451 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among early adolescents (10-14 years), poor diet quality along with physical inactivity can contribute to an increased risk of obesity and associated biomarkers for chronic disease. Approximately one-third of United States (USA) children in this age group are overweight or obese. Therefore, attention to factors affecting dietary intake as one of the primary contributors to obesity is important. Early adolescents consume foods and beverages during eating occasions that occur with and without parental supervision. Parents may influence eating behaviors of early adolescents during eating occasions when they are present or during independent eating occasions by engaging in practices that affect availability of foods and beverages, and through perceived normative beliefs and expectations for intake. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to describe the influence of parenting practices on eating behaviors in general and when specifically applied to independent eating occasions of early adolescents. This information may be helpful to inform parenting interventions targeting obesity prevention among early adolescents focusing on independent eating occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Reicks
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108-6099, USA.
| | - Jinan Banna
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, Agricultural Sciences 216, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Mary Cluskey
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Nutrition, Oregon State University, 101 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-3303, USA.
| | - Carolyn Gunther
- Department of Human Sciences, the Ohio State University, 313 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Nobuko Hongu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, 406 Shantz Building, 1177 E. 4th Street, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA.
| | - Rickelle Richards
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Science, Brigham Young University, S233 Eyring Science Center, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Glade Topham
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, 243 Human Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Siew Sun Wong
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Hallie E. Ford Center for Healthy Children and Families, Extension Family and Community Health Program, Nutrition, Oregon State University, Ballard Hall 105E, Corvallis, OR 97331-3303, USA.
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Grigorakis DA, Georgoulis M, Psarra G, Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Sidossis LS. Prevalence and lifestyle determinants of central obesity in children. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1923-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Llauradó E, Albar SA, Giralt M, Solà R, Evans CE. The effect of snacking and eating frequency on dietary quality in British adolescents. Eur J Nutr 2016; 55:1789-97. [PMID: 26212034 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the effects of number of eating occasions and snacks on dietary quality (DQ), defined as adherence to dietary recommendations. METHODS A sample of 884 adolescents (11-18 years) in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) were included. The Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (DQI-A) was implemented. The total number of eating occasions and snacks was frequency of food or beverages consumed over 24 h and frequency of foods or beverages consumed outside of the three mealtimes, respectively. Results were generated with and without low-energy food under 210 kJ (50 kcal). Regression models were generated with DQ score as the outcome variable and number of eating occasions and snacks as predictors. RESULTS The mean (95 % CI) DQ score was 31.1 % (30.2, 32.0). The mean number of eating occasions and snacks was 7.5 (7.3, 7.7) and 2.6 (2.6, 2.7) times/day, respectively. When low-energy events were excluded, the mean number of eating occasions and snacks reduced to 6.2 (6.1, 6.4) and 2.0 (2.0, 2.1) times/day, respectively. DQ score increased by 0.74 points (0.42, 1.05; p < 0.01) and 0.55 points (-0.08, 0.69; p = 0.17) for total eating occasions and snacks, respectively. When low-energy events were excluded, DQ score increased by 0.30 points (-0.84, 0.69; p = 0.13) for each eating occasion and decreased by 1.20 points (-2.1, -0.3; p < 0.01) for each snack. CONCLUSION Eating more frequently improves dietary quality especially if some eating occasions are low in energy. A focus on replacing high-energy snacks with low-energy alternatives rather than reducing the number of eating occasions may result in improved dietary quality in adolescents.
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