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Rehman S, Effendi MH, Shehzad A, Rahman A, Rahmahani J, Witaningrum AM, Bilal M. Prevalence and associated risk factors of avian influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 in LBMs of East Java province, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2022. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Avian influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 are contagious zoonotic diseases that are circulating in Indonesia and have raised increasing concern about their potential impacts on poultry and public health. A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of avian influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 among poultry in the live bird markets of four cities in East Java province, Indonesia.
Methods
A total of 600 tracheal and cloacal swabs (267 from backyards, 179 from broilers, and 154 from layers) from healthy birds were collected. The samples were inoculated into specific pathogenic-free embryonated eggs at 9-day-old via the allantoic cavity. qRT-PCR was used for further identification of avian influenza.
Results
The overall prevalence of circulating influenza A virus subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 was 3.8% (23/600, 95%CI [0.0229–0.0537]). Prevalence was higher in backyards at 5.99% (16/267) followed by broilers (2.23% (4/179)) and layers (1.68% (3/154)). The final multivariable model revealed five risk factors for H9N2 infections: presence of ducks (p = 0.003, OR = 38.2), turkeys (p = 0.017 OR = 0.032), and pheasants in the stall (p = 0.04, OR = 18.422), dry (p = 0.006) and rainy season (p < 0.001), and household birds (p = 0.002) and seven factors for H5N1 infections including: observing rodents (p = 0.036, OR = 0.005), stray dogs access (p = 0.004 OR ≤ 0.001), presence of turkeys (p = 0.03 OR = 0.007), chukars/partridges (p = 0.024 OR = 2500), and peafowls in the stalls (p = 0.0043 OR ≤ 0.001), rainy season (p = 0.001) and birds from the household sources (p = 0.002) in the live bird markets.
Conclusions
The findings of the current study illustrate the recurring infection and presence of both avian influenza viruses and associated risk factors in the surveyed marketplaces. Effective protective measures and mitigation strategies for risks outlined in this study could help to reduce the burden of H5N1 and H9N2 AI subtypes into the live bird markets of Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rehman
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Attaur Rahman
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Jola Rahmahani
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Awais M, Wajid A, Goraichuk IV, Batool A, Rahim A, Anif A, Ahmed N, Yin R. Surveillance and Assessment of Risk Factors for Newcastle Disease Virus from Live Bird Retail Stalls in Lahore District of Pakistan. Avian Dis 2022; 66:1-8. [PMID: 36017908 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) in Asian countries are considered hubs for the spread of several poultry viruses. In Pakistan, there is a lack of uniformity in practices used in LBMs, which leads to the spread of poultry diseases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in June-October 2017 to determine the circulation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens being sold in live bird retail stalls (LBRSs) and to identify potential risk factors associated with estimated prevalence. A total of 189 stalls (n = 1134 birds) distributed in eight administrative towns of Lahore were visited. A pool of six oropharyngeal swabs was collected from each stall and tested by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for the presence of NDV. Forty-two out of 189 swabs were found positive with an overall prevalence of 22.22% (95% confidence interval [Cl]: 16.88%-28.67%). Data for 11 potential risk factors acquired through questionnaires were analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (ORs) for associated risk factors were calculated. A final multivariable model identified three risk factors for NDV prevalence in LBRSs, including trading other poultry breeds alongside broilers (OR = 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-6.1), purchasing birds from mixed sources (OR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.4-11.9), and number of birds sold per day (OR = 6.32; 95% CI = 1.9-23.5). Additionally, 24 selected samples were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis of the complete fusion gene (1662 bp) revealed that all isolates belonged to Subgenotype VII.2. This study provides important information on the epidemiology of NDV in Pakistan and highlights the importance of implementing surveillance and biosecurity practices in LBRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan, , .,Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Iryna V Goraichuk
- National Scientific Center, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Andleeb Batool
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asif Rahim
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Atif Anif
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazeer Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Renfu Yin
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Xi'an, Jilin, China
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Mo J, Youk S, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Suarez DL, Lee DH, Killian ML, Bergeson NH, Spackman E. The pathogenicity and transmission of live bird market H2N2 avian influenza viruses in chickens, Pekin ducks, and guinea fowl. Vet Microbiol 2021; 260:109180. [PMID: 34271303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
H2N2 subtype low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have persisted in live bird markets (LBMs) in the Northeastern United States since 2014. Although unrelated to the 1957 pandemic H2N2 lineage, there is concern that the virus could have animal and public health consequences because of high contact with humans and numerous species in the LBM system. The pathogenicity, infectivity, and transmissibility of six LBM H2N2 viruses isolated from three avian species in LBMs were examined in chickens. Two of these isolates were also tested in Pekin ducks and guinea fowl. Full genome sequence was obtained from all 6 isolates and evaluated for genetic markers for host adaptation and pathogenicity in poultry. Clinical signs were not observed in any host with any of the isolates, however one recent isolate was shed at higher titers than the other isolates and had the lowest bird infectious dose of all the isolates tested in all three species. This isolate, A/chicken/NY/19-012787-1/2019, was also the only isolate with a deletion in the stalk region of the neuraminidase protein (NA). This supports the theory that the NA stalk deletion is evidence of adaptation to gallinaceous poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseo Mo
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3089 Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Nichole H Bergeson
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Chaudhry M, Rashid HB, Thrusfield M, Eisler MC, Welburn SC. Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:631164. [PMID: 33842573 PMCID: PMC8024624 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.631164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rural poultry constitutes 56% of the total poultry population in Pakistan; however, epidemiological information about avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in backyard poultry flocks is lacking. A cross-sectional survey of villages of Lahore district was conducted from July 2009 to August 2009 using two-stage cluster sampling and probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling to estimate seroprevalence and its associated risk factors. A random selection of 35 clusters from 308 villages of Lahore were considered, and from each cluster, six chickens aged >2 months were selected. A total of 210 serum samples were collected and examined by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for specific antibodies against AIV subtypes H5, H7, and H9. Overall weighted seroprevalence for AIVs was 65.2% (95% CI: 55.6–74.8%), and for subtype H5, H7 & H9 was 6.9% (95% CI: 10.8–23.0%), 0% (95% CI: 0–1.7%), and 62.0% (95% CI: 52.2–71.8%) respectively. However, none of the samples were positive for H7. The average flock size was 17.3 birds, and the main purpose of keeping poultry was for eggs/meat (70.6%, 95% CI: 59.7–81.4). A majority of them were reared in a semi-caged system (83%, 95% CI: 74.5–91.3). Backyard birds were received from different sources, that is, purchased from the market or received as a gift from friends or any NGO, and were 5.7 times more likely to become avian influenza (AI) seropositive than those that were not exposed to these sources (CI 95%: 2.0–716.0). Backyard birds which were received from different sources, that is, purchased from the market or received from friends or any NGO, were 5.7 times more likely to become AI seropositive compared to those that were not (CI 95%: 2.5–18.7). To reduce the risk of AIV in Pakistan, continuous surveillance of backyard poultry would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Chaudhry
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Deptarment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Bin Rashid
- Deptarment of Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Michael Thrusfield
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh-Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Eisler
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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5
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Hood G, Roche X, Brioudes A, von Dobschuetz S, Fasina FO, Kalpravidh W, Makonnen Y, Lubroth J, Sims L. A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:110-126. [PMID: 32652790 PMCID: PMC8048529 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hood
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Xavier Roche
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Aurélie Brioudes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRegional Office for Asia and the PacificBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern AfricaAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Juan Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Leslie Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information ServicesMelbourneAustralia
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6
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Gilchrist P. Involvement of free-flying wild birds in the spread of the viruses of avian influenza, Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease from poultry products to commercial poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Gilchrist
- 139 Warraba Road, The Branch, NSW 2425, Australia
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7
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Carnero AM, Kitayama K, Diaz DA, Garvich M, Angulo N, Cama VA, Gilman RH, Bayer AM. Risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in Peru: A qualitative study. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:528-539. [PMID: 29602269 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. Reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza A virus can result from these activities. Recently, swine and birds have played a central role as "mixing vessels" for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like H1N1 and H5N1. Unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the emergence of novel strains. Thus, understanding practices that lead to interspecies interactions is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to evaluate poultry processing practices in formal and informal markets and the use of leftovers by swine farmers in three Peruvian cities: Lima (capital), Tumbes (coastal) and Tarapoto (jungle). We conducted 80 direct observations at formal and informal markets and interviewed 15 swine farmers. Processors slaughter and pluck chickens and vendors and/or processors eviscerate chickens. Food safety and hygiene practices were suboptimal or absent, although some heterogeneity was observed between cities and chicken vendors versus processors. Both vendors (76%) and processors (100%) sold the chicken viscera leftovers to swine farmers, representing the main source of chicken viscera for swine farms (53%). Swine farmers fed the chicken viscera to their swine. Chicken viscera cooking times varied widely and were insufficient in some cases. Non-abattoired poultry leads to the sale of poultry leftovers to small-scale swine farms, resulting in indirect but frequent interspecies contacts that can lead to interspecies transmission of bacterial pathogens or the reassortment of influenza A viruses. These interactions are exacerbated by suboptimal safety and hygiene conditions. People involved in these activities constitute an at-risk population who could play a central role in preventing the transmission of pathogens between species. Educational interventions on hygiene and food safety practices will be important for reducing the risk of interspecies influenza transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Carnero
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - K Kitayama
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D A Diaz
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
| | - M Garvich
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
| | - N Angulo
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
| | - V A Cama
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A M Bayer
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lee CT, Slavinski S, Schiff C, Merlino M, Daskalakis D, Liu D, Rakeman JL, Misener M, Thompson C, Leung YL, Varma JK, Fry A, Havers F, Davis T, Newbury S, Layton M. Outbreak of Influenza A(H7N2) Among Cats in an Animal Shelter With Cat-to-Human Transmission-New York City, 2016. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 65:1927-1929. [PMID: 29020187 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first case of cat-to-human transmission of influenza A(H7N2), an avian-lineage influenza A virus, that occurred during an outbreak among cats in New York City animal shelters. We describe the public health response and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Lee
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development
| | - Sally Slavinski
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York
| | - Corinne Schiff
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York
| | - Mario Merlino
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York
| | | | - Dakai Liu
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York
| | | | - Mark Misener
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York
| | | | - Yin Ling Leung
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York
| | - Jay K Varma
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York.,National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
| | - Alicia Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Fiona Havers
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sandra Newbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Marcelle Layton
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York
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Chaudhry M, Rashid HB, Angot A, Thrusfield M, Bronsvoort BMD, Capua I, Cattoli G, Welburn SC, Eisler MC. Risk Factors for Avian Influenza H9 Infection of Chickens in Live Bird Retail Stalls of Lahore District, Pakistan 2009-2010. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5634. [PMID: 29618780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with AIV infections in live bird retail stalls (LBRS) in Lahore District, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey of LBRS was conducted from December 2009-February 2010 using two-stage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size. A total of 280 oropharyngeal swab sample pools were collected from 1400 birds in 8 clusters and tested by qRT-PCR for the matrix (M) gene of type A influenza virus and HA gene subtypes H9, H5 and H7. Thirty-four (34) samples were positive for the M gene, of which 28 were also positive for H9. No sample was found positive for H5 or H7. Data for 36 potential risk factors, collected by questionnaire, were analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (OR) for associated risk factors were calculated. A final multivariable model identified three risk factors for H9 infection in LRBS, namely obtaining birds from mixed sources (OR 2.28, CI95%: 1.4–3.7), keeping birds outside cages (OR 3.10, CI95%: 1.4–7.0) and keeping chicken breeds other than broilers (OR 6.27, CI95%: 1.7–23.2). Sourcing birds from dealers/wholesalers, keeping birds inside cages and avoiding mixing different breeds in cages could reduce the risk of H9 infections in LRBS.
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Lin Q, Lin Z, Chiu APY, He D. Seasonality of Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in China-Fitting Simple Epidemic Models to Human Cases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151333. [PMID: 26963937 PMCID: PMC4786326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three epidemic waves of influenza A(H7N9) (hereafter ‘H7N9’) human cases have occurred between March 2013 and July 2015 in China. However, the underlying transmission mechanism remains unclear. Our main objective is to use mathematical models to study how seasonality, secular changes and environmental transmission play a role in the spread of H7N9 in China. Methods Data on human cases and chicken cases of H7N9 infection were downloaded from the EMPRES-i Global Animal Disease Information System. We modelled on chicken-to-chicken transmission, assuming a constant ratio of 10−6 human case per chicken case, and compared the model fit with the observed human cases. We developed three different modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Susceptible models: (i) a non-periodic transmission rate model with an environmental class, (ii) a non-periodic transmission rate model without an environmental class, and (iii) a periodic transmission rate model with an environmental class. We then estimated the key epidemiological parameters and compared the model fit using Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion. Results Our results showed that a non-periodic transmission rate model with an environmental class provided the best model fit to the observed human cases in China during the study period. The estimated parameter values were within biologically plausible ranges. Conclusions This study highlighted the importance of considering secular changes and environmental transmission in the modelling of human H7N9 cases. Secular changes were most likely due to control measures such as Live Poultry Markets closures that were implemented during the initial phase of the outbreaks in China. Our results suggested that environmental transmission via viral shedding of infected chickens had contributed to the spread of H7N9 human cases in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Lin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (SAR) China
| | - Zhigui Lin
- School of Mathematical Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People Republic of China
| | - Alice P. Y. Chiu
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (SAR) China
- * E-mail:
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong (SAR) China
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11
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Pepin KM, Spackman E, Brown JD, Pabilonia KL, Garber LP, Weaver JT, Kennedy DA, Patyk KA, Huyvaert KP, Miller RS, Franklin AB, Pedersen K, Bogich TL, Rohani P, Shriner SA, Webb CT, Riley S. Using quantitative disease dynamics as a tool for guiding response to avian influenza in poultry in the United States of America. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:376-97. [PMID: 24462191 PMCID: PMC3945821 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Wild birds are the primary source of genetic diversity for influenza A viruses that eventually emerge in poultry and humans. Much progress has been made in the descriptive ecology of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), but contributions are less evident from quantitative studies (e.g., those including disease dynamic models). Transmission between host species, individuals and flocks has not been measured with sufficient accuracy to allow robust quantitative evaluation of alternate control protocols. We focused on the United States of America (USA) as a case study for determining the state of our quantitative knowledge of potential AIV emergence processes from wild hosts to poultry. We identified priorities for quantitative research that would build on existing tools for responding to AIV in poultry and concluded that the following knowledge gaps can be addressed with current empirical data: (1) quantification of the spatio-temporal relationships between AIV prevalence in wild hosts and poultry populations, (2) understanding how the structure of different poultry sectors impacts within-flock transmission, (3) determining mechanisms and rates of between-farm spread, and (4) validating current policy-decision tools with data. The modeling studies we recommend will improve our mechanistic understanding of potential AIV transmission patterns in USA poultry, leading to improved measures of accuracy and reduced uncertainty when evaluating alternative control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Pepin
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - E Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - J D Brown
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - K L Pabilonia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - L P Garber
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - J T Weaver
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - D A Kennedy
- Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
| | - K A Patyk
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - K P Huyvaert
- Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - R S Miller
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - A B Franklin
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - K Pedersen
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - T L Bogich
- Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - P Rohani
- Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - S A Shriner
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - C T Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - S Riley
- Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Disease Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK.
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12
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Ostrowsky B, Huang A, Terry W, Anton D, Brunagel B, Traynor L, Abid S, Johnson G, Kacica M, Katz J, Edwards L, Lindstrom S, Klimov A, Uyeki TM. Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N2) virus infection in immunocompromised adult, New York, USA, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:1128-31. [PMID: 22710273 PMCID: PMC3376803 DOI: 10.3201/eid1807.111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Ostrowsky
- Westchester County Department of Health, New Rochelle, New York, USA. bostrows@montefi ore.org
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13
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Farnsworth ML, Miller RS, Pedersen K, Lutman MW, Swafford SR, Riggs PD, Webb CT. Environmental and demographic determinants of avian influenza viruses in waterfowl across the contiguous United States. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32729. [PMID: 22427870 PMCID: PMC3299682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza in North American poultry have been linked to wild waterfowl. A first step towards understanding where and when avian influenza viruses might emerge from North American waterfowl is to identify environmental and demographic determinants of infection in their populations. Laboratory studies indicate water temperature as one determinant of environmental viral persistence and we explored this hypothesis at the landscape scale. We also hypothesized that the interval apparent prevalence in ducks within a local watershed during the overwintering season would influence infection probabilities during the following breeding season within the same local watershed. Using avian influenza virus surveillance data collected from 19,965 wild waterfowl across the contiguous United States between October 2006 and September 2009 We fit Logistic regression models relating the infection status of individual birds sampled on their breeding grounds to demographic characteristics, temperature, and interval apparent prevalence during the preceding overwintering season at the local watershed scale. We found strong support for sex, age, and species differences in the probability an individual duck tested positive for avian influenza virus. In addition, we found that for every seven days the local minimum temperature fell below zero, the chance an individual would test positive for avian influenza virus increased by 5.9 percent. We also found a twelve percent increase in the chance an individual would test positive during the breeding season for every ten percent increase in the interval apparent prevalence during the prior overwintering season. These results suggest that viral deposition in water and sub-freezing temperatures during the overwintering season may act as determinants of individual level infection risk during the subsequent breeding season. Our findings have implications for future surveillance activities in waterfowl and domestic poultry populations. Further study is needed to identify how these drivers might interact with other host-specific infection determinants, such as species phylogeny, immunological status, and behavioral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Farnsworth
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
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14
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Burns TE, Kelton D, Ribble C, Stephen C. Preliminary Investigation of Bird and Human Movements and Disease-Management Practices in Noncommercial Poultry Flocks in Southwestern British Columbia. Avian Dis 2011; 55:350-7. [DOI: 10.1637/9646-010411-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Burns TE, Guerin MT, Kelton D, Ribble C, Stephen C. On-farm Study of Human Contact Networks to Document Potential Pathways for Avian Influenza Transmission between Commercial Poultry Farms in Ontario, Canada. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:510-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Live bird markets (LBM) are essential for marketing poultry in many developing countries, and they are a preferred place for many people to purchase poultry for consumption throughout the world. Live bird markets are typically urban and have a permanent structure in which birds can be housed until they are sold. Live bird markets bring together a mixture of bird species that meet the preferences of their customers and that are commonly produced by multiple suppliers. The mixture of species, the lack of all-in-all-out management, and multiple suppliers are all features that make LBM potential sources of avian influenza viruses (AIV), especially for their supply flocks. Live bird markets have been linked to many outbreaks of avian influenza internationally and in the United States. Avian influenza virus is endemic in many, but not all, LBM systems. For instance, AIV has not been isolated from the Southern California LBM system since December 2005, although the risk of new introductions remains. The California LBM system is much smaller than the New York system, handles fewer birds, and has fewer bird suppliers, which, combined with recent avian influenza prevention and control plans, have enabled it to be AIV free for nearly 3 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cardona
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Veterinary Medicine Extension, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Although live bird markets (LBMs) have been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza (AI), there are some LBM systems where AI outbreaks are extremely rare events. The California LBMs have not had any detected avian influenza viruses (AIVs) since December 2005. Responses to a detailed questionnaire on the practices and characteristics of the participants in the California low-pathogenic (LP) AI control program have been described to characterize possible reasons for the lack of AI outbreaks in LBMs. Compliance with an LPAI control program that contains active surveillance, prevention, and rapid response measures by those involved in the LBM system, rendering services to dispose of carcasses, no wholesalers, and few third-party bird deliveries was associated with the lack of LPAIV circulating in the Southern California LBM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Yee
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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