1
|
Katikaneni D, Morel L, Scindia Y. Animal models of lupus nephritis: the past, present and a future outlook. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2319203. [PMID: 38477884 PMCID: PMC10981450 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2319203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most severe end-organ pathology in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Research has enhanced our understanding of immune effectors and inflammatory pathways in LN. However, even with the best available therapy, the rate of complete remission for proliferative LN remains below 50%. A deeper understanding of the resistance or susceptibility of renal cells to injury during the progression of SLE is critical for identifying new targets and developing effective long-term therapies. The complex and heterogeneous nature of LN, combined with the limitations of clinical research, make it challenging to investigate the aetiology of this disease directly in patients. Hence, multiple murine models resembling SLE-driven nephritis are utilised to dissect LN's cellular and genetic mechanisms, identify therapeutic targets, and screen novel compounds. This review discusses commonly used spontaneous and inducible mouse models that have provided insights into pathogenic mechanisms and long-term maintenance therapies in LN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Katikaneni
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UT Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yogesh Scindia
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao XM, Liu Y, Hailaiti D, Gong Y, Zhang XD, Yue BN, Liu JP, Wu XL, Yang KZ, Wang J, Liu QG. Mechanisms of inflammation modulation by different immune cells in hypertensive nephropathy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333170. [PMID: 38545112 PMCID: PMC10965702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive nephropathy (HTN) is the second leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and a chronic inflammatory disease. Persistent hypertension leads to lesions of intrarenal arterioles and arterioles, luminal stenosis, secondary ischemic renal parenchymal damage, and glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Studying the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy is a prerequisite for diagnosis and treatment. The main cause of HTN is poor long-term blood pressure control, but kidney damage is often accompanied by the occurrence of immune inflammation. Some studies have found that the activation of innate immunity, inflammation and acquired immunity is closely related to the pathogenesis of HTN, which can cause damage and dysfunction of target organs. There are more articles on the mechanism of diabetic nephropathy, while there are fewer studies related to immunity in hypertensive nephropathy. This article reviews the mechanisms by which several different immune cells and inflammatory cytokines regulate blood pressure and renal damage in HTN. It mainly focuses on immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines and inhibitors. However, further comprehensive and large-scale studies are needed to determine the role of these markers and provide effective protocols for clinical intervention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Hao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yu Gong
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Nan Yue
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Peng Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Zhen Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Guo Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Böhner AMC, Effland A, Jacob AM, Böhner KAM, Abdullah Z, Brähler S, Attenberger UI, Rumpf M, Kurts C. Determining individual glomerular proteinuria and periglomerular infiltration in a cleared murine kidney by a 3-dimensional fast marching algorithm. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00172-8. [PMID: 38458475 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has advanced basic research and clinical medicine. However, limited resolution and imperfections of real-world 3D image material often preclude algorithmic image analysis. Here, we present a methodologic framework for such imaging and analysis for functional and spatial relations in experimental nephritis. First, optical tissue-clearing protocols were optimized to preserve fluorescence signals for light sheet fluorescence microscopy and compensated attenuation effects using adjustable 3D correction fields. Next, we adapted the fast marching algorithm to conduct backtracking in 3D environments and developed a tool to determine local concentrations of extractable objects. As a proof-of-concept application, we used this framework to determine in a glomerulonephritis model the individual proteinuria and periglomerular immune cell infiltration for all glomeruli of half a mouse kidney. A correlation between these parameters surprisingly did not support the intuitional assumption that the most inflamed glomeruli are the most proteinuric. Instead, the spatial density of adjacent glomeruli positively correlated with the proteinuria of a given glomerulus. Because proteinuric glomeruli appear clustered, this suggests that the exact location of a kidney biopsy may affect the observed severity of glomerular damage. Thus, our algorithmic pipeline described here allows analysis of various parameters of various organs composed of functional subunits, such as the kidney, and can theoretically be adapted to processing other image modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M C Böhner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Effland
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alice M Jacob
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karin A M Böhner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brähler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike I Attenberger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Rumpf
- Institute for Numerical Simulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gnirck AC, Philipp MS, Waterhölter A, Wunderlich M, Shaikh N, Adamiak V, Henneken L, Kautz T, Xiong T, Klaus D, Tomczyk P, Al-Bahra MM, Menche D, Walkenhorst M, Lantz O, Willing A, Friese MA, Huber TB, Krebs CF, Panzer U, Kurts C, Turner JE. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells contribute to suppression of inflammatory myeloid cells in immune-mediated kidney disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7372. [PMID: 37968302 PMCID: PMC10651937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been implicated in various inflammatory diseases of barrier organs, but so far, their role in kidney disease is unclear. Here we report that MAIT cells that recognize their prototypical ligand, the vitamin B2 intermediate 5-OP-RU presented by MR1, reside in human and mouse kidneys. Single cell RNAseq analysis reveals several intrarenal MAIT subsets, and one, carrying the genetic fingerprint of tissue-resident MAIT17 cells, is activated and expanded in a murine model of crescentic glomerulonephritis (cGN). An equivalent subset is also present in kidney biopsies of patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA)-associated cGN. MAIT cell-deficient MR1 mice show aggravated disease, whereas B6-MAITCAST mice, harboring higher MAIT cell numbers, are protected from cGN. The expanded MAIT17 cells express anti-inflammatory mediators known to suppress cGN, such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and TGF-β. Interactome analysis predicts CXCR6 - CXCL16-mediated cross-talk with renal mononuclear phagocytes, known to drive cGN progression. In line, we find that cGN is aggravated upon CXCL16 blockade. Finally, we present an optimized 5-OP-RU synthesis method which we apply to attenuating cGN in mice. In summary, we propose that CXCR6+ MAIT cells might play a protective role in cGN, implicating them as a potential target for anti-inflammatory therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Gnirck
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marie-Sophie Philipp
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut Langen, Langen, Germany
| | - Alex Waterhölter
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Wunderlich
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikhat Shaikh
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Virginia Adamiak
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Henneken
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kautz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tingting Xiong
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Klaus
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomczyk
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohamad M Al-Bahra
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Walkenhorst
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Inserm U932, Laboratoire d'immunologie Clinique and Centre d'investigation Clinique en Biothérapie Gustave-Roussy, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Willing
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian F Krebs
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Panzer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jan-Eric Turner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
García-Giménez J, Córdoba-David G, Rayego-Mateos S, Cannata-Ortiz P, Carrasco S, Ruiz-Ortega M, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Ortiz A, Ramos AM. STING1 deficiency ameliorates immune-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. J Pathol 2023; 261:309-322. [PMID: 37650295 DOI: 10.1002/path.6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly progressive/crescentic glomerulonephritis (RPGN/CGN) involves the formation of glomerular crescents by maladaptive differentiation of parietal epithelial cells that leads to rapid loss of renal function. The molecular mechanisms of crescent formation are poorly understood. Therefore, new insights into molecular mechanisms could identify alternative therapeutic targets for RPGN/CGN. Analysis of kidney biopsies from patients with RPGN revealed increased interstitial, glomerular, and tubular expression of STING1, an accessory protein of the c-GAS-dependent DNA-sensing pathway, which was also observed in murine nephrotoxic nephritis induced by an anti-GBM antibody. STING1 was expressed by key cell types involved in RPGN and crescent formation such as glomerular parietal epithelial cells, and tubular cells as well as by inflammation accessory cells. In functional in vivo studies, Sting1-/- mice with nephrotoxic nephritis had lower kidney cytokine expression, milder kidney infiltration by innate and adaptive immune cells, and decreased disease severity. Pharmacological STING1 inhibition mirrored these findings. Direct STING1 agonism in parietal and tubular cells activated the NF-κB-dependent cytokine response and the interferon-induced genes (ISGs) program. These responses were also triggered in a STING1-dependent manner by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TWEAK. These results identify STING1 activation as a pathological mechanism in RPGN/CGN and TWEAK as an activator of STING1. Pharmacological strategies targeting STING1, or upstream regulators may therefore be potential alternatives to treat RPGN. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Giménez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Córdoba-David
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cannata-Ortiz
- Department of Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Carrasco
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián M Ramos
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ekperikpe US, Mandal S, Holt SJ, Daniels JK, Johnson TD, Cooper JS, Safir SM, Cornelius DC, Williams JM. Metformin reduces insulin resistance and attenuates progressive renal injury in prepubertal obese Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F363-F376. [PMID: 37498548 PMCID: PMC10639024 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00078.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prepubertal obesity is currently an epidemic and is considered as a major risk factor for renal injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that insulin resistance contributes to renal injury in obesity, independent of diabetes. However, studies examining the relationship between insulin resistance and renal injury in obese children are lacking. Recently, we reported that progressive renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) leptin receptor mutant (SSLepRmutant) rats was associated with insulin resistance before puberty. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine whether decreasing insulin resistance with metformin will reduce renal injury in SSLepRmutant rats. Four-wk-old SS and SSLepRmutant rats were separated into the following two groups: 1) vehicle and 2) metformin (300 mg/kg/day) via chow diet for 4 wk. Chronic administration of metformin markedly reduced insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in SSLepRmutant rats. We did not detect any differences in mean arterial pressure between vehicle and metformin-treated SS and SSLepRmutant rats. Proteinuria was significantly greater in SSLepRmutant rats versus SS rats throughout the study, and metformin administration significantly reduced proteinuria in SSLepRmutant rats. At the end of the protocol, metformin prevented the renal hyperfiltration observed in SSLepRmutant rats versus SS rats. Glomerular and tubular injury and renal inflammation and fibrosis were significantly higher in vehicle-treated SSLepRmutant rats versus SS rats, and metformin reduced these parameters in SSLepRmutant rats. These data suggest that reducing insulin resistance with metformin prevents renal hyperfiltration and progressive renal injury in SSLepRmutant rats before puberty and may be therapeutically useful in managing renal injury during prepubertal obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Childhood/prepubertal obesity is a public health concern that is associated with early signs of proteinuria. Insulin resistance has been described in obese children. However, studies investigating the role of insulin resistance during childhood obesity-associated renal injury are limited. This study provides evidence of an early relationship between insulin resistance and renal injury in a rat model of prepubertal obesity. These data also suggest that reducing insulin resistance with metformin may be renoprotective in obese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ubong S Ekperikpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Sautan Mandal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Stephen J Holt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jacori K Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Tyler D Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jonita S Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Sarah M Safir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Denise C Cornelius
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jan M Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu X, Crowley SD. Actions of Dendritic Cells in the Kidney during Hypertension. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4087-4101. [PMID: 35950656 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The immune response plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and immune cell populations can promote blood pressure elevation via actions in the kidney. Among these cell lineages, dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells, play a central role in regulating immune response during hypertension and kidney disease. DCs have different subtypes, and renal DCs are comprised of the CD103+ CD11b- and CD103- CD11b+ subsets. DCs become mature and express costimulatory molecules on their surface once they encounter antigen. Isolevuglandin-modified proteins function as antigens to activate DCs and trigger them to stimulate T cells. Activated T cells accumulate in the hypertensive kidney, release effector cytokines, promote renal oxidative stress, and promote renal salt and water retention. Individual subsets of activated T cells can secrete tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-17A, and interferon-gamma, each of which has augmented the elevation of blood pressure in hypertensive models by enhancing renal sodium transport. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand-dependent classical DCs are required to sustain the full hypertensive response, but C-X3 -C chemokine receptor 1 positive DCs do not regulate blood pressure. Excess sodium enters the DC through transporters to activate DCs, whereas the ubiquitin editor A20 in dendritic cells constrains blood pressure elevation by limiting T cell activation. By contrast, activation of the salt sensing kinase, serum/glucocorticoid kinase 1 in DCs exacerbates salt-sensitive hypertension. This article discusses recent studies illustrating mechanisms through which DC-T cell interactions modulate levels of pro-hypertensive mediators to regulate blood pressure via actions in the kidney. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-15, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dhana E, Klaus D, Böhner A, Schmidt F, von Vietinghoff S, Boor P, Djudjaj S, Kurts C. Generation of an alpaca serum that induces immune-mediated crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice. J Immunol Methods 2022; 507:113310. [PMID: 35787393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Crescentic glomerulonephritis (cGN) is the most aggressive form of glomerulonephritis in humans. A widely studied mouse model is induced by sheep or rabbit antisera raised against murine renal cortical antigens. We here, report that Alpaca readily produce ample amounts of antisera that induces pathology in mice, resembling human disease regarding crescent formation, proteinuria, infiltrating immune cells and a significant Th1, but not Th17 immune response. Alpaca antiserum did not cause end-stage kidney failure, neither in a passive nor in an accelerated experimental setting, which may be advantageous for long term studies of crescentic glomerulonephritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ermanila Dhana
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Klaus
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Böhner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Sibylle von Vietinghoff
- Nephrology Section, Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, University hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of Pathology, University hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Trimarchi H. Crescents in primary glomerulonephritis: a pattern of injury with dissimilar actors. A pathophysiologic perspective. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:1205-14. [PMID: 34312722 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular crescents are defined as two or more layers of proliferating cells in Bowman's space and are a hallmark of inflammatory active glomerulonephritis and a histologic marker of severe glomerular injury. In general, the percentage of glomeruli that exhibit crescents correlates with the severity of kidney failure and other clinical manifestations of nephritic syndrome. In general, a predominance of active crescents is associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and a poor outcome. The duration and potential reversibility of the underlying disease correspond with the relative predominance of cellular or fibrous components in the crescents, the initial location of the immunologic insult inside the glomerulus, and the sort of involved cells and inflammatory mediators. However, the presence of active crescents may not have the same degree of significance in the different types of glomerulopathies. The pathophysiology of parietal cell proliferation may have dissimilar origins, underscoring the fact that the resultant crescents are a non-specific morphological pattern of glomerular injury with different implications in clinical prognosis in the scope of glomerular diseases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Böhner AM, Jacob AM, Heuser C, Stumpf NE, Effland A, Abdullah Z, Meyer-Schwesiger C, von Vietinghoff S, Kurts C. Renal Denervation Exacerbates LPS- and Antibody-induced Acute Kidney Injury, but Protects from Pyelonephritis in Mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2445-2453. [PMID: 34599036 PMCID: PMC8722799 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal denervation (RDN) is an invasive intervention to treat drug-resistant arterial hypertension. Its therapeutic value is contentious. Here we examined the effects of RDN on inflammatory and infectious kidney disease models in mice. METHODS Mice were unilaterally or bilaterally denervated, or sham operated, then three disease models were induced: nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN, a model for crescentic GN), pyelonephritis, and acute endotoxemic kidney injury (as a model for septic kidney injury). Analytical methods included measurement of renal glomerular filtration, proteinuria, flow cytometry of renal immune cells, immunofluorescence microscopy, and three-dimensional imaging of optically cleared kidney tissue by light-sheet fluorescence microscopy followed by algorithmic analysis. RESULTS Unilateral RDN increased glomerular filtration in denervated kidneys, but decreased it in the contralateral kidneys. In the NTN model, more nephritogenic antibodies were deposited in glomeruli of denervated kidneys, resulting in stronger inflammation and injury in denervated compared with contralateral nondenervated kidneys. Also, intravenously injected LPS increased neutrophil influx and inflammation in the denervated kidneys, both after unilateral and bilateral RDN. When we induced pyelonephritis in bilaterally denervated mice, both kidneys contained less bacteria and neutrophils. In unilaterally denervated mice, pyelonephritis was attenuated and intrarenal neutrophil numbers were lower in the denervated kidneys. The nondenervated contralateral kidneys harbored more bacteria, even compared with sham-operated mice, and showed the strongest influx of neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the increased perfusion and filtration in denervated kidneys can profoundly influence concomitant inflammatory diseases. Renal deposition of circulating nephritic material is higher, and hence antibody- and endotoxin-induced kidney injury was aggravated in mice. Pyelonephritis was attenuated in denervated murine kidneys, because the higher glomerular filtration facilitated better flushing of bacteria with the urine, at the expense of contralateral, nondenervated kidneys after unilateral denervation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M.C. Böhner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Alice M. Jacob
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Heuser
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Natascha E. Stumpf
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Kurts
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Renal inflammation, induced by autoantigen recognition or toxic drugs, leads to renal tissue injury and decline in kidney function. Recent studies have demonstrated the crucial role for regulatory T cells in suppressing pathogenic adaptive but also innate immune responses in the inflamed kidney. However, there is also evidence for other immune cell populations with immunosuppressive function in renal inflammation. This review summarizes mechanisms of immune cell regulation in immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and acute and chronic nephrotoxicity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chalmers SA, Garcia SJ, Webb D, Herlitz L, Fine J, Klein E, Ramanujam M, Putterman C. BTK inhibition modulates multiple immune cell populations involved in the pathogenesis of immune mediated nephritis. Clin Immunol 2020; 223:108640. [PMID: 33296718 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a serious end organ complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) is an inducible model of LN, which utilizes passive transfer of pre-formed nephrotoxic antibodies to initiate disease. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, BI-BTK-1, prevents the development of nephritis in NTN when treatment was started prior to nephrotoxic serum transfer, and reverses established proteinuria as well. We manipulated the initiation and duration of BI-BTK-1 therapy in NTN to study its delayed therapeutic effects when treatment is given later in the disease course, as well as to further understand what effect BI-BTK-1 is having to prevent initiation of nephritis with early treatment. Early treatment and remission induction each correlated with decreased inflammatory macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and decreased B220+ B cells. Additionally, an increased proportion of resident macrophages within the CD45+ population favored a delay of disease onset and remission induction. We also studied the cellular processes involved in reactivation of nephritis by withdrawing BI-BTK-1 treatment at different time points. Treatment cessation led to either early or later onset of renal flares inversely dependent on the initial duration of BTK inhibition, as assessed by increased proteinuria and BUN levels and worse renal pathology. These flares were associated with an increase in kidney CD45+ infiltrates, including myeloid cell populations. IL-6, CD14, and CCL2 were also increased in mice developing late flares. These analyses point to the role of macrophages as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of immune mediated nephritis, and further support the therapeutic potential of BTK inhibition in this disease and related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Chalmers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Sayra J Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Deborah Webb
- Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, United States of America
| | - Leal Herlitz
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Jay Fine
- Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, United States of America
| | - Elliott Klein
- Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, United States of America
| | - Meera Ramanujam
- Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, United States of America
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America; Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Zefat, Israel; Research Institute, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kurts C, Ginhoux F, Panzer U. Kidney dendritic cells: fundamental biology and functional roles in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:391-407. [PMID: 32372062 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are chief inducers of adaptive immunity and regulate local inflammatory responses across the body. Together with macrophages, the other main type of mononuclear phagocyte, DCs constitute the most abundant component of the intrarenal immune system. This network of functionally specialized immune cells constantly surveys its microenvironment for signs of injury or infection, which trigger the initiation of an immune response. In the healthy kidney, DCs coordinate effective immune responses, for example, by recruiting neutrophils for bacterial clearance in pyelonephritis. The pro-inflammatory actions of DCs can, however, also contribute to tissue damage in various types of acute kidney injury and chronic glomerulonephritis, as DCs recruit and activate effector T cells, which release toxic mediators and maintain tubulointerstitial immune infiltrates. These actions are counterbalanced by DC subsets that promote the activation and maintenance of regulatory T cells to support resolution of the immune response and allow kidney repair. Several studies have investigated the multiple roles for DCs in kidney homeostasis and disease, but it has become clear that current tools and subset markers are not sufficient to accurately distinguish DCs from macrophages. Multidimensional transcriptomic analysis studies promise to improve mononuclear phagocyte classification and provide a clearer view of DC ontogeny and subsets.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wen Y, Rudemiller NP, Zhang J, Robinette T, Lu X, Ren J, Privratsky JR, Nedospasov SA, Crowley SD. TNF-α in T lymphocytes attenuates renal injury and fibrosis during nephrotoxic nephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F107-F116. [PMID: 31736350 PMCID: PMC6985827 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00347.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) models immune-mediated human glomerulonephritis and culminates in kidney inflammation and fibrosis, a process regulated by T lymphocytes. TNF-α is a key proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to diverse forms of renal injury. Therefore, we posited that TNF-α from T lymphocytes may contribute to NTN pathogenesis. Here, mice with T cell-specific deletion of TNF-α (TNF TKO) and wild-type (WT) control mice were subjected to the NTN model. At 14 days after NTN, kidney injury and fibrosis were increased in kidneys from TNF TKO mice compared with WT mice. PD1+CD4+ T cell numbers and mRNA levels of IL-17A were elevated in NTN kidneys of TNF TKO mice, suggesting that augmented local T helper 17 lymphocyte responses in the TNF TKO kidney may exaggerate renal injury and fibrosis. In turn, we found increased accumulation of neutrophils in TNF TKO kidneys during NTN. We conclude that TNF-α production in T lymphocytes mitigates NTN-induced kidney injury and fibrosis by inhibiting renal T helper 17 lymphocyte responses and infiltration of neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nathan P Rudemiller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Taylor Robinette
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiaohan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jiafa Ren
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jamie R Privratsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu H, Cui S, Mei Y, Li Q, Wu L, Duan S, Cai G, Zhu H, Fu B, Zhang L, Feng Z, Chen X. Mesangial Cells Exhibit Features of Antigen-Presenting Cells and Activate CD4+ T Cell Responses. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2121849. [PMID: 31317046 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesangial cells play a prominent role in the development of inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders of the kidney. Mesangial cells perform the essential functions of helping to ensure that the glomerular structure is stable and regulating capillary flow, and activated mesangial cells acquire proinflammatory activities. We investigated whether activated mesangial cells display immune properties and control the development of T cell immunity. Methods Flow cytometry analysis was used to study the expression of antigen-presenting cell surface markers and costimulatory molecules in mesangial cells. CD4+ T cell activation induced by mesangial cells was detected in terms of T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Results IFN-γ-treated mesangial cells express membrane proteins involved in antigen presentation and T cell activation, including MHC-II, ICAM-1, CD40, and CD80. This finding suggests that activated mesangial cells can take up and present antigenic peptides to initiate CD4+ T cell responses and thus act as nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells. Polarization of naïve CD4+ T cells (Th0 cells) towards the Th1 phenotype was induced by coculture with activated mesangial cells, and the resulting Th1 cells showed increased mRNA and protein expression of inflammation-associated genes. Conclusion Mesangial cells can present antigen and modulate CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. Interactions between mesangial cells and T cells are essential for sustaining the inflammatory response in a variety of glomerulonephritides. Therefore, mesangial cells might participate in immune function in the kidney.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Local Na+ balance emerges as an important factor of tissue microenvironment. On the one hand, immune cells impact on local Na+ levels. On the other hand, Na+ availability is able to influence immune responses. In contrast to macrophages, our knowledge of dendritic cells (DCs) in this state of affair is rather limited. Current evidence suggests that the impact of increased Na+ on DCs is context dependent. Moreover, it is conceivable that DC immunobiology might also be influenced by Na+-rich-diet-induced changes of the gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neubert
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation of Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ikeda M, Terashima R, Yamada T, Suyama M, Yokote S, Nakao M, Yamamoto I, Hirano K, Okonogi H, Yamamoto H, Yokoo T. Negative impact of proteinuria on circulating myeloid dendritic cells. Clin Exp Nephrol 2019; 23:928-38. [PMID: 30879162 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-019-01724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background A decrease in absolute numbers (abs.) of circulating dendritic cells (DCs) and recruitment into target organs has been reported, but whether the level of proteinuria associates with circulating DC abs. has not been clarified. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 210 patients with kidney disease aged 21–96 years who were admitted to our hospital for kidney biopsy in 2007–2010. For accuracy, the level of proteinuria was thoroughly measured by 24-h urine collection from patients in their admitted condition. The abs. of total DCs (tDCs), myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) was measured by three-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Patients were divided into four groups based upon the quartile of each DC abs. and one-way ANOVA, and multivariable-adjusted regression analyses were performed. Results Quantile analysis showed that the level of daily proteinuria decreased with increasing blood mDC abs., with mean proteinuria levels (g/day) of 2.45, 1.68, 1.68, 1.10 for those in mDC abs. quartiles ≤ 445, < 686, < 907, ≥ 907 cells/102 µL (p = 0.0277), respectively. Multivariate-adjusted regression analysis revealed that the mDC abs. was negatively associated with proteinuria (95% CI − 57.0 to − 8.5) and positively associated with male gender (95% CI 66.2–250.5). Independent associations were also shown between pDCs abs. and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (95% CI 0.14–2.67) and C-reactive protein (95% CI − 49.4 to − 9.9) and between tDCs abs. and male gender (95% CI 54.5–253.6) and C-reactive protein (95% CI − 80.5 to − 13.4). Conclusion We first reported that circulating mDC abs. has a negative association with the level of proteinuria.
Collapse
|
18
|
Viehmann SF, Böhner AM, Kurts C, Brähler S. The multifaceted role of the renal mononuclear phagocyte system. Cell Immunol 2018; 330:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is the hallmark of chronic kidney disease and best predictor of renal survival. Many different cell types contribute to TIF progression including tubular epithelial cells, myofibroblasts, endothelia, and inflammatory cells. Previously, most of the attention has centered on myofibroblasts given their central importance in extracellular matrix production. However, emerging data focuses on how the response of the proximal tubule, a specialized epithelial segment vulnerable to injury, plays a central role in TIF progression. Several proximal tubular responses such as de-differentiation, cell cycle changes, autophagy, and metabolic changes may be adaptive initially, but can lead to maladaptive responses that promote TIF both through autocrine and paracrine effects. This review discusses the current paradigm of TIF progression and the increasingly important role of the proximal tubule in promoting TIF both in tubulointerstitial and glomerular injuries. A better understanding and appreciation of the role of the proximal tubule in TIF has important implications for therapeutic strategies to halt chronic kidney disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Gewin
- The Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bideak A, Blaut A, Hoppe JM, Müller MB, Federico G, Eltrich N, Gröne HJ, Locati M, Vielhauer V. The atypical chemokine receptor 2 limits renal inflammation and fibrosis in murine progressive immune complex glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2018; 93:826-841. [PMID: 29395335 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2), also named D6, regulates local levels of inflammatory chemokines by internalization and degradation. To explore potential anti-inflammatory functions of ACKR2 in glomerulonephritis, we induced autologous nephrotoxic nephritis in C57/BL6 wild-type and Ackr2-deficient mice. Renal ACKR2 expression increased and localized to interstitial lymphatic endothelium during nephritis. At two weeks Ackr2-/-mice developed increased albuminuria and urea levels compared to wild-type mice. Histological analysis revealed increased structural damage in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments within Ackr2-/- kidneys. This correlated with excessive renal leukocyte infiltration of CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes with increased numbers in the tubulointerstitium but not glomeruli in knockout mice. Expression of inflammatory mediators and especially markers of fibrotic tissue remodeling were increased along with higher levels of ACKR2 inflammatory chemokine ligands like CCL2 in nephritic Ackr2-/- kidneys. In vitro, Ackr2 deficiency in TNF-stimulated tubulointerstitial tissue but not glomeruli increased chemokine levels. These results are in line with ACKR2 expression in interstitial lymphatic endothelial cells, which also assures efflux of activated leukocytes into regional lymph nodes. Consistently, nephritic Ackr2-/- mice showed reduced adaptive cellular immune responses indicated by decreased regional T-cell activation. However, this did not prevent aggravated injury in the kidneys of Ackr2-/- mice with nephrotoxic nephritis due to simultaneously increased tubulointerstitial chemokine levels, leukocyte infiltration and fibrosis. Thus, ACKR2 is important in limiting renal inflammation and fibrotic remodeling in progressive nephrotoxic nephritis. Hence, ACKR2 may be a potential target for therapeutic interventions in immune complex glomerulonephritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Bideak
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Blaut
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - John M Hoppe
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin B Müller
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Federico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nuru Eltrich
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Volker Vielhauer
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brähler S, Zinselmeyer BH, Raju S, Nitschke M, Suleiman H, Saunders BT, Johnson MW, Böhner AMC, Viehmann SF, Theisen DJ, Kretzer NM, Briseño CG, Zaitsev K, Ornatsky O, Chang Q, Carrero JA, Kopp JB, Artyomov MN, Kurts C, Murphy KM, Miner JH, Shaw AS. Opposing Roles of Dendritic Cell Subsets in Experimental GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:138-154. [PMID: 29217759 PMCID: PMC5748909 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to form a dendritic network across barrier surfaces and throughout organs, including the kidney, to perform an important sentinel function. However, previous studies of DC function used markers, such as CD11c or CX3CR1, that are not unique to DCs. Here, we evaluated the role of DCs in renal inflammation using a CD11c reporter mouse line and two mouse lines with DC-specific reporters, Zbtb46-GFP and Snx22-GFP. Multiphoton microscopy of kidney sections confirmed that most of the dendritically shaped CD11c+ cells forming a network throughout the renal interstitium expressed macrophage-specific markers. In contrast, DCs marked by Zbtb46-GFP or Snx22-GFP were less abundant, concentrated around blood vessels, and round in shape. We confirmed this pattern of localization using imaging mass cytometry. Motility measurements showed that resident macrophages were sessile, whereas DCs were motile before and after inflammation. Although uninflamed glomeruli rarely contained DCs, injury with nephrotoxic antibodies resulted in accumulation of ZBTB46 + cells in the periglomerular region. ZBTB46 identifies all classic DCs, which can be categorized into two functional subsets that express either CD103 or CD11b. Depletion of ZBTB46 + cells attenuated the antibody-induced kidney injury, whereas deficiency of the CD103+ subset accelerated injury through a mechanism that involved increased neutrophil infiltration. RNA sequencing 7 days after nephrotoxic antibody injection showed that CD11b+ DCs expressed the neutrophil-attracting cytokine CXCL2, whereas CD103+ DCs expressed high levels of several anti-inflammatory genes. These results provide new insights into the distinct functions of the two major DC subsets in glomerular inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brähler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department II of Internal Medicine and
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander M C Böhner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne F Viehmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Qing Chang
- Fluidigm Inc., Markham, Ontario, Canada; and
| | | | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Andrey S Shaw
- Research Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Snelgrove SL, Lo C, Hall P, Lo CY, Alikhan MA, Coates PT, Holdsworth SR, Hickey MJ, Kitching AR. Activated Renal Dendritic Cells Cross Present Intrarenal Antigens After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Transplantation 2017; 101:1013-24. [PMID: 27495751 DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000001427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The healthy kidney contains an extensive population of renal mononuclear phagocytes (RMPs), with substantial phenotypic and functional diversity. However, how this diverse population is affected by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), an obligate part of renal transplantation, is not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the phenotypic and functional alterations in RMPs induced by IRI. METHODS Renal mononuclear phagocytes were studied 24 and 72 hours after 30 minutes of renal ischemia or sham operation. Kidneys were digested and the phenotypes of renal leukocyte populations were analyzed via flow cytometry. Multiphoton microscopy was used to image renal dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo using CD11c reporter mice. The capacity of renal DCs to present antigen was examined by assessment of proliferation of ovalbumin-specific T cells in rat insulin promoter-membrane-bound ovalbumin transgenic mice after sham or IRI procedures. RESULTS Ischemia-reperfusion injury induced influx of monocytes, DCs, macrophages, and neutrophils into the kidney. Classification of RMP subpopulations based on CD11b/CD11c expression demonstrated that the RMPs that increased in response to IRI were predominantly newly recruited monocyte-derived inflammatory DCs. In vivo multiphoton imaging of CD11c-EYFP mice revealed that intrarenal DCs exhibited increased number and activity of dendrites in the postischemic period. Ischemia-reperfusion injury also promoted DC-dependent cross-presentation of renal antigens to CD8 T cells in the draining lymph node. CONCLUSIONS In response to renal IRI, RMP populations are skewed toward those derived from inflammatory monocyte precursors. In addition, renal DCs undergo functional activation, increasing their capacity to activate antigen-specific CD8 T cells in renal draining lymph nodes.
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Artinger K, Kirsch AH, Aringer I, Moschovaki-Filippidou F, Eller P, Rosenkranz AR, Eller K. Innate and adaptive immunity in experimental glomerulonephritis: a pathfinder tale. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:943-947. [PMID: 27169420 PMCID: PMC5399043 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of innate and adaptive immune cells in the experimental model of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTS) has been rigorously studied in recent years. The model is dependent on kidney-infiltrating T helper (TH) 17 and TH1 cells, which recruit neutrophils and macrophages, respectively, and cause sustained kidney inflammation. In a later phase of disease, regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrate the kidney in an attempt to limit disease activity. In the early stage of NTS, lymph node drainage plays an important role in disease initiation since dendritic cells present the antigen to T cells in the T cell zones of the draining lymph nodes. This results in the differentiation and proliferation of TH17 and TH1 cells. In this setting, immune regulatory cells (Tregs), namely, CCR7-expressing Tregs and mast cells (MCs), which are recruited by Tregs via the production of interleukin-9, exert their immunosuppressive capacity. Together, these two cell populations inhibit T cell differentiation and proliferation, thereby limiting disease activity by as yet unknown mechanisms. In contrast, the spleen plays no role in immune activation in NTS, but constitutes a place of extramedullary haematopoiesis. The complex interactions of immune cells in NTS are still under investigation and might ultimately lead to targeted therapies in glomerulonephritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Artinger
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander H. Kirsch
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ida Aringer
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Foteini Moschovaki-Filippidou
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Eller
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander R. Rosenkranz
- 0000 0000 8988 2476grid.11598.34Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Eller
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 27, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ludwig-Portugall I, Bartok E, Dhana E, Evers BD, Primiano MJ, Hall JP, Franklin BS, Knolle PA, Hornung V, Hartmann G, Boor P, Latz E, Kurts C. An NLRP3-specific inflammasome inhibitor attenuates crystal-induced kidney fibrosis in mice. Kidney Int 2016; 90:525-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
26
|
Klingberg A, Hasenberg A, Ludwig-Portugall I, Medyukhina A, Männ L, Brenzel A, Engel DR, Figge MT, Kurts C, Gunzer M. Fully Automated Evaluation of Total Glomerular Number and Capillary Tuft Size in Nephritic Kidneys Using Lightsheet Microscopy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:452-459. [PMID: 27487796 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The total number of glomeruli is a fundamental parameter of kidney function but very difficult to determine using standard methodology. Here, we counted all individual glomeruli in murine kidneys and sized the capillary tufts by combining in vivo fluorescence labeling of endothelial cells, a novel tissue-clearing technique, lightsheet microscopy, and automated registration by image analysis. Total hands-on time per organ was <1 hour, and automated counting/sizing was finished in <3 hours. We also investigated the novel use of ethyl-3-phenylprop-2-enoate (ethyl cinnamate) as a nontoxic solvent-based clearing reagent that can be handled without specific safety measures. Ethyl cinnamate rapidly cleared all tested organs, including calcified bone, but the fluorescence of proteins and immunohistochemical labels was maintained over weeks. Using ethyl cinnamate-cleared kidneys, we also quantified the average creatinine clearance rate per glomerulus. This parameter decreased in the first week of experimental nephrotoxic nephritis, whereas reduction in glomerular numbers occurred much later. Our approach delivers fundamental parameters of renal function, and because of its ease of use and speed, it is suitable for high-throughput analysis and could greatly facilitate studies of the effect of kidney diseases on whole-organ physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Klingberg
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Hasenberg
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Isis Ludwig-Portugall
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Rheinische-Friedrichs-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Medyukhina
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Leibniz-Association, Jena, Germany; and
| | - Linda Männ
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brenzel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Leibniz-Association, Jena, Germany; and.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Rheinische-Friedrichs-Wilhelms University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Immune-mediated damage to glomerular structures is largely responsible for the pathology associated with the majority of glomerular diseases. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the basic immune mechanisms responsible for glomerular damage is needed to inform the design of novel intervention strategies. Glomerular injury of immune origin is complex and involves both inflammatory and non-inflammatory processes driven by elements of the innate and adaptive immune system. This review summarizes the basic immune mechanisms that cause glomerular injury leading to the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes. A major focus of the review is to highlight the mechanisms by which antibodies cause glomerular injury through their interactions with glomerular cells, complement proteins, phagocytes bearing complement and Fcγ receptors, and dendritic cells expressing the neonatal receptor for IgG, FcRn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonny L Dickinson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Evers BDG, Engel DR, Böhner AMC, Tittel AP, Krause TA, Heuser C, Garbi N, Kastenmüller W, Mack M, Tiegs G, Panzer U, Boor P, Ludwig-Portugall I, Kurts C. CD103+ Kidney Dendritic Cells Protect against Crescentic GN by Maintaining IL-10-Producing Regulatory T Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3368-3382. [PMID: 27036736 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney dendritic cells (DCs) regulate nephritogenic T cell responses. Most kidney DCs belong to the CD11b+ subset and promote crescentic GN (cGN). The function of the CD103+ subset, which represents <5% of kidney DCs, is poorly understood. We studied the role of CD103+ DCs in cGN using several lines of genetically modified mice that allowed us to reduce the number of these cells. In all lines, we detected a reduction of FoxP3+ intrarenal regulatory T cells (Tregs), which protect against cGN. Mice lacking the transcription factor Batf3 had a more profound reduction of CD103+ DCs and Tregs than did the other lines used, and showed the most profound aggravation of cGN. The conditional reduction of CD103+ DC numbers by 50% in Langerin-DTR mice halved Treg numbers, which did not suffice to significantly aggravate cGN. Mice lacking the cytokine Flt3L had fewer CD103+ DCs and Tregs than Langerin-DTR mice but exhibited milder cGN than did Batf3-/- mice presumably because proinflammatory CD11b+ DCs were somewhat depleted as well. Conversely, Flt3L supplementation increased the number of CD103+ DCs and Tregs, but also of proinflammatory CD11b+ DCs. On antibody-mediated removal of CD11b+ DCs, Flt3L supplementation ameliorated cGN. Mechanistically, CD103+ DCs caused cocultured T cells to differentiate into Tregs and produced the chemokine CCL20, which is known to attract Tregs into the kidney. Our findings show that CD103+ DCs foster intrarenal FoxP3+ Treg accumulation, thereby antagonizing proinflammatory CD11b+ DCs. Thus, increasing CD103+ DC numbers or functionality might be advantageous in cGN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix D G Evers
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen and University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander M C Böhner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - André P Tittel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten A Krause
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Heuser
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II and Center for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology and
| | - Ulf Panzer
- III Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinic Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Nephrology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Isis Ludwig-Portugall
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cao Q, Lu J, Li Q, Wang C, Wang XM, Lee VWS, Wang C, Nguyen H, Zheng G, Zhao Y, Alexander SI, Wang Y, Harris DCH. CD103+ Dendritic Cells Elicit CD8+ T Cell Responses to Accelerate Kidney Injury in Adriamycin Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1344-60. [PMID: 26376858 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) in nonlymphoid organs exhibit two main functions: maintaining tolerance by induction of regulatory T cells and protecting against tissue infection through cross-presentation of foreign antigens to CD8(+) T cells. However, the role of CD103(+) DCs in kidney disease is unknown. In this study, we show that CD103(+) DCs are one of four subpopulations of renal mononuclear phagocytes in normal kidneys. CD103(+) DCs expressed DC-specific surface markers, transcription factors, and growth factor receptors and were found in the kidney cortex but not in the medulla. The number of kidney CD103(+) DCs was significantly higher in mice with adriamycin nephropathy (AN) than in normal mice, and depletion of CD103(+) DCs attenuated kidney injury in AN mice. In vitro, kidney CD103(+) DCs preferentially primed CD8(+) T cells and did not directly induce tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. Adoptive transfer of CD8(+) T cells significantly exacerbated kidney injury in AN SCID mice, whereas depletion of CD103(+) DCs in these mice impaired activation and proliferation of transfused CD8(+) T cells and prevented the exacerbation of kidney injury associated with this transfusion. In conclusion, kidney CD103(+) DCs display a pathogenic role in murine CKD via activation of CD8(+) T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Junyu Lu
- Emergency Department, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China; and
| | - Qing Li
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Xin Maggie Wang
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Hanh Nguyen
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | | - Ye Zhao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research and
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Braun GS, Nagayama Y, Maruta Y, Heymann F, van Roeyen CR, Klinkhammer BM, Boor P, Villa L, Salant DJ, Raffetseder U, Rose-John S, Ostendorf T, Floege J. IL-6 Trans-Signaling Drives Murine Crescentic GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:132-42. [PMID: 26041841 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-6 signaling in renal diseases remains controversial, with data describing both anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects. IL-6 can act via classic signaling, engaging its two membrane receptors gp130 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). Alternatively, IL-6 trans-signaling requires soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) to act on IL-6R-negative cells that express gp130. Here, we characterize the role of both pathways in crescentic nephritis. Patients with crescentic nephritis had significantly elevated levels of IL-6 in both serum and urine. Similarly, nephrotoxic serum-induced nephritis (NTN) in BALB/c mice was associated with elevated serum IL-6 levels. Levels of serum sIL-6R and renal downstream signals of IL-6 (phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3) increased over time in this model. Simultaneous inhibition of both IL-6 signaling pathways using anti-IL-6 antibody did not have a significant impact on NTN severity. In contrast, specific inhibition of trans-signaling using recombinant sgp130Fc resulted in milder disease. Vice versa, specific activation of trans-signaling using a recombinant IL-6-sIL-6R fusion molecule (Hyper-IL-6) significantly aggravated NTN and led to increased systolic BP in NTN mice. This correlated with increased renal mRNA synthesis of the Th17 cell cytokine IL-17A and decreased synthesis of resistin-like alpha (RELMalpha)-encoding mRNA, a surrogate marker of lesion-mitigating M2 macrophage subtypes. Collectively, our data suggest a central role for IL-6 trans-signaling in crescentic nephritis and offer options for more effective and specific therapeutic interventions in the IL-6 system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Braun
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany;
| | - Yoshikuni Nagayama
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Division of Nephrology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Maruta
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Division of Nephrology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Felix Heymann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia R van Roeyen
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
| | - Barbara M Klinkhammer
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany; Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luigi Villa
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
| | - David J Salant
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; and
| | - Ute Raffetseder
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tammo Ostendorf
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kassianos AJ, Wang X, Sampangi S, Afrin S, Wilkinson R, Healy H. Fractalkine-CX3CR1-dependent recruitment and retention of human CD1c+ myeloid dendritic cells by in vitro-activated proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int 2015; 87:1153-63. [PMID: 25587706 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play pivotal roles in tissue recruitment and retention of leukocytes, with CX3CR1 recently identified as a chemokine receptor that selectively targets mouse kidney dendritic cells (DCs). We have previously demonstrated increased tubulointerstitial recruitment of human transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-producing DCs in renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, little is known about the mechanism of human DC recruitment and retention within the renal interstitium. We identified CD1c+ DCs as the predominant source of profibrotic TGF-β and highest expressors of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 within the renal DC compartment. Immunohistochemical analysis of diseased human kidney biopsies showed colocalization of CD1c+ DCs with fractalkine-positive proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). Human primary PTEC activation with interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α induced both secreted and surface fractalkine expression. In line with this, we found fractalkine-dependent chemotaxis of CD1c+ DCs to supernatant from activated PTECs. Finally, in comparison with unactivated PTECs, we showed significantly increased adhesion of CD1c+ DCs to activated PTECs via a fractalkine-dependent mechanism. Thus, TGF-β-producing CD1c+ DCs are recruited and retained in the renal tubulointerstitium by PTEC-derived fractalkine. These cells are then positioned to play a role in the development of fibrosis and progression of chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
As central regulators of the adaptive immune response, dendritic cells (DCs) are found in virtually all lymphatic and non-lymphatic organs. A compact network of DCs also spans the kidneys. DCs play a central role in maintenance of organ homeostasis as well as in induction of immune responses against invading pathogens. They can mediate protective or destructive functions in a context-dependent manner.We recently identified CX(3)CR1 as a kidney-specific "homing receptor" for DCs. There was a strong reduction of DCs in the kidneys of CX(3)CR1-deficient mice compared to controls. This reduction was not observed in other organs except the small intestine. As a possible underlying reason we found a strong expression of the CX(3)CR1 ligand fractalkine in the kidneys. Due to this CX(3)CR1-dependent reduction of DCs, especially in the renal cortex, a glomerulonephritis (GN) model was ameliorated in CX(3)CR1-deficient mice. In contrast, the immune defense against the most common renal infection, bacterial pyelonephritis (PN), was not significantly influenced by CX(3)CR1-deficiency. This was explained by the much smaller CX(3)CR1-dependency of medullary DCs, which recruit effector cells into the kidney during PN. Additionally, once neutrophils had been recruited by mechanisms distinct from CX(3)CR1, they carried out some of the functions of DCs.Taken together, we suggest CX(3)CR1 as a therapeutic target for GN treatment, as the absence of CX(3)CR1 selectively influences DCs in the kidney without rendering mice more susceptible towards bacterial kidney infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hochheiser
- Institute of Experimental Immunology(IMMEI), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, 53105, Bonn, Germany,
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen T, Cao Q, Wang Y, Harris D. The Role of Dendritic Cells in Renal Inflammation. Curr Pathobiol Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
34
|
Andersen K, Eltrich N, Lichtnekert J, Anders HJ, Vielhauer V. The NLRP3/ASC inflammasome promotes T-cell-dependent immune complex glomerulonephritis by canonical and noncanonical mechanisms. Kidney Int 2014; 86:965-78. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
35
|
Abstract
Renal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages represent a constitutive, extensive and contiguous network of innate immune cells that provide sentinel and immune-intelligence activity; they induce and regulate inflammatory responses to freely filtered antigenic material and protect the kidney from infection. Tissue-resident or infiltrating DCs and macrophages are key factors in the initiation and propagation of renal disease, as well as essential contributors to subsequent tissue regeneration, regardless of the aetiological and pathogenetic mechanisms. The identification, and functional and phenotypic distinction of these cell types is complex and incompletely understood, and the same is true of their interplay and relationships with effector and regulatory cells of the adaptive immune system. In this Review, we discuss the common and distinct characteristics of DCs and macrophages, as well as key advances that have identified the renal-specific functions of these important phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells, and their roles in potentiating or mitigating intrinsic kidney disease. We also identify remaining issues that are of priority for further investigation, and highlight the prospects for translational and therapeutic application of the knowledge acquired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Rogers
- Vascular Medicine Institute and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1544 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David A Ferenbach
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey S Isenberg
- Vascular Medicine Institute and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1544 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Vascular Medicine Institute and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1544 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Odobasic D, Ghali JR, O'Sullivan KM, Holdsworth SR, Kitching AR. Glomerulonephritis Induced by Heterologous Anti-GBM Globulin as a Planted Foreign Antigen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 106:15.26.1-15.26.20. [PMID: 25081909 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1526s106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The glomerulonephritides are diseases characterized by immune-mediated glomerular inflammation. Most severe and rapidly progressive forms of glomerulonephritis feature the participation of injurious leukocytes that localize to glomeruli. This unit describes classical models of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in mice, induced by injecting heterologous globulin (raised in sheep) that binds to the glomerular basement membrane. These models have been particularly useful in defining the participation of effector leukocytes in severe glomerular disease. In these models, injury typically occurs in two phases. In the initial, heterologous phase, injury is mediated by the globulin bound within the glomerulus acting as an antibody. The later, autologous phase of injury is mediated by the host's adaptive immunity to the heterologous globulin now functioning as a planted foreign antigen within glomeruli. As autologous phase injury is driven by immunity to sheep globulin, assessment of antigen-specific systemic immunity to sheep globulin is critical when using this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Odobasic
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, Australia.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joanna R Ghali
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, Australia.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kim M O'Sullivan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stephen R Holdsworth
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hénique C, Papista C, Guyonnet L, Lenoir O, Tharaux PL. Update on crescentic glomerulonephritis. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:479-90. [PMID: 24948005 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The recent years have seen a number of major progresses in the field of extracapillary glomerulonephritis. This entity is the final damage caused by unrelated immunological disorders such as immune complexes glomerular deposits or microvascular injury caused by proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), and cell adhesion molecules in the context of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). This review provides a summary of recent advances in the understanding of crescentic glomerulonephritis, focusing on interplays of local immune cells and on local mediators participating to crescent formation especially in anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody disease. The recent advances about AAV and lupus nephritis are covered by other chapters of this issue. Nevertheless, these considerations may apply to the general case of crescentic glomerulonephritis of all causes.
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
McAdoo SP, Reynolds J, Bhangal G, Smith J, McDaid JP, Tanna A, Jackson WD, Masuda ES, Cook HT, Pusey CD, Tam FWK. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates autoantibody production and reverses experimental autoimmune GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2291-302. [PMID: 24700868 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013090978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has an important role in immunoreceptor signaling, and SYK inhibition has accordingly attenuated immune-mediated injury in several in vivo models. However, the effect of SYK inhibition on autoantibody production remains unclear, and SYK inhibition has not been studied in an autoimmune model of renal disease. We, therefore, studied the effect of SYK inhibition in experimental autoimmune GN, a rodent model of antiglomerular basement membrane disease. We show glomerular SYK expression and activation by immunohistochemistry in both experimental and clinical disease, and we show that treatment with fostamatinib, a small molecule kinase inhibitor selective for SYK, completely prevents the induction of experimental autoimmune GN. In established experimental disease, introduction of fostamatinib treatment led to cessation of autoantibody production, reversal of renal injury, preservation of biochemical renal function, and complete protection from lung hemorrhage. B cell ELISpot and flow cytometric analysis suggest that short-term fostamatinib treatment inhibits the generation and activity of antigen-specific B cells without affecting overall B-cell survival. Additionally, fostamatinib inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production by nephritic glomeruli ex vivo and cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro, suggesting additional therapeutic effects independent of effects on autoantibody production that are likely related to inhibited Fc receptor signaling within macrophages in diseased glomeruli. Given these encouraging results in an in vivo model that is highly applicable to human disease, we believe clinical studies targeting SYK in GN are now warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical/Forensic Science, University of Bedfordshire, Befordshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Esteban S Masuda
- Department of Immunology, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California
| | - H Terence Cook
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) model is an integral part of experimental glomerulonephritis (GN) research. Here, we discuss how the murine NTN model can be induced and effectively used to mimic an immune complex-mediated GN. Further, we differentiate between heterologous and autologous models by comparing pathophysiology and phenotypic manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Hoppe
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kassianos AJ, Wang X, Sampangi S, Muczynski K, Healy H, Wilkinson R. Increased tubulointerstitial recruitment of human CD141(hi) CLEC9A(+) and CD1c(+) myeloid dendritic cell subsets in renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1391-401. [PMID: 24049150 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00318.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in immune-mediated kidney diseases. Little is known, however, about DC subsets in human chronic kidney disease, with previous studies restricted to a limited set of pathologies and to using immunohistochemical methods. In this study, we developed novel protocols for extracting renal DC subsets from diseased human kidneys and identified, enumerated, and phenotyped them by multicolor flow cytometry. We detected significantly greater numbers of total DCs as well as CD141(hi) and CD1c(+) myeloid DC (mDCs) subsets in diseased biopsies with interstitial fibrosis than diseased biopsies without fibrosis or healthy kidney tissue. In contrast, plasmacytoid DC numbers were significantly higher in the fibrotic group compared with healthy tissue only. Numbers of all DC subsets correlated with loss of kidney function, recorded as estimated glomerular filtration rate. CD141(hi) DCs expressed C-type lectin domain family 9 member A (CLEC9A), whereas the majority of CD1c(+) DCs lacked the expression of CD1a and DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), suggesting these mDC subsets may be circulating CD141(hi) and CD1c(+) blood DCs infiltrating kidney tissue. Our analysis revealed CLEC9A(+) and CD1c(+) cells were restricted to the tubulointerstitium. Notably, DC expression of the costimulatory and maturation molecule CD86 was significantly increased in both diseased cohorts compared with healthy tissue. Transforming growth factor-β levels in dissociated tissue supernatants were significantly elevated in diseased biopsies with fibrosis compared with nonfibrotic biopsies, with mDCs identified as a major source of this profibrotic cytokine. Collectively, our data indicate that activated mDC subsets, likely recruited into the tubulointerstitium, are positioned to play a role in the development of fibrosis and, thus, progression to chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kassianos
- Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Level 9, Bancroft Centre, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kurts C, Panzer U, Anders HJ, Rees AJ. The immune system and kidney disease: basic concepts and clinical implications. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:738-753. [PMID: 24037418 DOI: 10.1038/nri3523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys are frequently targeted by pathogenic immune responses against renal autoantigens or by local manifestations of systemic autoimmunity. Recent studies in rodent models and humans have uncovered several underlying mechanisms that can be used to explain the previously enigmatic immunopathology of many kidney diseases. These mechanisms include kidney-specific damage-associated molecular patterns that cause sterile inflammation, the crosstalk between renal dendritic cells and T cells, the development of kidney-targeting autoantibodies and molecular mimicry with microbial pathogens. Conversely, kidney failure affects general immunity, causing intestinal barrier dysfunction, systemic inflammation and immunodeficiency that contribute to the morbidity and mortality of patients with kidney disease. In this Review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the interactions between the kidneys and the immune system.
Collapse
|
43
|
Hochheiser K, Heuser C, Krause TA, Teteris S, Ilias A, Weisheit C, Hoss F, Tittel AP, Knolle PA, Panzer U, Engel DR, Tharaux PL, Kurts C. Exclusive CX3CR1 dependence of kidney DCs impacts glomerulonephritis progression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4242-54. [PMID: 23999431 DOI: 10.1172/jci70143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DCs and macrophages both express the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Here we demonstrate that its ligand, CX3CL1, is highly expressed in the murine kidney and intestine. CX3CR1 deficiency markedly reduced DC numbers in the healthy and inflamed kidney cortex, and to a lesser degree in the kidney medulla and intestine, but not in other organs. CX3CR1 also promoted influx of DC precursors in crescentic glomerulonephritis, a DC-dependent aggressive type of nephritis. Disease severity was strongly attenuated in CX3CR1-deficient mice. Primarily CX3CR1-dependent DCs in the kidney cortex processed antigen for the intrarenal stimulation of T helper cells, a function important for glomerulonephritis progression. In contrast, medullary DCs played a specialized role in inducing innate immunity against bacterial pyelonephritis by recruiting neutrophils through rapid chemokine production. CX3CR1 deficiency had little effect on the immune defense against pyelonephritis, as medullary DCs were less CX3CR1 dependent than cortical DCs and because recruited neutrophils produced chemokines to compensate for the DC paucity. These findings demonstrate that cortical and medullary DCs play specialized roles in their respective kidney compartments. We identify CX3CR1 as a potential therapeutic target in glomerulonephritis that may involve fewer adverse side effects, such as impaired anti-infectious defense or compromised DC functions in other organs.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes) play a complex role in kidney disease. Techniques for selectively depleting them in rodents have made important contributions but have also generated some contradictory results. Ferenbach et al. report that two widely used mononuclear phagocyte depletion techniques differentially affect early severity of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and provide evidence that this may be due to a residual, protective subset that persists in the kidney after one of the two techniques.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system is comprised of circulating monocytes, tissue macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) that play key roles in tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance, and immune and non-immune-mediated tissue injury and repair. This review summarizes the various subsets within this system that exhibit significant functional and phenotypic diversity that can adapt to their surrounding microenvironments during inflammation and in response to colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1. The current understanding of the co-ordination of monocyte infiltration into the homeostatic and diseased kidney through adhesion molecules, chemokines and chemokine receptors, and cytokines are described. Furthermore, the significant confusion and controversy associated with monocyte differentiation into renal macrophages and DCs following infiltration into the kidney, the considerable functional and phenotypic overlap between both tissue populations and their respective roles in immune and non-immune-mediated renal is also discussed. Understanding the factors that control the activation and recruitment of cells from the mononuclear phagocyte system during renal injury may offer an avenue for the development of new cellular and growth factor-based therapies in combination with existing therapies as an alternative treatment option for patients with renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maliha A Alikhan
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Schwarz M, Taubitz A, Eltrich N, Mulay SR, Allam R, Vielhauer V. Analysis of TNF-mediated recruitment and activation of glomerular dendritic cells in mouse kidneys by compartment-specific flow cytometry. Kidney Int 2013; 84:116-29. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Gentle ME, Shi S, Daehn I, Zhang T, Qi H, Yu L, D'Agati VD, Schlondorff DO, Bottinger EP. Epithelial cell TGFβ signaling induces acute tubular injury and interstitial inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:787-99. [PMID: 23539761 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ signaling plays a central role in the development of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Previous in vivo studies involved systemic alteration of TGFβ signaling, however, limiting conclusions about the direct role of TGFβ in tubular cell injury. Here, we generated a double transgenic mouse that inducibly expresses a ligand-independent constitutively active TGFβ receptor type 1 (TβR1) kinase specifically in tubular epithelial cells, with expression restricted by the Pax8 promoter. In this model, activation of TGFβ signaling in the tubular epithelium alone was sufficient to cause AKI characterized by marked tubular cell apoptosis and necrosis, oxidative stress, dedifferentiation and regenerative cell proliferation, reduced renal function, and interstitial accumulation of inflammatory cells. This tubular injury was associated with mitochondrial-derived generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but cell damage and apoptosis were partially independent of mitochondrial-derived ROS. TβR1 signaling-induced tubular injury also associated with significant leukocyte infiltration consisting of F4/80(+) macrophages, CD11c(+) F4/80(+) dendritic cells, CD11c(+) F4/80(-) Ly6C(high) dendritic cells/monocytes, and T cells. Inhibition of mitochondrial-derived ROS significantly reduced accumulation of CD11c(+) F4/80(+) dendritic cells and T cells, suggesting a role for ROS in the activation and recruitment of the adaptive immune response to tubular injury. Taken together, these results suggest that TGFβ signaling in the tubular epithelium alone is sufficient to cause acute tubular injury and inflammation; therefore, TGFβ may be a mechanistic link between acute injury and chronic progression of kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Gentle
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The importance of innate immunity for survival is underscored by its presence at almost every level of the evolutionary tree of life. The task of "danger" recognition by the innate immune system is carried out by a broad class of pattern recognition receptors. These receptors are expressed in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells such as renal epithelial cells. Upon activation, pattern recognition receptors induce essentially two types of defensive responses: inflammation and phagocytosis. In this review, we highlight evidence that renal epithelial cells are endowed with such defensive capabilities and as such fully participate in renal innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gottschalk C, Damuzzo V, Gotot J, Kroczek RA, Yagita H, Murphy KM, Knolle PA, Ludwig-Portugall I, Kurts C. Batf3-dependent dendritic cells in the renal lymph node induce tolerance against circulating antigens. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:543-9. [PMID: 23411785 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the spleen is a major site where immune tolerance to circulating innocuous antigens occurs, the kidney also contributes. Circulating antigens smaller than albumin are constitutively filtered and concentrated in the kidney and reach the renal lymph node by lymphatic drainage, where resident dendritic cells (DCs) capture them and induce tolerance of specific cytotoxic T cells through unknown mechanisms. Here, we found that the coinhibitory cell surface receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) on cytotoxic T cells mediates to their tolerance. Renal lymph node DCs of the CD8(+) XCR1(+) subset, which depend on the transcription factor Batf3, expressed the PD-1 cognate ligand PD-L1. Batf3-dependent DCs in the renal lymph node presented antigen that had been concentrated in the kidney and used PD-L1 to induce apoptosis of cytotoxic T cells. In contrast, T cell tolerance in the spleen was independent of PD-1, PD-L1, and Batf3. In summary, these results clarify how the kidney/renal lymph node system tolerizes the immune system against circulating innocuous antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gottschalk
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|