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Su L, Liu M, You C, Guo Q, Hu Z, Yang Z, Li G. Nitrogen and phosphorus addition differentially enhance seed production of dominant species in a temperate steppe. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15020-15029. [PMID: 34765157 PMCID: PMC8571611 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated changes in plant growth and reproduction in response to nutrient availability, but responses of plant growth and reproduction to multiple levels of nutrient enrichment remain unclear. In this study, a factorial field experiment was performed with manipulation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability to examine seed production of the dominant species, Stipa krylovii, in response to N and P addition in a temperate steppe. There were three levels of N and P addition in this experiment, including no N addition (0 g N m-2 year-1), low N addition (10 g N m-2 year-1), and high N addition (40 g N m-2 year-1) for N addition treatment, and no P addition (0 g P m-2 year-1), low P addition (5 g P m-2 year-1), and high P addition (10 g P m-2 year-1) for P addition treatment. Low N addition enhanced seed production by 814%, 1371%, and 1321% under ambient, low, and high P addition levels, respectively. High N addition increased seed production by 2136%, 3560%, and 3550% under ambient, low, and high P addition levels, respectively. However, P addition did not affect seed production in the absence of N addition, but enhanced it under N addition. N addition enhanced seed production mainly by increasing the tiller number and inflorescence abundance per plant, whereas P addition stimulated it by decreasing the plant density yet stimulating height of plants and their seed number per inflorescence. Our results indicate seed production is not limited by P availability but rather by N availability in the temperate steppe, whereas seed production will be increased by P addition when N availability is improved. These findings enable a better understanding of plant reproduction dynamics in the temperate steppe under intensified nutrient enrichment and can inform their improved management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Su
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change EcologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Mengzhou Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental ScienceHenan UniversityKaifengChina
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University)Ministry of EducationKaifengChina
| | - Chengming You
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingNational Ecosystem Science Data CenterInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze RiverKey Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland AdministrationKey Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research BaseInstitute of Ecology & ForestrySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingNational Ecosystem Science Data CenterInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhongmin Hu
- School of GeographySouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)GuangdongChina
| | - Zhongling Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change EcologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Guoyong Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change EcologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
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Ogle K, Barber JJ. Ensuring identifiability in hierarchical mixed effects Bayesian models. Ecol Appl 2020; 30:e02159. [PMID: 32365250 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists are increasingly familiar with Bayesian statistical modeling and its associated Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methodology to infer about or to discover interesting effects in data. The complexity of ecological data often suggests implementation of (statistical) models with a commensurately rich structure of effects, including crossed or nested (i.e., hierarchical or multi-level) structures of fixed and/or random effects. Yet, our experience suggests that most ecologists are not familiar with subtle but important problems that often arise with such models and with their implementation in popular software. Of foremost consideration for us is the notion of effect identifiability, which generally concerns how well data, models, or implementation approaches inform about, i.e., identify, quantities of interest. In this paper, we focus on implementation pitfalls that potentially misinform subsequent inference, despite otherwise informative data and models. We illustrate the aforementioned issues using random effects regressions on synthetic data. We show how to diagnose identifiability issues and how to remediate these issues with model reparameterization and computational and/or coding practices in popular software, with a focus on JAGS, OpenBUGS, and Stan. We also show how these solutions can be extended to more complex models involving multiple groups of nested, crossed, additive, or multiplicative effects, for models involving random and/or fixed effects. Finally, we provide example code (JAGS/OpenBUGS and Stan) that practitioners can modify and use for their own applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Jarrett J Barber
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
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Gao S, Wang J, Knops JMH, Wang J. Nitrogen addition increases sexual reproduction and improves seedling growth in the perennial rhizomatous grass Leymus chinensis. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:106. [PMID: 32143578 PMCID: PMC7060518 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Eurasian steppe is an important vegetation type characterized by cold, arid and nitrogen poor conditions. At the Eastern edge, including in the Songnen grassland, the vegetation is dominated by Leymus chinensis (henceforth L. chinensis) and is increasing threatened by elevated anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. L. chinensis is a perennial grass that mainly reproduces vegetatively and its sexual reproduction is limited. However, sexual reproduction plays an important role influencing colonization after large disturbances. To develop an understanding of how elevated nitrogen deposition changes the plant community structure and functioning we need a better understanding how sexual reproduction of L. chinensis changes with nitrogen enrichment. Here we report on a field experiment where we added 10 g N m- 2 yr- 1 and examined changes in seed traits, seed germination and early seedling growth. RESULTS Nitrogen addition increased seed production by 79%, contributing to this seed increases were a 28% increase in flowering plant density, a 40% increase in seed number per plant and a 11% increase in seed weight. Seed size increased with a 42% increase in large seeds and a 49% decrease in the smallest seed size category. Seed germination success improved by 10% for small seeds and 18% for large seeds. Combined, the increased in seed production and improved seed quality doubled the potential seed germination. Subsequent seedling above and below-ground biomass also significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS All aspects of L. chinensis sexual reproduction increased with nitrogen addition. Thus, L. chinensis competitive ability may increase when atmospheric nitrogen deposition increases, which may further reduce overall plant diversity in the low diversity Songnen grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Graduate School, Changchun University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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Barry KE, de Kroon H, Dietrich P, Stanley Harpole W, Roeder A, Schmid B, Clark AT, Mayfield MM, Wagg C, Roscher C. Linking local species coexistence to ecosystem functioning: a conceptual framework from ecological first principles in grassland ecosystems. ADV ECOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fay PA, Aspinwall MJ, Collins HP, Gibson AE, Gill RH, Jackson RB, Jin VL, Khasanova AR, Reichmann LG, Polley HW. Flowering in grassland predicted by CO 2 and resource effects on species aboveground biomass. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:1771-1781. [PMID: 29282824 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuing enrichment of atmospheric CO2 may change plant community composition, in part by altering the availability of other limiting resources including soil water, nutrients, or light. The combined effects of CO2 enrichment and altered resource availability on species flowering remain poorly understood. We quantified flowering culm and ramet production and biomass allocation to flowering culms/ramets for 10 years in C4 -dominated grassland communities on contrasting soils along a CO2 concentration gradient spanning pre-industrial to expected mid-21st century levels (250-500 μl/L). CO2 enrichment explained up to 77% of the variation in flowering culm count across soils for three of the five species, and was correlated with flowering culm count on at least one soil for four of five species. In contrast, allocation to flowering culms was only weakly correlated with CO2 enrichment for two species. Flowering culm counts were strongly correlated with species aboveground biomass (AGB; R2 = .34-.74), a measure of species abundance. CO2 enrichment also increased soil moisture and decreased light levels within the canopy but did not affect soil inorganic nitrogen availability. Structural equation models fit across the soils suggested species-specific controls on flowering in two general forms: (1) CO2 effects on flowering culm count mediated by canopy light level and relative species AGB (species AGB/total AGB) or by soil moisture effects on flowering culm count; (2) effects of canopy light level or soil inorganic nitrogen on flowering and/or relative species AGB, but with no significant CO2 effect. Understanding the heterogeneity in species responses to CO2 enrichment in plant communities across soils in edaphically variable landscapes is critical to predict CO2 effects on flowering and other plant fitness components, and species potential to adapt to future environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Fay
- USDA-ARS, Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | - Harold P Collins
- USDA-ARS, Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Anne E Gibson
- USDA-ARS, Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Richard H Gill
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Virginia L Jin
- USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Albina R Khasanova
- Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lara G Reichmann
- Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - H Wayne Polley
- USDA-ARS, Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, USA
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Li Y, Hou L, Song B, Yang L, Li L. Effects of Increased Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deposition on Offspring Performance of Two Dominant Species in a Temperate Steppe Ecosystem. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40951. [PMID: 28102339 PMCID: PMC5244414 DOI: 10.1038/srep40951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants adapt to environment by plastic growth which will be transferred to offspring through transgenerational effect. Performance and response of maternal and offspring plant will affect population dynamics and community composition. However, it is scarcely understood how maternal nutrient environment affect the performance and response of offspring through transgenerational effect. Here we studied the impacts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment on maternal and offspring performances and responses of Stipa krylovii and Artemisia frigida. Seeds were collected from maternal plant experiencing N or/and P addition for three years in Inner Mongolia grassland. We found that maternal nutrient addition significantly affected seed traits, offspring biomass, and offspring responses of A. frigida. Maternal N addition significantly affected maternal reproductive biomass, seed traits of S. kryloii. Maternal P addition of S. kryloii significantly affected seed qualities, seedling biomass and seeding response to N addition. Our results suggested that transgenerational effects of N and P enrichment to the two dominant plant species existed in this ecosystem. Furthermore, the two species exhibited different adaptive strategies to future nutrient addition. These findings indicate that maternal environmental effect should be considered into the model projection of vegetation dynamics in response to ongoing environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Longyu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Bing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Liuyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Linghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
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Gruwez R, De Frenne P, De Schrijver A, Vangansbeke P, Verheyen K. Climate warming and atmospheric deposition affect seed viability of common juniper (Juniperus communis) via their impact on the nutrient status of the plant. Ecol Res 2017; 32:135-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gruwez R, De Frenne P, De Schrijver A, Leroux O, Vangansbeke P, Verheyen K. Negative effects of temperature and atmospheric depositions on the seed viability of common juniper (Juniperus communis). Ann Bot 2014; 113:489-500. [PMID: 24284814 PMCID: PMC3906965 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Environmental change is increasingly impacting ecosystems worldwide. However, our knowledge about the interacting effects of various drivers of global change on sexual reproduction of plants, one of their key mechanisms to cope with change, is limited. This study examines populations of poorly regenerating and threatened common juniper (Juniperus communis) to determine the influence of four drivers of global change (rising temperatures, nitrogen deposition, potentially acidifying deposition and altering precipitation patterns) on two key developmental phases during sexual reproduction, gametogenesis and fertilization (seed phase two, SP2) and embryo development (seed phase three, SP3), and on the ripening time of seeds. METHODS In 42 populations throughout the distribution range of common juniper in Europe, 11,943 seeds of two developmental phases were sampled. Seed viability was determined using seed dissection and related to accumulated temperature (expressed as growing degree-days), nitrogen and potentially acidifying deposition (nitrogen plus sulfur), and precipitation data. KEY RESULTS Precipitation had no influence on the viability of the seeds or on the ripening time. Increasing temperatures had a negative impact on the viability of SP2 and SP3 seeds and decreased the ripening time. Potentially acidifying depositions negatively influenced SP3 seed viability, while enhanced nitrogen deposition led to lower ripening times. CONCLUSIONS Higher temperatures and atmospheric deposition affected SP3 seeds more than SP2 seeds. However, this is possibly a delayed effect as juniper seeds develop practically independently, due to the absence of vascular communication with the parent plant from shortly after fertilization. It is proposed that the failure of natural regeneration in many European juniper populations might be attributed to climate warming as well as enhanced atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gruwez
- Forest and Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - P. De Frenne
- Forest and Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
- Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - A. De Schrijver
- Forest and Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - O. Leroux
- Pteridology Lab, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Vangansbeke
- Forest and Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
- Flemish Instute of Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, BE-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - K. Verheyen
- Forest and Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
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Dainese M. Using natural gradients to infer a potential response to climate change: an example on the reproductive performance of dactylis glomerata L. Biology (Basel) 2012; 1:857-68. [PMID: 24832520 PMCID: PMC4009817 DOI: 10.3390/biology1030857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the climate conditions governing spatial variation in the reproductive performance of plants can provide important information about the factors characterizing plant community structure, especially in the context of climate change. This study focuses on the effect of climate on the sexual reproductive output of Dactylis glomerata L., a perennial grass species widely distributed throughout temperate regions. An indirect space-for-time substitution procedure was used. Sixty mountain populations of the same target species were surveyed along an elevation gradient, and then, a relevant climate model was used to infer a potential response to climate change over time. Within each population, information on the number of stems, seed number and seed mass were collected. Resource investment in reproduction (RIR) was quantified as seed number × seed mass. A clear variation was found in the reproductive performance of D. glomerata along the elevational gradient: RIR improved with increasing temperature. The best model included only one term: the maximum temperature of the warmest month. This study demonstrates that mountain ecosystems offer particularly good opportunities to study climate effects over relatively short distances and suggests that warming will enhance D. glomerata’s reproductive output throughout its elevational range. Furthermore, it can be hypothesized that a potential migration of D. glomerata toward higher altitudes may occur in response to accelerated climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dainese
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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De Frenne P, Graae BJ, Brunet J, Shevtsova A, De Schrijver A, Chabrerie O, Cousins SAO, Decocq G, Diekmann M, Hermy M, Heinken T, Kolb A, Nilsson C, Stanton S, Verheyen K. The response of forest plant regeneration to temperature variation along a latitudinal gradient. Ann Bot 2012; 109:1037-46. [PMID: 22345113 PMCID: PMC3310497 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The response of forest herb regeneration from seed to temperature variations across latitudes was experimentally assessed in order to forecast the likely response of understorey community dynamics to climate warming. METHODS Seeds of two characteristic forest plants (Anemone nemorosa and Milium effusum) were collected in natural populations along a latitudinal gradient from northern France to northern Sweden and exposed to three temperature regimes in growth chambers (first experiment). To test the importance of local adaptation, reciprocal transplants were also made of adult individuals that originated from the same populations in three common gardens located in southern, central and northern sites along the same gradient, and the resulting seeds were germinated (second experiment). Seedling establishment was quantified by measuring the timing and percentage of seedling emergence, and seedling biomass in both experiments. KEY RESULTS Spring warming increased emergence rates and seedling growth in the early-flowering forb A. nemorosa. Seedlings of the summer-flowering grass M. effusum originating from northern populations responded more strongly in terms of biomass growth to temperature than southern populations. The above-ground biomass of the seedlings of both species decreased with increasing latitude of origin, irrespective of whether seeds were collected from natural populations or from the common gardens. The emergence percentage decreased with increasing home-away distance in seeds from the transplant experiment, suggesting that the maternal plants were locally adapted. CONCLUSIONS Decreasing seedling emergence and growth were found from the centre to the northern edge of the distribution range for both species. Stronger responses to temperature variation in seedling growth of the grass M. effusum in the north may offer a way to cope with environmental change. The results further suggest that climate warming might differentially affect seedling establishment of understorey plants across their distribution range and thus alter future understorey plant dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter De Frenne
- Laboratory of Forestry, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
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Li Y, Yang H, Xia J, Zhang W, Wan S, Li L. Effects of increased nitrogen deposition and precipitation on seed and seedling production of Potentilla tanacetifolia in a temperate steppe ecosystem. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28601. [PMID: 22194863 PMCID: PMC3237472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The responses of plant seeds and seedlings to changing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and precipitation regimes determine plant population dynamics and community composition under global change. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In a temperate steppe in northern China, seeds of P. tanacetifolia were collected from a field-based experiment with N addition and increased precipitation to measure changes in their traits (production, mass, germination). Seedlings germinated from those seeds were grown in a greenhouse to examine the effects of improved N and water availability in maternal and offspring environments on seedling growth. Maternal N-addition stimulated seed production, but it suppressed seed mass, germination rate and seedling biomass of P. tanacetifolia. Maternal N-addition also enhanced responses of seedlings to N and water addition in the offspring environment. Maternal increased-precipitation stimulated seed production, but it had no effect on seed mass and germination rate. Maternal increased-precipitation enhanced seedling growth when grown under similar conditions, whereas seedling responses to offspring N- and water-addition were suppressed by maternal increased-precipitation. Both offspring N-addition and increased-precipitation stimulated growth of seedlings germinated from seeds collected from the maternal control environment without either N or water addition. Our observations indicate that both maternal and offspring environments can influence seedling growth of P. tanacetifolia with consequent impacts on the future population dynamics of this species in the study area. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The findings highlight the importance of the maternal effects on seed and seedling production as well as responses of offspring to changing environmental drivers in mechanistic understanding and projecting of plant population dynamics under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Linghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
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