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Elsherbini J, Corzett C, Ravaglioli C, Tamburello L, Polz M, Bulleri F. Epilithic Bacterial Assemblages on Subtidal Rocky Reefs: Variation Among Alternative Habitats at Ambient and Enhanced Nutrient Levels. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:1552-1564. [PMID: 36790500 PMCID: PMC10497455 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Temperate rocky reefs often support mosaics of alternative habitats such as macroalgal forests, algal turfs and sea urchin barrens. Although the composition of epilithic microbial biofilms (EMBs) is recognized as a major determinant of macroalgal recruitment, their role in regulating the stability of alternative habitats on temperate rocky reefs remains unexplored. On shallow rocky reefs of the Island of Capraia (NW Mediterranean), we compared EMB structure among canopy stands formed by the fucoid Ericaria brachycarpa, algal turfs, and urchin barrens under ambient versus experimentally enhanced nutrient levels. The three habitats shared a core microbial community consisting of 21.6 and 25.3% of total ASVs under ambient and enhanced nutrient conditions, respectively. Although Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriia were the most abundant classes across habitats, multivariate analyses at the ASV level showed marked differences in EMB composition among habitats. Enhancing nutrient level had no significant effect on EMBs, although it increased their similarity between macroalgal canopy and turf habitats. At both ambient and enriched nutrient levels, ASVs mostly belonging to Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were more abundant in EMBs from macroalgal canopies than barrens. In contrast, ASVs belonging to the phylum of Proteobacteria and, in particular, to the families of Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae at ambient nutrient levels and of Rhodobacteraceae and Bacteriovoracaceae at enhanced nutrient levels were more abundant in turf than canopy habitats. Our results show that primary surfaces from alternative habitats that form mosaics on shallow rocky reefs in oligotrophic areas host distinct microbial communities that are, to some extent, resistant to moderate nutrient enhancement. Understanding the role of EMBs in generating reinforcing feedback under different nutrient loading regimes appears crucial to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the stability of habitats alternative to macroalgal forests as well as their role in regulating reverse shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Elsherbini
- MIT Microbiology Graduate Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Christopher Corzett
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Chiara Ravaglioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Tamburello
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80077, Punta San Pietro, Ischia, (Naples), Italy
| | - Martin Polz
- MIT Microbiology Graduate Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Djerassiplatz 1, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Bulleri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Ecological risks associated with seaweed cultivation and identifying risk minimization approaches. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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3
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Lozada M, Zabala MS, García PE, Diéguez MC, Bigatti G, Fermani P, Unrein F, Dionisi HM. Microbial assemblages associated with the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida in Patagonian coastal waters: Structure and alginolytic potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154629. [PMID: 35337861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Undaria pinnatifida is a brown algae native to Asia that has settled in various regions worldwide, periodically contributing with large quantities of C and nutrients during its annual cycle. In this work, we analyzed a coastal site in Patagonia (Argentina) that has been colonized for three decades by U. pinnatifida, focusing on associated microbial communities in three different compartments. An important influence of algae was observed in seawater, especially in the bottom of the algal forest during the austral summer (January) at the moment of greater biomass release. This was evidenced by changes in DOC concentration and its quality indicators (higher Freshness and lower Humification index) and higher DIC. Although maximum values of NH4 and PO4 were observed in January, bottom water samples had lower concentrations than surface water, suggesting nutrient consumption by bacteria during algal DOM release. Concomitantly, bacterial abundance peaked, reaching 4.68 ± 1.33 × 105 cells mL -1 (January), showing also higher capability of degrading alginate, a major component of brown algae cell walls. Microbial community structure was influenced by sampling date, season, sampling zone (surface or bottom), and environmental factors (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients). Samples of epiphytic biofilms showed a distinct community structure compared to seawater, lower diversity, and remarkably high alginolytic capability, suggesting adaptation to degrade algal biomass. A high microdiversity of populations of the genus Leucothrix (Gammaproteobacteria, Thiotrichales) that accounted for a large fraction of epiphytic communities was observed, and changed over time. Epiphytic assemblages shared more taxa with bottom than with surface seawater assemblages, indicating a certain level of exchange between communities in the forest surroundings. This work provides insight into the impact of U. pinnatifida decay on seawater quality, and the role of microbial communities on adapting to massive biomass inputs through rapid DOM turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lozada
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental (CESIMAR-CONICET/IBIOMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
| | - María Soledad Zabala
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Patricia E García
- Grupo de Ecología de Sistemas Acuáticos a Escala de Paisaje (GESAP, INIBIOMA-CONICET-UNComa), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - María C Diéguez
- Grupo de Ecología de Sistemas Acuáticos a Escala de Paisaje (GESAP, INIBIOMA-CONICET-UNComa), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Gregorio Bigatti
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina; Universidad Espíritu Santo, Ecuador
| | - Paulina Fermani
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental (CESIMAR-CONICET/IBIOMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Fernando Unrein
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Fotobiología Acuática, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Argentina
| | - Hebe M Dionisi
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental (CESIMAR-CONICET/IBIOMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
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4
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Fang W, Lin M, Shi J, Liang Z, Tu X, He Z, Qiu R, Wang S. Organic carbon and eukaryotic predation synergistically change resistance and resilience of aquatic microbial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154386. [PMID: 35331758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With rapid global urbanization, anthropogenic activities alter aquatic biota in urban rivers through inputs of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrients. Microorganisms-mediated global element cycles provide functions in maintaining microbial ecology stability. The DOC (bottom-up control) and microbial predation (top-down control) may synergistically drive the competition and evolution of aquatic microbial communities, as well as their resistance and resilience, for which experimental evidences remain scarce. In this study, laboratory sediment-water column experiments were employed to mimic the organic carbon-driven water blackening and odorization process in urban rivers and to elucidate the impact of DOC on microbial ecology stability. Results showed that low (25-75 mg/L) and high DOC (100-150 mg/L) changed the aquatic microbial community assemblies in different patterns: (1) the low DOC enriched K-selection microorganisms (e.g., C39, Tolumonas and CR08G) with low biomass and low resilience, as well as high resistance to perturbations in changing microbial community assemblies; (2) the high DOC was associated with r-selection microorganisms (e.g., PSB-M-3 and Clostridium) with high biomass and improved resilience, together with low resistance detrimental to microbial ecology stability. Overall, this study provided new insight into the impact of DOC on aquatic microbial community stability, which may help guide sustainable urban river management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Fang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China; Zhongshan Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, China
| | - Muxing Lin
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Jiangjian Shi
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Zhiwei Liang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Xiang Tu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Zhili He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China.
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5
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Dynamics of Planktonic Microbial Community Associated with Saccharina japonica Seedling. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10060726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Macroalgae interact with planktonic microbes in seawater. It remains unclear how planktonic microbes interact with the environment and each other during the cultivation processes of commercially important algal species. Such an interaction is important for developing environment-friendly mariculture methods. In this study, the dynamics of the planktonic microbial community associated with Saccharina japonica were profiled during the seedling production stage, with its environmental correlation and co-occurrence pattern determined simultaneously. Microbial richness increased and positively correlated with light intensity and contents of NO3− and PO43−. A clear temporal succession of the community was observed, which coincided with changes in light intensity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and NO3− content. α-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, γ-Proteobacteria, and the genera prevalent in these taxa dominated the planktonic microbial community, and their relative abundance temporally changed. A profile of keystone taxa that is different from prevalent genera was identified based on betweenness centrality scores. A modularized co-occurrence pattern was determined, in addition to intensified species-to-species interactions at the core of the co-occurrence network. These findings expanded our cognization of the planktonic microbial community in response to S. japonica cultivation.
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6
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Chen YG, Zhang ZH, Luo HW, Li Z, Zhang LJ, Huang H. Distinct Characteristics of Bacterial Community in the Soil of Nanshazhou Island, South China Sea. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1292-1300. [PMID: 32140834 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing soil bacterial community is important to understand microbial distribution affected by environmental factors. Here, we investigated the bacterial communities distributed from different location on Nanshazhou island, South China Sea. We collected and compared soil bacterial communities from central island, intertidal island, and inshore island. Results showed no difference in the bacterial richness and diversity for the soils from the three different locations. However, weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances analysis revealed that the three soil samples were clearly separated from each other. Five bacterial phyla, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes and Tenericutes were more abundant in the inshore island sample; while Deinococcus-Thermus was more abundant in the intertidal island sample; and the central island sample had more abundant Gemmatimonadetes and Planctomycetes. Bacterial structure showed significantly positive relationships with organic matter content, but it was significantly negatively correlated with sodium content. Furthermore, a network analysis based on Spearman correlation coefficients showed that there were similar numbers of positive and negative correlations within the bacterial community of Nanshazhou island. Our results revealed that the soil bacterial communities in the three sampling sites were easily affected by environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources (Hainan Tropical Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Sanya, 572022, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Hong-Wei Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Lai-Jun Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources (Hainan Tropical Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Sanya, 572022, China. .,Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China.
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7
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Pfister CA, Altabet MA, Weigel BL. Kelp beds and their local effects on seawater chemistry, productivity, and microbial communities. Ecology 2019; 100:e02798. [PMID: 31233610 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Kelp forests are known as key habitats for species diversity and macroalgal productivity; however, we know little about how these biogenic habitats interact with seawater chemistry and phototroph productivity in the water column. We examined kelp forest functions at three locales along the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state by quantifying carbonate chemistry, nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton productivity, and seawater microbial communities inside and outside of kelp beds dominated by the canopy kelp species Nereocystis luetkeana and Macrocystis pyrifera. Kelp beds locally increased the pH, oxygen, and aragonite saturation state of the seawater, but lowered seawater inorganic carbon content and total alkalinity. Although kelp beds depleted nitrate and phosphorus concentrations, ammonium and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were enhanced. Kelp beds also decreased chlorophyll concentrations and carbon fixed by phytoplankton, although kelp carbon fixation more than compensated for any difference in phytoplankton production. Kelp beds entrained distinct microbial communities, with higher taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity compared to seawater outside of the kelp bed. Kelp forests thus had significant effects on seawater chemistry, productivity and the microbial assemblages in their proximity. Thereby, the diversity of pathways for carbon and nitrogen cycling was also enhanced. Overall, these observations suggest that the contribution of kelp forests to nearshore carbon and nitrogen cycling is greater than previously documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Pfister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Mark A Altabet
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02744, USA
| | - Brooke L Weigel
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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8
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Lin JD, Lemay MA, Parfrey LW. Diverse Bacteria Utilize Alginate Within the Microbiome of the Giant Kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1914. [PMID: 30177919 PMCID: PMC6110156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are integral to marine carbon cycling. They transfer organic carbon to higher trophic levels and remineralise it into inorganic forms. Kelp forests are among the most productive ecosystems within the global oceans, yet the diversity and metabolic capacity of bacteria that transform kelp carbon is poorly understood. Here, we use 16S amplicon and metagenomic shotgun sequencing to survey bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and assess the capacity of these bacteria for carbohydrate metabolism. We find that Macrocystis-associated communities are distinct from the water column, and that they become more diverse and shift in composition with blade depth, which is a proxy for tissue age. These patterns are also observed in metagenomic functional profiles, though the broader functional groups—carbohydrate active enzyme families—are largely consistent across samples and depths. Additionally, we assayed more than 250 isolates cultured from Macrocystis blades and the surrounding water column for the ability to utilize alginate, the primary polysaccharide in Macrocystis tissue. The majority of cultured bacteria (66%) demonstrated this capacity; we find that alginate utilization is patchily distributed across diverse genera in the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, yet can also vary between isolates with identical 16S rRNA sequences. The genes encoding enzymes involved in alginate metabolism were detected in metagenomic data across taxonomically diverse bacterial communities, further indicating this capacity is likely widespread amongst bacteria in kelp forests. Overall, the M. pyrifera epibiota shifts across a depth gradient, demonstrating a connection between bacterial assemblage and host tissue state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Lin
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew A Lemay
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada
| | - Laura W Parfrey
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Chen MY, Parfrey LW. Incubation with macroalgae induces large shifts in water column microbiota, but minor changes to the epibiota of co-occurring macroalgae. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1966-1979. [PMID: 29524281 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macroalgae variably promote and deter microbial growth through release of organic carbon and antimicrobial compounds into the water column. Consequently, macroalgae influence the microbial composition of the surrounding water column and biofilms on nearby surfaces. Here, we use manipulative experiments to test the hypotheses that (i) Nereocystis luetkeana and Mastocarpus sp. macroalgae alter the water column microbiota in species-specific manner, that (ii) neighbouring macroalgae alter the bacterial communities on the surface (epibiota) of actively growing Nereocystis luetkeana meristem fragments (NMFs), and that (iii) neighbours alter NMF growth rate. We also assess the impact of laboratory incubation on macroalgal epibiota by comparing each species to wild counterparts. We find strong differences between the Nereocystis and Mastocarpus epibiota that are maintained in the laboratory. Nereocystis and Mastocarpus alter water column bacterial community composition and richness in a species specific manner, but cause only small compositional shifts on NMF surfaces that do not differ by species, and do not change richness. Co-incubation with macroalgae results in significant change in abundance of fivefold more genera in the water column compared to NMF surfaces, although the direction (i.e., enrichment or reduction) of shift is generally consistent between the water and NMF surfaces. Finally, NMFs grew during the experiment, but growth did not depend on the presence or identity of neighbouring macroalgae. Thus, macroalgae exhibit a strong and species-specific influence on the water column microbiota, but a much weaker influence on the epibiota of neighbouring macroalgae. Overall, these results support the idea that macroalgae surfaces are highly selective and demonstrate that modulations of macroalgal microbiota operate within an overarching paradigm of host species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y Chen
- Botany Department and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Botany and Zoology Departments and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Hariot Bay, BC, Canada
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10
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Lemay MA, Martone PT, Keeling PJ, Burt JM, Krumhansl KA, Sanders RD, Wegener Parfrey L. Sympatric kelp species share a large portion of their surface bacterial communities. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:658-670. [PMID: 29124859 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kelp forest ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots, providing habitat for dense assemblages of marine organisms and nutrients for marine and terrestrial food webs. The surfaces of kelps support diverse microbial communities that facilitate the transfer of carbon from algal primary production to higher trophic levels. We quantified the diversity of bacteria on the surfaces of eight sympatric kelp species from four sites in British Columbia. Kelp-associated bacterial communities are significantly different from their environment, even though 86% of their bacterial taxa are shared with seawater and 97% are shared with rocky substrate. This differentiation is driven by differences in relative abundance of the bacterial taxa present. Similarly, a large portion of bacterial taxa (37%) is shared among all eight kelp species, yet differential abundance of bacterial taxa underlies differences in community structure among species. Kelp-associated bacterial diversity does not track host phylogeny; instead bacterial community composition is correlated with the life-history strategy of the host, with annual and perennial kelps supporting divergent bacterial communities. These data provide the first community-scale investigation of kelp forest-associated bacterial diversity. More broadly, this study provides insight into mechanisms that may structure bacterial communities among closely related sympatric host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Lemay
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Jenn M Burt
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Kira A Krumhansl
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Rhea D Sanders
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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11
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Säwström C, Hyndes GA, Eyre BD, Huggett MJ, Fraser MW, Lavery PS, Thomson PG, Tarquinio F, Steinberg PD, Laverock B. Coastal connectivity and spatial subsidy from a microbial perspective. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6662-6671. [PMID: 27777738 PMCID: PMC5058536 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transfer of organic material from one coastal environment to another can increase production in recipient habitats in a process known as spatial subsidy. Microorganisms drive the generation, transformation, and uptake of organic material in shallow coastal environments, but their significance in connecting coastal habitats through spatial subsidies has received limited attention. We address this by presenting a conceptual model of coastal connectivity that focuses on the flow of microbially mediated organic material in key coastal habitats. Our model suggests that it is not the difference in generation rates of organic material between coastal habitats but the amount of organic material assimilated into microbial biomass and respiration that determines the amount of material that can be exported from one coastal environment to another. Further, the flow of organic material across coastal habitats is sensitive to environmental change as this can alter microbial remineralization and respiration rates. Our model highlights microorganisms as an integral part of coastal connectivity and emphasizes the importance of including a microbial perspective in coastal connectivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Säwström
- School of Science Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
| | - Glenn A Hyndes
- School of Science Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
| | - Bradley D Eyre
- School of Environment Science and Engineering Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Research Southern Cross University Lismore NSW Australia
| | - Megan J Huggett
- School of Science Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
| | - Matthew W Fraser
- The UWA Oceans Institute and the School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Paul S Lavery
- School of Science Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
| | - Paul G Thomson
- The School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering and The UWA Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Flavia Tarquinio
- School of Science Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia
| | - Peter D Steinberg
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Mosman NSW Australia; Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Bonnie Laverock
- The UWA Oceans Institute and the School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia; Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster University of Technology Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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Abstract
Sea otters are a classic example of a predator controlling ecosystem productivity through cascading effects on basal, habitat-forming kelp species. However, their indirect effects on other kelp-associated taxa like fishes are poorly understood. We examined the effects of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) reintroduction along the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada on giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) distributions and the trophic niches and growth of two common kelp forest fishes, black (Sebastes melanops) and copper (S. caurinus) rockfishes. We sampled 47 kelp forests, and found that red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) were eliminated in the presence of otters, and that kelp forests were 3.7 times deeper and 18.8 times larger. Despite order-of-magnitude differences in kelp forest size, adult black and copper rockfishes contained less kelp-derived carbon in their tissues (as measured by stable isotopes of C and N) in regions with otters. Adults of both species had higher mean trophic positions in the presence of otters, indicating more frequent consumption of higher trophic level prey such as fishes. Smaller trophic niche space of rockfishes in the presence of otters indicated a higher degree of trophic specialization. Juvenile black rockfishes rapidly shifted to higher kelp-carbon contents, trophic positions, and body condition factors after settling in kelp forests. The relationships of growth to length, percentage of kelp carbon, and trophic position varied between the two regions, indicating that potential effects of kelp forest size on trophic ontogeny may also affect individual performance. Our results provide evidence that the indirect effects of otters on rockfishes arise largely through the creation of habitat for fishes and other prey rather than a direct trophic connection through invertebrates or other consumers of kelp productivity.
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