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Shirai T, Phadungsombat J, Ushikai Y, Yoshikaie K, Shioda T, Sakon N. Epidemiological Features of Human Norovirus Genotypes before and after COVID-19 Countermeasures in Osaka, Japan. Viruses 2024; 16:654. [PMID: 38675994 DOI: 10.3390/v16040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the molecular epidemiology of human norovirus (HuNoV) in all age groups using samples from April 2019 to March 2023, before and after the COVID-19 countermeasures were implemented. GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P31], the prevalent strains in Japan before COVID-19 countermeasures, remained prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, except from April to November 2020; in 2021, the prevalence of GII.2[P16] increased among children. Furthermore, there was an increase in the prevalence of GII.4[P16] after December 2022. Phylogenetic analysis of GII.P31 RdRp showed that some strains detected in 2022 belonged to a different cluster of other strains obtained during the present study period, suggesting that HuNoV strains will evolve differently even if they have the same type of RdRp. An analysis of the amino acid sequence of VP1 showed that some antigenic sites of GII.4[P16] were different from those of GII.4[P31]. The present study showed high infectivity of HuNoV despite the COVID-19 countermeasures and revealed changes in the prevalent genotypes and mutations of each genotype. In the future, we will investigate whether GII.4[P16] becomes more prevalent, providing new insights by comparing the new data with those analyzed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Shirai
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | | | - Yumi Ushikai
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kunihito Yoshikaie
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakon
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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Wang J, Ji ZH, Zhang SB, Yang ZR, Sun XQ, Zhang H. Asymptomatic norovirus infection during outbreaks in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29393. [PMID: 38235934 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis outbreaks may be caused by the excretion of norovirus (NoV) from asymptomatic individuals. Despite numerous studies involving asymptomatic NoV infection during outbreaks in China, a comprehensive assessment of its role has not been conducted, which is critical for emergency management. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic NoV infection during outbreaks in China. We conducted a comprehensive search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Wanfang, and China Weipu, between January 1, 1997 and June 19, 2023. The retrieved articles and their references underwent screening, which utilized polymerase chain reaction-based assays for the detection of NoV in asymptomatic individuals during outbreaks that occurred in China. The primary summary data were the prevalence of asymptomatic NoV infection in outbreaks. We generated pooled estimates of asymptomatic prevalence in the population as a whole and in subgroups by using random-effect models. Of the 97 articles included, the pooled asymptomatic prevalence of NoV among 5117 individuals in outbreaks was 17.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.1-21.3). The asymptomatic prevalence of NoV GII (17.1%, 95% CI: 12.9-21.5) was similar to that of NoV GI (22.0%, 95% CI: 12.8-32.4). However, the proportion of asymptomatic individuals involved in NoV GII (57.44%) was significantly higher than that of NoV GI (5.12%), and NoV GII (75.26%) was reported much more frequently than NoV GI (14.43%) in the included articles. Meta-regression analysis of 11 possible influencing factors (geographic region, setting, season, sample type, genotype, transmission route, occupation, age, per capita income, study quality, and cases definition) showed that the source of heterogeneity might be related to the outbreak settings, per capita income, and study quality (p = 0.037, 0.058, and 0.026, respectively). Of particular note was the asymptomatic prevalence peaked in preschoolers (27.8%), afterward, it fell into trough in elementary and junior school children (10.5%), before the second peak located in adults (17.8%), and the elderly (25.2%). Prevalent genotypes reported include GII.4, followed by GII.17, GII.2, GII.3, GII.6, and so forth. The estimated asymptomatic prevalence of NoV during outbreaks in China was as high as 17.6%, with NoV GII dominating. In addition, genetic subtypes of NoV in outbreaks should be detected whenever possible. The role of asymptomatic individuals in NoV outbreaks cannot be ignored. This knowledge will help governments develop public health policies and emergency response strategies for outbreaks, assess the burden, and develop vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiaozhou Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Ji
- Department of Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shao-Bai Zhang
- Institute for Prevention and Control of Viral Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zu-Rong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Sun
- Department of Surgery Emergency, Jiaozhou Hospital, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Sarmento SK, de Andrade JDSR, Malta FC, Fialho AM, Mello MDS, Burlandy FM, Fumian TM. Norovirus Epidemiology and Genotype Circulation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil, 2019-2022. Pathogens 2023; 13:3. [PMID: 38276149 PMCID: PMC10818385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus stands out as a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, affecting all age groups. In the present study, we investigated fecal samples from medically attended AGE patients received from nine Brazilian states, from 2019 to 2022, including the COVID-19 pandemic period. Norovirus GI and GII were detected and quantified using RT-qPCR, and norovirus-positive samples underwent genotyping through sequencing the ORF1/2 junction region. During the four-year period, norovirus prevalence was 37.2%, varying from 20.1% in 2020 to 55.4% in 2021. GII genotypes dominated, being detected in 92.9% of samples. GII-infected patients had significantly higher viral concentrations compared to GI-infected patients (median of 3.8 × 107 GC/g and 6.7 × 105 GC/g, respectively); and patients aged >12-24 months showed a higher median viral load (8 × 107 GC/g) compared to other age groups. Norovirus sequencing revealed 20 genotypes by phylogenetic analysis of RdRp and VP1 partial regions. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was the dominant genotype (57.3%), especially in 2019 and 2021, followed by GII.2[P16] (14.8%) and GII.6[P7] (6.3%). The intergenogroup recombinant genotype, GIX.1[GII.P15], was detected in five samples. Our study is the first to explore norovirus epidemiology and genotype distribution in Brazil during COVID-19, and contributes to understanding the epidemiological dynamics of norovirus and highlighting the importance of continuing to follow norovirus surveillance programs in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil (F.M.B.)
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Lu L, Ao Y, Jia R, Zhong H, Liu P, Xu M, Su L, Cao L, Xu J. Changing predominance of norovirus strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in Shanghai, 2018-2021. Virol Sin 2023; 38:671-679. [PMID: 37619918 PMCID: PMC10590699 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a major pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in people of all ages, especially in children. In this study, we investigated the molecular epidemiological characteristics of NoV in children with AGE in Shanghai from 2018 to 2021. The overall detection rate of NoV was 11.9% (181/1545), with annual detection rates of 9.4% (36/381), 13.6% (29/213), 5.8% (13/226) and 14.2% (103/725), respectively. Of note, the prevalence of NoV in 2020 was significantly lower than that in 2018-2019 (10.9%, 65/594) (P = 0.023) and 2021 (14.2%, 103/725) (P = 0.000). The 181 NoV strains identified in this study were classified into the GI group (1.1%, 2/181), GII group (98.3%, 178/181) and GIX group (0.6%, 1/181) according to the VP1 gene. The most common NoV VP1 genotype was GII.4 Sydney_2012 (63.5%, 115/181), followed by GII.3 (19.9%, 36/181) and GII.2 (9.4%, 17/181). For P genotypes, 174 strains were sequenced successfully according to the RdRp gene, and the predominant genotype was GII.P16 (44.8%, 78/174), followed by GII.P31 (25.9%, 45/174) and GII.P12 (21.3%, 37/174). Among the 174 cases, GII.4 Sydney_2012[P16] (36.8%, 64/174) was the dominant genotype, followed by GII.4 Sydney_2012[P31] (25.3%, 44/174), GII.3[P12] (20.1%, 35/174) and GII.2[P16] (8.0%, 14/174). In particular, the dominant genotypes in Shanghai changed from GII.4 Sydney_2012[P31] in 2018-2019 to GII.4 Sydney_2012[P16] in 2020-2021. This is the first report to describe the epidemiological changes in NoV infection before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai. These data highlight the importance of continuous surveillance for NoV in children with AGE in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Yuanyun Ao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Ran Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Huaqing Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Menghua Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Liyun Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Lingfeng Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201100, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201100, China.
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Bai GH, Tsai MC, Lin SC, Hsu YH, Chen SY. Unraveling the interplay between norovirus infection, gut microbiota, and novel antiviral approaches: a comprehensive review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1212582. [PMID: 37485533 PMCID: PMC10359435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1212582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infection is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and can also cause harmful chronic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. The role of the gut microbiota in the interactions between the host and noroviruses has been extensively studied. While most past studies were conducted in vitro or focused on murine noroviruses, recent research has expanded to human noroviruses using in vivo or ex vivo human intestinal enteroids culture studies. The gut microbiota has been observed to have both promoting and inhibiting effects on human noroviruses. Understanding the interaction between noroviruses and the gut microbiota or probiotics is crucial for studying the pathogenesis of norovirus infection and its potential implications, including probiotics and vaccines for infection control. Recently, several clinical trials of probiotics and norovirus vaccines have also been published. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the current understanding and recent updates on the interactions between noroviruses and gut microbiota, including the impact of norovirus on the microbiota profile, pro-viral and antiviral effects of microbiota on norovirus infection, the use of probiotics for treating norovirus infections, and human norovirus vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Hao Bai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chen Tsai
- Department of General Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Shih-Yen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cao R, Ma X, Pan M. Molecular characteristics of norovirus in sporadic and outbreak cases of acute gastroenteritis and in sewage in Sichuan, China. Virol J 2022; 19:180. [DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Norovirus is highly diverse and constant surveillance is essential for the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis.
Methods
From 2015 to 2019, fecal samples were collected from sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis reported to Sichuan center for disease control and prevention. Sewage samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Sichuan. All samples were tested for norovirus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Norovirus-positive clinical samples were sequenced by Sanger sequencing. Sewage samples were sequenced by amplicon and virome sequencing.
Results
A total of 1462 fecal samples were collected and 11 different norovirus genotypes were detected. GII.4 Sydney 2012[P31] and GII.3[P12] were the dominant genotypes in sporadic cases whereas GII.2[P16] and GII.17[P17] were the dominant genotypes in outbreaks. GII.3 was predominant in children 0–6 months of age during spring and summer, while GII.4 was predominant in children older than 6 months and in the autumn. The detection rate of GII.17[P17] increased with age. In sewage, 16 genotypes were detected. GII.3, GII.4, GI.1, and GI.2 were the dominant genotypes.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that multiple norovirus genotypes co-circulate in Sichuan. It is vital to continuously trace the genetic diversity of norovirus to give a future perspective on surveillance needs and guide vaccine design and policy decisions.
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Li M, Li K, Lan H, Hao X, Liu Y, Zhou C. Investigation of genotype diversity of 7,804 norovirus sequences in humans and animals of China. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1429-1435. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Norovirus is a prominent enteric virus responsible for severe acute gastroenteritis disease burden worldwide. In our current study, we analyzed 7,804 norovirus sequences of human and animals in China which were detected from 1980 to 2020 from GenBank. The GenBank database was searched up to May 2021 with the following search terms: “norovirus” or “norwalk virus” and “China.” The 7,804 norovirus sequences were collected and evaluated by phylogenetic analysis using MEGA X software package. The online typing tool (https://www.rivm.nl/mpf/typingtool/norovirus/) was used to confirm the genotypes. There were 36 norovirus genotypes prevailing in China. GII.4 was the most prevalent genotype, and GII.2, GII.3 and GII.17 also emerged during different time periods. Most sequences were detected in East China (41.72%, 3,256/7,804), but different norovirus genotypes were distributed widely across the country. A variety of norovirus genotypes, including GI, GII, GIII, GIV, GV, GVI, GVII and GX, were reported in different animals. Furthermore, a GI.3 sequence detected from animal had high identity with norovirus detected in human from the same region, indicating the potential norovirus zoonotic transmission in China. In conclusion, these results indicated that norovirus sequences with considerable genetic diversity distributed widely in China, with potential reverse zoonotic transmission from human to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Li
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , 2 Tiantanxili Rd, Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Kejian Li
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Haiyun Lan
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yan Liu
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Division I of In Vitro Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases, Institute for In Vitro Diagnostics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , 2 Tiantanxili Rd, Dongcheng District , Beijing 100050 , China
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Honjo S, Kuronuma K, Fujiya Y, Nakae M, Ukae S, Nihira H, Yamamoto M, Akane Y, Kondo K, Takahashi S, Kimura H, Tsutsumi H, Kawasaki Y, Tsugawa T. Genotypes and transmission routes of noroviruses causing sporadic acute gastroenteritis among adults and children, Japan, 2015-2019. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 104:105348. [PMID: 35952938 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are major causes of acute viral gastroenteritis at all ages worldwide. The molecular epidemiology of sporadic cases remains poorly understood, especially in adults. Additionally, no studies have analyzed the transmission route in sporadic acute gastroenteritis. In this study, we investigated cases of very mild sporadic NoV acute gastroenteritis in adults (medical staff) who do not visit the outpatient clinic and child outpatients. We also evaluated genotype differences between adults and children and possible transmission routes in adults during 5 years. The number of NoV positives were 58 in adults and 124 in children. In adults, the NoV positivity rate in this study was higher (64.4%) than that in previous reports of outpatients (10%) and inpatients (5%) in the United State. This finding suggested that the NoV positivity rate might be high in adults with very mild acute gastroenteritis. In adults, human-to-human transmission rates from children and food-borne transmission (raw oysters) were 21.6% (11/51) and 19.6% (10/51), respectively. Among adults, GII.2, GII.4, and GII.17 were the predominant genotypes, with rates of 32.7%, 30.9%, and 21.8%, respectively. Among children, GII.4 and GII.2 were the predominant genotypes, with rates of 45.5% and 40.6%, respectively. GII.17 was only detected in 0.8% (1/123) of children. Trends in NoV genotypes are expected to differ depending on the patient's age. Investigating sporadic cases including the patient's background (age and transmission route) may be helpful to monitor the trend of NoV strains, forecast prevalent NoV GII genotypes, and develop NoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saho Honjo
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koji Kuronuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fujiya
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mami Nakae
- Division of Infection Control, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ukae
- Department of Pediatrics, Motomachi Children's Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nihira
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihira Children's Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Akane
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Sunagawa City Hospital, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Graduate School of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kawasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsugawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Zheng GL, Zhu ZX, Cui JL, Yu JM. Evolutionary Analyses of Emerging GII.2[P16] and GII.4 Sydney [P16] Noroviruses. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac030. [PMID: 35450165 PMCID: PMC9019527 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GII.2[P16] and GII.4 Sydney [P16] are currently the two predominant norovirus genotypes. This study sought to clarify their evolutionary patterns by analyzing the major capsid VP1 and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes. Sequence diversities were analyzed at both nucleotide and amino acid levels. Selective pressures were evaluated with the Hyphy package in different models. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by the maximum likelihood method from full VP1 sequences, and evolutionary rates were estimated by the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. The results showed that (1) several groups of tightly linked mutations between the RdRp and VP1 genes were detected in the GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16] noroviruses, and most of these mutations were synonymous, which may lead to a better viral fitness to the host; (2) although the pattern of having new GII.4 variants every 2–4 years has been broken, both the pre- and the post-2015 Sydney VP1 had comparable evolutionary rates to previously epidemic GII.4 variants, and half of the major antigenic sites on GII.4 Sydney had residue substitutions and several caused obvious changes in the carbohydrate-binding surface that may potentially alter the property of the virus; and (3) GII.4 Sydney variants during 2018–21 showed geographical specificity in East Asia, South Asia, and North America; the antigenic sites of GII.2 are strictly conserved, but the GII.2 VP1 chronologically evolved into nine different sublineages over time, with sublineage IX being the most prevalent one since 2018. This study suggested that both VP1 and RdRp of the GII.2[P16] and GII.4 Sydney [P16] noroviruses exhibited different evolutionary directions. GII.4[P16] is likely to generate potential novel epidemic variants by accumulating mutations in the P2 domain, similar to previously epidemic GII.4 variants, while GII.2[P16] has conserved predicted antigenicity and may evolve by changing the properties of nonstructural proteins, such as polymerase replicational fidelity and efficiency. This study expands the understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16] noroviruses and may predict the emergence of new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-li Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zheng-xi Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jia-le Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jie-mei Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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Mariita RM, Davis JH, Randive RV. Illuminating Human Norovirus: A Perspective on Disinfection of Water and Surfaces Using UVC, Norovirus Model Organisms, and Radiation Safety Considerations. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020226. [PMID: 35215169 PMCID: PMC8879714 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis and are associated with high morbidity because of their ability to survive in the environment and small inoculum size required for infection. Norovirus is transmitted through water, food, high touch-surfaces, and human-to-human contact. Ultraviolet Subtype C (UVC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can disrupt the norovirus transmission chain for water, food, and surfaces. Here, we illuminate considerations to be adhered to when picking norovirus surrogates for disinfection studies and shine light on effective use of UVC for norovirus infection control in water and air and validation for such systems and explore the blind spot of radiation safety considerations when using UVC disinfection strategies. This perspective also discusses the promise of UVC for norovirus mitigation to save and ease life.
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Yu JM. What is the Potential Cause for the Predominance of GII.2[P16] Norovirus in Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in China? China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:27-30. [PMID: 35586517 PMCID: PMC8796726 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GII.2[P16] noroviruses (NoV) reemerged and rapidly became the main epidemic strain in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks in Asian countries since 2016. The current GII.2 [P16] NoV showed the same antigenicity to the ones before 2016, but several unique amino acid substitutions existed in the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and other non-structural proteins, and the viral load of the current GII.2[P16] NoV was higher than those of other genotypes, it was estimated that the viral replication ability may have improved. However, other genotypes, such as GII.1 and GII.3, also had recombination with the novel RdRp, were not prevalent in AGE-outbreaks; thus, it was inferred that the capsid proteins also played an important role in the enhanced replication process. The viral infection could also be affected by other factors, such as the population genetic background, the climate and environment, and people’s lifestyles. Continued surveillance on genetic diversity and evolutionary pattern for the GII.2[P16] NoV is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-mei Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Jie-mei Yu,
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12
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Han JC, Li QX, Fang JB, Zhang JY, Li YQ, Li SZ, Cheng C, Xie CZ, Nan FL, Zhang H, Li ZX, Jin NY, Zhu GZ, Lu HJ. GII.P16-GII.2 Recombinant Norovirus VLPs Polarize Macrophages Into the M1 Phenotype for Th1 Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:781718. [PMID: 34868056 PMCID: PMC8637406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a zoonotic virus that causes diarrhea in humans and animals. Outbreaks in nosocomial settings occur annually worldwide, endangering public health and causing serious social and economic burdens. The latter quarter of 2016 witnessed the emergence of the GII.P16-GII.2 recombinant norovirus throughout Asia. This genotype exhibits strong infectivity and replication characteristics, proposing its potential to initiate a pandemic. There is no vaccine against GII.P16-GII.2 recombinant norovirus, so it is necessary to design a preventive vaccine. In this study, GII.P16-GII.2 type norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) were constructed using the baculovirus expression system and used to conduct immunizations in mice. After immunization of mice, mice were induced to produce memory T cells and specific antibodies, indicating that the VLPs induced specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Further experiments were then initiated to understand the underlying mechanisms involved in antigen presentation. Towards this, we established co-cultures between dendritic cells (DCs) or macrophages (Mø) and naïve CD4+T cells and simulated the antigen presentation process by incubation with VLPs. Thereafter, we detected changes in cell surface molecules, cytokines and related proteins. The results indicated that VLPs effectively promoted the phenotypic maturation of Mø but not DCs, as indicated by significant changes in the expression of MHC-II, costimulatory factors and related cytokines in Mø. Moreover, we found VLPs caused Mø to polarize to the M1 type and release inflammatory cytokines, thereby inducing naïve CD4+ T cells to perform Th1 immune responses. Therefore, this study reveals the mechanism of antigen presentation involving GII.P16-GII.2 recombinant norovirus VLPs, providing a theoretical basis for both understanding responses to norovirus infection as well as opportunities for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cheng Han
- Academician Workstation, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qiu Xuan Li
- Academician Workstation, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Bo Fang
- Academician Workstation, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Yong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Quan Li
- Academician Workstation, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Zhi Li
- Academician Workstation, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Academician Workstation, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Zhan Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fu Long Nan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Yi Jin
- Academician Workstation, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Guang Ze Zhu
- Academician Workstation, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Jun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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13
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Fumian TM, Ferreira FC, de Andrade JDSR, Canal N, Silva Gomes G, Teixeira LB, Miagostovich MP. Norovirus Foodborne Outbreak Associated With the Consumption of Ice Pop, Southern Brazil, 2020. Food Environ Virol 2021; 13:553-559. [PMID: 34351587 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of foodborne-associated acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks worldwide. Usually, food products are contaminated either during harvesting or preparation, and the most common products associated to norovirus outbreaks are raw or undercooked bivalve shellfish, fruits (frozen berries) and ready-to-eat produce. In the present study, we investigated an AGE outbreak caused by norovirus associated with the consumption of ice pops in southern Brazil. Clinical stool samples from patients and ice pops samples were collected and analyzed for viruses' detection. By using RT-qPCR and sequencing, we detected the uncommon genotype GII.12[P16] in clinical samples and GII.12 in samples of ice pop. Strains shared identity of 100% at nucleotide level strongly suggesting the consumption of ice pops as the source of the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Canal
- Laboratory of Water and Food Microbiology, Central Laboratory of Rio Grande do Sul, State Health Surveillance Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silva Gomes
- Laboratory of Water and Food Microbiology, Central Laboratory of Rio Grande do Sul, State Health Surveillance Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lilian Borges Teixeira
- Epidemiological Surveillance of Food and Waterborne Disease, State Health Surveillance Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Tan MTH, Xue L, Wang D, Eshaghi Gorji M, Li Y, Gong Z, Li D. The globally re-emerging norovirus GII.2 manifests higher heat resistance than norovirus GII.4 and Tulane virus. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2441-2449. [PMID: 34821445 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the heat stability of two globally prevalent human norovirus (HuNoV) strains (GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16]) and a commonly used HuNoV surrogate, Tulane virus (TV). METHODS AND RESULTS With the use of a newly developed zebrafish larvae platform, we measured the change of infectivity of HuNoV GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P16] toward mild heat treatment at 55°C for 5 min. TV was tested with the same experimental design. As a result, the virus infectivity measurement clearly indicated the higher heat resistance of HuNoV GII.2[P16] (no reduction) than GII.4[P16] (>0.8-log TCID50 ml-1 reduction) and TV (2.5-log TCID50 ml-1 reduction). Further exploration revealed higher virus structural stability of HuNoV GII.2 than GII.4 strains by the use of different clinical samples with different evaluation methods. CONCLUSION The inactivation data generated from the surrogate virus TV cannot be used directly to describe the inactivation of HuNoV. The phylogenetic classification of HuNoVs may correlate with the virus stability and/or circulation dynamics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is expected to serve as an important reference when revisiting the numerous previous data evaluating HuNoV inactivation conditions in foods with the use of TV as the cultivable surrogate or with genuine HuNoV but using molecular methods. The higher resistance of NoV GII.2 strains than GII.4 strains toward inactivation treatment supplies a possible explanation for the global re-emerging of NoV GII.2 epidemic in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Turk Hsern Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Xue
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Mahar JE, Jenckel M, Huang N, Smertina E, Holmes EC, Strive T, Hall RN. Frequent intergenotypic recombination between the non-structural and structural genes is a major driver of epidemiological fitness in caliciviruses. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab080. [PMID: 34754513 PMCID: PMC8570162 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of lagoviruses (Caliciviridae) in Australia has increased considerably in recent years. By the end of 2017, five variants from three viral genotypes were present in populations of Australian rabbits, while prior to 2014 only two variants were known. To understand the evolutionary interactions among these lagovirus variants, we monitored their geographical distribution and relative incidence over time in a continental-scale competition study. Within 3 years of the incursion of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2, denoted genotype GI.1bP-GI.2 [polymerase genotype]P-[capsid genotype]) into Australia, two novel recombinant lagovirus variants emerged: RHDV2-4e (genotype GI.4eP-GI.2) in New South Wales and RHDV2-4c (genotype GI.4cP-GI.2) in Victoria. Although both novel recombinants contain non-structural genes related to those from benign, rabbit-specific, enterotropic viruses, these variants were recovered from the livers of both rabbits and hares that had died acutely. This suggests that the determinants of host and tissue tropism for lagoviruses are associated with the structural genes, and that tropism is intricately connected with pathogenicity. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the RHDV2-4c recombinant emerged independently on multiple occasions, with five distinct lineages observed. Both the new RHDV2-4e and -4c recombinant variants replaced the previous dominant parental RHDV2 (genotype GI.1bP-GI.2) in their respective geographical areas, despite sharing an identical or near-identical (i.e. single amino acid change) VP60 major capsid protein with the parental virus. This suggests that the observed replacement by these recombinants was not driven by antigenic variation in VP60, implicating the non-structural genes as key drivers of epidemiological fitness. Molecular clock estimates place the RHDV2-4e recombination event in early to mid-2015, while the five RHDV2-4c recombination events occurred from late 2015 through to early 2017. The emergence of at least six viable recombinant variants within a 2-year period highlights the high frequency of these events, detectable only through intensive surveillance, and demonstrates the importance of recombination in lagovirus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie E Mahar
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Jenckel
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nina Huang
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Elena Smertina
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tanja Strive
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robyn N Hall
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
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16
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Wang J, Jin M, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Yang H, Yao X, Chen L, Meng J, Hu G, He Y, Duan Z. Norovirus GII.2[P16] strain in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1122. [PMID: 34717565 PMCID: PMC8556823 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Norovirus (NoV) is the main cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks worldwide. From September 2015 through August 2018, 203 NoV outbreaks involving 2500 cases were reported to the Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Methods Faecal specimens for 203 outbreaks were collected and epidemiological data were obtained through the AGE outbreak surveillance system in Shenzhen. Genotypes were determined by sequencing analysis. To gain a better understanding of the evolutionary characteristics of NoV in Shenzhen, molecular evolution and mutations were evaluated based on time-scale evolutionary phylogeny and amino acid mutations. Results A total of nine districts reported NoV outbreaks and the reported NoV outbreaks peaked from November to March. Among the 203 NoV outbreaks, 150 were sequenced successfully. Most of these outbreaks were associated with the NoV GII.2[P16] strain (45.3%, 92/203) and occurred in school settings (91.6%, 186/203). The evolutionary rates of the RdRp region and the VP1 sequence were 2.1 × 10–3 (95% HPD interval, 1.7 × 10–3–2.5 × 10–3) substitutions/site/year and 2.7 × 10–3 (95% HPD interval, 2.4 × 10–3–3.1 × 10–3) substitutions/site/year, respectively. The common ancestors of the GII.2[P16] strain from Shenzhen and GII.4 Sydney 2012[P16] diverged from 2011 to 2012. The common ancestors of the GII.2[P16] strain from Shenzhen and previous GII.2[P16] (2010–2012) diverged from 2003 to 2004. The results of amino acid mutations showed 6 amino acid substitutions (*77E, R750K, P845Q, H1310Y, K1546Q, T1549A) were found only in GII.4 Sydney 2012[P16] and the GII.2[P16] recombinant strain. Conclusions This study illustrates the molecular epidemiological patterns in Shenzhen, China, from September 2015 to August 2018 and provides evidence that the epidemic trend of GII.2[P16] recombinant strain had weakened and the non-structural proteins of the recombinant strain might have played a more significant role than VP1. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06746-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiangjie Yao
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Long Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guifang Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqing He
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
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17
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Kendra JA, Tohma K, Ford-Siltz LA, Lepore CJ, Parra GI. Antigenic cartography reveals complexities of genetic determinants that lead to antigenic differences among pandemic GII.4 noroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015874118. [PMID: 33836574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015874118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the predominant cause of acute gastroenteritis, with a single genotype (GII.4) responsible for the majority of infections. This prevalence is characterized by the periodic emergence of new variants that present substitutions at antigenic sites of the major structural protein (VP1), facilitating escape from herd immunity. Notably, the contribution of intravariant mutations to changes in antigenic properties is unknown. We performed a comprehensive antigenic analysis on a virus-like particle panel representing major chronological GII.4 variants to investigate diversification at the inter- and intravariant level. Immunoassays, neutralization data, and cartography analyses showed antigenic similarities between phylogenetically related variants, with major switches to antigenic properties observed over the evolution of GII.4 variants. Genetic analysis indicated that multiple coevolving amino acid changes-primarily at antigenic sites-are associated with the antigenic diversification of GII.4 variants. These data highlight complexities of the genetic determinants and provide a framework for the antigenic characterization of emerging GII.4 noroviruses.
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18
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Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) has been recognized as a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. This review estimates the prevalence and genotype distribution of NoV in China to provide a sound reference for vaccine development. Studies were searched up to October 2020 from CNKI database and inclusion criteria were study duration of at least one calendar year and population size of >100. The mean overall NoV prevalence in individuals with sporadic diarrhea/gastroenteritis was 16.68% (20796/124649, 95% CI 16.63-16.72), and the detection rate of NoV was the highest among children. Non-GII.4 strains have replaced GII.4 as the predominant caused multiple outbreaks since 2014. Especially the recombinant GII.P16-GII.2 increased sharply, and virologic data show that the polymerase GII.P16 rather than VP1 triggers pandemic. Due to genetic diversity and rapid evolution, predominant genotypes might change unexpectedly, which has become major obstacle for the development of effective NoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- Vaccine R&D, Grand Theravac Life Science (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Vaccine R&D, Grand Theravac Life Science (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Changyao Tan
- Vaccine R&D, Grand Theravac Life Science (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlong Song
- Vaccine R&D, Grand Theravac Life Science (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Vaccine R&D, Grand Theravac Life Science (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengru Bao
- Vaccine R&D, Grand Theravac Life Science (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Vaccine R&D, Grand Theravac Life Science (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
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19
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Sarmento SK, de Andrade JDSR, Miagostovich MP, Fumian TM. Virological and Epidemiological Features of Norovirus Infections in Brazil, 2017-2018. Viruses 2021; 13:1724. [PMID: 34578304 DOI: 10.3390/v13091724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are considered an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) across all age groups. Here, we investigated the incidence of norovirus, genotypes circulation, and norovirus shedding in AGE stool samples from outpatients in Brazil. During a two-year period, 1546 AGE stool samples from ten Brazilian states were analyzed by RT-qPCR to detect and quantify GI and GII noroviruses. Positive samples were genotyped by dual sequencing using the ORF1/2 junction region. Overall, we detected norovirus in 32.1% of samples, with a massive predominance of GII viruses (89.1%). We also observed a significant difference between the median viral load of norovirus GI (3.4×105 GC/g of stool) and GII (1.9×107 GC/g). The most affected age group was children aged between 6 and 24 m old, and norovirus infection was detected throughout the year without marked seasonality. Phylogenetic analysis of partial RdRp and VP1 regions identified six and 11 genotype combinations of GI and GII, respectively. GII.4 Sydney[P16] was by far the predominant genotype (47.6%), followed by GII.2[P16], GII.4 Sydney[P31], and GII.6[P7]. We detected, for the first time in Brazil, the intergenogroup recombinant genotype GIX.1[GII.P15]. Our study contributes to the knowledge of norovirus genotypes circulation at the national level, reinforcing the importance of molecular surveillance programs for future vaccine designs.
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20
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Tohma K, Lepore CJ, Martinez M, Degiuseppe JI, Khamrin P, Saito M, Mayta H, Nwaba AUA, Ford-Siltz LA, Green KY, Galeano ME, Zimic M, Stupka JA, Gilman RH, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H, Parra GI. Genome-wide analyses of human noroviruses provide insights on evolutionary dynamics and evidence of coexisting viral populations evolving under recombination constraints. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009744. [PMID: 34255807 PMCID: PMC8318288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Over 30 different genotypes, mostly from genogroup I (GI) and II (GII), have been shown to infect humans. Despite three decades of genome sequencing, our understanding of the role of genomic diversification across continents and time is incomplete. To close the spatiotemporal gap of genomic information of human noroviruses, we conducted a large-scale genome-wide analyses that included the nearly full-length sequencing of 281 archival viruses circulating since the 1970s in over 10 countries from four continents, with a major emphasis on norovirus genotypes that are currently underrepresented in public genome databases. We provided new genome information for 24 distinct genotypes, including the oldest genome information from 12 norovirus genotypes. Analyses of this new genomic information, together with those publicly available, showed that (i) noroviruses evolve at similar rates across genomic regions and genotypes; (ii) emerging viruses evolved from transiently-circulating intermediate viruses; (iii) diversifying selection on the VP1 protein was recorded in genotypes with multiple variants; (iv) non-structural proteins showed a similar branching on their phylogenetic trees; and (v) contrary to the current understanding, there are restrictions on the ability to recombine different genomic regions, which results in co-circulating populations of viruses evolving independently in human communities. This study provides a comprehensive genetic analysis of diverse norovirus genotypes and the role of non-structural proteins on viral diversification, shedding new light on the mechanisms of norovirus evolution and transmission. Norovirus is a highly diverse enteric pathogen. The large genomic database accumulated in the last three decades advanced our understanding of norovirus diversity; however, this information is limited by geographical bias, sporadic times of collection, and missing or incomplete genome sequences. In this multinational collaborative study, we mined archival samples collected since the 1970s and sequenced nearly full-length new genomes from 281 historical noroviruses, including the first full-length genomic sequences for three genotypes. Using this novel dataset, we found evidence for restrictions in the recombination of genetically disparate viruses and that diversifying selection results in new variants with different epidemiological profiles. These new insights on the diversification of noroviruses could provide baseline information for the study of future epidemics and ultimately the prevention of norovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cara J. Lepore
- Division of Viral Products, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Magaly Martinez
- Division of Viral Products, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- IICS, National University of Asuncion, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | | | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Holger Mayta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Amy U. Amanda Nwaba
- Division of Viral Products, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Mirko Zimic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Robert H. Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gabriel I. Parra
- Division of Viral Products, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Silva AJ, Yang Z, Wolfe J, Hirneisen KA, Ruelle SB, Torres A, Williams-Hill D, Kulka M, Hellberg RS. Application of whole-genome sequencing for norovirus outbreak tracking and surveillance efforts in Orange County, CA. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103796. [PMID: 33875224 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne illness in the United States. Traditional Sanger sequencing of short genomic regions (~300-600 bp) is the primary method for differentiation of this pathogen; however, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) offers a valuable approach to further characterize strains of this virus. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of WGS compared to Sanger sequencing to differentiate norovirus strains and enhance outbreak investigation and surveillance efforts. WGS results for 41 norovirus-positive stool samples from 15 different outbreaks occurring from 2012 to 2019 in Orange County, CA, were analyzed for this study. All samples were genotyped with both WGS and Sanger sequencing based on the B-C region. WGS generated nearly full-length viral genome sequences (7029-7768 bp) with 4x to 35,378x coverage. Phylogenetic analysis of WGS data enabled differentiation of genotypically similar strains from separate outbreaks. Single nucleotide variation (SNV) analysis on a subset of strains revealed nucleotide variations (15-79 nt) among isolates from multiple outbreaks of GII.4 Sydney_2015[P31] and GII.17[P17]. Overall, the results demonstrated that coupling norovirus genotype identification with WGS enables enhanced genetic differentiation of strains and provides valuable information for outbreak investigation and surveillance efforts.
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Ueki Y, Amarasiri M, Kamio S, Sakagami A, Ito H, Uprety S, Umam AN, Miura T, Nguyen TH, Sano D. Human norovirus disease burden of consuming Crassostrea gigas oysters: A case-study from Japan. Food Control 2021; 121:107556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tinker RJ, da Costa AC, Tahmasebi R, Milagres FAP, Dos Santos Morais V, Pandey RP, José-Abrego A, Brustulin R, Rodrigues Teles MDA, Cunha MS, Araújo ELL, Gómez MM, Deng X, Delwart E, Sabino EC, Leal E, Luchs A. Norovirus strains in patients with acute gastroenteritis in rural and low-income urban areas in northern Brazil. Arch Virol 2021; 166:905-13. [PMID: 33462673 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
From 2010-2016, a total of 251 stool samples were screened for norovirus using next-generation sequencing (NGS) followed by phylogenetic analysis to investigate the genotypic diversity of noroviruses in rural and low-income urban areas in northern Brazil. Norovirus infection was detected in 19.9% (50/251) of the samples. Eight different genotypes were identified: GII.4_Sydney[P31] (64%, 32/50), GII.6[P7] (14%, 7/50), GII.17[P17] (6%, 3/50), GII.1[P33] (6%, 3/50), GII.3[P16] (4%, 2/50), GII.2[P16] (2%, 1/50), GII.2[P2] (2%, 1/50), and GII.4_New Orleans[P4] (2%, 1/50). Distinct GII.6[P7] variants were recognized, indicating the presence of different co-circulating strains. Elucidating norovirus genetic diversity will improve our understanding of their potential health burden, in particular for the GII.4_Sydney[P31] variant.
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Anfruns-Estrada E, Sabrià A, Fuentes C, Sabaté S, Razquin E, Cornejo T, Bartolomé R, Torner N, Izquierdo C, Soldevila N, Coronas L, Dominguez A, Pintó RM, Bosch A, Guix S, The Working Group For The Study Of Outbreaks Of Acute Gastroenteritis In Catalonia Pi/. Detection of Norovirus in Saliva Samples from Acute Gastroenteritis Cases and Asymptomatic Subjects: Association with Age and Higher Shedding in Stool. Viruses 2020; 12:E1369. [PMID: 33266188 DOI: 10.3390/v12121369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infections are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide and across all age groups, with two main genogroups (GI and GII) infecting humans. The aim of our study was to investigate the occurrence of norovirus in saliva samples from individuals involved in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in closed and semiclosed institutions, and its relationship with the virus strain, virus shedding in stool, the occurrence of symptoms, age, and the secretor status of the individual. Epidemiological and clinical information was gathered from norovirus outbreaks occurring in Catalonia, Spain during 2017–2018, and stool and saliva samples were collected from affected and exposed resident individuals and workers. A total of 347 saliva specimens from 25 outbreaks were analyzed. Further, 84% of individuals also provided a paired stool sample. For GII infections, norovirus was detected in 17.9% of saliva samples from symptomatic cases and 5.2% of asymptomatic individuals. Positivity in saliva occurred in both secretors and nonsecretors. None of the individuals infected by norovirus GI was positive for the virus in saliva. Saliva positivity did not correlate with any of the studied symptoms but did correlate with age ≥ 65 years old. Individuals who were positive in saliva showed higher levels of virus shedding in stool. Mean viral load in positive saliva was 3.16 ± 1.08 log10 genome copies/mL, and the predominance of encapsidated genomes was confirmed by propidium monoazide (PMA)xx-viability RTqPCR assay. The detection of norovirus in saliva raises the possibility of oral-to-oral norovirus transmission during the symptomatic phase and, although to a lesser extent, even in cases of asymptomatic infections.
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Hernandez JM, Silva LD, Sousa Junior EC, Cardoso JF, Reymão TKA, Portela ACR, de Lima CPS, Teixeira DM, Lucena MSS, Nunes MRT, Gabbay YB. Evolutionary and Molecular Analysis of Complete Genome Sequences of Norovirus From Brazil: Emerging Recombinant Strain GII.P16/GII.4. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1870. [PMID: 32849456 PMCID: PMC7423841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are enteric viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis, and the pandemic GII.4 genotype is spreading and evolving rapidly. The recombinant GII.P16/GII.4_Sydney strain emerged in 2016, replacing GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney (GII.P31 formerly known as GII.Pe) in some countries. We analyzed the complete genome of 20 NoV strains (17 GII.P31/GII.4_ Sydney and 3 GII.P16/GII.4_Sydney) from Belém and Manaus, Brazil, collected from 2012 to 2016. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by maximum likelihood method from 191 full NoV-VP1 sequences, demonstrated segregation of the Sydney lineage in two larger clades, suggesting that GII.4 strains associated with GII.P16 already have modifications compared with GII.P31/GII.4. Additionally, the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method was used to reconstruct a time-scaled phylogenetic tree formed by GII.P16 ORF1 sequences (n = 117) and three complete GII.P16 sequences from Belém. The phylogenetic tree indicated the presence of six clades classified into different capsid genotypes and locations. Evolutionary rates of the ORF1 gene of GII.P16 strains was estimated at 2.01 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, and the most recent common ancestors were estimated in 2011 (2011-2012, 95% HPD). Comparing the amino acid (AA) sequence coding for ORF1 with the prototype strain GII.P16/GII.4, 36 AA changes were observed, mainly in the non-structural proteins p48, p22, and RdRp. GII.P16/GII.4 strains of this study presented changes in amino acids 310, 333, 373, and 393 of the antigenic sites in the P2 subdomain, and ML tree indicating the division within the Sydney lineage according to the GII.P16 and GII.P31 polymerases. Notably, as noroviruses have high recombination rates and the GII.4 genotype was prevalent for a long time in several locations, additional and continuous evolutionary analyses of this new genotype should be needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Merces Hernandez
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luciana Damascena Silva
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Jedson Ferreira Cardoso
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Tammy Kathlyn Amaral Reymão
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
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Sarmento SK, Guerra CR, Malta FC, Coutinho R, Miagostovich MP, Fumian TM. Human norovirus detection in bivalve shellfish in Brazil and evaluation of viral infectivity using PMA treatment. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 157:111315. [PMID: 32658680 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans and bivalve shellfish consumption is a recognized route of infection. Our aim was to detect and characterize norovirus in bivalves from a coastal city of Brazil. Nucleic acid was extracted from the bivalve's digestive tissue concentrates using magnetic beads. From March 2018 to June 2019, 77 samples were screened using quantitative RT-PCR. Noroviruses were detected in 41.5%, with the GII being the most prevalent (37.7%). The highest viral load was 3.5 × 106 and 2.5 × 105 GC/g in oysters and mussels, respectively. PMA-treatment demonstrated that a large fraction of the detected norovirus corresponded to non-infectious particles. Genetic characterization showed the circulation of the GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P4] genotypes. Norovirus detection in bivalves reflects the anthropogenic impact on marine environment and serves as an early warning for the food-borne disease outbreaks resulting from the consumption of contaminated molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kahwage Sarmento
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rezende Guerra
- Laboratório de Genética Marinha, Departamento de Biotecnologia Marinha, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo , RJ CEP 28930-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio Correia Malta
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Laboratório de Genética Marinha, Departamento de Biotecnologia Marinha, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo , RJ CEP 28930-000, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21045-900, Brazil.
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Tarr GAM, Pang XL, Zhuo R, Lee BE, Chui L, Ali S, Vanderkooi OG, Michaels-Igbokwe C, Tarr PI, MacDonald SE, Currie G, MacDonald J, Kim K, Freedman SB. Attribution of Pediatric Acute Gastroenteritis Episodes and Emergency Department Visits to Norovirus Genogroups I and II. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:452-461. [PMID: 32614406 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. With vaccines in development, population-based estimates of norovirus burden are needed to identify target populations, quantify potential benefits, and understand disease dynamics. METHODS We estimated the attributable fraction (AF) for norovirus infections in children, defined as the proportion of children testing positive for norovirus whose gastroenteritis was attributable to norovirus. We calculated the standardized incidence and emergency department (ED) visit rates attributable to norovirus using provincial gastroenteritis visit administrative data. RESULTS From 3731 gastroenteritis case patients and 2135 controls we determined that the AFs were 67.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.5%-100%) and 91.6% (88.8%-94.4%) for norovirus genogroups I (GI) and II (GII), respectively. Norovirus GII AF varied by season but not age. We attributed 116 episodes (95% CI, 103-129) and 59 (51-67) ED visits per 10 000 child-years to norovirus GII across all ages, accounting for 20% and 18% of all medically attended gastroenteritis episodes and ED visits, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In children, a large proportion of norovirus GII detections reflect causation, demonstrating significant potential for norovirus GII vaccines. Seasonal variation in the norovirus GII AF may have implications for understanding the role asymptomatic carriage plays in disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A M Tarr
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta and Alberta Precision Laboratories-ProvLab, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ran Zhuo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta and Alberta Precision Laboratories-ProvLab, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samina Ali
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Otto G Vanderkooi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Community Health Sciences, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christine Michaels-Igbokwe
- Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Gillian Currie
- Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Judy MacDonald
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelly Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen B Freedman
- Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Cates JE, Vinjé J, Parashar U, Hall AJ. Recent advances in human norovirus research and implications for candidate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:539-548. [PMID: 32500763 PMCID: PMC10760411 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1777860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. An estimated 21 million illnesses in the United States and upwards of 684 million illnesses worldwide are attributed to norovirus infection. There are no licensed vaccines to prevent norovirus, but several candidates are in development. AREAS COVERED We review recent advances in molecular epidemiology of noroviruses, immunology, and in-vitro cultivation of noroviruses using human intestinal enteroids. We also provide an update on the status of norovirus vaccine candidates. EXPERT OPINION Molecular epidemiological studies confirm the tremendous genetic diversity of noroviruses, the continuous emergence of new recombinant strains, and the predominance of GII.4 viruses worldwide. Duration of immunity, extent of cross protection between different genotypes, and differences in strain distribution for young children compared with adults remain key knowledge gaps. Recent discoveries regarding which epitopes are targeted by neutralizing antibodies using the novel in vitro culture of human noroviruses in human intestinal enteroids are enhancing our understanding of mechanisms of protection and providing guidance for vaccine development. A future norovirus vaccine has the potential to substantially reduce the burden of illnesses due to this ubiquitous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Cates
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
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Li B, Xiao D, Li Y, Wu X, Qi L, Tang W, Li Q. Epidemiological analysis of norovirus infectious diarrhea outbreaks in Chongqing, China, from 2011 to 2016. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:46-50. [PMID: 31548166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infection from 2011 to 2016 in Chongqing, China, in order to provide evidence for strategies on epidemic prevention and control. METHODS We collected data on norovirus infectious diarrhea epidemics in 38 districts and counties, and analyzed the information using descriptive epidemiological methods. RESULTS In 2011, the first case of norovirus infectious diarrhea in Chongqing was reported. From 2011 to 2015, 38 districts and counties in Chongqing reported a total of 4 epidemics. In 2016, however, the city reported 117 outbreaks. From 2011 to 2016, there were 1637 cases of norovirus infection but no deaths. In 2016, most outbreaks occurred over a 5-month period with a clear peak in December and higher incidence in major urban areas than smaller communities (83.61% vs. 16.39%). Of these 1637 cases, 99.18% occurred in urban schools and nurseries, and 80% were transmitted person-to-person. Infection by genogroup II genotype 2 (GII.2) viruses accounted for 98.71% of cases. Leukocytes were increased in 67.81% of patients, neutrophils in 65%, and lymphocytes in 50%. Medical treatment was sought by 70% of patients or guardians but only 3.66% of cases were hospitalized. The most frequent misdiagnosis was "suspected food poisoning". CONCLUSION The frequency of norovirus infectious diarrhea epidemics increased over 20-fold from 2011 to 2016 in Chongqing, China. These epidemics occurred predominantly in urban schools and nurseries. However, epidemics showed little spread to outlying districts and counties, so prevention and control pressures were relatively high. SUGGESTIONS Healthcare professionals and institutions should strengthen health education for groups at high-risk of norovirus infection, such as school children, and increase norovirus testing capacity to further improve emergency investigation. Prevention and control knowledge should be disseminated to the general public to reduce transmission risk and total disease burden. Finally, governments and health administrative departments should invest special funds to prevent and control norovirus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Li
- Infectious Disease Control Office, The Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Dayong Xiao
- Infectious Disease Control Office, The Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yanlin Li
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Xianlan Wu
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Li Qi
- Infectious Disease Control Office, The Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Wenge Tang
- Infectious Disease Control Office, The Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Qin Li
- Infectious Disease Control Office, The Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400010, China.
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Smertina E, Urakova N, Strive T, Frese M. Calicivirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases: Evolution, Structure, Protein Dynamics, and Function. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1280. [PMID: 31244803 PMCID: PMC6563846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caliciviridae are viruses with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that is packaged into an icosahedral, environmentally stable protein capsid. The family contains five genera (Norovirus, Nebovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, and Vesivirus) that infect vertebrates including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) replicates the genome of RNA viruses and can speed up evolution due to its error-prone nature. Studying calicivirus RdRps in the context of genuine virus replication is often hampered by a lack of suitable model systems. Enteric caliciviruses and RHDV in particular are notoriously difficult to propagate in cell culture; therefore, molecular studies of replication mechanisms are challenging. Nevertheless, research on recombinant proteins has revealed several unexpected characteristics of calicivirus RdRps. For example, the RdRps of RHDV and related lagoviruses possess the ability to expose a hydrophobic motif, to rearrange Golgi membranes, and to copy RNA at unusually high temperatures. This review is focused on the structural dynamics, biochemical properties, kinetics, and putative interaction partners of these RdRps. In addition, we discuss the possible existence of a conserved but as yet undescribed structural element that is shared amongst the RdRps of all caliciviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Smertina
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nadya Urakova
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Tanja Strive
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael Frese
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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