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Rahmani A, Parizadeh L, Baud M, Francois Y, Bazire A, Rodrigues S, Fleury Y, Cuny H, Debosse E, Cabon J, Louboutin L, Bellec L, Danion M, Morin T. Potential of Marine Strains of Pseudoalteromonas to Improve Resistance of Juvenile Sea Bass to Pathogens and Limit Biofilm Development. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10180-5. [PMID: 37851325 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), one of the most produced marine fish species in Europe, is acutely vulnerable to multiple infectious hazards. In this study, we investigated the potential probiotic effect of some marine Pseudoalteromonas bacterial strains against two major pathogens of this species, Vibrio harveyi and the nervous necrosis virus (NNV), and examined their antibiofilm effect. Impregnation phase was done by repeated immersion of juvenile's sea bass during 8 to 12 weeks in seawater containing the probiotic candidates at a concentration of 106 CFU/mL. Four candidates were tested: (1) a combination of two strains producing antimicrobial compounds, hCg-42 and hOe-125; (2) strain 3J6, with known antibiofilm properties; (3) strain RA15, from the same genus, but with no identified probiotic effect; and (4) a control group without probiotics. At the end of the impregnation phase, fish underwent an infection challenge with V. harveyi or with a pathogenic strain of NNV and mortality was monitored. For the V. harveyi challenge, improved survival rates of 10 and 25% were obtained for the RA15 and the mix hCg-42 + hOe-125-impregnated groups, respectively. For the NNV challenge, no significant benefic effect of the probiotics on infection kinetics or cumulative mortality was observed. At the end of the impregnation phase, the maximal thickness of biofilm was significantly lower in the 3J6, double strain, and RA15 groups, compared with the non-impregnated control group. This study highlights the interesting probiotic potential of marine bacteria to limit mortalities induced by bacterial pathogens as well as biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rahmani
- Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, National Research Infrastructure Emerg'In, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - L Parizadeh
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, 29000, Quimper, France
- Laboratoire LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - M Baud
- Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, National Research Infrastructure Emerg'In, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Y Francois
- SYSAAF, Station LPGP/INRAE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - A Bazire
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, 56100, Lorient, France
| | - S Rodrigues
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, 56100, Lorient, France
| | - Y Fleury
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, 29000, Quimper, France
| | - H Cuny
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, 29000, Quimper, France
| | - E Debosse
- Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, National Research Infrastructure Emerg'In, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - J Cabon
- Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, National Research Infrastructure Emerg'In, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - L Louboutin
- Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, National Research Infrastructure Emerg'In, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - L Bellec
- UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - M Danion
- Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, National Research Infrastructure Emerg'In, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - T Morin
- Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, National Research Infrastructure Emerg'In, 29280, Plouzané, France.
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Ortega-del Campo S, Díaz-Martínez L, Moreno P, García-Rosado E, Alonso MC, Béjar J, Grande-Pérez A. The genetic variability and evolution of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus quasispecies can be associated with its virulence. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1182695. [PMID: 37396376 PMCID: PMC10308047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus, NNV, is a neurotropic virus that causes viral nervous necrosis disease in a wide range of fish species, including European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). NNV has a bisegmented (+) ssRNA genome consisting of RNA1, which encodes the RNA polymerase, and RNA2, encoding the capsid protein. The most prevalent NNV species in sea bass is red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), causing high mortality in larvae and juveniles. Reverse genetics studies have associated amino acid 270 of the RGNNV capsid protein with RGNNV virulence in sea bass. NNV infection generates quasispecies and reassortants able to adapt to various selective pressures, such as host immune response or switching between host species. To better understand the variability of RGNNV populations and their association with RGNNV virulence, sea bass specimens were infected with two RGNNV recombinant viruses, a wild-type, rDl956, highly virulent to sea bass, and a single-mutant virus, Mut270Dl965, less virulent to this host. Both viral genome segments were quantified in brain by RT-qPCR, and genetic variability of whole-genome quasispecies was studied by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Copies of RNA1 and RNA2 in brains of fish infected with the low virulent virus were 1,000-fold lower than those in brains of fish infected with the virulent virus. In addition, differences between the two experimental groups in the Ts/Tv ratio, recombination frequency and genetic heterogeneity of the mutant spectra in the RNA2 segment were found. These results show that the entire quasispecies of a bisegmented RNA virus changes as a consequence of a single point mutation in the consensus sequence of one of its segments. Sea bream (Sparus aurata) is an asymptomatic carrier for RGNNV, thus rDl965 is considered a low-virulence isolate in this species. To assess whether the quasispecies characteristics of rDl965 were conserved in another host showing different susceptibility, juvenile sea bream were infected with rDl965 and analyzed as above described. Interestingly, both viral load and genetic variability of rDl965 in seabream were similar to those of Mut270Dl965 in sea bass. This result suggests that the genetic variability and evolution of RGNNV mutant spectra may be associated with its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ortega-del Campo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Díaz-Martínez
- Centro de Supercomputación y Bioinnovación (SCBI), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther García-Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Béjar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul, IBYDA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Grande-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
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Delpuech E, Vandeputte M, Morvezen R, Bestin A, Besson M, Brunier J, Bajek A, Imarazene B, François Y, Bouchez O, Cousin X, Poncet C, Morin T, Bruant JS, Chatain B, Haffray P, Phocas F, Allal F. Whole-genome sequencing identifies interferon-induced protein IFI6/IFI27-like as a strong candidate gene for VNN resistance in European sea bass. Genet Sel Evol 2023; 55:30. [PMID: 37143017 PMCID: PMC10161657 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-023-00805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is a major disease that affects European sea bass, and understanding the biological mechanisms that underlie VNN resistance is important for the welfare of farmed fish and sustainability of production systems. The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions and genes that are associated with VNN resistance in sea bass. RESULTS We generated a dataset of 838,451 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the parental generation of two commercial populations (A: 2371 individuals and B: 3428 individuals) of European sea bass with phenotypic records for binary survival in a VNN challenge. For each population, three cohorts were submitted to a red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) challenge by immersion and genotyped on a 57K SNP chip. After imputation of WGS SNPs from their parents, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped using a Bayesian sparse linear mixed model (BSLMM). We found several QTL regions that were specific to one of the populations on different linkage groups (LG), and one 127-kb QTL region on LG12 that was shared by both populations and included the genes ZDHHC14, which encodes a palmitoyltransferase, and IFI6/IFI27-like, which encodes an interferon-alpha induced protein. The most significant SNP in this QTL region was only 1.9 kb downstream of the coding sequence of the IFI6/IFI27-like gene. An unrelated population of four large families was used to validate the effect of the QTL. Survival rates of susceptible genotypes were 40.6% and 45.4% in populations A and B, respectively, while that of the resistant genotype was 66.2% in population B and 78% in population A. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a genomic region that carries a major QTL for resistance to VNN and includes the ZDHHC14 and IFI6/IFI27-like genes. The potential involvement of the interferon pathway, a well-known anti-viral defense mechanism in several organisms (chicken, human, or fish), in survival to VNN infection is of particular interest. Our results can lead to major improvements for sea bass breeding programs through marker-assisted genomic selection to obtain more resistant fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Delpuech
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, INRAE, 34250, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, INRAE, 34250, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Romain Morvezen
- SYSAAF, Station LPGP/INRAE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Anastasia Bestin
- SYSAAF, Station LPGP/INRAE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Besson
- SYSAAF, Station LPGP/INRAE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Joseph Brunier
- Ecloserie Marine de Gravelines-Ichtus, Gloria Maris Group, 59273, Gravelines, France
| | - Aline Bajek
- Ecloserie Marine de Gravelines-Ichtus, Gloria Maris Group, 59273, Gravelines, France
| | | | - Yoannah François
- SYSAAF, Station LPGP/INRAE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
- ANSES, Unit Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Olivier Bouchez
- US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, INRAE, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Xavier Cousin
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, INRAE, 34250, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Charles Poncet
- INRAE-UCA, UMR 1095 GDEC, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Morin
- ANSES, Unit Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Béatrice Chatain
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, INRAE, 34250, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Pierrick Haffray
- SYSAAF, Station LPGP/INRAE, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Phocas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - François Allal
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, INRAE, 34250, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
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Faggion S, Carnier P, Franch R, Babbucci M, Pascoli F, Dalla Rovere G, Caggiano M, Chavanne H, Toffan A, Bargelloni L. Viral nervous necrosis resistance in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at the larval stage: heritability and accuracy of genomic prediction with different training and testing settings. Genet Sel Evol 2023; 55:22. [PMID: 37013478 PMCID: PMC10069116 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-023-00796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) has long been considered resistant to viral nervous necrosis (VNN), until recently, when significant mortalities caused by a reassortant nervous necrosis virus (NNV) strain were reported. Selective breeding to enhance resistance against NNV might be a preventive action. In this study, 972 sea bream larvae were subjected to a NNV challenge test and the symptomatology was recorded. All the experimental fish and their parents were genotyped using a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array consisting of over 26,000 markers. RESULTS Estimates of pedigree-based and genomic heritabilities of VNN symptomatology were consistent with each other (0.21, highest posterior density interval at 95% (HPD95%): 0.1-0.4; 0.19, HPD95%: 0.1-0.3, respectively). The genome-wide association study suggested one genomic region, i.e., in linkage group (LG) 23 that might be involved in sea bream VNN resistance, although it was far from the genome-wide significance threshold. The accuracies (r) of the predicted estimated breeding values (EBV) provided by three Bayesian genomic regression models (Bayes B, Bayes C, and Ridge Regression) were consistent and on average were equal to 0.90 when assessed in a set of cross-validation (CV) procedures. When genomic relationships between training and testing sets were minimized, accuracy decreased greatly (r = 0.53 for a validation based on genomic clustering, r = 0.12 for a validation based on a leave-one-family-out approach focused on the parents of the challenged fish). Classification of the phenotype using the genomic predictions of the phenotype or using the genomic predictions of the pedigree-based, all data included, EBV as classifiers was moderately accurate (area under the ROC curve 0.60 and 0.66, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The estimate of the heritability for VNN symptomatology indicates that it is feasible to implement selective breeding programs for increased resistance to VNN of sea bream larvae/juveniles. Exploiting genomic information offers the opportunity of developing prediction tools for VNN resistance, and genomic models can be trained on EBV using all data or phenotypes, with minimal differences in classification performance of the trait phenotype. In a long-term view, the weakening of the genomic ties between animals in the training and test sets leads to decreased genomic prediction accuracies, thus periodical update of the reference population with new data is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Faggion
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Paolo Carnier
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Rafaella Franch
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE Reference Centre for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Massimo Caggiano
- Panittica Italia Società Agricola S.R.L., Strada del Procaccio, 72016, Torre Canne di Fasano, Italy
| | - Hervé Chavanne
- Panittica Italia Società Agricola S.R.L., Strada del Procaccio, 72016, Torre Canne di Fasano, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE Reference Centre for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. RNA-Seq analysis of juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) provides some clues regarding their resistance to the nodavirus RGNNV genotype. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 134:108588. [PMID: 36740080 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) is considered an asymptomatic carrier for the nodavirus genotype affecting European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), RGNNV. Only larvae and juveniles of sea bream have been found to be susceptible to the RGNNV/SJNNV reassortant. Nevertheless, the molecular bases of the high resistance of sea bream against RGNNV are not known, and the overall transcriptome response to the virus remains unexplored. In this work, we conducted the first RNA-Seq analysis of sea bream infected with RGNNV to elucidate the immune mechanisms involved in their resistance. Since we recently published the transcriptome response of sea bass infected with RGNNV, we wanted to take the same tissues (brain and head kidney) at the same time points (24 and 72 h postinfection) to conduct comparative analyses. Sea bream responded to RGNNV challenge with a powerful immune arsenal characterized by the high expression of a multitude of type I interferon-related genes, immune receptors and antigen presentation-related genes in both tissues. Moreover, complement-, coagulation- and angiogenesis-related genes were highly enriched in the head kidney at the earlier sampling point. Interestingly, despite the strong immune response found in the brain, inflammation seems to have been restrained, resulting in a neuroprotective scenario. While the response in sea bass was characterized by the activation of the stress axis, which could lead to immunosuppression and neuronal damage, genes involved in these processes were not modulated in sea bream. An efficient antiviral response accompanied by low inflammation and the absence of stimulation of the stress response seem to play a role in the success of sea bream in resisting RGNNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
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Cohen-Rengifo M, Danion M, Gonzalez AA, Bégout ML, Cormier A, Noël C, Cabon J, Vitré T, Mark FC, Mazurais D. The extensive transgenerational transcriptomic effects of ocean acidification on the olfactory epithelium of a marine fish are associated with a better viral resistance. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:448. [PMID: 35710351 PMCID: PMC9204966 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive CO2-induced ocean acidification (OA) impacts marine life in ways that are difficult to predict but are likely to become exacerbated over generations. Although marine fishes can balance acid–base homeostasis efficiently, indirect ionic regulation that alter neurosensory systems can result in behavioural abnormalities. In marine invertebrates, OA can also affect immune system function, but whether this is the case in marine fishes is not fully understood. Farmed fish are highly susceptible to disease outbreak, yet strategies for overcoming such threats in the wake of OA are wanting. Here, we exposed two generations of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to end-of-century predicted pH levels (IPCC RCP8.5), with parents (F1) being exposed for four years and their offspring (F2) for 18 months. Our design included a transcriptomic analysis of the olfactory rosette (collected from the F2) and a viral challenge (exposing F2 to betanodavirus) where we assessed survival rates. Results We discovered transcriptomic trade-offs in both sensory and immune systems after long-term transgenerational exposure to OA. Specifically, RNA-Seq analysis of the olfactory rosette, the peripheral olfactory organ, from 18-months-old F2 revealed extensive regulation in genes involved in ion transport and neuronal signalling, including GABAergic signalling. We also detected OA-induced up-regulation of genes associated with odour transduction, synaptic plasticity, neuron excitability and wiring and down-regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism. Furthermore, OA-exposure induced up-regulation of genes involved in innate antiviral immunity (pathogen recognition receptors and interferon-stimulated genes) in combination with down-regulation of the protein biosynthetic machinery. Consistently, OA-exposed F2 challenged with betanodavirus, which causes damage to the nervous system of marine fish, had acquired improved resistance. Conclusion F2 exposed to long-term transgenerational OA acclimation showed superior viral resistance, though as their metabolic and odour transduction programs were altered, odour-mediated behaviours might be consequently impacted. Although it is difficult to unveil how long-term OA impacts propagated between generations, our results reveal that, across generations, trade-offs in plastic responses is a core feature of the olfactory epithelium transcriptome in OA-exposed F2 offspring, and will have important consequences for how cultured and wild fish interacts with its environment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08647-w.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgane Danion
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Anne-Alicia Gonzalez
- MGX, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Biocampus Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bégout
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, IRD, France
| | | | - Cyril Noël
- IFREMER, SEBIMER, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Felix C Mark
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Kaplan M, Pekmez K, Cagirgan AA, Arslan F, Özkan B, Kalaycı G. The first detection of betanodavirus reassortant genotype (RGNNV/SJNNV) isolated from gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in the Turkish coastlines: The importance of screening and monitoring studies for identifying the source of the infection. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:783-793. [PMID: 35262204 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is now endemic in the Mediterranean basin and the RGNNV genotype betanodavirus has caused frequent epidemics in European sea bass for a long time. Unexpected and increasing VNN epidemics have been reported in gilthead sea bream (GSB) farms in the last few years, from which the RGNNV/SJNNV genotype has been mostly isolated. The aim of this study was to perform a molecular characterization of the betanodavirus isolated from GSB (weighing 90-100 g) in a marine fish farm in the Aegean Sea and also, as an early warning exercise, to investigate the presence/absence of the virus in associated nearby farms (n:20) and in hatcheries (n:3). No virus was detected in any of the nearby farms or two hatcheries. However, in one hatchery, betanodavirus was detected in a 160-day-old GSB. The identified betanodavirus was genotyped as reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV and was phylogenetically related to the virus detected in the farm located in the Aegean sea. There have been multiple detections of the RGNNV genotype in Turkish coastal waters; however, the RGNNV/SJNNV genotype has been detected for the first time and it should be an early warning to focus attention on betanodaviruses in Turkish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kaplan
- Virology Department, Izmir/Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Pekmez
- Virology Department, Izmir/Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih Arslan
- Virology Department, Izmir/Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Buket Özkan
- Virology Department, Izmir/Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Kalaycı
- Virology Department, Izmir/Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Izmir, Turkey
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García-Álvarez MÁ, Arizcun M, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Profile of Innate Immunity in Gilthead Seabream Larvae Reflects Mortality upon Betanodavirus Reassortant Infection and Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095092. [PMID: 35563482 PMCID: PMC9105140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) has been considered a fish species resistant to nervous necrosis virus (NNV) disease. Nevertheless, mortality in seabream hatcheries, associated with typical clinical signs of the viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease has been confirmed to be caused by RGNNV/SJNNV reassortants. Because of this, seabream larvae at 37 and 86 days post-hatching (dph) were infected by immersion with RGNNV/SJNNV and SJNNV/RGNNV reassortants under laboratory conditions, and mortality, viral replication and immunity were evaluated. Our results show that gilthead seabream larvae, mainly those at 37 dph, are susceptible to infection with both NNV reassortant genotypes, with the highest impact from the RGNNV/SJNNV reassortant. In addition, viral replication occurs at both ages (37 and 86 dph) but the recovery of infective particles was only confirmed in 37 dph larvae,; this value was also highest with the RGNNV/SJNNV reassortant. Larvae immunity, including the expression of antiviral, inflammatory and cell-mediated cytotoxicity genes, was affected by NNV infection. Levels of the natural killer lysin (Nkl) peptide were increased in SJNNV/RGNNV-infected larvae of 37 dph, though hepcidin was not. Our results demonstrate that the seabream larvae are susceptible to both NNV reassortants, though mainly to RGNNV/SJNNV, in an age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel García-Álvarez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council (IEO-CSIC), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (E.C.-P.)
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council (IEO-CSIC), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain; (M.A.); (E.C.-P.)
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Biasini L, Berto P, Abbadi M, Buratin A, Toson M, Marsella A, Toffan A, Pascoli F. Pathogenicity of Different Betanodavirus RGNNV/SJNNV Reassortant Strains in European Sea Bass. Pathogens 2022; 11:458. [PMID: 35456134 PMCID: PMC9026442 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is an important farmed marine species for Mediterranean aquaculture. Outbreaks of betanodavirus represent one of the main infectious threats for this species. The red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus genotype (RGNNV) is the most widely spread in Southern Europe, while the striped jack nervous necrosis virus genotype (SJNNV) has been rarely detected. The existence of natural reassortants between these genotypes has been demonstrated, the RGNNV/SJNNV strain being the most common. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of different RGNNV/SJNNV strains in European sea bass. A selection of nine European reassortants together with parental RGNNV and SJNNV strains were used to perform in vivo experimental challenges via intramuscular injection. Additional in vivo experimental challenges were performed by bath immersion in order to mimic the natural infection route of the virus. Overall, results on survival rates confirmed the susceptibility of European sea bass to reassortants and showed different levels of induced mortalities. Results obtained by RT-qPCR also highlighted high viral loads in asymptomatic survivors, suggesting a possible reservoir role of this species. Our findings on the comparison of complete genomic segments of all reassortants have shed light on different amino acid residues likely involved in the variable pathogenicity of RGNNV/SJNNV strains in European sea bass.
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10
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Zrnčić S, Brnić D, Panzarin V, Abbadi M, Lojkić I, Zupičić IG, Oraić D. Transmission Pathways of the VNN Introduced in Croatian Marine Aquaculture. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040418. [PMID: 35456093 PMCID: PMC9026106 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the insufficient capacity of Croatian hatcheries, marine aquaculture depends on the importation of fry from different countries in the Mediterranean basin. Importation enables a risk of spreading pathogenic agents. Viral nervous necrosis (VNN), caused by betanodavirus is devastating for the farming of European sea bass. We described a VNN outbreak that occurred in Croatia in 2014. After the diagnosis of VNN in sea bass fry introduced from the same hatchery to five unconnected marine farms at the Adriatic Coast, we performed surveillance within one of the affected farms. It resulted in proven horizontal spreading of the virus within the farm and to feral fish around farm cages. Real-time RT-PCR tested samples showed the dependence of the virus’ proliferation to the water temperature and the fish age. The highest mortality rates were noted during higher sea temperatures. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of RNA1 and RNA2 supported the hypothesis that the virus was introduced to all studied farms from the same hatchery. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequences of infected farmed sea bass and thicklip mullet showed high similarity and it is unlikely that infection in Croatian sea bass farms has originated from wild reservoirs, as the first positive record in wild mullet was recorded after the disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Zrnčić
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.G.Z.); (D.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dragan Brnić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (I.L.)
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (V.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (V.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivana Giovanna Zupičić
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.G.Z.); (D.O.)
| | - Dražen Oraić
- Department of Pathology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.G.Z.); (D.O.)
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11
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Wang Y, Xu L, Ma W, Sun H, Huang Z, Cai S, Jian J, Huang Y. Mass mortalities associated with viral nervous necrosis in Murray cod in China. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:277-287. [PMID: 34778980 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, a mass mortality among cultured Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) fry occurred on a freshwater farm located at Foshan city of Guangdong province, China. The cumulative mortality was up to 45% within 15 days. The diseased fish showed clinical signs, including abnormal swimming behaviour, loss of appetite and dark body colouration before mass mortality. Samples of brain and retina tissues were collected from affected fish and subjected to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction detection and virus isolation in cell culture. Approximately 430 bp product was detected from the brain and retina tissues and culture supernatant of betanodavirus-infected SSN-1 cells. The typical cytopathic effect of betanodavirus infection, which is characterized by vacuolation, was observed in SSN-1 cells at three days after inoculating with the tissue filtrate of diseased Murry cod fry, and the TCID50 of the infected SSN-1 cell supernatant was 107.8 . Histopathological examinations revealed vacuolation and necrosis in the brain and retina of naturally and experimentally infected Murray cod fry. Electron microscopic observation also showed the aggregation of numerous spherical, non-enveloped viral particles measuring 22-28 nm in diameter in the cytoplasm of betanodavirus-infected SSN-1 cells. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp and Cp genes further indicated that the betanodavirus isolated from Murray cod belonged to the RGNNV genotype. Much higher mortality was obtained in challenged Murray cod fry compared with the controls through immersion challenge. This study is the first report of the natural infection of betanodavirus in freshwater fish in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixiang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zengchao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuanghu Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yucong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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12
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Chérif N, El Jeni R, Amdouni F, Zreilli S, Djabou H, Khemiri S, Tliba I, Bouhaouala-Zahar B, Maatoug K, Zaafran S, Groman D. Phylogeography of betanodavirus genotypes circulating in Tunisian aquaculture sites, 2012-2019. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 146:53-63. [PMID: 34553693 DOI: 10.3354/dao03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the phylogenetic relationships among the primary betanodavirus strains circulating in Tunisian coastal waters. A survey was conducted to investigate nodavirus infections at 15 European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata farming sites located along the northern and eastern coasts of Tunisia. The primary objective of the study was to create epidemiological awareness of these infections by determining phylogenetic relationships between the main betanodavirus strains circulating during the period 2012-2019, using RNA1 and/or RNA2 genome segments. Approximately 40% (118 of 294) tissue pools tested were positive for betanodavirus. Positive pools were distributed across all of the sampling sites. While fish mortalities were always correlated with the presence of virus in sea bass, a severe outbreak was also identified in sea bream larvae in 2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that almost all Tunisian strains from both sea bass and sea bream irrespective of outbreaks clustered within the RGNNV genotype. It is noteworthy that samples collected during the 2019 outbreak from sea bream contained both RNA1 and RNA2 fragments belonging to the RGNNV and SJNNV genotype, respectively, an indication of viral genome reassortment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of reassortant betanodavirus in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chérif
- Aquaculture Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, 2025 Salammbô, Tunisia
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Cascarano MC, Stavrakidis-Zachou O, Mladineo I, Thompson KD, Papandroulakis N, Katharios P. Mediterranean Aquaculture in a Changing Climate: Temperature Effects on Pathogens and Diseases of Three Farmed Fish Species. Pathogens 2021; 10:1205. [PMID: 34578236 PMCID: PMC8466566 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to have a drastic effect on aquaculture worldwide. As we move forward with the agenda to increase and diversify aquaculture production, rising temperatures will have a progressively relevant impact on fish farming, linked to a multitude of issues associated with fish welfare. Temperature affects the physiology of both fish and pathogens, and has the potential to lead to significant increases in disease outbreaks within aquaculture systems, resulting in severe financial impacts. Significant shifts in future temperature regimes are projected for the Mediterranean Sea. We therefore aim to review and discuss the existing knowledge relating to disease outbreaks in the context of climate change in Mediterranean finfish aquaculture. The objective is to describe the effects of temperature on the physiology of both fish and pathogens, and moreover to list and discuss the principal diseases of the three main fish species farmed in the Mediterranean, namely gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and meagre (Argyrosomus regius). We will attempt to link the pathology of each disease to a specific temperature range, while discussing potential future disease threats associated with the available climate change trends for the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Cascarano
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (M.C.C.); (O.S.-Z.); (N.P.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Orestis Stavrakidis-Zachou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (M.C.C.); (O.S.-Z.); (N.P.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Biology Center of Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Institute of Parasitology, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Vaccines and Diagnostics, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK;
| | - Nikos Papandroulakis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (M.C.C.); (O.S.-Z.); (N.P.)
| | - Pantelis Katharios
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (M.C.C.); (O.S.-Z.); (N.P.)
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14
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Agnihotri K, Chong R, Underwood D, Kistler C, Hutchison M. Betanodavirus infection in Kuhlia rupestris and Ambassis marianus and isolation of betanodavirus from infected pond water. Dis Aquat Organ 2020; 142:1-11. [PMID: 33150870 DOI: 10.3354/dao03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report of betanodavirus infection in 2 species of finfish, Kuhlia rupestris (jungle perch) and Ambassis marianus (estuary perchlet). This report also describes isolation of betanodavirus from infected pond water using the SSN-1 cell line. Histopathology of K. rupestris larvae revealed vacuolation in the eye and brain, which was confirmed using betanodavirus-specific immunohistochemistry. The eye and brain from A. marianus and betanodavirus isolated from pond water were confirmed using real-time PCR and Sanger sequencing. High throughput sequencing was used to obtain betanodavirus sequences from paraffin blocks containing infected K. rupestris. The phylogenetic analysis of betanodavirus RNA1 and RNA2 sequences from all 3 sources were associated with the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype. The RNA1 nucleotide sequence from jungle perch showed 100% identity with the betanodavirus water isolate and 99.37% identity with A. marianus. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the usefulness of combining recovery of viable virus from environmental samples through fish cell line culture with PCR testing as a means of validating the efficacy of chlorination to eradicate betanodavirus from the pond environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Agnihotri
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Block 12, Health and Food Sciences Precinct 39, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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15
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Krishnan R, Kim JO, Qadiri SSN, Kim JO, Oh MJ. Early viral uptake and host-associated immune response in the tissues of seven-band grouper following a bath challenge with nervous necrosis virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 103:454-463. [PMID: 32439512 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, early uptake of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in the tissues (gill, brain, skin, eye, heart) and immune response associated with the uptake in the gill and brain of seven-band grouper was investigated. The gill was found to act as a primary portal of entry for NNV during the initial phase of the water-borne infection. The presence of viral genome and infectious particles was demonstrated using quantitative (qPCR, viral titer) and qualitative (ISH) approach. Initially, an increased viral uptake was noticed, but the virus got cleared from the gills at the later phase of infection. Localization in the brain was evident at the blood-brain barrier followed by the brain parenchyma in the latter stage of infection. Nectin-4, an established NNV receptor, and GHSC70 showed an up-regulated expression throughout the challenge period initially in the gill and at latter phase in brain; however, it seems that the virus does not use gill as a primary replication site but brain as a permissive tissue. Combined activity as reflected by the up-regulation of cytokine, interferon, antigen-presenting cell, and immunoglobulin genes restricts early NNV replication in gill. Observations from the present study provide a better understanding of early NNV entry and also opens a window for further elucidating the modes of NNV neuro-invasion through systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Krishnan
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Shariq Nazir Qadiri
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea; KVK-Ganderbal, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, Alusteng, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Jae-Ok Kim
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
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Regev Y, Davidovich N, Berzak R, Lau SCK, Scheinin AP, Tchernov D, Morick D. Molecular Identification and Characterization of Vibrio Species and Mycobacterium Species in Wild and Cultured Marine Fish from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E863. [PMID: 32517374 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to numerous documented pathogens and infectious diseases of aquaculture, there is a lack of baseline data and information regarding pathogenic agents’ prevalence in wild marine fish populations. This study focused on two common fish pathogenic microorganisms, namely Mycobacterium species and Vibrio species, both of which are known to be major causes of fish loss, occasionally to the extent of being a limiting factor in fish production. Both microorganisms are known as zoonotic agents. In total, 210 wild marine indigenous and Lessepsian fish from four different species from the eastern Mediterranean Sea were sampled and tested for Vibrio species and Mycobacterium species during a two-year period (2016–2017). Using PCR with 16S rRNA primers, we detected different strain variations of Mycobacterium species and Vibrio species and, based on the sequencing results, the overall prevalence for Vibrio species in wild fish in 2016 was significantly higher compared to 2017. No significant difference was detected for Mycobacterium species prevalence in wild fish between 2016 and 2017. In addition, 72 gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) from an Israeli offshore marine farm were also examined during the two-year period (2017–2018). The results suggest that Mycobacterium species prevalence was significantly higher in 2018, while in 2017 there was no positive results for Mycobacterium species. In addition, there was no significant difference between both years in regard to the prevalence of Vibrio species for maricultured fish. These results highlight the necessity of continuous molecular monitoring in order to evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in both wild and cultured fish populations.
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Lama R, Pereiro P, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Gallardo-Escárate C, Tort L, Figueras A, Novoa B. RNA-Seq analysis of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) infected with nodavirus reveals powerful modulation of the stress response. Vet Res 2020; 51:64. [PMID: 32398117 PMCID: PMC7218500 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodavirus, or nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), a severe disease affecting numerous fish species worldwide. European sea bass, a cultured species of great economic importance, is highly susceptible to the disease. To better understand the response of this organism to NNV, we conducted RNA-Seq analysis of the brain and head kidney from experimentally infected and uninfected sea bass juveniles at 24 and 72 hours post-infection (hpi). Contrary to what was expected, we observed modest modulation of immune-related genes in the brain, the target organ of this virus, and some of these genes were even downregulated. However, genes involved in the stress response showed extremely high modulation. Accordingly, the genes encoding the enzymes implicated in the synthesis of cortisol were almost the only overexpressed genes in the head kidney at 24 hpi. This stress response was attenuated after 72 h in both tissues, and a progressive immune response against the virus was mounted. Moreover, experiments were conducted to determine how stress activation could impact NNV replication. Our results show the complex interplay between viral activity, the stress reaction and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Lama
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P.O. Box 160, Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P.O. Box 160, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, P.O. Box 160, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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Abstract
The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control.
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Vijayakumar P, Mani R, Raja S, Dhas TS. Susceptibility of betanodavirus in a newly established vertebra-derived cell line from Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). J Fish Dis 2020; 43:263-273. [PMID: 31845349 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a new cell line from the vertebra of mosquitofish Gambusia affinis was successfully established and characterized. The cell line is named as bone Gambusia affinis (BGA) and subcultured for more than 55 passages in Leibovitz's/L15 medium supplemented with 15% FBS at 28°C. The cell line has a modal chromosome number of 48. Molecular characterization of the partial sequence of the coi gene confirmed the origin of the BGA cell line from mosquitofish. These cells exhibited epithelial morphology confirmed by the cytokeratin marker. The BGA cells showed mineralization of their extracellular matrix when stained with alizarin red and von Kossa stain. BGA cells were found to be susceptible to RGNNV and SJNNV strains of betanodavirus (NNV) showing cytopathic effect with multiple vacuolations in the cells. The RT-PCR confirmed the betanodavirus infections in BGA cells. The SEM micrograph showed the morphological changes observed in the cell during virus infection. The in vivo challenge experiment also showed the viral replicating efficiency in the Gambusia affinis with increasing viral titre. Thus, our present results show that the BGA cell line is a useful tool for isolating betanodavirus and could be used to investigate bone cell differentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran Vijayakumar
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Ravi Mani
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Sudhakaran Raja
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, Vellore Institute of Technology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Tharmathass Stalin Dhas
- Centre for Ocean Research, Col. Dr Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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20
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Chaves-Pozo E, Valero Y, Lozano MT, Rodríguez-Cerezo P, Miao L, Campo V, Esteban MA, Cuesta A. Fish Granzyme A Shows a Greater Role Than Granzyme B in Fish Innate Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2579. [PMID: 31736981 PMCID: PMC6834543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes (Gzm) are serine proteases, contained into the secretory granules of cytotoxic cells, responsible for the cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against tumor cells and intracellular pathogens such as virus and bacteria. In fish, they have received little attention to their existence, classification or functional characterization. Therefore, we aimed to identify and evaluate their functional and transcriptomic relevance in the innate CMC activity of two relevant teleost fish species, gilthead seabream and European sea bass. Afterwards, we wanted to focus on their regulation upon nodavirus (NNV) infection, a virus that causes great mortalities to sea bass specimens while seabream is resistant. In this study, we have identified genes encoding GzmA and GzmB in both seabream and sea bass, as well as GzmM in seabream, which showed good phylogenetic relation to their mammalian orthologs. In addition, we found enzymatic activity related to tryptase (GzmA and/or GzmK), aspartase (GzmB), metase (GzmM), or chymase (GzmH) in resting head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs), with the following order of activity: GzmA/K ~ GzmM >> GzmH >>> GzmB. In addition, during innate CMC assays consisting on HKLs exposed to either mock- or NNV-infected target cells, though all the granzyme transcripts were increased only the tryptase activity did. Thus, our data suggest a high functional activity of GzmA/K in the innate CMC and a marginal one for GzmB. Moreover, GzmB activity was detected into target cells during the CMC assays. However, the percentage of target cells with GzmB activity after the CMC assays was about 10-fold lower than the death target cells, demonstrating that GzmB is not the main inductor of cell death. Moreover, in in vivo infection with NNV, gzm transcription is differently regulated depending on the fish species, genes and tissues. However, the immunohistochemistry study revealed an increased number of GzmB stained cells and areas in the brain of seabream after NNV infection, which was mainly associated with the lesions detected. Further studies are needed to ascertain the molecular nature, biological function and implication of fish granzymes in the CMC activity, and in the antiviral defense in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Murcia, Spain
| | - Yulema Valero
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Murcia, Spain.,Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Lozano
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Cerezo
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Liang Miao
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Vittorio Campo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Angeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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21
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Valencia JM, Grau A, Pretto T, Pons J, Jurado-Rivera JA, Castro JA, Toffan A, Catanese G. Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease in Epinephelus marginatus from the Balearic Islands marine protected areas. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 135:49-58. [PMID: 31244484 DOI: 10.3354/dao03378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first description of a betanodavirus infection in the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus within the marine protected areas (MPAs) of the Balearic Islands. Histopathology techniques were employed to describe neurological lesions in infected fish. Abnormal swimming, mortality, and neurological lesions were detected in all analysed grouper individuals. Virus particles were observed by means of transmission electron microscopy. Reverse transcription of RNA1 and RNA2 followed by cDNA amplification and sequencing allowed viral classification. Phylogenetic analysis showed the isolates from wild E. marginatus of the Balearic Islands MPAs to be closely related to Dicentrarchus labrax and Mullus barbatus strains from Cyprus and Italy. Although vertical transmission from infected spawners has been described as the major route for nodavirus infection, we point out in this work that horizontal transmission among sub-clinical fishes after migration or commercial import for aquaculture production could play a major role in the spreading of the disease in MPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Valencia
- Laboratori d'Investigacions Marines i Aqüicultura, LIMIA - Govern de les Illes Balears, Av. Gabriel Roca 69, 07158 Port d'Andratx, Spain
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22
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Pannetier P, Morin B, Clérandeau C, Lacroix C, Cabon J, Cachot J, Danion M. Comparative biomarker responses in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and challenged with betanodavirus at three different life stages. Sci Total Environ 2019; 652:964-976. [PMID: 30380501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is now well documented that several contaminants can modulate the fish immune system, leading to disrupted host resistance against pathogens and increased incidence of disease. Since fish are usually co-exposed to chemicals and pathogens in the natural environment, analysis of the immunotoxic effects of pollutants is particularly relevant. The authorities in the European Union have recommended the development of toxicity assays on cell cultures and embryos, as an alternative to testing in vertebrates. This is why in our study, a fish immune challenge assay was developed for the early life stages of Japanese medaka to evaluate and compare the relevance of new biomarkers. Fish were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a model pollutant, for 8days at the embryonic stage, or for 48h at the larvae and juvenile stages, and fish were infected with betanodavirus by bath-challenge of 106TCID50/mL. Biometric changes and induction of malformations were observed after embryonic exposure. DNA damage and induction of EROD activity were recorded at the end of all chemical exposures. Viral infection increased the mortality rate significantly and disturbed the behavior of fish after light stimulation. While BaP exposure increased swimming speed, betanodavirus infection slowed swimming activity. In larvae co-exposed to BaP and the virus, the viral titer in the whole body was higher than in fish infected only with the virus. This study highlighted the sensitivity and usefulness of the immune challenge assay on the early life stages of Japanese medaka to evaluate the toxic effects of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pannetier
- Bordeaux University, EPOC Laboratory, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- Bordeaux University, EPOC Laboratory, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | | | - Camille Lacroix
- Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution (CEDRE), 715 Rue Alain Colas, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Bordeaux University, EPOC Laboratory, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Morgane Danion
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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23
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Berzak R, Scheinin A, Davidovich N, Regev Y, Diga R, Tchernov D, Morick D. Prevalence of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) and Streptococcus species in wild marine fish and crustaceans from the Levantine Basin, Mediterranean Sea. Dis Aquat Organ 2019; 133:7-17. [PMID: 30997880 DOI: 10.3354/dao03339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases in marine animals have ecological, socio-economic and environmental impacts. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) and Streptococcus iniae have become major threats to marine aquaculture and have been detected in morbid marine organisms worldwide. However, despite their importance, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the prevalence of these pathogens in wild fish species. Here we sampled indigenous and Lessepsian species from different trophic levels and different biological niches in the eastern Mediterranean. A total of 174 fish and 32 crustaceans were tested for S. iniae and a total of 195 fish and 33 crustaceans were tested for NNV. We found an overall prevalence of 9.71% Streptococcus spp. and 21.49% NNV in selected marine fish and crustaceans by PCR and qPCR. In fish, the zoonotic agent S. iniae was detected at a higher prevalence in kidney compared to liver tissue. Co-infection by both pathogens was detected only in 5 specimens. We also examined gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata from an Israeli offshore marine farm during the grow-out period, in order to assess the possibility of horizontal pathogen transmission from wild to maricultured fish. Three out of 15 (20%) fish were found to be NNV positive after 120 d in the sea, suggesting spontaneous transmission from wild to farmed fish. Our findings suggest that more surveys should be conducted, especially in areas were mariculture farms are planned to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Berzak
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Israel
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24
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Moreno P, Lopez-Jimena B, Randelli E, Scapigliati G, Buonocore F, Garcia-Rosado E, Borrego JJ, Alonso MC. Immuno-related gene transcription and antibody response in nodavirus (RGNNV and SJNNV)-infected European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 78:270-278. [PMID: 29702239 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of European sea bass to RGNNV and SJNNV infections has been evaluated by quantifying the transcription of some genes involved in the IFN I system, as well as in the inflammatory and adaptive immune mechanisms. The transcription of IFN-I, ISG-12, ISG-15 and MxA genes has been analyzed in brain and head kidney, showing that RGNNV genotype induces a more intense response of the IFN I system than SJNNV in both organs. In addition, the results obtained indicate the importance of the inflammatory response in nodavirus pathogenesis, with the transcription of IL-8 and TNF-α significantly higher in brain than in head kidney, being RGNNV the strongest inductor. An important difference between the immune response induced by both genotypes refers to the IgM titre in sera, which was higher in SJNNV-inoculated fish. The acquired response is also important locally, since TR-γ transcription is higher in brain than in head kidney (especially in the RGNNV-inoculated group). To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the sea bass anti-SJNNV immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Moreno
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Benjamin Lopez-Jimena
- Mast Group Ltd., Mast House, Derby Road, Bootle, Merseyside, L20 1EA, England, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Randelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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25
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Palaiokostas C, Cariou S, Bestin A, Bruant JS, Haffray P, Morin T, Cabon J, Allal F, Vandeputte M, Houston RD. Genome-wide association and genomic prediction of resistance to viral nervous necrosis in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) using RAD sequencing. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:30. [PMID: 29884113 PMCID: PMC5994081 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is one of the most important species for European aquaculture. Viral nervous necrosis (VNN), commonly caused by the redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), can result in high levels of morbidity and mortality, mainly during the larval and juvenile stages of cultured sea bass. In the absence of efficient therapeutic treatments, selective breeding for host resistance offers a promising strategy to control this disease. Our study aimed at investigating genetic resistance to VNN and genomic-based approaches to improve disease resistance by selective breeding. A population of 1538 sea bass juveniles from a factorial cross between 48 sires and 17 dams was challenged with RGNNV with mortalities and survivors being recorded and sampled for genotyping by the RAD sequencing approach. RESULTS We used genome-wide genotype data from 9195 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for downstream analysis. Estimates of heritability of survival on the underlying scale for the pedigree and genomic relationship matrices were 0.27 (HPD interval 95%: 0.14-0.40) and 0.43 (0.29-0.57), respectively. Classical genome-wide association analysis detected genome-wide significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to VNN on chromosomes (unassigned scaffolds in the case of 'chromosome' 25) 3, 20 and 25 (P < 1e06). Weighted genomic best linear unbiased predictor provided additional support for the QTL on chromosome 3 and suggested that it explained 4% of the additive genetic variation. Genomic prediction approaches were tested to investigate the potential of using genome-wide SNP data to estimate breeding values for resistance to VNN and showed that genomic prediction resulted in a 13% increase in successful classification of resistant and susceptible animals compared to pedigree-based methods, with Bayes A and Bayes B giving the highest predictive ability. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide significant QTL were identified but each with relatively small effects on the trait. Tests of genomic prediction suggested that incorporating genome-wide SNP data is likely to result in higher accuracy of estimated breeding values for resistance to VNN. RAD sequencing is an effective method for generating such genome-wide SNPs, and our findings highlight the potential of genomic selection to breed farmed European sea bass with improved resistance to VNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Palaiokostas
- The Roslin Institute¸Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
| | - Sophie Cariou
- Ferme Marine De Douhet, BP 4, 17840 La Brée Les Bains, France
| | - Anastasia Bestin
- SYSAAF, LPGP-INRA, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | - Pierrick Haffray
- SYSAAF, LPGP-INRA, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Morin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, Bretagne Loire University, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, Bretagne Loire University, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - François Allal
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, Ifremer-CNRS-IRD-UM, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute¸Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
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26
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Álvarez-Torres D, Gómez-Abellán V, Arizcun M, García-Rosado E, Béjar J, Sepulcre MP. Identification of an interferon-stimulated gene, isg15, involved in host immune defense against viral infections in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 73:220-227. [PMID: 29277364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) play a key role in the innate immunity of vertebrates against viral infections by inducing hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as isg15. Isg15 is an ubiquitin-like protein, which can conjugate cellular and viral proteins in a process called ISGylation, although it can also act as a cytokine-like protein. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) is an important asymptomatic carrier of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and nodavirus, representing a threat to other co-cultivated susceptible species. In order to better understand virus-host interactions in this fish species, this study addresses the identification and molecular characterization of seabream isg15 (sb-isg15). In addition, the modulation of transcript levels of sb-isg15 was analysed in SAF-1 cells and seabream acidophilic granulocytes (AGs) stimulated in vitro with different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or inoculated with VHSV and striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV). The full-length cDNA of sb-isg15 gene, encoding a predicted protein of 155 amino acids, was identified and seen to share the same characteristics as other fish and mammalian isg15 genes. Here we report the clear induction of sb-isg15 transcript levels in SAF-1 cells and AGs stimulated with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, such as polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or genomic DNA from Vibrio anguillarum (VaDNA), respectively. Furthermore, VHSV and SJNNV inoculation induced a significant degree of sb-isg15 transcription in SAF-1 cells and AGs. However, the relative levels of viral RNA transcription showed that SJNNV replication seems to be more efficient than VHSV in both in vitro systems. Interestingly, sb-isg15 transcript induction elicited by VaDNA was reduced in VHSV- and SJNNV-inoculated AGs, suggesting an interference prompted by the viruses against the type I IFN system. Taken together, these findings support the use of seabream AGs as a valuable experimental system to study virus-host interactions, in which sb-isg15 seems to play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoria Gómez-Abellán
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Esther García-Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Béjar
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - María P Sepulcre
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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27
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Chaves-Pozo E, Valero Y, Esteve-Codina A, Gómez-Garrido J, Dabad M, Alioto T, Meseguer J, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. Innate Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Activity of European Sea Bass Leucocytes Against Nodavirus-Infected Cells: A Functional and RNA-seq Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15396. [PMID: 29133947 PMCID: PMC5684396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) causes high mortalities in several marine species. We aimed to evaluate the innate cell-mediated cytotoxic (CMC) activity of head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs) isolated from naïve European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a very susceptible and resistant fish species to NNV, respectively, against fish cell lines infected with NNV. Seabream HKLs showed significantly increased innate CMC activity against NNV-infected cells, compared to those uninfected, while sea bass HKLs failed to do so. Thus, we performed a RNA-seq study to identify genes related to the CMC activity of sea bass leucocytes. Thus, we found that sea bass HKLs incubated with DLB-1 cells alone (CMC_DLB1) or with NNV-infected DLB-1 cells (CMC_DLB1-NNV) showed very similar transcriptomic profiles and the GO analysis revealed that most of the up-regulated genes were related to immunity. Strikingly, when the CMC samples with and without NNV were compared, GO analysis revealed that most of the up-regulated genes in CMC_DLB1-NNV samples were related to metabolism and very few to immunity. This is also in agreement with the functional data. These data point to the escape of CMC activity by NNV infection as an important factor involved in the high susceptibility to nodavirus infections of European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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28
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Xiang Y, Liu W, Jia P, Li Y, Jin Y, Chen L, Zhang J, Jia K, Yi M. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of interferon-gamma in black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 70:140-148. [PMID: 28870857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a major component in immunological signaling and plays a key role in resisting viral infection. In this study, we identified and characterized an IFN-γ gene (AsIFN-γ) in the marine fish black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). We cloned AsIFN-γ genomic sequence, which comprises four exons, three introns and an upstream promoter including several conserved regulatory elements. The complete cDNA of AsIFN-γ was 816 bp in length and encoded a putative 194 amino acids (aa) protein with a 22 aa signal peptide, six α-helices and one nuclear localization signal (NLS). Multiple alignment showed that AsIFN-γ protein shared 31-60% identity with IFN-γ of other fish but low identity with fish IFN-γrel and IFN-γ of other vertebrates. AsIFN-γ was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues with the highest expression level in immune organs, such as spleen, gill and kidney. In black seabream infected by red spotted nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), the expression of AsIFN-γ was significantly up-regulated in most tissues, and RGNNV infection in vitro also induced significant up-regulation of AsIFN-γ, indicating that AsIFN-γ was involved in immune response to RGNNV infection. Overexpression of AsIFN-γ in cultured Acanthopagrus schlegelii brain (AsB) cells rapidly and transiently stimulated the expression of JAK-STAT signaling pathway related genes including STAT1, STAT2 and IRF9, as well as the downstream antiviral genes MX1 and ISG15. Furthermore, overexpression of AsIFN-γ was able to significantly inhibit RGNNV replication and virus production in AsB cells. In summary, we identified a conserved IFN-γ gene of black seabream, and demonstrated the rapid and strong antiviral activities of AsIFN-γ against RGNNV in black seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yunlong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yilin Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Limin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kuntong Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Meisheng Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
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Toffan A, Pascoli F, Pretto T, Panzarin V, Abbadi M, Buratin A, Quartesan R, Gijón D, Padrós F. Viral nervous necrosis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) caused by reassortant betanodavirus RGNNV/SJNNV: an emerging threat for Mediterranean aquaculture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46755. [PMID: 28462930 PMCID: PMC5411978 DOI: 10.1038/srep46755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) certainly represents the biggest challenge for the sustainability and the development of aquaculture. A large number of economically relevant fish species have proven to be susceptible to the disease. Conversely, gilthead sea bream has generally been considered resistant to VNN, although it has been possible to isolate the virus from apparently healthy sea bream and sporadically from affected larvae and postlarvae. Unexpectedly, in 2014–2016 an increasing number of hatcheries in Europe have experienced mass mortalities in sea bream larvae. Two clinical outbreaks were monitored over this time span and findings are reported in this paper. Despite showing no specific clinical signs, the affected fish displayed high mortality and histological lesions typical of VNN. Fish tested positive for betanodavirus by different laboratory techniques. The isolates were all genetically characterized as being reassortant strains RGNNV/SJNNV. A genetic characterization of all sea bream betanodaviruses which had been isolated in the past had revealed that the majority of the strains infecting sea bream are actually RGNNV/SJNNV. Taken together, this information strongly suggests that RGNNV/SJNNV betanodavirus possesses a particular tropism to sea bream, which can pose a new and unexpected threat to the Mediterranean aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toffan
- OIE reference centre for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- OIE reference centre for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Fish Pathology Department, Via Leonardo da Vinci 39, Adria, Rovigo, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- OIE reference centre for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- OIE reference centre for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Buratin
- OIE reference centre for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosita Quartesan
- OIE reference centre for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniel Gijón
- Fish Health Service, Skretting, Ctra. de la Estación S/N, Cojóbar, Spain
| | - Francesc Padrós
- Fish Diseases Diagnostic Service, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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30
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Somrit M, Watthammawut A, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Ounjai P, Suntimanawong W, Weerachatyanukul W. C-terminal domain on the outer surface of the Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus capsid is required for Sf9 cell binding and internalization. Virus Res 2017; 227:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Piazzon MC, Galindo-Villegas J, Pereiro P, Estensoro I, Calduch-Giner JA, Gómez-Casado E, Novoa B, Mulero V, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish. Front Immunol 2016; 7:637. [PMID: 28082977 PMCID: PMC5186763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes can be found in teleost fish, IgM, IgD, and the teleost-specific IgT. IgM is considered to have a systemic activity, and IgT is attributed a mucosal role, similar to mammalian IgA. In this study, the complete sequence of gilthead sea bream IgM and IgT in their membrane (m) and soluble (s) forms are described for the first time in a perciform fish. Their constitutive gene expression is analyzed in different tissues, and their regulation upon viral, bacterial, parasitic, mucosal vaccination and dietary challenges are studied. GCB IgM and IgT have the prototypical structure when compared to other fish Igs. The constitutive expression of sIgM was the highest overall in all tissues, whereas mIgT expression was highest in mucosal tissues, such as gills and intestine. IgM and IgT were differentially regulated upon infection. IgT was highly upregulated locally upon infection with the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei or systemically after Nodavirus infection. Long-term intestinal parasitic infections increased the serum titer of both isotypes. Mucosal vaccination against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida finely regulated the Ig response inducing a systemic increase of IgM titers in serum and a local IgT response in skin mucus when animals were exposed to the pathogen by bath challenge. Interestingly, plant-based diets inhibit IgT upregulation upon intestinal parasitic challenge, which was related to a worse disease outcome. All these results corroborate the mucosal role of IgT and emphasize the importance of a finely tuned regulation of Ig isotypes upon infection, which could be of special interest in vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Piazzon
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC) , Vigo , Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Josep A Calduch-Giner
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Eduardo Gómez-Casado
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC) , Vigo , Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
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32
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Wen CM. Characterization and viral susceptibility of a brain cell line from brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål) with persistent betanodavirus infection. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1335-1346. [PMID: 27087415 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A continuous cell line designated BMGB (brown-marbled grouper brain) was established from the brain tissues of the brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and characterized. BMGB cells were identified as astroglial progenitor cells because they expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein and keratin and were persistently infected by betanodavirus, as confirmed through immunocytochemistry, polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. Because few intact virions were present in the BMGB cell culture fluid, the cytopathic effect (CPE) was not observed when the culture fluid was inoculated with GBC1 cells. However, BMGB cells displayed typical CPE after infection with additional betanodavirus, megalocytivirus and chum salmon reovirus. BMGB cells showed low myxovirus resistance (Mx) protein expression, which increased following betanodavirus and reovirus infection. Because the cells contained several unusual or degraded viral proteins, the persistent infection of betanodavirus in the BMGB cells may have resulted from a mechanism that destroys the viral proteins rather than the result of Mx protein expression. Despite the persistent betanodavirus infection, BMGB cells proliferated in a manner similar to other normal tropic fish cells and supported the propagation of several piscine viruses; however, the yield was lower than that of normal cells. The BMGB cells will be useful for investigating virus and host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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33
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Valero Y, Arizcun M, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E. Transcription of histones H1 and H2B is regulated by several immune stimuli in gilthead seabream and European sea bass. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 57:107-115. [PMID: 27523279 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Histones (H1 to H4) are the primary proteins which mediate the folding of DNA into chromatin; however, and in addition to this function, histones have been also related to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) activity in vertebrates, in fact, mammalian H1 is mobilized as part as the anti-viral immune response. In fish, histones with AMP activity have been isolated and characterized mainly from skin and gonads. One of most threatening pathogens for wild and cultured fish species nowadays is nodavirus (NNV), which target tissues are the brain and retina, but it is also able to colonize the gonad and display vertical transmission. Taking all this into account we have identified the h1 and h2b coding sequences in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fish species and studied their pattern of expression under naïve conditions and NNV in vivo infection. The data obtained prompted us to study their role on the immune response of gonad and head-kidney leucocytes upon viral (NNV), bacteria (Vibrio anguillarum or Photobacterium damselae), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or mitogens stimulation. The h1 and h2b genes are expressed in a wide range of tissues and their expression is modify by infection or other immune stimuli, but further studies will be needed to determine the significance of these changes. These results suggest that h1 expression is related to the immune response against NNV in the brain, while h2b transcription seems to be more important in the head-kidney. Moreover, the potential role of histones as anti-viral agents is suggested and further characterization is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Spain.
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34
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Nuñez-Ortiz N, Stocchi V, Toffan A, Pascoli F, Sood N, Buonocore F, Picchietti S, Papeschi C, Taddei AR, Thompson KD, Scapigliati G. Quantitative immunoenzymatic detection of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy virus (betanodavirus) in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:821-831. [PMID: 26610431 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy disease caused by betanodavirus, genus of the family Nodaviridae, affects marine, wild and farmed species including sea bass, one of the most important farmed species in Europe. This work describes a reliable and sensitive indirect ELISA assay to detect betanodavirus in biological samples using a polyclonal antiserum (pAb 283) against the 283/I09 virus strain, the most common red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype in the Mediterranean area, and a capture-based ELISA using a monoclonal antibody (mAb 4C3) specific to a common epitope present on the capsid protein. Using adsorbed, purified VERv preparation, the detection limit of indirect ELISA was 2 μg mL(-1) (3 × 10(5) TCID50 per mL), whereas for capture-based ELISA, the sensitivity for the antigen in solution was 17 μg mL(-1) (35 × 10(5) TCID50 per mL). The capture-based ELISA was employed to detect VERv in brain homogenates of in vivo infected sea bass and resulted positive in 22 of 32 samples, some of these with a high viral load estimates (about 1.1 × 10(8) TCID50 per mL). The ELISA system we propose may be helpful in investigations where coupling of viral content in fish tissues with the presence of circulating VERv-specific IgM is required, or for use in samples where PCR is difficult to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nuñez-Ortiz
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - V Stocchi
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A Toffan
- Fish Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - F Pascoli
- Fish Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - N Sood
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - F Buonocore
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Picchietti
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - C Papeschi
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A R Taddei
- Centro di Microscopia Elettronica, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - K D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Near Edimburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - G Scapigliati
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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35
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Costa JZ, Thompson KD. Understanding the interaction between Betanodavirus and its host for the development of prophylactic measures for viral encephalopathy and retinopathy. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 53:35-49. [PMID: 26997200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) disease has become a serious problem of marine finfish aquaculture, and more recently the disease has also been associated with farmed freshwater fish. The virus has been classified as a Betanodavirus within the family Nodaviridae, and the fact that Betanodaviruses are known to affect more than 120 different farmed and wild fish and invertebrate species, highlights the risk that Betanodaviruses pose to global aquaculture production. Betanodaviruses have been clustered into four genotypes, based on the RNA sequence of the T4 variable region of their capsid protein, and are named after the fish species from which they were first derived i.e. Striped Jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), Tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus (TPNNV), Barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV) and Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), while an additional genotype turbot betanodavirus strain (TNV) has also been proposed. However, these genotypes tend to be associated with a particular water temperature range rather than being species-specific. Larvae and juvenile fish are especially susceptible to VER, with up to 100% mortality resulting in these age groups during disease episodes, with vertical transmission of the virus increasing the disease problem in smaller fish. A number of vaccine preparations have been tested in the laboratory and in the field e.g. inactivated virus, recombinant proteins, virus-like particles and DNA based vaccines, and their efficacy, based on relative percentage survival, has ranged from medium to high levels of protection to little or no protection. Ultimately a combination of effective prophylactic measures, including vaccination, is needed to control VER, and should also target larvae and broodstock stages of production to help the industry deal with the problem of vertical transmission. As yet there are no commercial vaccines for VER and the aquaculture industry eagerly awaits such a product. In this review we provide an overview on the current state of knowledge of the disease, the pathogen, and interactions between betanodavirus and its host, to provide a greater understanding of the multiple factors involved in the disease process. Such knowledge is needed to develop effective methods for controlling VER in the field, to protect the various aquaculture species farmed globally from the different Betanodavirus genotypes to which they are susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Z Costa
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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36
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Nishi S, Yamashita H, Kawato Y, Nakai T. Cell Culture Isolation of Piscine Nodavirus (Betanodavirus) in Fish-Rearing Seawater. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2537-44. [PMID: 26896128 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03834-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscine nodavirus (betanodavirus) is the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in a variety of cultured fish species, particularly marine fish. In the present study, we developed a sensitive method for cell culture isolation of the virus from seawater and applied the method to a spontaneous fish-rearing environment. The virus in seawater was concentrated by an iron-based flocculation method and subjected to isolation with E-11 cells. A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay was used to quantify the virus in water. After spiking into seawater was performed, a betanodavirus strain (red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus [RGNNV] genotype) was effectively recovered in the E-11 cells at a detection limit of approximately 10(5)copies (equivalent to 10(2)50% tissue culture infective doses [TCID50])/liter seawater. In an experimental infection of juvenile sevenband grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus) with the virus, the virus was isolated from the drainage of a fish-rearing tank when the virus level in water was at least approximately 10(5)copies/liter. The application of this method to seven band grouper-rearing floating net pens, where VNN prevailed, resulted in the successful isolation of the virus from seawater. No differences were found in the partial sequences of the coat protein gene (RNA2) between the clinical virus isolates of dead fish and the cell-cultured virus isolates from seawater, and the viruses were identified as RGNNV. The infection experiment showed that the virus isolates from seawater were virulent to seven band grouper. These results showed direct evidence of the horizontal transmission of betanodavirus via rearing water in marine aquaculture.
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González-Mariscal JA, Fernández-Trujillo MA, Alonso MC, García-Rosado E, Álvarez MC, Béjar J. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) Mx gene promoters respond differentially to IPNV and VHSV infections in RTG-2 cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 171:73-80. [PMID: 26964720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of virus-host interactions relies on the knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the type I interferon (IFN I)-stimulated genes (ISGs). Among ISGs, those coding Mx proteins play a main role due to their direct antiviral activity. The study of these genes in gilthead seabream is interesting, since this species displays high natural resistance to viral diseases, being asymptomatic carrier of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Gilthead seabream has three Mx genes (Mx1, Mx2, and Mx3), encoding proteins with a wide spectrum of antiviral activity. The structure of the three promoters (pMx1, pMx2 and pMx3) has been previously disclosed, and their response to poly I:C in RTG-2 cells characterized. To further analyze these promoters, their response to two viral infections has been evaluated in the present study. For that purpose, RTG-2 cells transiently transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of each promoter were inoculated with either IPNV or VHSV at two different doses. The highest and lowest fold induction values were recorded for pMx2 and pMx3, respectively. The promoter induction was always stronger after VHSV inoculation than in IPNV-inoculated cells. In addition, the higher dose of VHSV tested induced higher response of the three promoters, whereas in IPNV-infected cells the highest induction was recorded after inoculation with the lower viral dose. To further study the response of the Mx2 promoter, RTG-2 cells stably transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of pMx2 were stimulated with poly I:C and subsequently infected with IPNV or VHSV. Interestingly, IPNV infection inhibited the induction caused by poly I:C, suggesting an antagonistic activity of IPNV on Mx2 transcription. In contrast, VHSV infection did not alter the response triggered by poly I:C. These results highlight the specific regulation that controls the activity of each promoter, and support the existence of complex interactions between host cells, specific Mx promoters, and viruses, which are responsible for the final outcome of a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M C Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Department of Microbiology, Spain
| | | | - M C Álvarez
- Universidad de Málaga, Department of Genetics, Spain
| | - J Béjar
- Universidad de Málaga, Department of Genetics, Spain.
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Baud M, Cabon J, Salomoni A, Toffan A, Panzarin V, Bigarré L. First generic one step real-time Taqman RT-PCR targeting the RNA1 of betanodaviruses. J Virol Methods 2016; 211:1-7. [PMID: 25311184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The detection of betanodavirus genomic components is a major issue for diagnostics and control of viral nervous necrosis (VNN), a devastating disease affecting fish worldwide. Despite a number of published molecular-based tests, most of them targeting the RNA2 molecule of the virus, diagnostics is still a challenge due to the high genetic diversity within this genus. In the present study, a new one-step real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), targeting RNA1 of most genotypes of betanodaviruses, was proposed and validated. The test detected successfully various isolates of betanodavirus representatives of the four species RGNNV, SJNNV, TPNNV and BFNNV, either produced on cell culture or from clinical samples. It was specific as shown by the absence of signal on samples from healthy sea bass or from field samples of six other fish species without clinical signs of VNN. The assay detected reliably 50-100 copies of plasmids containing the targeted cloned RNA1 region, as well as an infectious dose of virus of 10(2.5)-10(2.85) TCID50/ml. A set of samples was tested by two different laboratories, with similar results, demonstrating the robustness of the test. This is the first one step generic rRT-PCR method for betanodaviruses. It is simple to perform and may be used for first intention diagnostics as well as for confirmation in case of doubtful results obtained with other published tests targeting RNA2.
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Carballo C, Garcia-Rosado E, Borrego JJ, Alonso MC. SJNNV down-regulates RGNNV replication in European sea bass by the induction of the type I interferon system. Vet Res 2016; 47:6. [PMID: 26743933 PMCID: PMC4705746 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
European sea bass is highly susceptible to the betanodavirus RGNNV genotype, although the SJNNV genotype has also been detected in this fish species. The coexistence of both genotypes may affect the replication of both viruses by viral interaction or by stimulation of the host antiviral defense system in which the IFN I system plays a key role. IFN I triggers the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes, including Mx genes, whose expression has been used as a reporter of IFN I activity. The present study evaluated the effect of a primary exposure to an SJNNV isolate on a subsequent RGNNV infection and analyzed the role of the IFN I system in controlling VNNV infections in sea bass using different in vivo approaches. VNNV infection and Mx transcription were comparatively evaluated after single infections, superinfection (SJ+RG) and co-infection (poly I:C+RG). The single RGNNV infection resulted in a 24% survival rate, whereas the previous SJNNV or poly I:C inoculation increased the survival rate up to 96 and 100%, respectively. RGNNV replication in superinfection was reduced compared with RGNNV replication after a single inoculation. Mx transcription analysis shows differential induction of the IFN I system by both isolates. SJNNV was a potent Mx inducer, whereas RGNNV induced lower Mx transcription and did not interfere with the IFN I system triggered by SJNNV or poly I:C. This study demonstrates that an antiviral state exists after SJNNV and poly I:C injection, suggesting that the IFN I system plays an important role against VNNV infections in sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain. .,IFAPA centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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40
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Valero Y, Arizcun M, Esteban MÁ, Bandín I, Olveira JG, Patel S, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E. Nodavirus Colonizes and Replicates in the Testis of Gilthead Seabream and European Sea Bass Modulating Its Immune and Reproductive Functions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145131. [PMID: 26691348 PMCID: PMC4686992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are threatening pathogens for fish aquaculture. Some of them are transmitted through gonad fluids or gametes as occurs with nervous necrosis virus (NNV). In order to be transmitted through the gonad, the virus should colonize and replicate inside some cell types of this tissue and avoid the subsequent immune response locally. However, whether NNV colonizes the gonad, the cell types that are infected, and how the immune response in the gonad is regulated has never been studied. We have demonstrated for the first time the presence and localization of NNV into the testis after an experimental infection in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a very susceptible and an asymptomatic host fish species, respectively. Thus, we localized in the testis viral RNA in both species using in situ PCR and viral proteins in gilthead seabream by immunohistochemistry, suggesting that males might also transmit the virus. In addition, we were able to isolate infective particles from the testis of both species demonstrating that NNV colonizes and replicates into the testis of both species. Blood contamination of the tissues sampled was discarded by completely fish bleeding, furthermore the in situ PCR and immunocytochemistry techniques never showed staining in blood vessels or cells. Moreover, we also determined how the immune and reproductive functions are affected comparing the effects in the testis with those found in the brain, the main target tissue of the virus. Interestingly, NNV triggered the immune response in the European sea bass but not in the gilthead seabream testis. Regarding reproductive functions, NNV infection alters 17β-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone production and the potential sensitivity of brain and testis to these hormones, whereas there is no disruption of testicular functions according to several reproductive parameters. Moreover, we have also studied the NNV infection of the testis in vitro to assess local responses. Our in vitro results show that the changes observed on the expression of immune and reproductive genes in the testis of both species are different to those observed upon in vivo infections in most of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Unidad de Ictiopatología-Patología Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José G. Olveira
- Unidad de Ictiopatología-Patología Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sonal Patel
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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41
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Valero Y, Martínez-Morcillo FJ, Esteban MÁ, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Fish Peroxiredoxins and Their Role in Immunity. Biology (Basel) 2015; 4:860-80. [PMID: 26633533 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative damage. In addition, Prxs may act as modulators of inflammation, protect against cell death and tumour progression, and facilitate tissue repair after damage. The most studied roles of Prx1 and Prx2 are immunological. Here we present a review on the effects of some immunostimulant treatments and bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections on the expression of fish Prxs at the gene and/or protein level, and point to their important role in immunity. The Prxs show antioxidant activity as well as a protective effect against infection. Some preliminary data are presented about the role of fish Prx1 and Prx2 in virus resistance although further studies are needed before the role of fish Prx in immunity can be definitively defined.
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Dussauze M, Danion M, Floch SL, Lemaire P, Theron M, Pichavant-Rafini K. Growth and immune system performance to assess the effect of dispersed oil on juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 120:215-222. [PMID: 26092553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential impact of chemically and mechanically dispersed oil was assessed in a model fish of European coastal waters, the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Juvenile sea bass were exposed for 48h to dispersed oil (mechanically and chemically) or dispersants alone. The impact of these exposure conditions was assessed using growth and immunity. The increase observed in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in bile indicated oil contamination in the fish exposed to chemical and mechanical dispersion of oil without any significant difference between these two groups. After 28 days of exposure, no significant differences were observed in specific growth rate,apparent food conversion efficiency and daily feeding). Following the oil exposure, fish immunity was assessed by a challenge with Viral Nervous Necrosis Virus (VNNV). Fish mortality was observed over a 42 day period. After 12 days post-infection, cumulative mortality was significantly different between the control group (16% p≤0.05) and the group exposed to chemical dispersion of oil (30% p≤0.05). However, at the end of the experiment, no significant difference was recorded in cumulative mortality or in VNNV antibodies secreted in fish in responses to the treatments. These data suggested that in our experimental condition, following the oil exposure, sea bass growth was not affected whereas an impact on immunity was observed during the first days. However, this effect on the immune system did not persist over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Dussauze
- Laboratoire ORPHY EA4324, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue le Gorgeu, CS 93 837, 29 238 Brest Cedex 3, France; Cedre, Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41 836, Brest Cedex 2, France.
| | - Morgane Danion
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Unit of Viral Pathology in Fish, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Cedre, Centre de Documentation, de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, 715 rue Alain Colas, CS 41 836, Brest Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Michaël Theron
- Laboratoire ORPHY EA4324, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue le Gorgeu, CS 93 837, 29 238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Karine Pichavant-Rafini
- Laboratoire ORPHY EA4324, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue le Gorgeu, CS 93 837, 29 238 Brest Cedex 3, France
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Fernández-Trujillo MA, García-Rosado E, Alonso MC, Álvarez MC, Béjar J. Synergistic effects in the antiviral activity of the three Mx proteins from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:83-90. [PMID: 26319936 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to their direct antiviral activity, Mx proteins play a main role in the response mediated by type I interferon against viral infections. The study on gilthead seabream Mx proteins is especially interesting, since this species is unusually resistant to viral diseases, being asymptomatic carrier of several viruses pathogenic to other fish species. Gilthead seabream has three Mx proteins (Mx1, Mx2 and Mx3) that, separately, display antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, showing interesting differences in their antiviral specificities. In this work, the possible synergy between the three Mx isoforms has been studied using in vitro systems consisting of CHSE-214 cells stably expressing two or the three gilthead seabream Mx proteins. The antiviral activity of these Mx combinations has been tested against the Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), the Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV), the European Sheatfish Virus (ESV) and the Lymphocystis Disease Virus (LCDV). A synergistic effect of the Mx proteins was only detected against ESV, no synergy was observed against LCDV, and a negative interference was detected against the two RNA viruses tested, IPNV and VHSV, as viral replication was higher in cells expressing certain Mx combinations than in cells expressing these proteins separately. These results suggest a functional interaction between gilthead seabream Mx isoforms, which results in a higher or lower antiviral activity depending on the virus tested, thus supporting the idea of complex virus-host interactions and finely tuned mechanisms controlling the antiviral activity of Mx proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernández-Trujillo
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - E García-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M C Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M C Álvarez
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - J Béjar
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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44
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Souto S, Olveira JG, Bandín I. Influence of temperature on Betanodavirus infection in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Vet Microbiol 2015; 179:162-7. [PMID: 26187680 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study Senegalese sole juveniles were experimentally infected with a reassortant Betanodavirus strain at three different temperatures: 22 °C, 18 °C and 16 °C by bath challenge and cohabitation. The results obtained showed that virus virulence decreased by reducing the water temperature. At 22 °C mortalities reached 100%, at 18 °C they ranged from 75 to 80% and at 16 °C only 8% of the fish died. In addition, horizontal transmission was demonstrated regardless of the rearing temperature. At 16 °C active viral replication was detected up to 66 days post-infection, but no signs of the disease were observed and only a very low level of mortality was recorded. The increase in water temperature from 16 to 22 °C caused a quick rise in the viral load and a subsequent outbreak of mortalities. These findings demonstrate that this reassortant Betanodavirus strain can cause a persistent infection in Senegalese sole at low temperatures (16 °C) for long periods of time, and when temperature increases the virus is able to trigger an acute infection and provoke high mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Souto
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña CP-15705, Spain.
| | - Jose G Olveira
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña CP-15705, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña CP-15705, Spain
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45
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Liu XD, Huang JN, Weng SP, Hu XQ, Chen WJ, Qin ZD, Dong XX, Liu XL, Zhou Y, Asim M, Wang WM, He JG, Lin L. Infections of nervous necrosis virus in wild and cage-reared marine fish from South China Sea with unexpected wide host ranges. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:533-540. [PMID: 24943478 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The concerns about the impact of the nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infections in wild fish have been raised. This paper presents the results of quarterly surveys of NNV in wild and cage-reared marine fish from South China Sea. Samples of 892 wild fish belonging to 69 species and 381 cage-reared fish belonging to 11 species were collected and were detected by seminested PCR and nested PCR. In the case of seminested PCR, the positive signal was detected in 3.0% and 3.1% samples of wild and cage-reared fish, respectively. However, by nested RT-PCR, the positive signal was observed in 42.3% and 63.0% samples of wild and cage-reared fish, respectively. If the fish species were considered, the positive signal was detected in 21.7% and 72.7% species of wild and cage-reared fish by seminested PCR assay, respectively. However, by nested RT-PCR, the positive signal was observed in 65.2% and 100% species of wild and cage-reared fish, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the nested PCR products were determined. Phylogenetic tree showed that all the obtained viral isolates belonged to the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype. Thirty-five species of the marine fish were the new hosts of NNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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46
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Valero Y, García-Alcázar A, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E. Antimicrobial response is increased in the testis of European sea bass, but not in gilthead seabream, upon nodavirus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 44:203-213. [PMID: 25707600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a crucial role in the fish innate immune response, being considered a fundamental component of the first line of defence against pathogens. Moreover, AMPs have not been studied in the fish gonad since this is used by some pathogens as a vehicle or a reservoir to be transmitted to the progeny, as occurs with nodavirus (VNNV), which shows vertical transmission through the gonad and/or gonadal fluids, but no study has looked into the gonad of infected fish. In this framework, we have characterized the antimicrobial response triggered by VNNV in the testis of European sea bass, a very susceptible species of the virus, and in the gilthead seabream, which acts as a reservoir, both in vivo and in vitro, and compared with that present in the serum and brain (target tissue of VNNV). First, our data show a great antiviral response in the brain of gilthead seabream and in the gonad of European sea bass. In addition, for the first time, our results demonstrate that the antimicrobial activities (complement, lysozyme and bactericidal) and the expression of AMP genes such as complement factor 3 (c3), lysozyme (lyz), hepcidin (hamp), dicentracin (dic), piscidin (pis) or β-defensin (bdef) in the gonad of both species are very different, but generally activated in the European sea bass, probably related with the differences of susceptibility upon VNNV infection, and even differs to the brain response. Furthermore, the in vitro data suggest that some AMPs are locally regulated playing a local immune response in the gonad, while others are more dependent of the systemic immune system. Data are discussed in the light to ascertain their potential role in viral clearance by the gonad to avoid vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Alcázar
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain.
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47
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Valero Y, Morcillo P, Meseguer J, Buonocore F, Esteban MA, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Characterization of the IFN pathway in the teleost fish gonad against vertically transmitted viral nervous necrosis virus. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2176-2187. [PMID: 25918238 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most powerful innate immune responses against viruses is mediated by type I IFN. In teleost fish, it is known that virus infection triggers the expression of ifn and many IFN-stimulated genes, but the viral RNA sensors and mediators leading to IFN production are scarcely known. Thus, we have searched for the presence of these genes in gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and evaluated their expression after infection with viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV) in the brain, the main viral target tissue, and the gonad, used to transmit the virus vertically. In sea bream, a fish species resistant to the VNNV strain used, we found an upregulation of the genes encoding MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5), TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1), IRF3 (IFN regulatory factor 3), IFN, Mx [myxovirus (influenza) resistance protein] and PKR (dsRNA-dependent protein kinase receptor) proteins in the brain, which were unaltered in the gonad and could favour the dissemination by gonad fluids or gametes. Strikingly, in European sea bass, a very susceptible species, we also identified, transcripts coding for LGP2 (Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology 2), MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signalling), TRAF3 (TNF receptor-associated factor 3), TANK (TRAF family member-associated NFκB activator) and IRF7 (IFN regulatory factor 7), and found that all the genes analysed were upregulated in the gonad, but only mda5, lgp2, irf3, mx and pkr were upregulated in the brain. These findings supported the notion that the European sea bass brain innate immune response is unable to clear the virus and pointed to the importance of gonad immunity to control the dissemination of VNNV to the progeny--an aspect that is worth investigating in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Italy
| | - María A Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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48
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Souto S, Lopez-Jimena B, Alonso MC, García-Rosado E, Bandín I. Experimental susceptibility of European sea bass and Senegalese sole to different betanodavirus isolates. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:53-61. [PMID: 25770892 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of juvenile European sea bass and Senegalese sole to three VNNV isolates (a reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV, as well as the parental RGNNV and SJNNV genotypes) has been evaluated by challenges using two inoculation ways (bath and intramuscular injection). The results demonstrate that these two fish species are susceptible to all the VNNV isolates tested. In European sea bass, RGNNV caused the highest cumulative mortality, reaching maximum values of viral RNA and titres. Although the SJNNV isolate did not provoke mortality or clinical signs of disease in this fish species, viral production in survivor fish was determined; on the other hand the reassortant isolate did cause mortality and clinical signs of disease, although less evident than those recorded after RGNNV infection. These results suggest that the changes suffered by the SJNNV RNA2 segment of the reassortant isolate, compared to the parental SJNNV, may have involved host-specificity and/or virulence determinants for European sea bass. Regarding Senegalese sole, although the three isolates caused 100% mortality, the reassortant strain provoked the most acute symptoms, and more quickly, especially in the bath challenge. This was also the isolate showing less difference between the number of RNA copies and viral titre, reaching the highest titres of infective viral particles in nervous tissue of infected animals. The RGNNV isolate produced the lowest values of infective viral particles. All these results suggest that the RGNNV and the reassortant isolates are the most suited for infecting European sea bass and Senegalese sole, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Souto
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira C.P.: 15705, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - B Lopez-Jimena
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Ctra N.IV, Camino de Tiro Pichón, C.P.: 11.500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M C Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, 29.071 Málaga, Spain
| | - E García-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, 29.071 Málaga, Spain
| | - I Bandín
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira C.P.: 15705, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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49
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González-Mariscal JA, Gallardo-Gálvez JB, Méndez T, Álvarez MC, Béjar J. Cloning and characterization of the Mx1, Mx2 and Mx3 promoters from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 38:311-317. [PMID: 24704419 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mx proteins are main effectors of the antiviral innate immune response mediated by type I interferon (IFN I). Actually, diverse Mx proteins from fish proved highly active against fish viruses, standing out among them the Mx1, Mx2 and Mx3 from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a species exhibiting a natural resistance to viral diseases. In this study, the structure and functional activity of their corresponding promoters (pMx1, pMx2 and pMx3) have been assessed. The three promoters present an identical 3' region of 157 bp, exhibiting a single canonical interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE), which is indispensible for the poli:IC induction of pMx1 and pMx3, while not for that of pMx2. In the remaining part of the three promoters other regulatory motifs were identified, as gamma IFN activated sites in variable number (1, 4 and 2 in pMx1, pMx2 and pMx3, respectively), as well as several independent GAAA elements or ISRE core sequences (13, 15 and 12 in pMx1, pMx2 and pMx3, respectively). The structural dissimilarities shown by the three promoters parallels with the differences observed in their response profiles, in terms of the time course of the induction, and basal and induced expression levels of each promoter. Altogether, these findings indicate that the expression of Mx1, Mx2 and Mx3 genes from the gilthead seabream might be specifically regulated, in accordance with the functional role of each Mx protein in the successful antiviral response shown by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T Méndez
- Department of Genetics, University of Málaga, Spain
| | - M C Álvarez
- Department of Genetics, University of Málaga, Spain
| | - J Béjar
- Department of Genetics, University of Málaga, Spain.
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Vendramin N, Toffan A, Mancin M, Cappellozza E, Panzarin V, Bovo G, Cattoli G, Capua I, Terregino C. Comparative pathogenicity study of ten different betanodavirus strains in experimentally infected European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). J Fish Dis 2014; 37:371-383. [PMID: 23662921 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a severe pathological condition caused by RNA viruses belonging to the Nodaviridae family, genus Betanodavirus. The disease, described in more than 50 fish species worldwide, is considered as the most serious viral threat affecting marine farmed species in the Mediterranean region, thus representing one of the bottlenecks for further development of the aquaculture industry. To date, four different genotypes have been identified, namely red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus and barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus, with the RGNNV genotype appearing as the most widespread in the Mediterranean region, although SJNNV-type strains and reassortant viruses have also been reported. The existence of these genetically different strains could be the reason for the differences in mortality observed in the field. However, very little experimental data are available on the pathogenicity of these viruses in farmed fish. Therefore, in this study, the pathogenicity of 10 isolates has been assessed with an in vivo trial. The investigation was conducted using the European sea bass, the first target fish species for the disease in the Mediterranean basin. Naive fish were challenged by immersion and clinical signs and mortality were recorded for 68 days; furthermore, samples collected at selected time points were analysed to evaluate the development of the infection. Finally, survivors were weighed to estimate the growth reduction. The statistically supported results obtained in this study demonstrated different pathogenicity patterns, underlined the potential risk represented by different strains in the transmission of the infection to highly susceptible species and highlighted the indirect damage caused by a clinical outbreak of VER/VNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vendramin
- Fish Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padova, Italy; EURL for Fish Diseases, DTU VET, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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