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Lee HW, Yoon SR, Dang YM, Kang M, Lee K, Ha JH, Bae JW. Presence of an ultra-small microbiome in fermented cabbages. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15680. [PMID: 37483986 PMCID: PMC10358336 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ultramicrobacteria (UMB), also known as ultra-small bacteria, are tiny bacteria with a size less than 0.1 µm3. They have a high surface-to-volume ratio and are found in various ecosystems, including the human body. UMB can be classified into two types: one formed through cell contraction and the other that maintains a small size. The ultra-small microbiome (USM), which may contain UMB, includes all bacteria less than 0.2 µm in size and is difficult to detect with current methods. However, it poses a potential threat to food hygiene, as it can pass through sterilization filters and exist in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. The data on the USM of foods is limited. Some bacteria, including pathogenic species, are capable of forming UMB under harsh conditions, making it difficult to detect them through conventional culture techniques. Methods The study described above focused on exploring the diversity of USM in fermented cabbage samples from three different countries (South Korea, China, and Germany). The samples of fermented cabbage (kimchi, suancai, and sauerkraut) were purchased and stored in chilled conditions at approximately 4 °C until filtration. The filtration process involved two steps of tangential flow filtration (TFF) using TFF cartridges with different pore sizes (0.2 µm and 100 kDa) to separate normal size bacteria (NM) and USM. The USM and NM isolated via TFF were stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C until DNA extraction. The extracted DNA was then amplified using PCR and the full-length 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using single-molecule-real-time (SMRT) sequencing. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to confirm the presence of microorganisms in the USM of fermented cabbage samples. Results To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify the differences between USM and NM in fermented cabbages. Although the size of the USM (average 2,171,621 bp) was smaller than that of the NM (average 15,727,282 bp), diversity in USM (average H' = 1.32) was not lower than that in NM (average H' = 1.22). In addition, some members in USM probably underwent cell shrinkage due to unfavorable environments, while others maintained their size. Major pathogens were not detected in the USM in fermented cabbages. Nevertheless, several potentially suspicious strains (genera Cellulomonas and Ralstonia) were detected. Our method can be used to screen food materials for the presence of USM undetectable via conventional methods. USM and NM were efficiently separated using tangential flow filtration and analyzed via single-molecule real-time sequencing. The USM of fermented vegetables exhibited differences in size, diversity, and composition compared with the conventional microbiome. This study could provide new insights into the ultra-small ecosystem in fermented foods, including fermented cabbages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Won Lee
- Hygienic Safety ⋅ Materials Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ra Yoon
- Hygienic Safety ⋅ Materials Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Dang
- Hygienic Safety ⋅ Materials Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Miran Kang
- Practical Technology Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangho Lee
- Center for Research Facilities, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Ha
- Hygienic Safety ⋅ Materials Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sekar A, Lekkala S, Oral E. A Novel Method to Determine the Longitudinal Antibacterial Activity of Drug-Eluting Materials. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/64641. [PMID: 36939249 PMCID: PMC10859037 DOI: 10.3791/64641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is widely used in total joint arthroplasties as a load-bearing surface. Periprosthetic joint infections, the majority of which occur shortly after joint replacement, constitute almost 25% of total knee revision surgeries, and the complete eradication of bacterial infection poses a major challenge. A promising way to tackle this problem is to ensure the local sustained delivery of antibiotic concentrations sufficient to inhibit the bacteria to support routine systemic antibiotic prophylaxis. There is increased research into the development of efficient local drug delivery devices. Although established antibacterial testing methods for drugs can be used to test the antibacterial efficacy of drug-eluting materials, they are lacking in terms of providing real-time and longitudinal antibacterial efficacy data that can be correlated to the elution profiles of antibiotics from these devices. Here, we report a direct and versatile methodology to determine the antibacterial efficacy of antibiotic-eluting UHMWPE implants. This methodology can be used as a platform to avoid bacterial culture at each time point of a lengthy experiment and can also be adapted to other local drug delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sekar
- Harris Orthopaedics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - Sashank Lekkala
- Harris Orthopaedics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Ebru Oral
- Harris Orthopaedics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School;
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El-Registan GI, Loiko NG, Nikolaev YA. Survival of Aging Microbial Populations under Lethal Impacts. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722601774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Rodrigues CJC, de Carvalho CCCR. Cultivating marine bacteria under laboratory conditions: Overcoming the “unculturable” dogma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:964589. [PMID: 36061424 PMCID: PMC9428589 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.964589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Underexplored seawater environments may contain biological resources with potential for new biotechnological applications. Metagenomic techniques revolutionized the study of bacterial communities but culture dependent methods will still be important to help the biodiscovery of new products and enzymes from marine bacteria. In this context, we promoted the growth of bacteria from a marine rock pond by culture dependent techniques and compared the results with culture independent methods. The total number of bacteria and diversity were studied in different agar plate media during 6 weeks. Agar plate counting was of the same order of magnitude of direct microscopy counts. The highest efficiency of cultivation was 45% attained in marine agar medium. Molecular analysis revealed 10 different phyla of which only four were isolated by the culture dependent method. On the other hand, four taxonomic orders were detected by cultivation but not by the molecular technique. These include bacteria from the phyla Bacillota and Actinomycetota. Our study shows that it is possible to grow more than the traditionally considered 1% of bacteria from a seawater sample using standard agar plate techniques and laboratorial conditions. The results also demonstrate the importance of culture methods to grow bacteria not detected by molecular approaches for future biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. C. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory I4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory I4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho,
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de Carvalho CCCR. Adaptation of Bacteria to Antineoplastic Agents Involves Persister Cells and Increases Resistance to Antibiotics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080355. [PMID: 36004880 PMCID: PMC9404991 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of life-threatening infections observed in cancer patients has been ascribed to chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and to invasive medical procedures such as surgery and the application of catheters. In this study, it was questioned if the infections could also be favored by an increased resistance of bacteria due to the adaptation to antineoplastic agents used in chemotherapy. After exposure to several antineoplastic agents, it was observed that cells of Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium vaccae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli changed the fatty acid profile of their cellular membranes, produced exopolymeric substances, and formed aggregates that adhered to surfaces. Additionally, when exposed to high concentrations of these compounds, a persister sub-population could be identified. After adaptation to antineoplastic agents, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of several antibiotics increased considerably in the tested strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; ; Tel.: +351-21-841-9594
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Lotoux A, Milohanic E, Bierne H. The Viable But Non-Culturable State of Listeria monocytogenes in the One-Health Continuum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:849915. [PMID: 35372114 PMCID: PMC8974916 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.849915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial species, including several pathogens, can enter a so-called “viable but non-culturable” (VBNC) state when subjected to stress. Bacteria in the VBNC state are metabolically active but have lost their ability to grow on standard culture media, which compromises their detection by conventional techniques based on bacterial division. Under certain conditions, VBNC bacteria can regain their growth capacity and, for pathogens, their virulence potential, through a process called resuscitation. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of the VBNC state of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium responsible for listeriosis, one of the most dangerous foodborne zoonosis. After a brief summary of characteristics of VBNC bacteria, we highlight work on VBNC Lm in the environment and in agricultural and food industry settings, with particular emphasis on the impact of antimicrobial treatments. We subsequently discuss recent data suggesting that Lm can enter the VBNC state in the host, raising the possibility that VBNC forms contribute to the asymptomatic carriage of this pathogen in wildlife, livestock and even humans. We also consider the resuscitation and virulence potential of VBNC Lm and the danger posed by these bacteria to at-risk individuals, particularly pregnant women. Overall, we put forth the hypothesis that VBNC forms contribute to adaptation, persistence, and transmission of Lm between different ecological niches in the One-Health continuum, and suggest that screening for healthy carriers, using alternative techniques to culture-based enrichment methods, should better prevent listeriosis risks.
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de Carvalho CCCR, Taglialegna A, Rosato AE. Impact of PrsA on membrane lipid composition during daptomycin-resistance-mediated β-lactam sensitization in clinical MRSA strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 77:135-147. [PMID: 34618036 PMCID: PMC8730685 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclic anionic lipopeptide daptomycin is used in the treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens, including MRSA. Daptomycin resistance, although rare, often results in treatment failure. Paradoxically, in MRSA, daptomycin resistance is usually accompanied by a concomitant decrease in β-lactam resistance in what is known as the 'see-saw effect'. This resensitization is extensively used for the treatment of MRSA infections, by combining daptomycin and a β-lactam antibiotic, such as oxacillin. OBJECTIVES We aimed: (i) to investigate the combined effects of daptomycin and oxacillin on the lipid composition of the cellular membrane of both daptomycin-resistant and -susceptible MRSA strains; and (ii) to assess the involvement of the post-translocational protein PrsA, which plays an important role in oxacillin resistance in MRSA, in membrane lipid composition and remodelling during daptomycin resistance/β-lactam sensitization. RESULTS The combination of microbiological and biochemical studies, with fluorescence microscopy using lipid probes, showed that the lipid composition and surface charge of the daptomycin-resistant cells exposed to daptomycin/oxacillin were dependent on antibiotic concentration and directly associated with PrsA, which influenced cardiolipin remodelling/relocation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that PrsA, in addition to its post-transcriptional role in the maturation of PBP 2a, is a key mediator of cell membrane remodelling connected to the see-saw effect and may have a key role in the resensitization of daptomycin-resistant strains to β-lactams, such as oxacillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C C R de Carvalho
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Agustina Taglialegna
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adriana E Rosato
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Microbiology Diagnostics-Research, Riverside University Health System, 26520 Cactus Avenue, Moreno Valley, CA 92555, USA
- University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Wongthong S, Taron W, Chanawong A, Tippayawat P, Pongdontri P, Srisrattakarn A, Panpru P, Lulitanond A. Effect of Vancomycin on Cellular Fatty Acid Profiles of Vancomycin-Susceptible and Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 28:267-273. [PMID: 34748415 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin is widely used for treatment of infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) leading to an increasing appearance of low-level vancomycin-resistant isolates called heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA). The mechanism of vancomycin tolerance in hVISA is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the fatty acid compositions of S. aureus isolates under the stress environment with vancomycin. The different responses of hVISA and vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) may lead to more understanding the mechanism. The bacterial lipid profiles were tested three times from three extractions of each isolate cultured on tryptic soy agar (TSA) and TSA with vancomycin. Of the 30 MRSA isolates studied, 13, 12, and 5 isolates were VSSA, hVISA, and VISA, respectively. The analysis of bacterial lipid profiles showed that under vancomycin stress, there was a reduction of straight chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in VSSA isolates but an increase in branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs). In contrast, the hVISA group exhibited an increase only in the BCFAs but not in SCFAs. Of interest, vancomycin had no effect on either BCFAs or SCFAs of the VISA cells. This study provided information of bacterial adaptation during stress with vancomycin that may be helpful to overcome the resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujintana Wongthong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Faculty of Medical Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wichit Taron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Aroonwadee Chanawong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paweena Pongdontri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arpasiri Srisrattakarn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pimchanok Panpru
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Aroonlug Lulitanond
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Tao Y, Acket S, Beaumont E, Galez H, Duma L, Rossez Y. Colistin Treatment Affects Lipid Composition of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050528. [PMID: 34063718 PMCID: PMC8147793 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) causes severe and often fatal healthcare-associated infections due partly to antibiotic resistance. There are no studies on A. baumannii lipidomics of susceptible and resistant strains grown at lethal and sublethal concentrations. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of colistin resistance on glycerolipids’ content by using untargeted lipidomics on clinical isolate. Nine lipid sub-classes were annotated, including phosphatidylcholine, rarely detected in the bacterial membrane among 130 different lipid species. The other lipid sub-classes detected are phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), lysophosphatidylethanolamine, hemibismonoacylglycerophosphate, cardiolipin, monolysocardiolipin, diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol. Under lethal and sublethal concentrations of colistin, significant reduction of PE was observed on the resistant and susceptible strain, respectively. Palmitic acid percentage was higher at colistin at low concentration but only for the susceptible strain. When looking at individual lipid species, the most abundant PE and PG species (PE 34:1 and PG 34:1) are significantly upregulated when the susceptible and the resistant strains are cultivated with colistin. This is, to date, the most exhaustive lipidomics data compilation of A. baumannii cultivated in the presence of colistin. This work is highlighting the plasma membrane plasticity used by this gram-negative bacterium to survive colistin treatment.
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Ferreyra Maillard APV, Espeche JC, Maturana P, Cutro AC, Hollmann A. Zeta potential beyond materials science: Applications to bacterial systems and to the development of novel antimicrobials. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2021; 1863:183597. [PMID: 33652005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the theory of zeta potential (ZP) and the most relevant data about how it has been used for studying bacteria. We have especially focused on the discovery and characterization of novel antimicrobial compounds. The ZP technique may be considered an indirect tool to estimate the surface potential of bacteria, a physical characteristic that is key to maintaining optimal cell function. For this reason, targeting the bacterial surface is of paramount interest in the development of new antimicrobials. Surface-acting agents have been found to display a remarkable bactericidal effect and have simultaneously revealed a low tendency to trigger resistance. Changes in the bacterial surface as a result of various processes can also be followed by ZP measurements. However, due to the complexity of the bacterial surface, some considerations regarding the assessment of ZP must first be taken into account. Evidence on the application of ZP measurements to the characterization of bacteria and biofilm formation is presented next. We finally discuss the feasibility of using the ZP technique to assess antimicrobial-induced changes in the bacterial surface. Among these changes are those related to the interaction of the agent with different components of the cell envelope, membrane permeabilization, and loss of viability.
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. Persistence of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens-With a Focus on the Metabolic Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:615450. [PMID: 33520740 PMCID: PMC7841308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.615450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence has evolved as a potent survival strategy to overcome adverse environmental conditions. This capability is common to almost all bacteria, including all human bacterial pathogens and likely connected to chronic infections caused by some of these pathogens. Although the majority of a bacterial cell population will be killed by the particular stressors, like antibiotics, oxygen and nitrogen radicals, nutrient starvation and others, a varying subpopulation (termed persisters) will withstand the stress situation and will be able to revive once the stress is removed. Several factors and pathways have been identified in the past that apparently favor the formation of persistence, such as various toxin/antitoxin modules or stringent response together with the alarmone (p)ppGpp. However, persistence can occur stochastically in few cells even of stress-free bacterial populations. Growth of these cells could then be induced by the stress conditions. In this review, we focus on the persister formation of human intracellular bacterial pathogens, some of which belong to the most successful persister producers but lack some or even all of the assumed persistence-triggering factors and pathways. We propose a mechanism for the persister formation of these bacterial pathogens which is based on their specific intracellular bipartite metabolism. We postulate that this mode of metabolism ultimately leads, under certain starvation conditions, to the stalling of DNA replication initiation which may be causative for the persister state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
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Bleichert P, Bütof L, Rückert C, Herzberg M, Francisco R, Morais PV, Grass G, Kalinowski J, Nies DH. Mutant Strains of Escherichia coli and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Obtained by Laboratory Selection To Survive on Metallic Copper Surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 87:e01788-20. [PMID: 33067196 PMCID: PMC7755237 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01788-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial laboratory evolution was used to produce mutant strains of Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) able to survive on antimicrobial metallic copper surfaces. These mutants were 12- and 60-fold less susceptible to the copper-mediated contact killing process than their respective parent strains. Growth levels of the mutant and its parent in complex growth medium were similar. Tolerance to copper ions of the mutants was unchanged. The mutant phenotype remained stable over about 250 generations under nonstress conditions. The mutants and their respective parental strains accumulated copper released from the metallic surfaces to similar extents. Nevertheless, only the parental strains succumbed to copper stress when challenged on metallic copper surfaces, suffering complete destruction of the cell structure. Whole-genome sequencing and global transcriptome analysis were used to decipher the genetic alterations in the mutant strains; however, these results did not explain the copper-tolerance phenotypes on the systemic level. Instead, the mutants shared features with those of stressed bacterial subpopulations entering the early or "shallow" persister state. In contrast to the canonical persister state, however, the ability to survive on solid copper surfaces was adopted by the majority of the mutant strain population. This indicated that application of solid copper surfaces in hospitals and elsewhere has to be accompanied by strict cleaning regimens to keep the copper surfaces active and prevent evolution of tolerant mutant strains.IMPORTANCE Microbes are rapidly killed on solid copper surfaces by contact killing. Copper surfaces thus have an important role to play in preventing the spread of nosocomial infections. Bacteria adapt to challenging natural and clinical environments through evolutionary processes, for instance, by acquisition of beneficial spontaneous mutations. We wish to address the question of whether mutants can be selected that have evolved to survive contact killing on solid copper surfaces. We isolated such mutants from Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by artificial laboratory evolution. The ability to survive on solid copper surfaces was a stable phenotype of the mutant population and not restricted to a small subpopulation. As a consequence, standard operation procedures with strict hygienic measures are extremely important to prevent the emergence and spread of copper-surface-tolerant persister-like bacterial strains if copper surfaces are to be sustainably used to limit the spread of pathogenic bacteria, e.g., to curb nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Bütof
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Molecular Microbiology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Martin Herzberg
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Molecular Microbiology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Romeu Francisco
- CEMMPRE-Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula V Morais
- CEMMPRE-Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gregor Grass
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Bielefeld University, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dietrich H Nies
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Molecular Microbiology, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Pérez-Granda MJ, Alonso B, Zavala R, Latorre MC, Hortal J, Samaniego R, Bouza E, Muñoz P, Guembe M. Selective digestive decontamination solution used as "lock therapy" prevents and eradicates bacterial biofilm in an in vitro bench-top model. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:44. [PMID: 32972419 PMCID: PMC7513905 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most preventing measures for reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are based mainly on the decolonization of the internal surface of the endotracheal tubes (ETTs). However, it has been demonstrated that bacterial biofilm can also be formed on the external surface of ETTs. Our objective was to test in vitro the efficacy of selective digestive decontamination solution (SDDs) onto ETT to prevent biofilm formation and eradicate preformed biofilms of three different microorganisms of VAP. Methods We used an in vitro model in which we applied, at the subglottic space of ETT, biofilms of either P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442, or E. coli ATCC 25922, or S. aureus ATCC 29213, and the SDDs at the same time (prophylaxis) or after 72 h of biofilm forming (treatment). ETT were incubated during 5 days with a regimen of 2 h-locks. ETT fragments were analyzed by sonication and confocal laser scanning microscopy to calculate the percentage reduction of cfu and viable cells, respectively. Results Median (IQR) percentage reduction of live cells and cfu/ml counts after treatment were, respectively, 53.2% (39.4%—64.1%) and 100% (100%–100.0%) for P. aeruginosa, and 67.9% (46.7%–78.7%) and 100% (100%–100.0%) for E. coli. S. aureus presented a complete eradication by both methods. After prophylaxis, there were absence of live cells and cfu/ml counts for all microorganisms. Conclusions SDDs used as “lock therapy” in the subglottic space is a promising prophylactic approach that could be used in combination with the oro-digestive decontamination procedure in the prevention of VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Pérez-Granda
- Cardiac Surgery Postoperative Care Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28007, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28009, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES, CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alonso
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28009, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28007, Spain. .,Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón", C/. Dr. Esquerdo, 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Zavala
- Biology Department, School of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María Consuelo Latorre
- Biology Department, School of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Javier Hortal
- Cardiac Surgery Postoperative Care Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28007, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES, CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Samaniego
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28009, Spain.,Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28007, Spain
| | - Emilio Bouza
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28009, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES, CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28007, Spain.,Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María Guembe
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28009, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, 28007, Spain. .,Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón", C/. Dr. Esquerdo, 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain.
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de Carvalho CCCR, Teixeira R, Fernandes P. Mycobacterium vaccae Adaptation to Disinfectants and Hand Sanitisers, and Evaluation of Cross-Tolerance with Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090544. [PMID: 32867093 PMCID: PMC7559525 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium vaccae is being considered as an adjuvant to antituberculosis therapy, tested for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and as an anti-depressive agent. This bacterium is ubiquitous in the environment and the widespread use of disinfectants and sanitisers may lead to its adaptation to these compounds. In the present study, M. vaccae cells adapted to these compounds mainly by making adjustments in their lipid composition and net surface charge. The modifications in the lipid composition led to changes in membrane permeability which resulted in increased tolerance towards levofloxacin, thioridazine, and omeprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (R.T.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-21-841-9594
| | - Raquel Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (R.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (R.T.); (P.F.)
- DREAMS and Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Kim KH, Park SJ, Park CS, Seo SE, Lee J, Kim J, Lee SH, Lee S, Kim JS, Ryu CM, Yong D, Yoon H, Song HS, Lee SH, Kwon OS. High-performance portable graphene field-effect transistor device for detecting Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 167:112514. [PMID: 32866713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current techniques for Gram-typing and for diagnosing a pathogen at the early infection stage rely on Gram stains, cultures, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gene microarrays, which are labor-intensive and time-consuming approaches. In addition, a delayed or imprecise diagnosis of clinical pathogenic bacteria leads to a life-threatening emergency or overuse of antibiotics and a high-rate occurrence of antimicrobial-resistance microbes. Herein, we report high-performance antibiotics (as bioprobes) conjugated graphene micropattern field-effect transistors (ABX-GMFETs) to facilitate on-site Gram-typing and help in the detection of the presence or absence of Gram-negative and -positive bacteria in the samples. The ABX-GMFET platform, which consists of recognition probes and GM transistors conjugated with novel interfacing chemical compounds, was integrated into the microfluidics to minimize the required human intervention and facilitate automation. The mechanism of binding of ABX-GMFET was based on a charge or chemical moiety interaction between the bioprobes and target bacteria. Subsequently, ABX-GMFETs exhibited unprecedented high sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 CFU/mL (1-9 CFU/mL), real-time target specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Joo Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyeong Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seob Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Yong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Republic of Korea.
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Salcedo-Sora JE, Kell DB. A Quantitative Survey of Bacterial Persistence in the Presence of Antibiotics: Towards Antipersister Antimicrobial Discovery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E508. [PMID: 32823501 PMCID: PMC7460088 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacterial persistence to antibiotics relates to the phenotypic ability to survive lethal concentrations of otherwise bactericidal antibiotics. The quantitative nature of the time-kill assay, which is the sector's standard for the study of antibiotic bacterial persistence, is an invaluable asset for global, unbiased, and cross-species analyses. Methods: We compiled the results of antibiotic persistence from antibiotic-sensitive bacteria during planktonic growth. The data were extracted from a sample of 187 publications over the last 50 years. The antibiotics used in this compilation were also compared in terms of structural similarity to fluorescent molecules known to accumulate in Escherichia coli. Results: We reviewed in detail data from 54 antibiotics and 36 bacterial species. Persistence varies widely as a function of the type of antibiotic (membrane-active antibiotics admit the fewest), the nature of the growth phase and medium (persistence is less common in exponential phase and rich media), and the Gram staining of the target organism (persistence is more common in Gram positives). Some antibiotics bear strong structural similarity to fluorophores known to be taken up by E. coli, potentially allowing competitive assays. Some antibiotics also, paradoxically, seem to allow more persisters at higher antibiotic concentrations. Conclusions: We consolidated an actionable knowledge base to support a rational development of antipersister antimicrobials. Persistence is seen as a step on the pathway to antimicrobial resistance, and we found no organisms that failed to exhibit it. Novel antibiotics need to have antipersister activity. Discovery strategies should include persister-specific approaches that could find antibiotics that preferably target the membrane structure and permeability of slow-growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Enrique Salcedo-Sora
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Yi X, Gan Y, Jiang L, Yu L, Liu Y, Gao C. Rapid improvement in the macrolactins production of Bacillus sp. combining atmospheric room temperature plasma with the specific growth rate index. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Cantlay S, Haggerty K, Horzempa J. OpiA, a Type Six Secretion System Substrate, Localizes to the Cell Pole and Plays a Role in Bacterial Growth and Viability in Francisella tularensis LVS. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:e00048-20. [PMID: 32366588 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00048-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is an intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of tularemia. The F. tularensis type six secretion system (T6SS) is required for a number of host-pathogen interactions, including phagolysosomal escape and invasion of erythrocytes. One known effector of the T6SS, OpiA, has recently been shown to be a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. To investigate the role of OpiA in erythrocyte invasion, we constructed an opiA-null mutant in the live vaccine strain, F. tularensis LVS. OpiA was not required for erythrocyte invasion; however, deletion of opiA affected growth of F. tularensis LVS in broth cultures in a medium-dependent manner. We also found that opiA influenced cell size, gentamicin sensitivity, bacterial viability, and the lipid content of F. tularensis A fluorescently tagged OpiA (OpiA-emerald-green fluorescent protein [EmGFP]) accumulated at the cell poles of F. tularensis, which is consistent with the location of the T6SS. However, OpiA-EmGFP also exhibited a highly dynamic localization, and this fusion protein was detected in erythrocytes and THP-1 cells in vitro, further supporting that OpiA is secreted. Similar to previous reports with F. novicida, our data demonstrated that opiA had a minimal effect on intracellular replication of F. tularensis in host immune cells in vitro However, THP-1 cells infected with the opiA mutant produced modestly (but significantly) higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha compared to these host cells infected with wild-type bacteria. We conclude that, in addition to its role in host-pathogen interactions, our results reveal that the function of opiA is central to the biology of F. tularensis bacteria.IMPORTANCE F. tularensis is a pathogenic intracellular pathogen that is of importance for public health and strategic defense. This study characterizes the opiA gene of F. tularensis LVS, an attenuated strain that has been used as a live vaccine but that also shares significant genetic similarity to related Francisella strains that cause human disease. The data presented here provide the first evidence of a T6SS effector protein that affects the physiology of F. tularensis, namely, the growth, cell size, viability, and aminoglycoside resistance of F. tularensis LVS. This study also adds insight into our understanding of OpiA as a determinant of virulence. Finally, the fluorescence fusion constructs presented here will be useful tools for dissecting the role of OpiA in infection.
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Stahl RS, Bisha B, Mahapatra S, Chandler JC. A model for the prediction of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli based on a comparative evaluation of fatty acid profiles. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 96:114966. [PMID: 31948696 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a threat to agricultural production and public health. In this proof-of-concept study, we investigated predicting antimicrobial sensitive/resistant (S/R) phenotypes and host sources of Escherichia coli (n = 128) based on differential fatty acid abundance. Myristic (14:0), pentadecanoic acid (15:0), palmitic (16:0), elaidic (18:19) and steric acid (18:0) were significantly different (α = 0.05) using a two-way ANOVA for predicting nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, aztreonam, cefatoxime, and ceftazidime S/R phenotypes. Additionally, analyses of palmitoleic (16:1), palmitic acid (16:0), methyl palmitate (i-17:0), and cis-9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid (19:0Δ) showed these markers were significantly different (α = 0.05) between isolates obtained from cattle and raccoons. S/R phenotype prediction for the above antibiotics or host source, based on linear regression models of fatty acid abundance, were made using a replicated-randomized subsampling and modeling approach. This model predicted S/R phenotype with 79% and 81% accuracy for nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The isolate host source was predicted with 63% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal S Stahl
- USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Bledar Bisha
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Sebabrata Mahapatra
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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20
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Asse Junior LR, Kronenberger T, Magalhães Serafim MS, Sousa YV, Franco ID, Valli M, Silva Bolzani VD, Monteiro GC, Bruno Prates JL, Kroon EG, Fernandes Mota BE, Santos Ferreira DD, de Oliveira RB, Maltarollo VG. Virtual screening of antibacterial compounds by similarity search of Enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:51-68. [PMID: 31729258 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Antibiotic resistance is an alarming issue, as multidrug-resistant bacteria are growing worldwide, hence the decrease of therapeutic potential of available antibiotic arsenal. Among these bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus was pointed by the WHO in the pathogens list to be prioritized in drug development. Methods: We report the use of chemical similarity models for the virtual screening of new antibacterial with structural similarity to known inhibitors of FabI. The potential inhibitors were experimentally evaluated for antibacterial activity and membrane disrupting capabilities. Results & conclusion: These models led to the finding of four new compounds with antibacterial activity, one of which having antimicrobial activity already reported in the literature.
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Kuroda M, Sekizuka T, Matsui H, Ohsuga J, Ohshima T, Hanaki H. IS 256-Mediated Overexpression of the WalKR Two-Component System Regulon Contributes to Reduced Vancomycin Susceptibility in a Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolate. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1882. [PMID: 31474962 PMCID: PMC6702299 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin (VAN)-intermediate-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) is continually isolated globally, with a systematic review suggesting a prevalence of 2% in all blood culture samples. Most VISA strains exhibit common characteristics, such as a thickened cell wall, reduced autolysis, and attenuated virulence. Here, based on multi-omics approaches, we have characterized clinical VISA isolates obtained through prolonged antimicrobial treatment in a single patient. All VISA isolates were isogenic, based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) ST5, SCCmec type II (2A), and spa type t17639. Core-genome single nucleotide variations (SNVs) found among thirteen isolates during the patient's hospitalization, indicated clonality, but not notable genetic features of the VISA phenotype. We determined the complete genome sequence of VAN-susceptible strain KG-03 (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] 0.5 μg/mL) and two VISA strains, KG-18 and KG-22 (MIC 8.0 and 4.0 μg/mL, respectively). Comparative genome analysis showed remarkable strain-specific IS256 insertions. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis revealed IS256-mediated overexpression of the walKR two-component system in VISA KG-18, possibly leading to modulation of cell wall integrity (lytM and sceD) and surface charge (mprF and dltABCD). In addition, secretome analysis indicated that cell wall-anchored proteins (Protein A, SasG, and SdrD) were significantly decreased. KG-18 and KG-22 exhibit thickened cell wall, and are relatively resistant to lysostaphin, which cleaves a staphylococcus-unique pentaglycine chain in the peptidoglycan. We conclude that KG-18 achieved reduced susceptibility to VAN by IS256-mediated WalKR overexpression, leading to a markedly thickened cell wall for trapping free VAN molecules with redundant D-Ala-D-Ala targets. In addition, a positively charged surface with lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol and depolarization of wall teichoic acid could contribute to inhibiting cationic daptomycin and VAN antimicrobial activity. Comparative omics approaches in this study strongly suggest that fully complete and annotated genome sequences will be indispensable for characterizing overall VISA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Hidehito Matsui
- Infection Control Research Center, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Jun Ohsuga
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokai University Oiso Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Medical Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hanaki
- Infection Control Research Center, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Japan
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22
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Somova LM, Andryukov BG, Lyapun IN. Cell geteromorphism in the conditions of persistence of sapronoses causative agents in various environments. AIMS Microbiol 2019; 5:147-157. [PMID: 31384709 PMCID: PMC6642906 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2019.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper discusses the issues of morphofunctional variability of causative agents of sapronoses under stressful environmental conditions. In the current century, sapronoses infections attract more and more attention. Under unfavorable habitat conditions, their pathogens use a strategy for the formation of resting (stable) states: viable but non-cultured cell forms and the persistence of bacteria, which are characterized by reduced metabolism, changes in the morphology and physiology of microorganisms, and termination of their replication. With the formation of resistant forms of bacteria, the possibility of survival of sapronoses causative agents in the interepidemic period, the formation of their antibiotic resistance, which plays an important role in the chronicity of infections, is associated. The literature widely discusses the mechanisms and conditions for the formation of resistant states of pathogenic bacteria, their pathogenetic significance in infectious pathology, whereas the ultrastructural organization and morphological variability of resistant cellular forms, as well as their differentiation, causing the heterogeneity of the pathogens population, are not yet well covered. The emergence of molecular cell biology methods and the discovery of genetic modules of toxin-antitoxin systems revealed a single mechanism for regulating the formation of resistant cellular forms of bacteria. This served as the basis for the development of fundamentally new technologies for the study of the mechanisms for the conservation of the pathogenic potential of resistant cellular forms of pathogens of natural focal sapronosis in interepidemic periods. Based on the analysis of current data, as well as their own experience, the authors assess the role of morphofunctional changes in resistant cellular forms of bacteria and their significance in the adaptation strategies of causative agents of sapronoses (on the example of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis). The study of the manifestations of heteromorphism of causative agents of sapronoses forms the paradigm of the need to improve methods for detecting resistant forms of these bacteria in human and animal biomaterial in order to diagnose chronic recurrent and persistent infections, create effective strategies for monitoring and monitoring the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M Somova
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 690087, Selskaya St., 1, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Boris G Andryukov
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 690087, Selskaya St., 1, Vladivostok, Russia.,Far Eastern Federal University, Department of Molecular Microbiology690950, Sukhanova St., 8, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Irina N Lyapun
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 690087, Selskaya St., 1, Vladivostok, Russia
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Robben C, Witte AK, Schoder D, Stessl B, Rossmanith P, Mester P. A Fast and Easy ATP-Based Approach Enables MIC Testing for Non-resuscitating VBNC Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1365. [PMID: 31258524 PMCID: PMC6587809 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria enter the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state to maximize resources and increase their tolerance to harmful conditions to cope with environmental stress, which has been described for a plethora of important human and foodborne pathogens. VBNC pathogens can potentially present a serious risk to human health as they are invisible to routine microbiological culture-based methods. Of high importance is the increased tolerance to antibiotics or disinfectant measures while in the VBNC state. The greatest remaining challenge for such investigations is the lack of an appropriate, cost-effective multi-species screening method due to experimental constraints. In this study, we investigated if de novo ATP production of cells in the VBNC state is a suitable indicator for overall cell viability that can be utilized to determine the minimum ATP inhibitory concentration (MAIC) of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. To validate this approach, heat-stress time-kill experiments were performed with both culturable and VBNC cells. We developed a comprehensive experimental setup and demonstrated the applicability of this VBNC–MIC assay for testing the tolerance of 12 strains of 4 important bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Listeria monocytogenes) in the VBNC state to eight important antimicrobials including four different antibiotics. We confirmed that bacteria in the VBNC state were resistant to all tested antibiotics (ampicillin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin) and additionally insensitive to disinfectants (benzalkonium chloride and trioctylmethylammonium chloride) and preservatives (bronopol and sodium azide). These data emphasize the need for further research regarding the characteristics of bacterial pathogens in the VBNC state and present the advantages and high-throughput capabilities of ATP determinations to investigate tolerance of VBNC pathogens to antimicrobials. The presented method should be helpful in order to identify appropriate countermeasures, treatments, or disinfectants when confronted with bacterial pathogens in the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Robben
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Kristina Witte
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Schoder
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Rossmanith
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mester
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Lipids comprise a large group of chemically heterogeneous compounds. The majority have fatty acids (FA) as part of their structure, making these compounds suitable tools to examine processes raging from cellular to macroscopic levels of organization. Among the multiple roles of FA, they have structural functions as constituents of phospholipids which are the "building blocks" of cell membranes; as part of neutral lipids FA serve as storage materials in cells; and FA derivatives are involved in cell signalling. Studies on FA and their metabolism are important in numerous research fields, including biology, bacteriology, ecology, human nutrition and health. Specific FA and their ratios in cellular membranes may be used as biomarkers to enable the identification of organisms, to study adaptation of bacterial cells to toxic compounds and environmental conditions and to disclose food web connections. In this review, we discuss the various roles of FA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and highlight the application of FA analysis to elucidate ecological mechanisms. We briefly describe FA synthesis; analyse the role of FA as modulators of cell membrane properties and FA ability to store and supply energy to cells; and inspect the role of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and the suitability of using FA as biomarkers of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C C R de Carvalho
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maria José Caramujo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2-5º Piso, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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25
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Carré G, Charpentier E, Audonnet S, Terryn C, Boudifa M, Doliwa C, Belgacem ZB, Gangloff SC, Gelle MP. Contribution of Fluorescence Techniques in Determining the Efficiency of the Non-thermal Plasma Treatment. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2171. [PMID: 30250463 PMCID: PMC6140754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently developed a non-thermal plasma (NTP) equipment intended to sterilize fragile medical devices and maintain the sterile state of items downstream the treatment. With traditional counts on agar plate a six log reduction of Staphylococcus aureus viability was obtained within 120 min of O2, Ar, or N2 NTP treatments. However to determine the best NTP process, we studied the different physiological states of S. aureus by flow cytometry (FC) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) focusing on the esterasic activity and membrane integrity of the bacteria. Two fluorochromes, 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide were used in order to distinguish three sub-populations: metabolically active, permeabilized, and damaged bacteria that can be in the viable but nonculturable state. FC and CLSM highlight that O2 and Ar NTP treatments were the most attractive processes. Indeed, a 5 min of Ar NTP generated a high destruction of the structure of bacteria and a 120 min of O2 NTP treatment led to the higher decrease of the total damaged bacteria population. SEM observations showed that in presence of clusters, bacteria of upper layers are easily altered compared to bacteria in the deeper layers. In conclusion, the plate counting method is not sufficient by itself to determine the best NTP treatment. FC and CLSM represent attractive indicator techniques to select the most efficient gas NTP treatment generating the lowest proportion of viable bacteria and the most debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Carré
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Emilie Charpentier
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sandra Audonnet
- URCACyt - Plateau technique de cytométrie en flux, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,PICT - Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Christine Terryn
- PICT - Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Christelle Doliwa
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Zouhaier Ben Belgacem
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sophie C Gangloff
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Marie-Paule Gelle
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,UFR Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
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26
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Ayrapetyan M, Williams T, Oliver JD. Relationship between the Viable but Nonculturable State and Antibiotic Persister Cells. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:e00249-18. [PMID: 30082460 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00249-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved numerous means of survival in adverse environments with dormancy, as represented by "persistence" and the "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) state, now recognized to be common modes for such survival. VBNC cells have been defined as cells which, induced by some stress, become nonculturable on media that would normally support their growth but which can be demonstrated by various methods to be alive and capable of returning to a metabolically active and culturable state. Persister cells have been described as a population of cells which, while not being antibiotic resistant, are antibiotic tolerant. This drug-tolerant phenotype is thought to be a result of stress-induced and stochastic physiological changes as opposed to mutational events leading to true resistance. In this review, we describe these two dormancy strategies, characterize the molecular underpinnings of each state, and highlight the similarities and differences between them. We believe these survival modes represent a continuum between actively growing and dead cells, with VBNC cells being in a deeper state of dormancy than persister cells.
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27
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Onyango LA, Alreshidi MM. Adaptive Metabolism in Staphylococci: Survival and Persistence in Environmental and Clinical Settings. J Pathog 2018; 2018:1092632. [PMID: 30327733 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1092632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are highly successful at colonizing a variety of dynamic environments, both nonpathogenic and those of clinical importance, and comprise the list of pathogens of global public health significance. Their remarkable survival and persistence can be attributed to a host of strategies, one of which is metabolic versatility—their ability to rapidly alter their metabolism in the presence of transient or long-term bacteriostatic and bactericidal conditions and facilitate cellular homeostasis. These attributes contribute to their widespread dissemination and challenging eradication particularly from clinical settings. The study of microbial behaviour at the metabolite level provides insight into mechanisms of survival and persistence under defined environmental and clinical conditions. This paper reviews the range of metabolic modulations that facilitate staphylococcal acclimatization and persistence in varying terrestrial and host conditions, and their public health ramifications in these settings.
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28
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Pacífico C, Fernandes P, de Carvalho CCCR. Mycobacterial Response to Organic Solvents and Possible Implications on Cross-Resistance With Antimicrobial Agents. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:961. [PMID: 29867865 PMCID: PMC5962743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium vaccae, a bacterium found in soil, has been receiving attention as adjuvant to antituberculosis treatment, vaccines and immunotherapies and even as antidepressant. This bacterium is also able to degrade several pollutants, including aromatic compounds. The increasing presence of organic solvents in the environment may lead to M. vaccae adapted populations. A possible relationship between solvent tolerance and decreased susceptibility to other types of chemicals, including antibiotics, may pose a problem during opportunistic infections. The present study thus aimed at assessing if solvent adapted cells presented higher tolerance to antibiotics and efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). M. vaccae cells were able to thrive and grow in the presence of up 20% (v/v) glycerol, 5% (v/v) ethanol, 1% (v/v) methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and 0.1% (v/v) toluene. During adaptation to increasing concentration of ethanol and MTBE, the cells changed their fatty acid profile, zeta potential and morphology. Adapted cells acquired an improved tolerance toward the EPIs thioridazine and omeprazole, but became more susceptible to the antibiotics levofloxacin and teicoplanin when compared with non-adapted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Pacífico
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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29
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Kim JS, Chowdhury N, Yamasaki R, Wood TK. Viable but non-culturable and persistence describe the same bacterial stress state. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2038-2048. [PMID: 29457686 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are often thought of as having two dormant phenotypes: the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state and the persister state. Here we investigate the relatedness of the two stress-induced phenotypes at the single-cell level and examine cell morphology and quantify cell resuscitation. Using the classic starvation conditions to create VBNC cells, we found that the majority of the remaining Escherichia coli population are spherical, have empty cytosol and fail to resuscitate; however, some of the spherical cells resuscitate immediately (most probably those with dense cytosol). Critically, all the culturable cells in this starved population became persister cells within 14 days of starvation. We found that the persister cells initially are rod-like, have clear but limited membrane damage, can resuscitate immediately and gradually become spherical by aging. After 24 h, only rod-shaped persister cells survive, and all the spherical cells lyse. Both cell populations formed under the VBNC-inducing conditions and the persister conditions are metabolically inactive. Therefore, the bacterial population consists of dead cells and persister cells in the VBNC-inducing conditions; that is, the non-lysed particles that do not resuscitate are dead, and the dormant cells that resuscitate are persister cells. Hence, 'VBNC' and 'persister' describe the same dormant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seob Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Ryota Yamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Thomas K Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
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30
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El-Aziz NKA, Tartor YH, El-Aziz Gharib AA, Ammar AM. Propidium Monoazide Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Enumeration of Some Viable but Nonculturable Foodborne Bacteria in Meat and Meat Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:226-234. [PMID: 29298099 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections due to bacterial pathogens are increasing worldwide. Given the surreptitious nature of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria, they largely remain a threat to public health and food safety due to their non-detectability through conventional plate count techniques. Hence, species-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qPCR) alone and combined with the use of propidium monoazide (PMA) was used along with the plate count method to quantify VBNC Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Enterobacteriaceae in fresh and processed meat samples. The major bacterial pathogen isolated was S. aureus (93%) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (80.33%), C. perfringens (26.33%), and B. cereus (21.33%); their total viable counts were mostly recorded in raw meat than examined meat products. PMA quantitative real-time PCR (PMA qRT-PCR) could detect and quantify VBNC bacteria in 90.48% of culture-negative samples. It affirmed the presence of VBNC S. aureus (n = 10), B. cereus (n = 8), C. perfringens (n = 6), and Enterobacteriaceae (n = 12) in either single or mixed bacterial contamination. The log10 mean values of VBNC bacterial counts were highly reported for C. perfringens and S. aureus (9.60 ± 0.449 and 8.27 ± 0.453 CFU/g, respectively) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (6.95 ± 0.564 CFU/g) and B. cereus (6.69 ± 0.749 CFU/g). Sequencing of rpoB gene of Enterobacteriaceae enabled the identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Salmonella Typhi, which have been reported to be capable of entry into the VBNC state. To our knowledge, this is the first report at least in Egypt that records the presence of VBNC cells in meat samples representing a strong threat to public health and food safety. Moreover, PMA qRT-PCR allowed a quick and unequivocal way of enumeration of VBNC foodborne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan Khairy Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Hasanine Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahlam Abd El-Aziz Gharib
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
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31
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Zawadzka K, Bernat P, Felczak A, Różalska S, Lisowska K. Antibacterial activity of high concentrations of carvedilol against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 51:458-467. [PMID: 29277530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Many drugs used to treat non-infectious diseases have also shown excellent antibacterial activity or the ability to enhance the action of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of a popular β-blocker, carvedilol, and its mechanism of antibacterial action. The antibacterial activity of carvedilol was evaluated using the microdilution method and its influence on the viability of bacterial cells was investigated by the alamarBlue® test. Changes in phospholipid and fatty acid composition were analysed using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS techniques. The permeability of bacterial cell membranes following exposure to carvedilol was studied using propidium iodide staining and confocal microscopy. The ability of the tested bacteria to degrade carvedilol was examined by LC-MS/MS. In this study, the antibacterial activity of carvedilol is described for the first time, with a decrease in the viability of all assayed bacteria observed following treatment with the β-blocker. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were found to be the most sensitive among the tested strains. Significant modifications to fatty acid composition were observed in S. aureus incubated with carvedilol. Moreover, the cell membrane permeability of bacteria incubated with carvedilol was higher for Gram-positive bacteria than for Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, which were highly resistant to carvedilol, exhibited an ability to eliminate carvedilol from the growth medium. In addition, three carvedilol metabolites were identified in E. coli and P. aeruginosa cultures. The antibacterial activity of carvedilol may suggest its potential usefulness in the synthesis of new antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zawadzka
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Felczak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lisowska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 12/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
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Fida TT, Moreno-Forero SK, Breugelmans P, Heipieper HJ, Röling WFM, Springael D. Physiological and Transcriptome Response of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Novosphingobium sp. LH128 after Inoculation in Soil. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:1570-1579. [PMID: 28040887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil bioaugmentation involves the inoculation of pollutant-degrading bacteria to accelerate pollutant degradation. Often the inoculum shows a dramatic decrease in Colony Forming Units (CFU) upon soil inoculation but this behavior is not well-understood. In this study, the physiology and transcriptomic response of a GFP tagged variant of Novosphingobium sp. LH128 was examined after inoculation into phenanthrene spiked soil. Four hours after inoculation, strain LH128-GFP showed about 99% reduction in CFU while microscopic counts of GFP-expressing cells were identical to the expected initial cell density, indicating that the reduction in CFU number is explained by cells entering into a Viable But Non-Culturable (VBNC)-like state and not by cell death. Transcriptome analysis showed a remarkably higher expression of phenanthrene degradation genes 4 h after inoculation, compared to the inoculum suspension concomitant with an increased expression of genes involved in stress response. This indicates that the cells were active in phenanthrene degradation while experiencing stress. Between 4 h and 10 days, CFU numbers increased to numbers comparable to the inoculated cell density. Our results suggest that strain LH128-GFP enters a VBNC-like state upon inoculation into soil but is metabolically active and that VBNC cells should be taken into account in evaluating bioaugmentation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekle Tafese Fida
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Silvia K Moreno-Forero
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore Quartier Unil-Sorge , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philip Breugelmans
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hermann J Heipieper
- Department Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wilfred F M Röling
- Molecular Cell Physiology, FALW, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Springael
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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