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Yang C, Yi B, Yang S, Li A, Liu J, Wang J, Liu J, Li Z, Liao Q, Zhang W, Zhang H. VDR restores the expression of PINK1 and BNIP3 in TECs of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302474. [PMID: 38697845 PMCID: PMC11066303 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Defective mitophagy in renal tubular epithelial cells is one of the main drivers of renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease. Our gene sequencing data showed the expression of PINK1 and BNIP3, two key molecules of mitophagy, was decreased in renal tissues of VDR-knockout mice. Herein, streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce renal interstitial fibrosis in mice. VDR deficiency exacerbated STZ-induced renal impairment and defective mitophagy. Paricalcitol (pari, a VDR agonist) and the tubular epithelial cell-specific overexpression of VDR restored the expression of PINK1 and BNIP3 in the renal cortex and attenuated STZ-induced kidney fibrosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In HK-2 cells under high glucose conditions, an increased level of α-SMA, COL1, and FN and a decreased expression of PINK1 and BNIP3 with severe mitochondrial damage were observed, and these alterations could be largely reversed by pari treatment. ChIP-qPCR and luciferase reporter assays showed VDR could positively regulate the transcription of Pink1 and Bnip3 genes. These findings reveal that VDR could restore mitophagy defects and attenuate STZ-induced fibrosis in diabetic mice through regulation of PINK1 and BNIP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Yi
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Shikun Yang
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Aimei Li
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jishi Liu
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Li
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Liao
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- https://ror.org/05akvb491 Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Critical Kidney Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Żołnierkiewicz O, Rogacka D. Hyperglycemia - A culprit of podocyte pathology in the context of glycogen metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 753:109927. [PMID: 38350532 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged disruption in the balance of glucose can result in metabolic disorders. The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood glucose levels. However, when exposed to chronic hyperglycemia, the kidneys' ability to handle glucose metabolism may be impaired, leading to an accumulation of glycogen. Earlier studies have shown that there can be a significant increase in glucose storage in the form of glycogen in the kidneys in diabetes. Podocytes play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of filtration barrier. In diabetes, exposure to elevated glucose levels can lead to significant metabolic and structural changes in podocytes, contributing to kidney damage and the development of diabetic kidney disease. The accumulation of glycogen in podocytes is not a well-established phenomenon. However, a recent study has demonstrated the presence of glycogen granules in podocytes. This review delves into the intricate connections between hyperglycemia and glycogen metabolism within the context of the kidney, with special emphasis on podocytes. The aberrant storage of glycogen has the potential to detrimentally impact podocyte functionality and perturb their structural integrity. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the alterations in cellular signaling pathways that may potentially lead to glycogen overproduction in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Żołnierkiewicz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland; University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
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Poojari AS, Wairkar S, Kulkarni YA. Stem cells as a regenerative medicine approach in treatment of microvascular diabetic complications. Tissue Cell 2023; 85:102225. [PMID: 37801960 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose and is associated with high morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population. Uncontrolled chronic hyperglycaemia causes increased formation and accumulation of different oxidative and nitrosative stress markers, resulting in microvascular and macrovascular complications, which might seriously affect the quality of a patient's life. Conventional treatment strategies are confined to controlling blood glucose by regulating the insulin level and are not involved in attenuating the life-threatening complications of diabetes mellitus. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop a viable treatment strategy that could target the multi-etiological factors involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Stem cell therapy, a regenerative medicine approach, has been investigated in diabetic complications owing to their unique characteristic features of self-renewal, multilineage differentiation and regeneration potential. The present review is focused on potential therapeutic applications of stem cells in the treatment of microvascular diabetic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and polyneuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S Poojari
- Shobhabhen Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhabhen Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhabhen Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India.
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Xue L, Yang X, Song Y, Wang C, Zhou J, Liang H. Urinary mitochondrial DNA may be useful in diagnosing early diabetic nephropathy. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:570. [PMID: 38023365 PMCID: PMC10652235 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether urinary mitochondrial (mt)DNA could be combined as a non-invasive biomarker with other clinical findings of kidney injury to help diagnose early diabetic nephropathy (DN). A total of 165 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were enrolled in the present study and the mtDNA levels in urine were measured using quantitative PCR. The diagnostic value of urinary mtDNA levels in patients with T2DM was compared using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or albumin-to-creatinine ratio staging. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between urinary mtDNA and other clinical findings. Correlation factors for early DN were assessed using univariate logistic regression analysis. Urinary leukocyte and glucose levels do not interfere with urinary mtDNA levels. In patients with T2DM, the level of urinary mtDNA increases in the early stages of kidney injury and further increases with the severity of kidney injury. Urinary mtDNA levels in patients with eGFR 60-90 ml/min/1.73 m2 were higher than that in patients with eGFR >90 ml/min/1.73 m2. The levels of urinary mt89DNA and mt349DNA were negatively correlated with the eGFR level (ρ=-0.437; P<0.001; ρ=-0.390; P<0.001) and positively correlated with the level of cystatin C (ρ=0.177; P=0.025; ρ=0.144; P=0.070). Urinary mtDNA is positively correlated with early DN occurrence [odds ratio (OR), 1.330; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.175-1.507; P<0.001; OR, 1.328; 95% CI, 1.156-1.525; P<0.001]. In conclusion, urinary mtDNA combined with other clinical indicators of kidney injury may help the diagnosis of early DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Can Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Braga PC, Bernardino RL, Guerra-Carvalho B, Carrageta DF, Oliveira PF, Rodrigues AS, Alves MG. The progression from mild to severe hyperglycemia coupled with insulin resistance causes mitochondrial dysfunction and alters the metabolic secretome of epithelial kidney cells. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113744. [PMID: 37648074 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and insulin resistance (IR) in kidney cells are considered main causes for end-stage renal failure. However, it is unclear how IR affects early stages of the disease. Here, we investigate the impact of mild (11 mM) and severe (22 mM) hyperglycemia, with and without induced IR, on cellular metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics in a human kidney cell line (HK-2). IR in HK-2 cells was induced with palmitic acid and cellular cytotoxicity was studied. We evaluated the impact of mild and severe hyperglycemia with and without IR on the metabolic secretome of the cells, their live-cell mitochondria function, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial complex activities. Furthermore, we measured fatty acid oxidation and lipid accumulation. Cells cultured under mild hyperglycemic conditions exhibited increased mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters, such as basal respiration, ATP-linked production, maximal respiration capacity, and spare respiration capacity. However, these parameters decreased when cells were cultured under higher glucose concentrations when IR was induced. Our data suggests that progression from mild to severe hyperglycemia induces a metabolic shift, where gluconeogenic amino acids play a crucial role in supplying the energy requirements of HK-2. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the progression from mild to severe hyperglycemia allied to IR in human kidney cells. This work highlights that this progression leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and alters the metabolic profile of kidney cells. These results identify possible targets for early intervention in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C Braga
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ITR- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Imuno-physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel L Bernardino
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ITR- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Bárbara Guerra-Carvalho
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ITR- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Imuno-physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - David F Carrageta
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ITR- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Imuno-physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Anabela S Rodrigues
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ITR- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal; Department of Nephrology, Santo António Hospital, CHUdSA, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marco G Alves
- Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Chen M, Chen Y, Zhu W, Yan X, Xiao J, Zhang P, Liu P, Li P. Advances in the pharmacological study of Chinese herbal medicine to alleviate diabetic nephropathy by improving mitochondrial oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115088. [PMID: 37413900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus, primarily arising from type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and can progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathogenesis of DN involves various factors such as hemodynamic changes, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and lipid metabolism disorders. Increasing attention is being given to DN caused by oxidative stress in the mitochondrial pathway, prompting researchers to explore drugs that can regulate these target pathways. Chinese herbal medicine, known for its accessibility, rich historical usage, and remarkable efficacy, has shown promise in ameliorating renal injury caused by DN by modulating oxidative stress in the mitochondrial pathway. This review aims to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of DN. Firstly, we outline the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction impairs DN, focusing on outlining the damage to mitochondria by oxidative stress. Subsequently, we describe the process by which formulas, herbs and monomeric compounds protect the kidney by ameliorating oxidative stress in the mitochondrial pathway. Finally, the rich variety of Chinese herbal medicine, combined with modern extraction techniques, has great potential, and as we gradually understand the pathogenesis of DN and research techniques are constantly updated, there will be more and more promising therapeutic targets and herbal drug candidates. This paper aims to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Peiqing Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Shunyi Hospital, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Zambom FFF, Albino AH, Tessaro HM, Foresto-Neto O, Malheiros DMAC, Saraiva Camara NO, Zatz R. Chronic environmental hypoxia attenuates innate immunity activation and renal injury in two CKD models. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F283-F298. [PMID: 37439199 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia has been pointed out as a major pathogenic factor in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, epidemiological and experimental evidence inconsistent with this notion has been described. We have previously reported that chronic exposure to low ambient Po2 promoted no renal injury in normal rats and in rats with 5/6 renal ablation (Nx) unexpectedly attenuated renal injury. In the present study, we investigated whether chronic exposure to low ambient Po2 would also be renoprotective in two additional models of CKD: adenine (ADE) excess and chronic nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. In both models, normobaric ambient hypoxia attenuated the development of renal injury and inflammation. In addition, renal hypoxia limited the activation of NF-κB and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome cascades as well as oxidative stress and intrarenal infiltration by angiotensin II-positive cells. Renal activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α, along with other adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia, may have contributed to these renoprotective effects. The present findings may contribute to unravel the pathogenesis of CKD and to the development of innovative strategies to arrest its progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxia is regarded as a major pathogenic factor in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In disagreement with this view, we show here that sustained exposure to low ambient Po2 lessened kidney injury and inflammation in two CKD models: adenine (ADE) excess and chronic nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. Together with our previous findings in the remnant kidney, these observations indicate that local changes elicited by hypoxia may exert renoprotection in CKD, raising the prospect of novel therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Helen Albino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Mendonça Tessaro
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rathi V, Tiwari I, Kulshreshtha R, S. K. Sagi S. Hypobaric hypoxia induced renal injury in rats: Prophylactic amelioration by quercetin supplementation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279304. [PMID: 36827356 PMCID: PMC9955615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims at assessing the effect of hypobaric hypoxia induced renal damage and associated renal functions in male SD rats. Further, this study was extended to explore the protective efficacy of quercetin in ameliorating the functional impairment in kidneys of rats under hypobaric hypoxia. Rats were exposed to 7620m (25000 ft.) at 25°C ±2 in a simulated hypobaric hypoxia chamber for different time durations (0h,1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h) in order to optimize the time at which maximum renal damage would occur. The rats were exposed to hypoxia for 12h duration was considered as the optimum time, due to significant increase in oxidative stress (ROS, MDA) and renal metabolites (creatinine, BUN and uric acid) with remarkable reduction (p<0.001) in antioxidants (GSH) in plasma, as compared to other tested durations. Moreover, these findings were in support with the histopathology analysis of renal tissues. For optimum quercetin dose selection, the rats were administered with different doses of quercetin (25mg, 50mg, 100mg and 200mg/Kg BW) for 12h at 7620 m, 25°C ±2, 1h prior to hypoxia exposure. Quercetin 50mg/kg BW was considered as the optimum dose at which significant (p<0.001) reduction in oxidative stress levels followed by reduction in creatinine and BUN levels were obtained in plasma of the rats compared to hypoxia control rats. Quercetin prophylaxis (50mg/kg BW) stabilized the HIF-1α protein expression followed by reduced VEGF protein expression along with reduced levels of LDH (p<0.001) in the kidneys of rats compared to hypoxia control. Histopathological observations further substantiated these findings in reducing the renal tissue injury. The study findings revealed that, quercetin prophylaxis abrogates the possibility of hypobaric hypoxia induced renal injury by reducing the oxidative stress in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Rathi
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Isha Tiwari
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarada S. K. Sagi
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Pavlovic D, Ristic S, Djukanovic L, Matic M, Kovacevic M, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Hadzi-Djokic J, Savic-Radojevic A, Djukic T. The GSTO2 (rs156697) Polymorphism Modifies Diabetic Nephropathy Risk. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:medicina59010164. [PMID: 36676788 PMCID: PMC9865841 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications, genetic and environmental factors play important roles. Diabetic nephropathy (DN), one of the major microangiopathic chronic diabetic complications, is associated with an increased risk of major cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. The present study was designed to investigate the possible modifying effect of glutathione transferase polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 rs1138272/rs1695, GSTO1 rs4925 and GSTO2 rs156697) in the susceptibility to T2DM and diabetic nephropathy. Materials and Methods: GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms were determined by multiplex PCR, whereas GSTO1, GSTO2, and GSTP1 polymorphisms were determined by the real-time PCR in 160 T2DM patients and 248 age- and gender-matched controls. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were measured by ELISA. Results: Among six investigated GST polymorphisms, a significant association between the GST genotypes and susceptibility for development of diabetes mellitus was found for the GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 (rs1138272) and GSTO1 polymorphisms. When the GST genotypes’ distribution in diabetes patients was assessed in the subgroups with and without diabetic nephropathy, a significant association was found only for the GSTO2 rs156697 polymorphism. Diabetic patients, carriers of the GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null and variant GSTO1*AA genotypes, had significantly increased levels of AGEs in comparison with carriers of the GSTM1 active, GSTT1 active and referent GSTO1*CC genotypes (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusions: The present study supports the hypothesis that GST polymorphisms modulate the risk of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy and influence the AGEs concentration, suggesting the potential regulatory role of these enzymes in redox homeostasis disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Pavlovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sinisa Ristic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ljubica Djukanovic
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Serbian Medical Society, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Matic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Kovacevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foca, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-11-3643273
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Wei X, Hu R, Zhou X, Ni L, Zha D, Feng H, Xu H, Wu X, Kaur A. Alterations of Renal Function in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease: A BOLD and DTI Study. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022; 2022:1-11. [PMID: 36210998 PMCID: PMC9546653 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6844102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Our study aims to determine the patterns of renal oxygenation changes and microstructural changes by BOLD and DTI with deteriorating kidney function in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Methods Seventy-two patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and twenty healthy controls (HCs) underwent laboratory examinations, and renal BOLD and DTI images were obtained on a 3T-MRI machine. R2∗, fractional anisotropy (FA), and average diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were evaluated. DM patients were divided into three subgroups (Group-DI/DII/DIII, based on urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR)) and a nondiabetic kidney disease group (Group-NDKD). D-value and MCR of R2∗ and FA were proposed to evaluate the differentiation between medulla and cortex of the individual kidney among HCs and three subgroups for reducing individual differences. Comparisons were made between NDKD and kidney function-matched DKD patients. Correlations between MRI parameters and renal clinical indices were analyzed. Results Compared with Group-HC/DI, medullary R2∗ and FA values were significantly different in Group-DII/III. The D-value of R2∗ and FA in Group-III were significantly smaller than that in Group-HC. However, only MCR of R2∗ in Group-III was significantly smaller than that in HCs. Medullary R2∗ and FA were negatively associated with serum creatinine (SCr) and cystatin C (Cys C) and positively associated with eGFR. Conclusions With renal function declining, BOLD and DTI could capture alterations including the first rising and then falling medullary R2∗, continuously declining medullary FA, and apparent cortex-medullary differentiation in DKD patients. The MRI parameters showed renal changes accompanied by varying degrees of albuminuria, sharing common involvement in DKD and NDKD patients, but it was hard to distinguish between them. BOLD seemed more sensitive than DTI in identifying renal cortex-medullary differentiation.
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Aboolian A, Urner S, Roden M, Jha JC, Jandeleit-Dahm K. Diabetic Kidney Disease: From Pathogenesis to Novel Treatment Possibilities. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 274:269-307. [PMID: 35318511 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the microvascular complications of diabetes is diabetic kidney disease (DKD), often leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD) in which patients require costly dialysis or transplantation. The silent onset and irreversible progression of DKD are characterized by a steady decline of the estimated glomerular filtration rate, with or without concomitant albuminuria. The diabetic milieu allows the complex pathophysiology of DKD to enter a vicious cycle by inducing the synthesis of excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. As no cure is available, intensive research is required to develop novel treatments possibilities. This chapter provides an overview of the important pathomechanisms identified in diabetic kidney disease, the currently established therapies, as well as recently developed novel therapeutic strategies in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Aboolian
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sofia Urner
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jay Chandra Jha
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Zhu J, Fu M, Gao J, Dai G, Guan Q, Du C. Upregulation of Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Expression by Flavan-3-Ols Protects Human Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells from Hypoxia-Induced Cell Death. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1399. [PMID: 35883890 PMCID: PMC9311547 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal hypoxia and its associated oxidative stress is a common pathway for the development of kidney diseases, and using dietary antioxidants such as flavan-3-ols to prevent kidney failure has received much attention. This study investigates the molecular mechanism by which flavan-3-ols prevent hypoxia-induced cell death in renal tubular epithelial cells. Human kidney proximal tubular cells (HKC-8) were exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) in the presence of flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2). Cell death was examined using flow cytometric analysis. Gene expression was determined using a PCR array and Western blotting, and its network and functions were investigated using STRING databases. Here, we show that the cytoprotective activity of catechin was the highest among these flavan-3-ols against hypoxia-induced cell death in cultured HKC-8 cells. Exposure of HKC-8 cells to hypoxia induced oxidative stress leading to up-regulation of DUOX2, NOX4, CYBB and PTGS2 and down-regulation of TXNRD1 and HSP90AA1. Treatment with catechin or other flavan-3-ols prevented the down-regulation of TXNRD1 expression in hypoxic HKC-8 cells. Overexpression of TXNRD1 prevented hypoxia-induced cell death, and inactivation of TXNRD1 with TRi-1, a specific TXNRD1 inhibitor, reduced the catechin cytoprotection against hypoxia-induced HKC-8 cell death. In conclusion, flavan-3-ols prevent hypoxia-induced cell death in human proximal tubular epithelial cells, which might be mediated by their maintenance of TXNRD1 expression, suggesting that enhancing TXNRD1 expression or activity may become a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent hypoxia-induced kidney damage.
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are microvascular complications of diabetes. Microvascular endothelial cells are thought to be the major targets of hyperglycemic injury. In diabetic microvasculature, the intracellular hyperglycemia causes damages to the vascular endothelium, via multiple pathophysiological process consist of inflammation, endothelial cell crosstalk with podocytes/pericytes and exosomes. In addition, DN and DR diseases development are involved in several critical regulators including the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and the Notch signal. The present review attempts to gain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis complexities underlying the endothelial dysfunction in diabetes diabetic and retinopathy, contributing to the development of new mechanistic therapeutic strategies against diabetes-induced microvascular endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Heeba GH, Ali MAM, El-sheikh AAK. Rosuvastatin Induces Renal HO-1 Activity and Expression Levels as a Main Protective Mechanism against STZ-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:425. [PMID: 35334601 PMCID: PMC8953801 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nephroprotective effect of statins is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible hemin-like nephroprotective effect of rosuvastatin (RSV) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: DN was induced in rats via a single dose of 50 mg/kg STZ i.p., with or without RSV (10 mg/kg orally) for 30 days. To investigate hemin-like effect of RSV on renal heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), RSV was administered in the presence or absence of an inhibitor of HO-1; zinc protoporphyrin-XI (ZnPP), in a dose of 50 µmol/kg i.p. Results: Induction of diabetes with STZ caused, as expected, significant hyperglycemia, as well as deteriorated kidney function, lipid profile and histopathological architecture. The DN group also showed renal oxidative stress, indicated by decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione, with increased malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide. Renal expression of inflammatory marker TNF-α, and pro-apoptotic marker caspase 3, were also increased in the DN group. Administration of RSV in DN rats did not improve glucose level but succeeded in recovering kidney function and normal structure as well as improving the lipid profile. RSV also improved renal oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic statuses. Interestingly, the administration of RSV increased renal expression and activity of HO-1 compared to the untreated DN group. Co-administration of ZnPP blocked the effect of RSV on HO-1 and deteriorated all RSV favorable effects. Conclusions: RSV can protect against DN, at least in part, via increasing renal HO-1 expression and/or activity, which seems to be upstream to RSV antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Jiménez-Uribe AP, Bellido B, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Tapia E, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Hernández-Santos JA, Fernández-Valverde F, Hernández-Cruz EY, Orozco-Ibarra M, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Temporal characterization of mitochondrial impairment in the unilateral ureteral obstruction model in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:358-371. [PMID: 34175439 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a well-known mechanism that favors chronic kidney disease (CKD) development in obstructive nephropathy, a significant pathology worldwide. Fibrosis induction involves several pathways, and although mitochondrial alterations have recently emerged as a critical factor that triggers renal damage in the obstructed kidney, the temporal mitochondrial alterations during the fibrotic induction remain unexplored. Therefore, in this work, we evaluated the time course of mitochondrial mass and bioenergetics alterations induced by a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), a widely used model to study the mechanism involved in kidney fibrosis induction and progression. Our results show a marked reduction in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the obstructed kidney on days 7 to 28 of obstruction without significant mitochondrial coupling changes. Besides, we observed that mitochondrial mass was reduced, probably due to decreased biogenesis and mitophagy induction. OXPHOS impairment was associated with decreased mitochondrial biogenesis markers, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1alpha (PGC-1α), and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1); and also, with the induction of mitophagy in a PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin independent way. It is concluded that the impairment of OXPHOS capacity may be explained by the reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis and the induction of mitophagy during fibrotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belen Bellido
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Edilia Tapia
- Departmento de Patofisiología Cardio-renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Laura Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada
- Departmento de Patofisiología Cardio-renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Hernández-Santos
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Av. Insurgentes Sur # 3877, La Fama, Alcaldía Tlalpan, CP 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisca Fernández-Valverde
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Av. Insurgentes Sur # 3877, La Fama, Alcaldía Tlalpan, CP 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Av. Insurgentes Sur # 3877, La Fama, Alcaldía Tlalpan, CP 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico.
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Wang R, Lin Z, Yang X, Zhao K, Wang S, Sui X, Su T, Wang X. Noninvasive Evaluation of Renal Hypoxia by Multiparametric Functional MRI in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:518-527. [PMID: 34184356 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal hypoxia, which caused by a mismatch between oxygen delivery and oxygen demand, may be the primary pathophysiological pathway driving diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could detect hypoxia, but can be limited in distinguishing increased oxygen consumption or decreased blood supply. PURPOSE To explore multiparametric functional MRI in evaluating mechanism of the hypoxia changes in early stage of DKD. STUDY TYPE Prospective. ANIMAL MODEL Thirty-five New Zealand White rabbits were divided into control group (n = 5) and alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) groups (DM3 group: n = 15, DM7 group: n = 15). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3 T MRI/BOLD, arterial spin labeling (ASL), and asymmetric spin-echo (ASE). ASSESSMENT The renal oxygenation level (R2*), renal blood flow (RBF), and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) were evaluated by BOLD, ASL, and ASE MRI, respectively. The regions of interest were manually drawn including cortex, outer stripes of outer medulla (OS), and inner stripes of outer medulla (IS). STATISTICAL TESTS Analysis of variance, independent-sample t-test, and paired-sample t-test were applied for comparisons among groups, between groups, and within the same group. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS All renal regions of DM3 group at Day 3 after DM induction showed significantly higher R2* and OEF values compared to baseline. The RBF values showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.62, 0.76, 0.09 in cortex, OS, and IS, respectively). For DM7 group at Day 7, R2*, OEF, and RBF values showed no statistically significant difference compared to baseline (P = 0.06, 0.05, 0.06 of R2*; 0.70, 0.64, 0.68 of OEF; and 0.33, 0.58, 0.48 of RBF in cortex, OS, and IS, respectively). DATA CONCLUSION BOLD MRI could detect renal hypoxia in early stage of DKD rabbit model, which was mainly revealed by increased oxygen consumption, but not affected by renal blood flow change. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Lin
- Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuedong Yang
- Department of Radiology, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guanganmen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Wang
- Renal Pathology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqing Sui
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zheng SS, He YM, Lu J. Noninvasive evaluation of diabetic patients with high fasting blood glucose using DWI and BOLD MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:1659-1669. [PMID: 32997155 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the renal microstructure changes and hypoxia changes in type 2 diabetic patients and the relationship between them and glucose using both diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD MRI). METHODS After measuring morning fasting blood glucose, DWI and BOLD MRI were performed in 57 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM group) and 14 healthy volunteers (NC group). According to the fasting blood glucose levels, diabetic patients were divided into a normoglycemic diabetes group (group A), a less hyperglycemic diabetes group (group B) and a more hyperglycemic diabetes group (group C). The renal parenchymal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), renal cortical R2* (CR2*), and medullary R2* (MR2*) were measured, and the R2* ratio between the medulla and cortex (MCR) was calculated. To test for differences in ADC, R2*, and MCR among the four groups, the data were analyzed by separate one-way ANOVAs. The correlations between ADC, R2*, and MCR and the clinical index of renal function were analyzed. RESULTS Groups B and C had significantly lower ADC values in the renal parenchyma (P = 0.048, 0.002) and significantly higher MR2* and MCR values (P < 0.000, P = 0.001, 0.001, and 0.005, respectively) than the NC group. ADC was negatively correlated with glucose, and MR2*, MCR and glucose showed a weak positive correlation. CONCLUSION DWI and BOLD may indirectly and qualitatively reflect the kidney microstructure status and hypoxia level of diabetic patients at different blood glucose levels to a certain extent, and possibly guide the clinical treatment of diabetic patients with different blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Radiology, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yue-Ming He
- Department of Radiology, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Kang MK, Kim SI, Oh SY, Na W, Kang YH. Tangeretin Ameliorates Glucose-Induced Podocyte Injury through Blocking Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Caused by Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228577. [PMID: 33202982 PMCID: PMC7697471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury inevitably results in leakage of proteins from the glomerular filter and is vital in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The underlying mechanisms of podocyte injury facilitate finding of new therapeutic targets for DN treatment and prevention. Tangeretin is an O-polymethoxylated flavone present in citrus peels with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study investigated the renoprotective effects of tangeretin on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-mediated podocyte injury and fibrosis through oxidative stress and hypoxia caused by hyperglycemia. Mouse podocytes were incubated in media containing 33 mM glucose in the absence and presence of 1–20 μM tangeretin for up to 6 days. The in vivo animal model employed db/db mice orally administrated with 10 mg/kg tangeretin for 8 weeks. Non-toxic tangeretin inhibited glucose-induced expression of the mesenchymal markers of N-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin in podocytes. However, the reduced induction of the epithelial markers of E-cadherin and P-cadherin was restored by tangeretin in diabetic podocytes. Further, tangeretin enhanced the expression of the podocyte slit diaphragm proteins of nephrin and podocin down-regulated by glucose stimulation. The transmission electron microscopic images revealed that foot process effacement and loss of podocytes occurred in diabetic mouse glomeruli. However, oral administration of 10 mg/kg tangeretin reduced urine albumin excretion and improved foot process effacement of diabetic podocytes through inhibiting loss of slit junction and adherenes junction proteins. Glucose enhanced ROS production and HIF-1α induction in podocytes, leading to induction of oxidative stress and hypoxia. Similarly, in diabetic glomeruli reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and HIF-1α induction were observed. Furthermore, hypoxia-evoking cobalt chloride induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and loss of slit diaphragm proteins and junction proteins in podocytes, which was inhibited by treating submicromolar tangeretin. Collectively, these results demonstrate that tangeretin inhibited podocyte injury and fibrosis through blocking podocyte EMT caused by glucose-induced oxidative stress and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyung Kang
- Correspondence: (M.-K.K.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2142 (Y.-H.K.)
| | | | | | | | - Young-Hee Kang
- Correspondence: (M.-K.K.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2142 (Y.-H.K.)
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Su J, Ye D, Gao C, Huang Q, Gui D. Mechanism of progression of diabetic kidney disease mediated by podocyte mitochondrial injury. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8023-35. [PMID: 32918716 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is an important diabetic microvascular complication, which has become the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) all over the world. It is of great significance to find effective therapeutic targets and improve the prognosis of the disease. Traditionally, it is believed that the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the main reason for the progression of DKD, but with the progress of research, it is known that the production of proteinuria in patients with DKD is also related to podocyte injury and loss. Many studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction in podocytes plays an important role in the occurrence and development of DKD, and oxidative stress is also the main pathway and common hub of diabetes to the occurrence and development of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Thus, the occurrence and progression of DKD is correlated with not only the activation of the RAAS, but also the damage of mitochondria, oxidative stress, and inflammatory mediators. Besides, diabetes-related metabolic disorders can also cause abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy and cellular signal transduction, which are intertwined in a complex way. Therefore, in this review, we mainly explore the mechanism and the latest research progress of podocyte mitochondria in DKD and summarize the main signal pathways involved in them. Thus, it provides feasible clinical application and future research suggestions for the prevention and treatment of DKD, which has important practical significance for the later treatment of patients with DKD.
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Heyman SN, Gorelik Y, Zorbavel D, Rosenberger C, Abassi Z, Rosen S, Khamaisi M. Near-drowning: new perspectives for human hypoxic acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:206-212. [PMID: 30768198 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concepts regarding hypoxic acute kidney injury (AKI) are derived from widely used warm ischemia-reflow (WIR) models, characterized by extensive proximal tubular injury and associated with profound inflammation. However, there is ample clinical and experimental data indicating that hypoxic AKI may develop without total cessation of renal blood flow, with a different injury pattern that principally affects medullary thick limbs in the outer medulla. This injury pattern likely reflects an imbalance between blood and oxygen supply and oxygen expenditure, principally for tubular transport. Experimental models of hypoxic AKI other than WIR are based on mismatched oxygen delivery and consumption, particularly within the physiologically hypoxic outer medulla. However, evidence for such circumstances in human AKI is lacking. Recent analysis of the clinical course and laboratory findings of patients following near-drowning (ND) provides a rare glimpse into such a scenario. This observation supports the role of renal hypoxia in the evolution of AKI, as renal impairment could be predicted by the degree of whole-body hypoxia (reflected by lactic acidosis). Furthermore, there was a close association of renal functional impairment with indices of reduced oxygen delivery (respiratory failure and features of intense sympathetic activity) and of enhanced oxygen consumption for active tubular transport (extrapolated from the calculated volume of consumed hypertonic seawater). This unique study in humans supports the concept of renal oxygenation imbalance in hypoxic AKI. The drowning scenario, particularly in seawater, may serve as an archetype of this disorder, resulting from reduced oxygen delivery, combined with intensified oxygen consumption for tubular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Heyman
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuri Gorelik
- Department of Medicine D, Rambam Health Care Campus and Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Danny Zorbavel
- Department of Medicine D, Rambam Health Care Campus and Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Seymour Rosen
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- Department of Medicine D, Rambam Health Care Campus and Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel
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Zhang Y, Tao C, Xuan C, Jiang J, Cao W. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Protection of Astragaloside IV against Diabetic Nephropathy by Modulating Inflammation. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020:9542165. [PMID: 32855769 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9542165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the leading causes of end-stage kidney disease. Recently, there is no specific drug available to block the kidney damage. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is a major active component of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge and has been demonstrated to benefit the kidney functions. This study explores the potential pharmacological action of AS-IV in DN of rats. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high-fat diet and injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. The diabetic rats were randomized and treated with vehicle or AS-IV (80 mg/kg) daily by gavage for 12 weeks as the DN or AS-IV group, respectively. The normal control rats were fed with normal chow and injected with vehicles (n = 8 per group). These rats were monitored for diabetes- and kidney function-related measures. The expression profiles of gene mRNA transcripts in the kidney tissues were analyzed by RNA-seq and quantitative RT-PCR. The levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), IL-1β, and IL-18 in the serum samples and kidney tissues were quantified by ELISA. The levels of collagen IV (COL-4) and fibronectin (FN) expression in kidney tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results In comparison with the DN group, AS-IV treatment significantly reduced blood glucose levels, food and water consumption, 24 h urine, renal index values, 24 h urine total proteins, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and creatinine clearance rates (CCR), accompanied by minimizing the DN-induced early kidney damages, fibrosis, and microstructural changes. Furthermore, AS-IV treatment significantly modulated the DN-altered gene transcription profiles in the kidney of rats, particularly for inflammation-related genes, including the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling, which was validated by quantitative RT-PCR. AS-IV treatment significantly decreased the levels of serum and kidney AGEs, IL-1β, and IL-18 expression and fibrosis indexes in the kidney of rats. Conclusion AS-IV treatment ameliorated the severity of DN by inhibiting inflammation-related gene expression in the kidney of rats.
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Bai C, Nie N, Li Y, Zhang C, Xu M, Li Z. Long noncoding RNA Mirt2 prohibits lipopolysaccharide-evoked HK-2 cell injury via modulation of microRNA-126. Biofactors 2020; 46:465-474. [PMID: 31889348 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript 2 (lncRNA Mirt2) is a burgeoning lncRNA, its anti-inflammatory capacity has been testified. Nonetheless, the functions of Mirt2 in immunoglobulin A nephropathy are unexplored. We tried to impart the influences of Mirt2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked HK-2 cells damage. HK-2 cells were manipulated with 10 ng/ml LPS, next cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, pro-inflammatory factors and Mirt2 expression were evaluated. After pc-Mirt2 vector transfection, the aforementioned trials were performed. Meanwhile, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiment was used to detect miR-126 expression. Subsequently, functions of miR-126 in LPS-treated HK-2 cells were further delved after transfection with miR-126 mimic. Western blot was used to evaluate NF-κB pathway. The data showed that LPS invoked HK-2 cells inflammatory damage via the suppression of cell viability and the acceleration of apoptosis, ROS level, and IL-1β and IL-6 secretion. LPS inhibited Mirt2 expression and overexpression of Mirt2 mitigated LPS-caused inflammatory damage in HK-2 cells. Additionally, overexpression of Mirt2 repressed miR-126 expression in LPS-stimulated cells. Meanwhile the anti-inflammatory effect of Mirt2 was inverted by upregulating miR-126 expression. Besides, overexpressed Mirt2 retarded LPS-activated NF-κB pathway via repressing miR-126. The research certified the anti-inflammatory impacts of Mirt2 on LPS-impaired HK-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nana Nie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yushan Li
- Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zipu Li
- Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Hesp AC, Schaub JA, Prasad PV, Vallon V, Laverman GD, Bjornstad P, van Raalte DH. The role of renal hypoxia in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease: a promising target for newer renoprotective agents including SGLT2 inhibitors? Kidney Int 2020; 98:579-589. [PMID: 32739206 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease and poses a major global health problem. Finding new, safe, and effective strategies to halt this disease has proven to be challenging. In part that is because the underlying mechanisms are complex and not fully understood. However, in recent years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that chronic hypoxia may be the primary pathophysiological pathway driving diabetic kidney disease and chronic kidney disease of other etiologies and was called the chronic hypoxia hypothesis. Hypoxia is the result of a mismatch between oxygen delivery and oxygen demand. The primary determinant of oxygen delivery is renal perfusion (blood flow per tissue mass), whereas the main driver of oxygen demand is active sodium reabsorption. Diabetes mellitus is thought to compromise the oxygen balance by impairing oxygen delivery owing to hyperglycemia-associated microvascular damage and exacerbate oxygen demand owing to increased sodium reabsorption as a result of sodium-glucose cotransporter upregulation and glomerular hyperfiltration. The resultant hypoxic injury creates a vicious cycle of capillary damage, inflammation, deposition of the extracellular matrix, and, ultimately, fibrosis and nephron loss. This review will frame the role of chronic hypoxia in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease and its prospect as a promising therapeutic target. We will outline the cellular mechanisms of hypoxia and evidence for renal hypoxia in animal and human studies. In addition, we will highlight the promise of newer imaging modalities including blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging and discuss salutary interventions such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition that (may) protect the kidney through amelioration of renal hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Hesp
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jennifer A Schaub
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pottumarthi V Prasad
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA; Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Volker Vallon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gozewijn D Laverman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - Petter Bjornstad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Guo Q, He J, Zhang H, Yao L, Li H. Oleanolic acid alleviates oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease by regulating stanniocalcin‐1 and uncoupling protein‐2 signalling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1263-1271. [PMID: 32100892 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Department of Neurology Xidian Group Hospital Xi’an China
| | - Jianbo He
- Department of Neurology Xidian Group Hospital Xi’an China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Neurology Xidian Group Hospital Xi’an China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Neurology Xidian Group Hospital Xi’an China
| | - Huiqi Li
- Department of Neurology Xidian Group Hospital Xi’an China
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25
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Lehtonen S. SHIPping out diabetes-Metformin, an old friend among new SHIP2 inhibitors. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13349. [PMID: 31342643 PMCID: PMC6916339 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SHIP2 (Src homology 2 domain‐containing inositol 5′‐phosphatase 2) belongs to the family of 5′‐phosphatases. It regulates the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)‐mediated insulin signalling cascade by dephosphorylating the 5′‐position of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 to generate PtdIns(3,4)P2, suppressing the activity of the pathway. SHIP2 mouse models and genetic studies in human propose that increased expression or activity of SHIP2 contributes to the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. This has raised great interest to identify SHIP2 inhibitors that could be used to design new treatments for metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the central mechanisms associated with the development of diabetic kidney disease, including the role of insulin resistance, and then moves on to describe the function of SHIP2 as a regulator of metabolism in mouse models. Finally, the identification of SHIP2 inhibitors and their effects on metabolic processes in vitro and in vivo are outlined. One of the newly identified SHIP2 inhibitors is metformin, the first‐line medication prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes, further boosting the attraction of SHIP2 as a treatment target to ameliorate metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lehtonen
- Department of Pathology and Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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26
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Zhang XM, Deng H, Tong JD, Wang YZ, Ning XC, Yang XH, Zhou FQ, Jin HM. Pyruvate-Enriched Oral Rehydration Solution Improves Glucometabolic Disorders in the Kidneys of Diabetic db/db Mice. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:2817972. [PMID: 33062708 PMCID: PMC7533008 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2817972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is prevalent worldwide, but ideally intensive therapeutic strategy in clinical diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN) is still lack. Pyruvate is protective from glucometabolic disturbances and kidney dysfunction in various pathogenic insults. Present studies focused on oral pyruvate effects on diabetes status and DN with 0.35% pyruvate in pyruvate-enriched oral rehydration solution (Pyr-ORS) and 1% pyruvate as drinking water for 8 weeks, using the model of diabetic db/db mice. Both Pyr-ORS and 1% pyruvate showed comparable therapeutic effectiveness with controls of body weight and blood sugar, increases of blood insulin levels, and improvement of renal function and pathological changes. Aberrant key enzyme activities in glucometabolic pathways, AR, PK, and PDK/PDH, were also restored; indexes of oxidative stress and inflammation, NAD+/NADH ratio, and AGEs in the kidneys were mostly significantly preserved after pyruvate treatments. We concluded that oral pyruvate delayed DN progression in db/db mice and the modified Pyr-ORS formula might be an ideal novel therapeutic drink in clinical prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Dong Tong
- Division of Vascular surgery, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhen Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Chao Ning
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiu Hong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Qiang Zhou
- Shanghai Sandai Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Min Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
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Edwards A, Palm F, Layton AT. A model of mitochondrial O 2 consumption and ATP generation in rat proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F248-F259. [PMID: 31790302 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00330.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen tension in the kidney is mostly determined by O2 consumption (Qo2), which is, in turn, closely linked to tubular Na+ reabsorption. The objective of the present study was to develop a model of mitochondrial function in the proximal tubule (PT) cells of the rat renal cortex to gain more insight into the coupling between Qo2, ATP formation (GATP), ATP hydrolysis (QATP), and Na+ transport in the PT. The present model correctly predicts in vitro and in vivo measurements of Qo2, GATP, and ATP and Pi concentrations in PT cells. Our simulations suggest that O2 levels are not rate limiting in the proximal convoluted tubule, absent large metabolic perturbations. The model predicts that the rate of ATP hydrolysis and cytoplasmic pH each substantially regulate the GATP-to-Qo2 ratio, a key determinant of the number of Na+ moles actively reabsorbed per mole of O2 consumed. An isolated increase in QATP or in cytoplasmic pH raises the GATP-to-Qo2 ratio. Thus, variations in Na+ reabsorption and pH along the PT may, per se, generate axial heterogeneities in the efficiency of mitochondrial metabolism and Na+ transport. Our results also indicate that the GATP-to-Qo2 ratio is strongly impacted not only by H+ leak permeability, which reflects mitochondrial uncoupling, but also by K+ leak pathways. Simulations suggest that the negative impact of increased uncoupling in the diabetic kidney on mitochondrial metabolic efficiency is partly counterbalanced by increased rates of Na+ transport and ATP consumption. This model provides a framework to investigate the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in acute and chronic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita T Layton
- Departments of Mathematics, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Departments of Applied Mathematics and Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Feng YZ, Ye YJ, Cheng ZY, Hu JJ, Zhang CB, Qian L, Lu XH, Cai XR. Non-invasive assessment of early stage diabetic nephropathy by DTI and BOLD MRI. Br J Radiol 2019; 93:20190562. [PMID: 31603347 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy (DN) and healthy donor were analyzed to test whether the early DN patients can be detected using both blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) and diffusion tensor imaging. METHODS This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital. MR images were acquired on a 3.0-Tesla MR system (Discovery MR750, General Electric, Milwaukee, WI). 30 diabetic patients were divided into NAU (normal to mildly increased albuminuria, N = 15) and MAU (moderately increased albuminuria, N = 15) group based on the absence or presence of microalbuminuria. 15 controls with sex- and age-matched were enrolled in the study. Prior to MRI scan, all participants were instructed to collect their fresh morning urine samples for quantitative measurement of urinary microalbumin and urinary creatinine. Then, the estimations of serum creatinine, serum uric acid, HbAlc and fasting plasma glucose as well as fundus examinations were performed in all subjects. Then, the values of albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate were also calculated. All subjects underwent renal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and BOLD acquisition after fasting for 4 h. Regions of interest were placed in renal medulla and cortex for evaluating apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA) and R2* values by two experienced radiologists. The consistency between the two observations was estimated using intragroup correlation coefficients. To test differences in ADC, FA and R2* values across the three groups, the data were analyzed using separate one-way ANOVAs. Post-hoc pair wise comparisons were then performed using t-test. To investigate the clinical relevance of imaging parameters in both regions across the three groups, the correlations of values of the ACR/estimated glomerular filtration rate and of the ADC/FA/R2* were calculated. RESULTS There was a high level of consistency of those ADC, FA and R2* values across the three groups on both renal cortex and medulla measured by the two doctors. The FA value of medulla in MAU group was lower than that in control (p < 0.01). The R2* value of medulla in the NAU group was higher than that in the control (p < 0.01), and the R2* value of medulla in the MAU group was lower than that in the control (p = 0.009) . Moreover, the current study revealed a decreasing trend in FA values of the renal medulla from the control group to NAU and MAU groups. Finally, a weak negatively correlation between medullary R2* and ACR was found in current study. CONCLUSION Medullary R2* value might be a new more sensitive predictor of early DN. Meanwhile, BOLD imaging detected the medullary hypoxia at the simply diabetic stage, while DTI didn't identify the medullary directional diffusion changes at this stage. Based on our assumption mentioned above, it's presumable that BOLD imaging may be more sensitive for assessment of the early renal function changes than DTI. These imaging techniques are more accurate and practical than conventional tests. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Non-invasive MRI was used to detect renal function changes at early DN stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Zhen Feng
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao-Jiang Ye
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Cheng
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Jiao Hu
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuang-Biao Zhang
- Endocrinology department, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Xiao-Hua Lu
- Endocrinology department, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang-Ran Cai
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Rempel LCT, Faustino VD, Foresto-Neto O, Fanelli C, Arias SCA, Moreira GCDS, Nascimento TF, Ávila VF, Malheiros DMAC, Câmara NOS, Fujihara CK, Zatz R. Chronic exposure to hypoxia attenuates renal injury and innate immunity activation in the remnant kidney model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1285-F1292. [PMID: 31461352 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00367.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is thought to influence the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease, but direct evidence that prolonged exposure to tissue hypoxia initiates or aggravates chronic kidney disease is lacking. We tested this hypothesis by chronically exposing normal rats and rats with 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) to hypoxia. In addition, we investigated whether such effect of hypoxia would involve activation of innate immunity. Adult male Munich-Wistar rats underwent Nx (n = 54) or sham surgery (sham; n = 52). Twenty-six sham rats and 26 Nx rats remained in normoxia, whereas 26 sham rats and 28 Nx rats were kept in a normobaric hypoxia chamber (12% O2) for 8 wk. Hypoxia was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for pimonidazole. Hypoxia was confined to the medullary area in sham + normoxia rats and spread to the cortical area in sham + hypoxia rats, without changing the peritubular capillary density. Exposure to hypoxia promoted no renal injury or elevation of the content of IL-1β or Toll-like receptor 4 in sham rats. In Nx, hypoxia also extended to the cortical area without ameliorating the peritubular capillary rarefaction but, unexpectedly, attenuated hypertension, inflammation, innate immunity activation, renal injury, and oxidative stress. The present study, in disagreement with current concepts, shows evidence that hypoxia exerts a renoprotective effect in the Nx model instead of acting as a factor of renal injury. The mechanisms for this unexpected beneficial effect are unclear and may involve NF-κB inhibition, amelioration of oxidative stress, and limitation of angiotensin II production by the renal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisienny Campoli Tono Rempel
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Dias Faustino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilla Fanelli
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Costa Alarcon Arias
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thalita Fabiana Nascimento
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Ferreira Ávila
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice Kazue Fujihara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wei PZ, Kwan BCH, Chow KM, Cheng PMS, Luk CCW, Li PKT, Szeto CC. Urinary mitochondrial DNA level is an indicator of intra-renal mitochondrial depletion and renal scarring in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:784-788. [PMID: 29301017 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We study the relation between urinary and intra-renal mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) levels and renal dysfunction in DN. Methods We recruited 92 patients with biopsy-proven DN. Urinary sediment, urinary supernatant and intra-renal mtDNA levels were measured and compared with baseline renal biopsy, kidney scarring and renal function decline in the subsequent 24 months. Results mtDNA could be detected in all urine supernatant, urine sediment and renal biopsy specimens. There was a modest but statistically significant inverse correlation between urinary supernatant and intra-renal mtDNA levels (r = -0.453, P = 0.012). Urinary supernatant mtDNA level had modest but statistically significant correlations, inversely with estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.214, P = 0.04), and positively with interstitial fibrosis (r = 0.300, P = 0.005). Intra-renal mtDNA had significant inverse correlation with interstitial fibrosis (r = -0.537, P = 0.003). However, there was no significant relation between renal function decline and urinary supernatant, urinary sediment or intra-renal mtDNA levels. Conclusions mtDNA is readily detectable in urinary supernatant and kidney tissue, and their levels correlate with renal function and scarring in DN. Further studies are needed to determine the accuracy of urinary supernatant mtDNA level as a prognostic indicator of DN, as well as its role in other kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Zhongping Wei
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bonnie Ching-Ha Kwan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Ming Chow
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Phyllis Mei-Shan Cheng
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cathy Choi-Wan Luk
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Philip Kam-Tao Li
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheuk Chun Szeto
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Gong X, Duan Y, Zheng J, Ye Z, Hei TK. Tetramethylpyrazine Prevents Contrast-Induced Nephropathy via Modulating Tubular Cell Mitophagy and Suppressing Mitochondrial Fragmentation, CCL2/CCR2-Mediated Inflammation, and Intestinal Injury. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019; 2019:7096912. [PMID: 31223426 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7096912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI), but detailed pathogenesis and effectual remedy remain elusive. Here, we tested the hypothesis that contrast media (CM) impaired mitochondrial quality control (MQC) in tubules, including mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy, induced systemic inflammation, and intestinal injury. Since we previously demonstrated that the natural antioxidant 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) can be a protectant against CIN, we moreover investigated the involved renoprotective mechanisms of TMP. In a well-established CIN rat model, renal functions, urinary AKI biomarkers, and renal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured. Mitochondrial damage and mitophagy were detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and western blot. The abundance of Drp1 and Mfn2 by western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate mitochondrial fragmentation. TUNEL staining, TEM, and the abundance of cleaved-caspase 3 and procaspase 9 were used to assay apoptosis. We demonstrated that increased mitophagy, mitochondrial fragmentation, ROS generation, autophagy, and apoptosis occurred in renal tubular cells. These phenomena were accompanied by renal dysfunction and an increased excretion of urinary AKI biomarkers. Meanwhile, CM exposure resulted in concurrent small intestinal injury and villous capillary endothelial apoptosis. The abundance of the inflammatory cytokines CCL2 and CCR2 markedly increased in the renal tubules of CIN rats, accompanied by increased concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in the kidneys and the serum. Interestingly, TMP efficiently prevented CM-induced kidney injury in vivo by reversing these pathological processes. Mechanistically, TMP inhibited the CM-induced activation of the CCL2/CCR2 pathway, ameliorated renal oxidative stress and aberrant mitochondrial dynamics, and modulated mitophagy in tubular cells. In summary, this study demonstrated novel pathological mechanisms of CIN, that is, impairing MQC, inducing CCL2/CCR2-mediated inflammation and small intestinal injury, and provided novel renoprotective mechanisms of TMP; thus, TMP may be a promising therapeutic agent for CIN.
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Bastek H, Zubel T, Stemmer K, Mangerich A, Beneke S, Dietrich DR. Comparison of Aristolochic acid I derived DNA adduct levels in human renal toxicity models. Toxicology 2019; 420:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Fu Y, Wang C, Zhang D, Chu X, Zhang Y, Li J. miR-15b-5p ameliorated high glucose-induced podocyte injury through repressing apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses by targeting Sema3A. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20869-20878. [PMID: 31025335 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte damage is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs play important roles in the DN pathogenesis. This study aimed to explore the possible roles and underlying mechanisms of miR-15b-5p on high glucose (HG)-triggered podocyte injury. We observed that miR-15b-5p declined dramatically in a time-dependent manner in podocytes exposed to HG. In addition, miR-15b-5p restored cell proliferation in HG-induced podocytes. Meanwhile, forced expression of miR-15b-5p apparently restrained HG-triggered apoptosis of podocytes, concomitant with downregulated in the proapoptotic protein markers Bax and cleavage caspase-3, and upregulated the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Simultaneously, introduction of miR-15b-5p repressed HG-induced oxidative stress damage in HG-treated podocytes, as evidenced by reduced MDA content, NOX4 expression, and enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Moreover, enforced expression of miR-15b-5p remarkably restrained the HG-stimulated inflammatory response, as reflected by attenuated the level of the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. More important, we also identified Sema3A as a direct target of miR-15b-5p. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot subsequently confirmed that miR-15b-5p negatively modulated the level of Sema3A. Mechanically, overexpression of Sema3A impeded the beneficial effects of miR-15b-5p on HG-mediated apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. Altogether, these findings manifested that miR-15b-5p protectively antagonized HG-triggered podocyte damage through relieving HG-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory process in podocytes by targeting Sema3A, suggesting that miR-15b-5p might be a new therapeutic agent to improve management of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Chongxian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
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Hwang I, Uddin MJ, Lee G, Jiang S, Pak ES, Ha H. Peroxiredoxin 3 deficiency accelerates chronic kidney injury in mice through interactions between macrophages and tubular epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:162-172. [PMID: 30529270 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become epidemic worldwide. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress is an important mediator of CKD, and Prx3 plays a critical role in maintenance of mitochondrial ROS. The present study examined the role of Prx3 in the context of fibrosis, a common feature of CKD, using Prx3 KO mice under obstructive and diabetic stress. Prx3 deficiency accelerated fibrosis and inflammation accompanied by mitochondrial oxidative stress in obstructed and diabetic kidneys as well as in proximal tubular epithelial (mProx) cells. In addition, Prx3 deficiency induced Raw264.7 macrophages activation, leading to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Conditioned media from LPS-stimulated Prx3 deficient macrophages accelerated proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines in mProx cells. Interestingly, Prx3 deficiency induced most inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines at basal condition in both tissues and cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Prx3 deficiency can accelerate CKD through interactions between macrophages and tubular epithelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/metabolism
- Cell Communication
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules/pathology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Primary Cell Culture
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/chemically induced
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Streptozocin
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Affiliation(s)
- Inah Hwang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Songling Jiang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Pak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Guo C, Li Y, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Yao J, Sun J, Dong J, Liao L. Protective Effect of Salidroside Against Diabetic Kidney Disease Through Inhibiting BIM-Mediated Apoptosis of Proximal Renal Tubular Cells in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1433. [PMID: 30564128 PMCID: PMC6289038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidences indicate that the apoptosis of proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) play a vital role in the progression of the diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of salidroside (SAL) in DKD and its underlying mechanism in anti-apoptosis of PTECs. Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: sham-operated, uninephrectomy (unx), diabetes with uninephrectomy (DKD) and DKD treated with SAL (DKD + SAL). SAL (70 mg/kg) was gavage administered for 8 weeks. 24-h albuminuria and serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal histological changes were examined. The silico analysis was used to identify the main therapeutic targets and pathways of SAL involved in DKD treatment. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining in vivo and in vitro, respectively. The expression of BIM, BAX, and cleaved caspase-3 were evaluated by western blot and immunostaining. Results: Treatment with SAL significantly attenuated diabetic kidney injury via inhibiting 24-h albuminuria, SCr, BUN, glomerular mesangial dilatation and tubular injury in DKD rats. The silico analysis identified the intrinsic apoptotic pathway as an important pathway responsible for the nephroprotective properties of SAL. Our data validated that SAL effectively inhibited the apoptosis of PTECs induced by high-glucose (HG), both in vitro and in vivo. Silence of BIM by shRNA in HK-2 cells prevented HG-induced apoptosis. The up-regulated BIM and its downstream targets (BAX and cleaved caspase-3) were also inhibited by SAL. Conclusion: In summary, SAL significantly relieved DKD. And the possible mechanisms might be partially attributed to inhibiting apoptosis of proximal renal tubular cells. The apoptotic protein BIM could be an important target of SAL in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Guo
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of General Health Care II, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junyu Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Sun
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Xu W, Wang L, Li J, Cai Y, Xue Y. TXNIP mediated the oxidative stress response in glomerular mesangial cells partially through AMPK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:785-792. [PMID: 30142540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) plays an important role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. In the present study, we investigated role of TXNIP on oxidative stress in glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) cultured in high glucose or normal glucose, and explored the potential mechanism related to TXNIP as well. METHODS Oxidative stress in GMCs under high or normal glucose was detected. TXNIP knockdown by specific siRNA or over expression by pcDNA3.0-TXNIP vector was performed to evaluate the role of TXNIP on injury of GMCs caused by oxidative stress. Activator of AMPK AICAR and AMPK inhibitor Compound C were treated the GMCs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and superoxide dismutase (CAT) were measured by ELISA. Activity of thioredoxin (Trx) was determined using Trx activity assay kit. mRNA expression of AMPK, TXNIP, Trx1 and Trx2 were tested by qRT-PCR. Expressions of P-AMPK, TXNIP and fibronectin proteins were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS High glucose induced the increase of ROS level, activation of TXNIP, but restricted mitochondrial membrane potential and activities of p-AMPK, SOD and CAT, and Trx. TXNIP siRNA and AICAR inhibited high glucose-induced oxidative stress response in GMCs and fibronectin expression, but promoted cell viability. In contrast, pcDNA3.0-TXNIP and Compound C increased oxidative stress response in normal glucose cultured GMCs, but decreased cell viability. The combined effect of TXNIP siRNA and AICAR on the inhibition of oxidative stress was obviously stronger than that of single use of TXNIP siRNA. CONCLUSION TXNIP facilitates the oxidative stress response in GMCs partially through AMPK pathway, which may provide potential therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Jimin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
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Sun J, Lv J, Zhang W, Li L, Lv J, Geng Y, Yin A. Combination with miR-124a improves the protective action of BMSCs in rescuing injured rat podocytes from abnormal apoptosis and autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7166-7176. [PMID: 29904949 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This in vitro study was performed to identify the role of miR-124a in bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) therapy for H2 O2 -induced rat podocyte injury, and determine whether combination treatment with miR-124a could improve the protective effect of BMSCs. Cell viability of podocytes was detected by CCK-8 assay. Detection of ROS level, apoptotic rate, and autophagy rate was carried out using flow cytometry assays. Oxidative stress parameters were analyzed using the ELISA assays. MiR-124a and mRNA levels were determined using real-time PCR. Protein expression was detected using Western blotting. Our study revealed a pivotal role of miR-124a in the protective action of BMSCs on podocyte injury driven by oxidative stress. BMSCs could rescue injured podocytes from aberrant apoptosis and autophagy by regulating cleaved caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, LC3-II/I, and p62. Suppression of the PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is likely one of the main mechanisms underlying the protective action of BMSCs transfected with miR-124a. Our study revealed that miR-124a further improves the protective effect of BMSCs in injured podocytes. Thus, the combination of BMSCs and microRNAs could be a beneficial treatment for renal diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingzhou Geng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aiping Yin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Granda ML, Amarapurkar P, Fornoni A. Probing insulin sensitivity in diabetic kidney disease: is there a stronger role for functional imaging? Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1085-95. [PMID: 29871909 DOI: 10.1042/CS20171490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence support a cause-effect relationship between altered insulin signaling and development of kidney disease of metabolic and non-metabolic origin. However, the current criteria to measure and/or estimate the insulin resistance (IR) are available as research tool but are very difficult to implement in the clinical practice. Therefore, a better understanding of the key players contributing to IR may lead to the development of new non-invasive tools to assess organ-specific insulin sensitivity (IS). We will therefore first introduce the concept that IR and kidney disease may be causally linked as suggested by clinical and experimental studies. We will then, expand on the potential mechanisms leading to altered renal insulin signaling. After reviewing the limitation of currently available strategies to determine IR, this review article will focus on imaging techniques that could be utilized to determine renal IR and that could be tested to predict kidney disease development and progression.
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Wei PZ, Kwan BCH, Chow KM, Cheng PMS, Luk CCW, Lai KB, Li PKT, Szeto CC. Urinary mitochondrial DNA level in non-diabetic chronic kidney diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 484:36-39. [PMID: 29778542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We study the relation between urinary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels and renal dysfunction in non-diabetic CKD. METHODS We recruited 32 CKD patients (20 had hypertensive nephrosclerosis, 12 had IgA nephropathy). Urinary supernatant mtDNA level was measured and compared to baseline clinical and pathological parameters. The patients were followed 57.8 ± 30.5 months for renal function decline. RESULTS The average urinary supernatant mtDNA level was 222.0 ± 210.3 copy/μL. There was a modest but significant correlation between urinary mtDNA level and proteinuria (Spearman's r = 0.387, p = 0.035), but not any other baseline clinical or pathological parameter. Urinary mtDNA level had a significant inverse correlation with the slope of GFR decline (r = -0.402, p = 0.023). Urinary mtDNA level is a predictor of renal survival even after adjusting for baseline proteinuria with multivariate Cox analysis. In this model, every increase in urinary mtDNA by 100 copy/μL confers a 25.0% increase in risk of doubling of serum creatinine or need of dialysis (95%CI, 0.7% to 55.1%). CONCLUSION Mitochondrial DNA is readily detectable in the urinary supernatant of non-diabetic CKD, and its level correlates with the rate of renal function decline and predicts the risk of doubling of serum creatinine or need of dialysis. Further studies are needed to determine the value of urinary supernatant mtDNA level as a prognostic indicator of non-diabetic CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Zhongping Wei
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Bonnie Ching-Ha Kwan
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kai Ming Chow
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Phyllis Mei-Shan Cheng
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Cathy Choi-Wan Luk
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ka-Bik Lai
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Philip Kam-To Li
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Cheuk Chun Szeto
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Sivertsson E, Friederich-Persson M, Öberg CM, Fasching A, Hansell P, Rippe B, Palm F. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin decreases intrarenal oxygen availability and alters glomerular permeability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F864-F872. [PMID: 28971989 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00033.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased kidney oxygen consumption causing tissue hypoxia has been suggested to be a common pathway toward chronic kidney disease. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cell proliferation and mitochondrial function. mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin) are used clinically to prevent graft rejection. mTOR has been identified as a key player in diabetes, which has stimulated the use of mTOR inhibitors to counter diabetic nephropathy. However, the effect of mTOR inhibition on kidney oxygen consumption is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of mTOR inhibition on in vivo kidney function, oxygen homeostasis, and glomerular permeability. Control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were chronically treated with rapamycin, and the functional consequences were studied 14 days thereafter. In both groups, mTOR inhibition induced mitochondrial uncoupling, resulting in increased total kidney oxygen consumption and decreased intrarenal oxygen availability. Concomitantly, mTOR inhibition induced tubular injury, as estimated from urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and reduced urinary protein excretion. The latter corresponded to reduced sieving coefficient for large molecules. In conclusion, mTOR inhibition induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to decreased oxygen availability in normal and diabetic kidneys, which translates into increased KIM-1 in the urine. Reduced proteinuria after mTOR inhibition is an effect of reduced glomerular permeability for large molecules. Since hypoxia has been suggested as a common pathway in the development of chronic kidney disease, mTOR inhibition to patients with preexisting nephropathy should be used with caution, since it may accelerate the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Sivertsson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Malou Friederich-Persson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Carl M Öberg
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Angelica Fasching
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Peter Hansell
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Bengt Rippe
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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Hu Q, Li J, Nitta K, Kitada M, Nagai T, Kanasaki K, Koya D. FGFR1 is essential for N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by upregulating microRNA let-7b-5p. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:2214-2220. [PMID: 29269295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1 plays a key role in endothelial homeostasis by inducing microRNA (miR) let-7. Our previous paper showed that anti-fibrotic effects of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) were associated with restoring diabetes-suppressed expression of FGFR1 and miR let-7, the key contributor of mitochondrial biogenesis, which is regulated by mitochondrial membrane GTPase proteins (MFN2 and OPA1). Here, we found that the FGFR1 signaling pathway was critical for AcSDKP in maintaining endothelial mitochondrial biogenesis through induction of miR let-7b-5p. In endothelial cells, AcSDKP restored the triple cytokines (TGF-β2, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α)-suppressed miR let-7b-5p and protein levels of the mitochondrial membrane GTPase. This effect of AcSDKP was lost with either fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) siRNA or neutralizing FGFR1-treated cells. Similarly, AcSDKP had no effect on the miR let-7b-5p inhibitor-suppressed GTPase levels in endothelial cells. In addition, a miR let-7b-5p mimic restored the levels of FRS2 siRNA-reduced GTPases in endothelial cells. These findings were also confirmed using MitoTracker Green and an immunofluorescence assay. Our results demonstrated that the AcSDKP-FGFR1 signaling pathway is critical for maintaining mitochondrial dynamics by control of miR let-7b-5p in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongying Hu
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kyoko Nitta
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Munehiro Kitada
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takako Nagai
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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