1
|
Davoudnia B, Dadkhodaie A, Moghadam A, Heidari B, Yassaie M. Transcriptome analysis in Aegilops tauschii unravels further insights into genetic control of stripe rust resistance. Planta 2024; 259:70. [PMID: 38345645 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The Aegilops tauschii resistant accession prevented the pathogen colonization by controlling the sugar flow and triggering the hypersensitive reaction. This study suggested that NBS-LRRs probably induce resistance through bHLH by controlling JA- and SA-dependent pathways. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is one of wheat's most destructive fungal diseases that causes a severe yield reduction worldwide. The most effective and economically-friendly strategy to manage this disease is genetic resistance which can be achieved through deploying new and effective resistance genes. Aegilops tauschii, due to its small genome and co-evolution with Pst, can provide detailed information about underlying resistance mechanisms. Hence, we used RNA-sequencing approach to identify the transcriptome variations of two contrasting resistant and susceptible Ae. tauschii accessions in interaction with Pst and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for resistance to stripe rust. Gene ontology, pathway analysis, and search for functional domains, transcription regulators, resistance genes, and protein-protein interactions were used to interpret the results. The genes encoding NBS-LRR, CC-NBS-kinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-, basic-leucine zipper (bZIP)-, APETALA2 (AP2)-, auxin response factor (ARF)-, GATA-, and LSD-like transcription factors were up-regulated exclusively in the resistant accession. The key genes involved in response to salicylic acid, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and hypersensitive response contributed to plant defense against stripe rust. The activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways under Pst infection in the susceptible accession explained the colonization of the host. Overall, this study can fill the gaps in the literature on host-pathogen interaction and enrich the Ae. tauschii transcriptome sequence information. It also suggests candidate genes that could guide future breeding programs attempting to develop rust-resistant cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Davoudnia
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Ali Dadkhodaie
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran.
| | - Ali Moghadam
- Institute of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahram Heidari
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yassaie
- Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zang X, Liu J, Zhao J, Liu J, Ren J, Li L, Li X, Yang D. Uncovering mechanisms governing stem growth in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with varying plant heights through integrated transcriptome and metabolomics analyses. J Plant Physiol 2023; 287:154052. [PMID: 37454530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for stem growth in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars with varying plant heights remain unclear, despite the significant impact of plant height on peanut yield. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of peanut stem growth using phenotypic, physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. The findings revealed that the tallest cultivar, HY33, exhibited the highest rate of stem growth and accumulated the most stem dry matter, followed by the intermediate cultivar, SH108, while the dwarf cultivar, Df216, displayed the lowest values. Furthermore, SH108 exhibited a higher harvest index, as well as superior pod and kernel yields compared to both HY33 and Df216. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) associated with phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Notably, downregulated DEGs in Df216/HY33 and Df216/SH108 included phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (COMT), and ferulate-5-hydroxylase (F5H), while downregulated DEMs included p-coumaryl alcohol, chlorogenic acid, and L-epicatechin. Compared to HY33, the reduced activities of PAL, COMT, and F5H resulted in a decreased stem lignin content in Df216. Additionally, downregulated DEGs involved in gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis were identified in Df216/HY33, which contributed to the lowest levels of GA1, GA3, and BR contents in Df216. The results suggest that the dwarf phenotype arises from impaired GA and BR biosynthesis and signaling, resulting in a slower stem growth rate and reduced lignin accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Zang
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Industrial Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Jihao Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jinfeng Ren
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Liuyin Li
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Dongqing Yang
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shah S, Rastogi S, Vashisth D, Rout PK, Lal RK, Lavania UC, Shasany AK. Altered Developmental and Metabolic Gene Expression in Basil Interspecific Hybrids. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:1873. [PMID: 35890507 PMCID: PMC9321874 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To understand the altered developmental changes and associated gene expression in inter-genomic combinations, a study was planned in two diverse yet closely related species of Ocimum, targeting their hybrid F1 and amphidiploids. The existing developmental variations between F1 and amphidiploids was analyzed through phenotypical and anatomical assessments. The absence of 8330 transcripts of F1 in amphidiploids and the exclusive presence of two transcripts related to WNK lysine-deficient protein kinase and geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit beta 1-like proteins in amphidiploids provided a set of genes to compare the suppressed and activated functions between F1 and amphidiploids. The estimation of eugenol and methyleugenol, flavonoid, lignin and chlorophyll content was correlated with the average FPKM and differential gene expression values and further validated through qRT-PCR. Differentially expressed genes of stomatal patterning and development explained the higher density of stomata in F1 and the larger size of stomata in amphidiploids. Gene expression study of several transcription factors putatively involved in the growth and developmental processes of plants clearly amalgamates the transcriptome data linking the phenotypic differences in F1 and amphidiploids. This investigation describes the influence of interspecific hybridization on genes and transcription factors leading to developmental changes and alleviation of intergenomic instability in amphidiploids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Shah
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India; (S.S.); (S.R.); (D.V.)
| | - Shubhra Rastogi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India; (S.S.); (S.R.); (D.V.)
| | - Divya Vashisth
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India; (S.S.); (S.R.); (D.V.)
| | - Prashant Kumar Rout
- Department of Phytochemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India;
| | - Raj Kishori Lal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India; (R.K.L.); (U.C.L.)
| | - Umesh Chandra Lavania
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India; (R.K.L.); (U.C.L.)
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India; (S.S.); (S.R.); (D.V.)
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology (NIPB), Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borges Naito FY, Widana Gamage SMK, Mitter N, Dietzgen RG. Temporal expression of defence and susceptibility genes and tospovirus accumulation in capsicum chlorosis virus-infected capsicum. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1061-1074. [PMID: 35246732 PMCID: PMC8964570 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Yolo Wonder (YW) and Warlock (W), two capsicum cultivars that are susceptible to capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV), were compared in terms of symptom development, tospovirus accumulation, and host gene expression during the first 12 days post infection (dpi). Temporal expression of selected early CaCV-response genes was used to gain insights into plant-virus interactions and to identify potential targets for CaCV control. Symptoms developed faster in YW during the first seven days of infection, while systemic symptoms were similar in both cultivars at 10 and 12 dpi. CaCV accumulation was higher in YW at 7 dpi despite a lower titre at 3 dpi. At 12 dpi, virus accumulation was similar for both cultivars. Symptom development appears to be correlated to virus accumulation over time for both cultivars. Chalcone synthase (CHS), cytochrome P450 (CYP), and tetraspanin 8-like (TSP8) genes followed a similar expression pattern over time in both cultivars. The thionin gene showed increased expression in CaCV-infected plants at 12 dpi. The WRKY40 gene showed significant differential expression at all time points in YW, but only at 12 dpi in W. The strongest correlation of temporal gene expression and virus titre was seen for CYP, TSP8, thionin, and WRKY40. CHS and CYP may be involved in symptom development, and TSP8 may be involved in virus movement. CHS, CYP, and TSP8 may be good targets for future overexpression or silencing studies to clarify their functions during virus infection and, potentially, for control of CaCV in capsicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Yuri Borges Naito
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ralf Georg Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Horticultural Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gębarowski T, Jęśkowiak I, Janeczek M, Żuk M, Dobosz A, Wiatrak B. The Technological Process of Obtaining New Linen Dressings Did Not Cause the Loss of Their Wound-Healing Properties. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14247736. [PMID: 34947330 PMCID: PMC8707772 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linen dressings were invented a few years ago but are still being worked on. METHODS The obtained fabrics from the traditional variety of flax (Nike), two transgenic types of flax (M50 and B14) and the combination of these two flax fibers (M50 + B14) were tested in direct contact in cell cultures. Cell viability tests were performed, and the proliferation potential of cells on Balb3T3 and NHEK cell lines was checked using the Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) test. Moreover, the effect of new linen fabrics on apoptosis of THP-1 cells, as well as on the cell cycle of NHEK, HMCEV and THP-1, cells after 24 h of incubation was assessed. RESULTS All tested linen fabrics did not raise the number of necrotic cells. The tested fabrics caused a statistically significant decrease in the total protein content in skin cancer (except for 0.5 cm of Nike-type fabrics). The smallest cells in the apoptotic phase were in cultures treated with M50 fiber on an area of 0.5 cm. After 48 h of incubation of HEMVEC, NHEK and THP-1 cells with the tested fabrics, the growth of S-phase cells was noticed in all cases. At the same time, the greatest increase was observed with the use of B14 fabric. Necrosis is not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS All the obtained flax fibers in the form of flax dressings did not lose their wound-healing properties under the influence of the technological process. New dressings made of genetically modified flax are a chance to increase the effectiveness of treatment of difficult healing wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gębarowski
- Department of Medical Science Foundation, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-560 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.G.); (A.D.); (B.W.)
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 1/3, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Jęśkowiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Maciej Janeczek
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 1/3, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Żuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Dobosz
- Department of Medical Science Foundation, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-560 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.G.); (A.D.); (B.W.)
| | - Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Medical Science Foundation, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-560 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.G.); (A.D.); (B.W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zuk M, Szperlik J, Szopa J. Linseed Silesia, Diverse Crops for Diverse Diets. New Solutions to Increase Dietary Lipids in Crop Species. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112675. [PMID: 34828956 PMCID: PMC8623773 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work was to compare the new variety of oil flax (Silesia) with already cultivated varieties in terms of plant productivity, oil content, fatty acid composition and significant secondary metabolites. The analyzed linseed varieties are characterized by low (Linola), medium (Silesia) and high (Szafir) content of omega-3 fatty acids. Special attention was paid to the quality of the oil and the characteristics that determine its stability (reduction of susceptibility to oxidation). A number of antioxidant compounds of secondary metabolism (simple phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins) were identified in the linseed oils. All of these compounds can affect lipid oxidation by a mechanism that attenuates initiating radicals such as hydroxyl or forms an oxidizing primary product such as peroxides. Chelation of metal ions may also be involved in lipid oxidation. We propose a mechanism that encompasses all these processes and facilitates understanding of the complex relationships between them. The general thesis is that the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a better metabolic state of flaxseed, and thus with a higher nutritional value. In addition, we find a number of specialized secondary metabolites characteristic of the flax studied, which could be useful for chemotaxonomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zuk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
- Linum Fundation, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jakub Szperlik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Jan Szopa
- Linum Fundation, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jose S, Abbey J, Jaakola L, Percival D. Elucidation of the molecular responses during the primary infection of wild blueberry phenotypes with Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi under field conditions. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:493. [PMID: 34706657 PMCID: PMC8549177 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monilinia blight caused by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) Honey (M.vc) is a major disease of wild blueberry that can result in severe crop losses in the absence of an integrated disease management programme. The fungus causes blight in the emerging floral and vegetative buds, but the degree of susceptibility varies among the different wild blueberry phenotypes, ranging from the highly susceptible V. a. f. nigrum to the moderately susceptible V. angustifolium and the least susceptible V. myrtilloides. RESULTS The present study evaluated the defense responses of these major phenotypes during their primary infection (floral buds) with M.vc. The temporal expression profiles of PR genes (PR3 and PR4) and the flavonoid pathway structural genes (CHS, ANS, ANR, DFR and FLS) were analysed. The PR3 and PR4 gene expression profiles revealed that V. myrtilloides responded to M.vc infection by activating the expression of both PR genes. V. a. f. nigrum, on the other hand, failed to activate these genes, while V. angustifolium, exhibited an intermediate response. Our study with the flavonoid pathway genes indicated variability in activation of the genes during post-infection time points with ANS and ANR in V. myrtilloides, FLS in V. angustifolium and no response observed in V. a. f. nigrum. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, this study highlights that the degree of phenotype susceptibility is associated with the timely activation of host defense responsive genes. Data obtained in this study provided a starting point for a better understanding of the wild blueberry- M. vaccinii-corymbosi pathosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Jose
- Wild Blueberry Research Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Joel Abbey
- Wild Blueberry Research Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Climate laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - David Percival
- Wild Blueberry Research Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zuhar LM, Madihah AZ, Ahmad SA, Zainal Z, Idris AS, Shaharuddin NA. Identification of Oil Palm's Consistently Upregulated Genes during Early Infections of Ganoderma boninense via RNA-Seq Technology and Real-Time Quantitative PCR. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10102026. [PMID: 34685835 PMCID: PMC8537556 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by pathogenic fungus Ganoderma boninense is a significant concern in the oil palm industry. G. boninense infection in oil palm induces defense-related genes. To understand oil palm defense mechanisms in response to fungal invasion, we analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) derived from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptomic libraries of oil palm roots infected with G. boninense. A total of 126 DEGs were detected from the transcriptomic libraries of G. boninense-infected root tissues at different infection stages. Functional annotation via pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were involved in the defense response against the pathogen. The expression of the selected DEGs was further confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) on independent oil palm seedlings and mature palm samples. Seven putative defense-related DEGs consistently showed upregulation in seedlings and mature plants during G. boninense infection. These seven genes might potentially be developed as biomarkers for the early detection of BSR in oil palm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyana Mohd Zuhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.M.Z.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Ahmad Zairun Madihah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.M.Z.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Abu Seman Idris
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.M.Z.); (S.A.A.)
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang P, Sun M, Wang X, Guo R, Sun Y, Gui M, Li J, Wang T, Zhang L. Morphological Characterization and Transcriptional Regulation of Corolla Closure in Ipomoea purpurea. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:697764. [PMID: 34557209 PMCID: PMC8453026 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Corolla closure protects pollen from high-temperature stress during pollen germination and fertilization in the ornamental plant morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea). However, the morphological nature of this process and the molecular events underpinning it remain largely unclear. Here, we examined the cellular and gene expression changes that occur during corolla closure in the I. purpurea. We divided the corolla closure process into eight stages (S0-S7) based on corolla morphology. During flower opening, bulliform cells appear papillate, with pigments in the adaxial epidermis of the corolla. These cells have distinct morphology from the smaller, flat cells in the abaxial epidermis in the corolla limb and intermediate of the corolla. During corolla closure, the bulliform cells of the adaxial epidermis severely collapse compared to cells on the abaxial side. Analysis of transparent tissue and cross sections revealed that acuminate veins in the corolla are composed of spiral vessels that begin to curve during corolla closure. When the acuminate veins were compromised, the corolla failed to close normally. We performed transcriptome analysis to obtain a time-course profile of gene expression during the process from the open corolla stage (S0) to semi-closure (S3). Genes that were upregulated from S0 to S1 were enriched in the polysaccharide degradation pathway, which positively regulates cell wall reorganization. Senescence-related transcription factor genes were expressed beginning at S1, leading to the activation of downstream autophagy-related genes at S2. Genes associated with peroxisomes and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were upregulated at S3 to enhance reactive oxygen species scavenging and protein degradation. Therefore, bulliform cells and acuminate veins play essential roles in corolla closure. Our findings provide a global understanding of the gene regulatory processes that occur during corolla closure in I. purpurea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Runjiu Guo
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuchu Sun
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mengyuan Gui
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Taixia Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilisation of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bujok J, Miśta D, Wincewicz E, Króliczewska B, Dzimira S, Żuk M. Atherosclerosis Development and Aortic Contractility in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits Supplemented with Two Different Flaxseed Varieties. Foods 2021; 10:534. [PMID: 33806676 PMCID: PMC8001360 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is widely regarded as the main beneficial component of flax for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the effect of the transgenic flaxseed W86-which is rich in ALA-on the lipid profile, atherosclerosis progression, and vascular reactivity in hypercholesterolemic rabbits compared to the parental cultivar Linola with a very low ALA content. Rabbits were fed a basal diet (control) or a basal diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol, 1% cholesterol and 10% flaxseed W86, or 1% cholesterol and 10% Linola flaxseed. A high-cholesterol diet resulted in an elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to the control animals. Aortic sections from rabbits fed Linola had lower deposits of foamy cells than those from rabbits fed W86. A potassium-induced and phenylephrine-induced contractile response was enhanced by a high-cholesterol diet and not influenced by the W86 or Linola flaxseed. Pretreatment of the aortic rings with nitro-L-arginine methyl ester resulted in a concentration-dependent tendency to increase the reaction amplitude in the control and high-cholesterol diet groups but not the flaxseed groups. Linola flaxseed with a low ALA content more effectively reduced the atherosclerosis progression compared with the W86 flaxseed with a high concentration of stable ALA. Aorta contractility studies suggested that flaxseed ameliorated an increased contractility in hypercholesterolemia but had little or no impact on NO synthesis in the vascular wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Bujok
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (D.M.); (E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Dorota Miśta
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (D.M.); (E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Edyta Wincewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (D.M.); (E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Bożena Króliczewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (D.M.); (E.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Stanisław Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Żuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mierziak J, Wojtasik W, Kulma A, Dziadas M, Kostyn K, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Żuk M, Szopa J. 3-Hydroxybutyrate Is Active Compound in Flax That Upregulates Genes Involved in DNA Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2887. [PMID: 32326145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) is not only an intermediate metabolite during the oxidation of fatty acids, but also an important signaling molecule. On the other hand, the information about the metabolism or function of this compound in plants is scarce. In our study, we show for the first time that this compound naturally occurs in flax. The expression of bacterial β-ketothiolase in flax affects expression of endogenous genes of the 3-HB biosynthesis pathway and the compound content. The increase in 3-HB content in transgenic plants or after control plants treatment with 3-HB resulted in upregulation of genes involved in chromatin remodeling. The observation that 3-HB is an endogenous activator of methyltransferase 3 (CMT3), decreased DNA methylation I (DDM1), DEMETER DNA glycosylase (DME), and an inhibitor of sirtuin 1 (SRT1) provides an example of integration of different genes in chromatin remodeling. The changes in chromatin remodeling gene expression concomitant with those involved in phenolics and the lignin biosynthesis pathway suggest potential integration of secondary metabolic status with epigenetic changes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang S, Jia T, Zhang Z, Zou X, Fan S, Lei K, Jiang X, Niu D, Yuan Y, Shang H. Insight into the relationship between S-lignin and fiber quality based on multiple research methods. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 147:251-261. [PMID: 31884241 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is an important cash crop, providing people with high quality natural fiber. Lignin is the main component of cotton fiber, second only to cellulose. As a main substance filled in the cellulose framework during the secondary wall thickening process, lignin plays a key role in the formation of cotton fiber quality. However, the mechanism behind it is still unclear. In this research, we screened candidate genes involved in lignin biosynthesis based on analysis of cotton genome and transcriptome sequence data. The authenticity of the transcriptome data was verified by qRT-PCR assay. Total 62 genes were identified from nine gene families. In the process, we found the key gene GhCAD7 that affects the biosynthesis of S-lignin and the ratio of syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G). In addition, in combination with the metabolites and transcriptome profiles of the line 0-153 with high fiber quality and the line sGK9708 with low fiber quality during cotton fiber development, we speculate that the ratio of syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) is inseparable from the quality of cotton fiber. Finally, the S-type lignin synthesis branch may play a more important role in the formation of high-quality fiber. This work provides insights into the synthesis of lignin in cotton and lays the foundation for future research into improving fiber quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xianyan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Senmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Kang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Doudou Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Youlu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Haihong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Heo JB, Lee Y, Chung C. Raw plant-based biorefinery: A new paradigm shift towards biotechnological approach to sustainable manufacturing of HMF. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
14
|
Zuk M, Szperlik J, Hnitecka A, Szopa J. Temporal biosynthesis of flavone constituents in flax growth stages. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 142:234-245. [PMID: 31323536 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that chalcone synthase (chs) silencing in flax (Linum usitatisimum) induces a signal transduction cascade that leads to extensive modification of plant metabolism. Result presented in the current study, performed on field grown flax plants - (across the whole vegetation period) demonstrates that, in addition to its role in tannin and lignin biosynthesis, the chs gene also participates in the regulation of flavone biosynthesis during plant growth. Apigenin and luteolin glycosides constitute the flavones, the major group of flavonoids in flax. Alterations in their levels correlate with plant growth, peaking at the flower initiation stage. Suppression of chs gene expression causes significant changes in the ratio of flavone constituents at the early stage of flax growth. A significant correlation between flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) gene expression and accumulation of luteolin glycosides has been found, indicating that flavone biosynthesis during flax growth and development is regulated by temporal expression of this gene. The lack of such a correlation between the flavone synthase (FNS) gene and flavone accumulation in the course of plant growth suggests that the main route of flavone biosynthesis is mediated by eriodictyol. This is the first report indicating the ratio of flavone constituents as a potent marker of flax growth stages and temporal expression of F3'H, the key gene of their biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland; Linum Foundation, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Szperlik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Hnitecka
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Linum Foundation, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dzialo M, Szopa J, Hnitecka A, Zuk M. Transgenerational Perpetuation of CHS Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Status Induced by Short Oligodeoxynucleotides in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3983. [PMID: 31426274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over two decades ago, short oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were proven to be an effective and rapid technique for analysis of gene function without interference in the plant genome. Our previous research has shown the successful regulation of chalcone synthase (CHS) gene expression in flax by ODN technology. The CHS gene encodes a pivotal enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis. The manipulation of its transcript level was the result of the specific methylation status developed after treatment with ODNs. In further analysis of the application of oligodeoxynucleotides in plants, we will focus on maintaining the methylation status induced originally by ODNs homologous to the regulatory regions of the CHS gene in flax. This article reports the latest investigation applied to stabilization and inheritance of the epigenetic marks induced by plants' treatment with ODNs. The methylation status was analyzed in the particular CCGG motifs located in the CHS gene sequence. Individual plants were able to maintain alterations induced by ODNs. In order to confirm the impact of methylation marks on the nucleosome rearrangement, chromatin accessibility assay was performed. The perpetuation of targeted plant modulation induced by ODNs exhibits strong potential for improving crops and intensified application for medicine, nutrition and industry.
Collapse
|
16
|
Guodong R, Jianguo Z, Xiaoxia L, Ying L. Identification of putative genes for polyphenol biosynthesis in olive fruits and leaves using full-length transcriptome sequencing. Food Chem 2019; 300:125246. [PMID: 31357017 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea) is a rich source of valuable bioactive polyphenols, which has attracted widespread interest. In this study, we combined targeted metabolome, Pacbio ISOseq transcriptome, and Illumina RNA-seq transcriptome to investigate the association between polyphenols and gene expression in the developing olive fruits and leaves. A total of 12 main polyphenols were measured, and 122 transcripts of 17 gene families, 101 transcripts of 9 gene families, and 106 transcripts of 6 gene families that encode for enzymes involved in flavonoid, oleuropein, and hydroxytyrosol biosynthesis were separately identified. Additionally, 232 alternative splicing events of 18 genes related to polyphenol synthesis were analyzed. This is the first time that the third generations of full-length transcriptome technology were used to study the gene expression pattern of olive fruits and leaves. The results of transcriptome combined with targeted metabolome can help us better understand the polyphenol biosynthesis pathways in the olive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rao Guodong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Zhang Jianguo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Liu Xiaoxia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Luo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang C, Yao X, Ren H, Wang K, Chang J. Isolation and Characterization of Three Chalcone Synthase Genes in Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis). Biomolecules 2019; 9:E236. [PMID: 31216753 PMCID: PMC6627513 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolics are a group of important plant secondary metabolites that have been proven to possess remarkable antioxidant activity and to be beneficial for human health. Pecan nuts are an excellent source of dietary phenolics. In recent years, many studies have focused on the separation and biochemical analysis of pecan phenolics, but the molecular mechanisms of phenolic metabolism in pecans have not been fully elucidated, which significantly hinders quality breeding research for this plant. Chalcone synthase (CHS) plays crucial roles in phenolic biosynthesis. In this study, three Carya illinoinensisCHSs (CiCHS1, CiCHS2, and CiCHS3), were isolated and analyzed. CiCHS2 and CiCHS3 present high expression levels in different tissues, and they are also highly expressed at the initial developmental stages of kernels in three pecan genotypes. A correlation analysis was performed between the phenolic content and CHSs expression values during kernel development. The results indicated that the expression variations of CiCHS2 and CiCHS3 are significantly related to changes in total phenolic content. Therefore, CiCHSs play crucial roles in phenolic components synthesis in pecan. We believe that the isolation of CiCHSs is helpful for understanding phenolic metabolism in C. illinoinensis, which will improve quality breeding and resistance breeding studies in this plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Zhang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Huadong Ren
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Kailiang Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jun Chang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Deshmukh AB, Datir SS, Bhonde Y, Kelkar N, Samdani P, Tamhane VA. De novo root transcriptome of a medicinally important rare tree Oroxylum indicum for characterization of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Phytochemistry 2018; 156:201-213. [PMID: 30317159 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz is a medicinally important and rare tree species of the family Bignoniaceae. It is rich in flavonoid content and its mature roots are extensively used in Ayurvedic formulations. O. indicum specific flavonoids like oroxylin B, prunetin and oroxindin possess antibacterial, antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancerous properties, signifying its importance in modern medicine. In the present study, de novo transcriptome analysis of O. indicum root was performed to elucidate the genes involved in flavonoid metabolism. A total of 24,625,398 high quality reads were assembled into 121,286 transcripts with N50 value 1783. The BLASTx search of 81,002 clustered transcripts against Viridiplantae Uniprot database led to annotation of 46,517 transcripts. Furthermore, Gene ontology (GO) revealed that 34,231 transcripts mapped to 3049 GO terms and KEGG analysis demonstrated that 4570 transcripts plausibly involved in 132 biosynthetic pathways. The transcriptome data indicated that cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (OinCAD) was abundant in phenylpropanoid pathway genes while; naringenin chalcone synthase (OinCHS), flavone synthase (OinFNS) and flavonoid 3', 5'-methyltransferase (OinF35 MT) were abundant in flavonoid, isoflavonoid, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways, respectively. Transcription factor analysis demonstrated the abundance of MYB, bHLH and WD40 transcription factor families, which regulate the flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoid pathway genes displayed differential expression in young and old roots of O. indicum. The transcriptome led to the identification of 31 diverse full length Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genes which may be involved in biosynthesis of specialized metabolites and flavonoids like baicalein and baicalin. Thus, the information obtained in this study will be a valuable tool for identifying genes and developing system biology approaches for in vitro synthesis of specialized O. indicum metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaditi B Deshmukh
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar S Datir
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Yogesh Bhonde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Natasha Kelkar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pawan Samdani
- Eumentis Cloud, Office, 310, Amenity Building, Rose Icon, Pimple Saudagar, Pune, 411027, India
| | - Vaijayanti A Tamhane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Króliczewska B, Miśta D, Ziarnik A, Żuk M, Szopa J, Pecka-Kiełb E, Zawadzki W, Króliczewski J. The effects of seed from Linum usitatissimum cultivar with increased phenylpropanoid compounds and hydrolysable tannin in a high cholesterol-fed rabbit. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:76. [PMID: 29631590 PMCID: PMC5891892 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary fat is considered one of the most important factors associated with blood lipid metabolism and plays a significant role in the cause and prevention of atherosclerosis that has been widely accepted as an inflammatory disease of the vascular system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of genetically modified flaxseed (W86) rich in phenylpropanoid compounds and hydrolysable tannin in high cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis rabbit models compared to parental cultivar Linola. Methods Twenty-Eight White New Zealand white rabbits aged 6 months were randomly divided into four groups, control group, high cholesterol group (10 g/kg), Linola flaxseed group (100 g/kg) and W86 flaxseed group (100 g/kg). The rabbits were fed a normal diet or a high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks. Levels of blood lipids, hematological values, total antioxidative status and superoxide dismutase activity in serum were determined. Moreover, body weight and feed intake were measured after sixth and tenth weeks. After each stage of the experiment atherogenic indexes (non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and atherogenic index of plasma) was calculated. Results The intake of a dyslipidaemic diet negatively influenced lipid profile in rabbits at the 10 weeks of feeding. W86 flaxseed significantly decreased total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and TG serum levels in cholesterolemic rabbits compared with parental Linola after 10 weeks. Atherogenic indexes decreased over time with a significant difference between the diets and they were the best for W86 flaxseed. Similarly, the experimental addition of W86 significantly decreased atherogenic predictors such as heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the mean platelet volume-to-lymphocyte ratio. In rabbits, W86 flaxseed increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidative status compared to Linola. Conclusions Results of the presented study suggest that the addition of W86 flaxseed alleviate serum lipid changes in high cholesterolemic diet-administered rabbits. W86 flaxseed significantly reduced atherogenic indexes, as compared with the Linola and indicate that W86 flaxseed more effectively red CVD risk factors during hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, the presented result suggested that W86 flaxseed can be a part of a heart-healthy and antiatherogenic diet for the human. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0726-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Króliczewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Miśta
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Ziarnik
- Sanitary and Epidemiological Inspection, Mickiewicza 24, 59-220, Legnica, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żuk
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Pecka-Kiełb
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zawadzki
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Króliczewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hirano K, Masuda R, Takase W, Morinaka Y, Kawamura M, Takeuchi Y, Takagi H, Yaegashi H, Natsume S, Terauchi R, Kotake T, Matsushita Y, Sazuka T. Screening of rice mutants with improved saccharification efficiency results in the identification of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 and GOLD HULL AND INTERNODE 1. Planta 2017; 246:61-74. [PMID: 28357539 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The screening of rice mutants with improved cellulose to glucose saccharification efficiency (SE) identifies reduced xylan and/or ferulic acid, and a qualitative change of lignin to impact SE. To ensure the availability of sustainable energy, considerable effort is underway to utilize lignocellulosic plant biomass as feedstock for the production of biofuels. However, the high cost of degrading plant cell wall components to fermentable sugars (saccharification) has been problematic. One way to overcome this barrier is to develop plants possessing cell walls that are amenable to saccharification. In this study, we aimed to identify new molecular factors that influence saccharification efficiency (SE) in rice. By screening 22 rice mutants, we identified two lines, 122 and 108, with improved SE. Reduced xylan and ferulic acid within the cell wall of line 122 were probable reasons of improved SE. Line 108 showed reduced levels of thioglycolic-released lignin; however, the amount of Klason lignin was comparable to the wild-type, indicating that structural changes had occurred in the 108 lignin polymer which resulted in improved SE. Positional cloning revealed that the genes responsible for improved SE in 122 and 108 were rice CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (OsCOP1) and GOLD HULL AND INTERNODE 1 (GH1), respectively, which have not been previously reported to influence SE. The screening of mutants for improved SE is an efficient approach to identify novel genes that affect SE, which is relevant in the development of crops as biofuel sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ko Hirano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Reiko Masuda
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wakana Takase
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoichi Morinaka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Zensho Holdings Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kawamura
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takeuchi
- Rice Breeding Research Team, NARO Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsushita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Sazuka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lam PY, Tobimatsu Y, Takeda Y, Suzuki S, Yamamura M, Umezawa T, Lo C. Disrupting Flavone Synthase II Alters Lignin and Improves Biomass Digestibility. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:972-985. [PMID: 28385728 PMCID: PMC5462022 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a ubiquitous phenylpropanoid polymer in vascular plant cell walls, is derived primarily from oxidative couplings of monolignols (p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols). It was discovered recently that a wide range of grasses, including cereals, utilize a member of the flavonoids, tricin (3',5'-dimethoxyflavone), as a natural comonomer with monolignols for cell wall lignification. Previously, we established that cytochrome P450 93G1 is a flavone synthase II (OsFNSII) indispensable for the biosynthesis of soluble tricin-derived metabolites in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, our tricin-deficient fnsII mutant was analyzed further with an emphasis on its cell wall structure and properties. The mutant is similar in growth to wild-type control plants with normal vascular morphology. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance structural analyses demonstrated that the mutant lignin is completely devoid of tricin, indicating that FNSII activity is essential for the deposition of tricin-bound lignin in rice cell walls. The mutant also showed substantially reduced lignin content with decreased syringyl/guaiacyl lignin unit composition. Interestingly, the loss of tricin in the mutant lignin appears to be partially compensated by incorporating naringenin, which is a preferred substrate of OsFNSII. The fnsII mutant was further revealed to have enhanced enzymatic saccharification efficiency, suggesting that the cell wall recalcitrance of grass biomass may be reduced through the manipulation of the flavonoid monomer supply for lignification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Lam
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuri Takeda
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiro Suzuki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masaomi Yamamura
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kumar V, Bansal A, Chauhan RS. Modular Design of Picroside-II Biosynthesis Deciphered through NGS Transcriptomes and Metabolic Intermediates Analysis in Naturally Variant Chemotypes of a Medicinal Herb, Picrorhiza kurroa. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:564. [PMID: 28443130 PMCID: PMC5387076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Picroside-II (P-II), an iridoid glycoside, is used as an active ingredient of various commercial herbal formulations available for the treatment of liver ailments. Despite this, the knowledge of P-II biosynthesis remains scarce owing to its negligence in Picrorhiza kurroa shoots which sets constant barrier for function validation experiments. In this study, we utilized natural variation for P-II content in stolon tissues of different P. kurroa accessions and deciphered its metabolic route by integrating metabolomics of intermediates with differential NGS transcriptomes. Upon navigating through high vs. low P-II content accessions (1.3-2.6%), we have established that P-II is biosynthesized via degradation of ferulic acid (FA) to produce vanillic acid (VA) which acts as its immediate biosynthetic precursor. Moreover, the FA treatment in vitro at 150 μM concentration provided further confirmation with 2-fold rise in VA content. Interestingly, the cross-talk between different compartments of P. kurroa, i.e., shoots and stolons, resolved spatial complexity of P-II biosynthesis and consequently speculated the burgeoning necessity to bridge gap between VA and P-II production in P. kurroa shoots. This work thus, offers a forward looking strategy to produce both P-I and P-II in shoot cultures, a step toward providing a sustainable production platform for these medicinal compounds via-à-vis relieving pressure from natural habitat of P. kurroa.
Collapse
|
23
|
Eloy NB, Voorend W, Lan W, Saleme MDLS, Cesarino I, Vanholme R, Smith RA, Goeminne G, Pallidis A, Morreel K, Nicomedes J, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Silencing CHALCONE SYNTHASE in Maize Impedes the Incorporation of Tricin into Lignin and Increases Lignin Content. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:998-1016. [PMID: 27940492 PMCID: PMC5291018 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a phenolic heteropolymer that is deposited in secondary-thickened cell walls, where it provides mechanical strength. A recent structural characterization of cell walls from monocot species showed that the flavone tricin is part of the native lignin polymer, where it is hypothesized to initiate lignin chains. In this study, we investigated the consequences of altered tricin levels on lignin structure and cell wall recalcitrance by phenolic profiling, nuclear magnetic resonance, and saccharification assays of the naturally silenced maize (Zea mays) C2-Idf (inhibitor diffuse) mutant, defective in the CHALCONE SYNTHASE Colorless2 (C2) gene. We show that the C2-Idf mutant produces highly reduced levels of apigenin- and tricin-related flavonoids, resulting in a strongly reduced incorporation of tricin into the lignin polymer. Moreover, the lignin was enriched in β-β and β-5 units, lending support to the contention that tricin acts to initiate lignin chains and that, in the absence of tricin, more monolignol dimerization reactions occur. In addition, the C2-Idf mutation resulted in strikingly higher Klason lignin levels in the leaves. As a consequence, the leaves of C2-Idf mutants had significantly reduced saccharification efficiencies compared with those of control plants. These findings are instructive for lignin engineering strategies to improve biomass processing and biochemical production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nubia B Eloy
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wannes Voorend
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wu Lan
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Marina de Lyra Soriano Saleme
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Rebecca A Smith
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Andreas Pallidis
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kris Morreel
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - José Nicomedes
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - John Ralph
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.);
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.);
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.);
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| |
Collapse
|