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Smith MA, Benidickson KH, Plaxton WC. In Vivo Phosphorylation of the Cytosolic Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Isozyme G6PD6 in Phosphate-Resupplied Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cells and Seedlings. Plants (Basel) 2023; 13:31. [PMID: 38202338 PMCID: PMC10780934 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) catalyzes the first committed step of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). Our recent phosphoproteomics study revealed that the cytosolic G6PD6 isozyme became hyperphosphorylated at Ser12, Thr13 and Ser18, 48 h following phosphate (Pi) resupply to Pi-starved (-Pi) Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. The aim of the present study was to assess whether G6PD6 phosphorylation also occurs in shoots or roots following Pi resupply to -Pi Arabidopsis seedlings, and to investigate its relationship with G6PD activity. Interrogation of phosphoproteomic databases indicated that N-terminal, multi-site phosphorylation of G6PD6 and its orthologs is quite prevalent. However, the functions of these phosphorylation events remain unknown. Immunoblotting with an anti-(pSer18 phosphosite-specific G6PD6) antibody confirmed that G6PD6 from Pi-resupplied, but not -Pi, Arabidopsis cell cultures or seedlings (i.e., roots) was phosphorylated at Ser18; this correlated with a significant increase in extractable G6PD activity, and biomass accumulation. Peptide kinase assays of Pi-resupplied cell culture extracts indicated that G6PD6 phosphorylation at Ser18 is catalyzed by a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), which correlates with the 'CDPK-like' targeting motif that flanks Ser18. Our results support the hypothesis that N-terminal phosphorylation activates G6PD6 to enhance OPPP flux and thus the production of reducing power (i.e., NADPH) and C-skeletons needed to establish the rapid resumption of growth that ensures Pi-resupply to -Pi Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William C. Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (M.A.S.); (K.H.B.)
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2
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Scharte J, Hassa S, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Forlani G, Weis E, von Schaewen A. Metabolic priming in G6PDH isoenzyme-replaced tobacco lines improves stress tolerance and seed yields via altering assimilate partitioning. Plant J 2023; 116:1696-1716. [PMID: 37713307 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the basis for better performance of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants with G6PDH-isoenzyme replacement in the cytosol (Xanthi::cP2::cytRNAi, Scharte et al., 2009). After six generations of selfing, infiltration of Phytophthora nicotianae zoospores into source leaves confirmed that defence responses (ROS, callose) are accelerated, showing as fast cell death of the infected tissue. Yet, stress-related hormone profiles resembled susceptible Xanthi and not resistant cultivar SNN, hinting at mainly metabolic adjustments in the transgenic lines. Leaves of non-stressed plants contained twofold elevated fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6P2 ) levels, leading to partial sugar retention (soluble sugars, starch) and elevated hexose-to-sucrose ratios, but also more lipids. Above-ground biomass lay in between susceptible Xanthi and resistant SNN, with photo-assimilates preferentially allocated to inflorescences. Seeds were heavier with higher lipid-to-carbohydrate ratios, resulting in increased harvest yields - also under water limitation. Abiotic stress tolerance (salt, drought) was improved during germination, and in floated leaf disks of non-stressed plants. In leaves of salt-watered plants, proline accumulated to higher levels during illumination, concomitant with efficient NADP(H) use and recycling. Non-stressed plants showed enhanced PSII-induction kinetics (upon dark-light transition) with little differences at the stationary phase. Leaf exudates contained 10% less sucrose, similar amino acids, but more fatty acids - especially in the light. Export of specific fatty acids via the phloem may contribute to both, earlier flowering and higher seed yields of the Xanthi-cP2 lines. Apparently, metabolic priming by F2,6P2 -combined with sustained NADP(H) turnover-bypasses the genetically fixed growth-defence trade-off, rendering tobacco plants more stress-resilient and productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Scharte
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hassa
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften and Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (GZMB), Abteilung Biochemie der Pflanze, Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften and Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (GZMB), Abteilung Biochemie der Pflanze, Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia e Biochimica Vegetale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Universitá degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Engelbert Weis
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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Vega-Álvarez C, Soengas P, Roitsch T, Abilleira R, Velasco P, Francisco M. Unveiling plant defense arsenal: metabolic strategies in Brassica oleracea during black rot disease. Hortic Res 2023; 10:uhad204. [PMID: 38023479 PMCID: PMC10681004 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in plant metabolism play a key role in the complex plant-pathogen interactions. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the connection between changes in primary and specialized metabolism and the plant defense against diseases that impact crops. Thus, we aim to study the metabolic reprograming in Brassica oleracea plants upon infection by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). To accomplish this, we utilized a combination of untargeted and targeted metabolomics, through UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and 1H-NMR, in two crop lines differing in resistance that were evaluated at two- and four-week intervals following inoculation (T1 and T2, respectively). Besides, to depict the physiological status of the plant during infection, enzymatic activities related to the carbohydrate pathway and oxidative stress were studied. Our results revealed different temporal dynamics in the responses of the susceptible vs. resistant crops lines. Resistant B. oleracea line suppresses carbohydrate metabolism contributing to limit nutrient supplies to the bacterium and prioritizes the induction of defensive compounds such as indolic glucosinolates, salicylic acid, phenylpropanoids and phytoalexins precursors at early infection stages. In contrast, the susceptible line invests in carbohydrate metabolism, including enzymatic activities related to the hexoses turnover, and activates defense signaling related to reactive oxygen species. Thus, each line triggers a different metabolic strategy that will affect how the plant overcomes the disease in terms of resistance and growth. This work provides first insights of a fine-tuned metabolic regulation during Xcc infection in B. oleracea that will contribute to develop new strategies for plant disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vega-Álvarez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas,Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), ES-36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas,Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), ES-36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Rosaura Abilleira
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas,Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), ES-36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas,Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), ES-36143, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marta Francisco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas,Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), ES-36143, Pontevedra, Spain
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Li XC, Chang C, Pei ZM. Reactive Oxygen Species in Drought-Induced Stomatal Closure: The Potential Roles of NPR1. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3194. [PMID: 37765358 PMCID: PMC10537201 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal closure is a vital, adaptive mechanism that plants utilize to minimize water loss and withstand drought conditions. We will briefly review the pathway triggered by drought that governs stomatal closure, with specific focuses on salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We propose that the non-expressor of PR Gene 1 (NPR1), a protein that protects plants during pathogen infections, also responds to SA during drought to sustain ROS levels and prevent ROS-induced cell death. We will examine the evidence underpinning this hypothesis and discuss potential strategies for its practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cheng Li
- East Chapel Hill High School, 500 Weaver Dairy Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Claire Chang
- East Chapel Hill High School, 500 Weaver Dairy Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Zhen-Ming Pei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Pasandideh Arjmand M, Samizadeh Lahiji H, Mohsenzadeh Golfazani M, Biglouei MH. Evaluation of protein's interaction and the regulatory network of some drought-responsive genes in Canola under drought and re-watering conditions. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2023; 29:1085-1102. [PMID: 37829706 PMCID: PMC10564702 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses that severely limits the growth and yield of Canola. The re-watering can compensate for the damage caused by drought stress. Investigation of protein's interaction of genes involved in important drought-responsive pathways and their regulatory network by microRNAs (miRNAs) under drought and re-watering conditions are helpful approaches to discovering drought-stress tolerance and recovery mechanisms. In this study, the protein's interaction and functional enrichment analyses of glycolysis, pentose phosphate, glyoxylate cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis, heat shock factor main genes, and the regulatory network of key genes by miRNAs were investigated by in silico analysis. Then, the relative expression of key genes and their related miRNAs were investigated in tolerant and susceptible genotypes of Canola under drought and re-watering conditions by Real-time PCR technique. The bna-miR156b/c/g, bna-miR395d/e/f, bna-miR396a, and all the studied key genes except HSFA1E and PK showed changes in expression levels in one or both genotypes after re-watering. The PPC1 and HSFB2B expression decreased, whereas the MLS and CAC3 expression increased in both genotypes under re-watering treatment after drought stress. It could cause the regulation of oxaloacetate production, the increase of the glyoxylate cycle, lipid biosynthesis, and the reduction of the negative regulation of HSFs under re-watering conditions. It seems that PPC1, G6PD2, MLS, CAC3, and HSFB2B were involved in the recovery mechanisms after drought stress of Canola. They were regulated by drought-responsive miRNAs to respond appropriately to drought stress. Therefore, regulating these genes could be important in plant recovery mechanisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01345-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pasandideh Arjmand
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammad Hassan Biglouei
- Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Spanic V, Vukovic A, Cseplo M, Vukovic R, Buchvaldt Amby D, Cairo Westergaard J, Puskas K, Roitsch T. Early leaf responses of cell physiological and sensor-based signatures reflect susceptibility of wheat seedlings to infection by leaf rust. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e13990. [PMID: 37616017 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. can have devastating effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), causing severe economic losses. This comprehensive study serves to facilitate our understanding of the impact of carbohydrate and antioxidant metabolism in association with sensor-based phenotyping and leaf rust stress responses in wheat seedlings. After 24 h of inoculation (hai) very susceptible variety to leaf rust (Ficko) increased cell-wall invertase (cwInv; EC 3.2.1.26), compared to other varieties that significantly increased cwInv later. This could mean that the Ficko variety cannot defend itself from leaf rust infections once symptoms have started to develop. Also, Ficko had significantly decreased amounts of cytoplasmic invertase (cytInv; EC 3.2.1.26) at 8 hai. The downregulation of cytInv in susceptible plants may facilitate the maintenance of elevated apoplastic sucrose availability favoring the pathogen. The significant role of vacuolar invertase (vacInv; EC 3.2.1.26) in moderately resistant varieties was recorded. Also, a significant decrease of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase; EC 2.7.7.9) in moderately resistant varieties might restrict normal development of leaf rust due to reduced sugar. During plant-pathogen interaction, when the invader spreads systemically throughout the plant, the main role of ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) activity in one moderately resistant variety (Olimpija) and catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) activity in another moderately resistant variety (Alka) is to protect the plant against oxidative damage in the early stages of infection. Non-invasive phenotyping with a sensor-based technique could be used as a rapid method for pre-symptomatic determination of wheat leaf rust resistance or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spanic
- Department of Small Cereal Crops Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Institute Osijek, Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Vukovic
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Monika Cseplo
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Rosemary Vukovic
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Daniel Buchvaldt Amby
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Section for Crop Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jesper Cairo Westergaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Section for Crop Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Katalin Puskas
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Section for Crop Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
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Née G, Wang F, Châtel-Innocenti G, Mhamdi A, Juranville E, Vanacker H, Noctor G, Issakidis-Bourguet E. Thioredoxins m regulate plastid glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Arabidopsis roots under salt stress. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1179112. [PMID: 37332692 PMCID: PMC10274509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1179112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain several NADPH-producing enzymes including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases (G6PDH) with different sub-cellular localizations. The activity of plastidial G6PDHs is redox-regulated by thioredoxins (TRX). Although specific TRXs are known to regulate chloroplastic isoforms of G6PDH, little information is available for plastidic isoforms found in heterotrophic organs or tissues. Here, we investigated TRX regulation of the two G6PDH plastidic isoforms of Arabidopsis roots during exposure to a mild salt stress. We report that in vitro m-type TRXs are the most efficient regulators of the G6PDH2 and G6PDH3 mainly found in Arabidopsis roots. While expression of the corresponding G6PD and plastidic TRX genes was marginally affected by salt, it impaired root growth of several of the corresponding mutant lines. Using an in situ assay for G6PDH, G6PDH2 was found to be the major contributor to salt-induced increases in activity, while data from ROS assays further provide in vivo evidence that TRX m acts in redox regulation during salt stress. Taken together, our data suggest that regulation of plastid G6PDH activity by TRX m may be an important player regulating NADPH production in Arabidopsis roots undergoing salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Née
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Née, ; Emmanuelle Issakidis-Bourguet,
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Zhu M, Zang Y, Zhang X, Shang S, Xue S, Chen J, Tang X. Insights into the regulation of energy metabolism during the seed-to-seedling transition in marine angiosperm Zostera marina L.: Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1130292. [PMID: 36968358 PMCID: PMC10036900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1130292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Seed development is a crucial phase in the life cycle of seed-propagated plants. As the only group of angiosperms that evolved from terrestrial plants to complete their life cycle submerged in marine environments, the mechanisms underlying seed development in seagrasses are still largely unknown. In the present study, we attempted to combine transcriptomic, metabolomic, and physiological data to comprehensively analyze the molecular mechanism that regulates energy metabolism in Zostera marina seeds at the four major developmental stages. Our results demonstrated that seed metabolism was reprogrammed with significant alteration of starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and the pentose phosphate pathway during the transition from seed formation to seedling establishment. The interconversion of starch and sugar provided energy storage substances in mature seeds and further acted as energy sources to support seed germination and seedling growth. The glycolysis pathway was active during Z. marina germination and seedling establishment, which provided pyruvate for TCA cycle by decomposing soluble sugar. Notably, the biological processes of glycolysis were severely inhibited during Z. marina seed maturation may have a positive effect on seed germination, maintaining a low level of metabolic activity during seed maturation to preserve seed viability. Increased acetyl-CoA and ATP contents were accompanied with the higher TCA cycle activity during seed germination and seedling establishment, indicating that the accumulations of precursor and intermediates metabolite that can strengthen the TCA cycle and facilitate energy supply for Z. marina seed germination and seedling growth. The large amount of oxidatively generated sugar phosphate promotes fructose 1,6-bisphosphate synthesis to feed back to glycolysis during seed germination, indicating that the pentose phosphate pathway not only provides energy for germination, but also complements the glycolytic pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest these energy metabolism pathways cooperate with each other in the process of seed transformation from maturity to seedling establishment, transforming seed from storage tissue to highly active metabolic tissue to meet the energy requirement seed development. These findings provide insights into the roles of the energy metabolism pathway in the complete developmental process of Z. marina seeds from different perspectives, which could facilitate habitat restoration of Z. marina meadows via seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Shang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Song Xue
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Li X, Cai Q, Yu T, Li S, Li S, Li Y, Sun Y, Ren H, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zuo Y. ZmG6PDH1 in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family enhances cold stress tolerance in maize. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1116237. [PMID: 36968417 PMCID: PMC10034328 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1116237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is a key enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway responsible for the generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), thereby playing a central role in facilitating cellular responses to stress and maintaining redox homeostasis. This study aimed to characterize five G6PDH gene family members in maize. The classification of these ZmG6PDHs into plastidic and cytosolic isoforms was enabled by phylogenetic and transit peptide predictive analyses and confirmed by subcellular localization imaging analyses using maize mesophyll protoplasts. These ZmG6PDH genes exhibited distinctive expression patterns across tissues and developmental stages. Exposure to stressors, including cold, osmotic stress, salinity, and alkaline conditions, also significantly affected the expression and activity of the ZmG6PDHs, with particularly high expression of a cytosolic isoform (ZmG6PDH1) in response to cold stress and closely correlated with G6PDH enzymatic activity, suggesting that it may play a central role in shaping responses to cold conditions. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ZmG6PDH1 on the B73 background led to enhanced cold stress sensitivity. Significant changes in the redox status of the NADPH, ascorbic acid (ASA), and glutathione (GSH) pools were observed after exposure of the zmg6pdh1 mutants to cold stress, with this disrupted redox balance contributing to increased production of reactive oxygen species and resultant cellular damage and death. Overall, these results highlight the importance of cytosolic ZmG6PDH1 in supporting maize resistance to cold stress, at least in part by producing NADPH that can be used by the ASA-GSH cycle to mitigate cold-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Lab of Maize Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Quan Cai
- Key Lab of Maize Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Key Lab of Maize Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Lab of Maize Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sinan Li
- Key Lab of Maize Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Key Lab of Maize Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Lab of Maize Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Key Lab of Maize Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Key Lab of Maize Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuhu Zuo
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop-Pest Interaction Biology and Ecological Control, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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Farag HAS, Ibrahim MFM, El-Yazied AA, El-Beltagi HS, El-Gawad HGA, Alqurashi M, Shalaby TA, Mansour AT, Alkhateeb AA, Farag R. Applied Selenium as a Powerful Antioxidant to Mitigate the Harmful Effects of Salinity Stress in Snap Bean Seedlings. Agronomy 2022; 12:3215. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy12123215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) plays several significant roles in regulating growth, development and plant responses to various abiotic stresses. However, its influence on sulfate transporters (SULTRS) and achieving the harmony with other salt-tolerance features is still limited in the previous literatures. This study elucidated the effect of Se supplementation (5, 10 and 20 µM) on salt-stressed (50 mM NaCl) snap bean seedlings. Generally, the results indicated that Se had dual effects on the salt stressed seedlings according to its concentration. At a low level (5 µM), plants demonstrated a significant improvement in shoot (13.8%) and root (22.8%) fresh weight, chlorophyll a (7.4%), chlorophyll b (14.7%), carotenoids (23.2%), leaf relative water content (RWC; 8.5%), proline (17.2%), total soluble sugars (34.3%), free amino acids (FAA; 18.4%), K (36.7%), Ca (33.4%), K/Na ratio (77.9%), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 18%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX;12.8%) and guaiacol peroxidase (G-POX; 27.1%) compared to the untreated plants. Meanwhile, most of these responses as well as sulfur (S), Se and catalase (CAT) were obviously decreased in parallel with increasing the applied Se up to 20 µM. The molecular study revealed that three membrane sulfate transporters (SULTR1, SULTR2 and SULTR 3) in the root and leaves and salinity responsive genes (SOS1, NHX1 and Osmotin) in leaves displayed different expression patterns under various Se treatments. Conclusively, Se at low doses can be beneficial in mitigating salinity-mediated damage and achieving the functioning homeostasis to tolerance features.
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Jiang Z, Wang M, Nicolas M, Ogé L, Pérez-Garcia MD, Crespel L, Li G, Ding Y, Le Gourrierec J, Grappin P, Sakr S. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenases: The Hidden Players of Plant Physiology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416128. [PMID: 36555768 PMCID: PMC9785579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) catalyzes a metabolic hub between glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which is the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to 6-phosphogluconolactone concomitantly with the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), a reducing power. It is considered to be the rate-limiting step that governs carbon flow through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). The OPPP is the main supplier of reductant (NADPH) for several "reducing" biosynthetic reactions. Although it is involved in multiple physiological processes, current knowledge on its exact role and regulation is still piecemeal. The present review provides a concise and comprehensive picture of the diversity of plant G6PDHs and their role in seed germination, nitrogen assimilation, plant branching, and plant response to abiotic stress. This work will help define future research directions to improve our knowledge of G6PDHs in plant physiology and to integrate this hidden player in plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Jiang
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Dryland-Technology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Michael Nicolas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurent Ogé
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | | | - Laurent Crespel
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Ganghua Li
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - José Le Gourrierec
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Philippe Grappin
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ageyeva M, Veselov A, Vodeneev V, Brilkina A. Cell-Type-Specific Length and Cytosolic pH Response of Superficial Cells of Arabidopsis Root to Chronic Salinity. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11243532. [PMID: 36559645 PMCID: PMC9783886 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity negatively affects the growth, development and yield of plants. Acidification of the cytosol in cells of glycophytes was reported under salinity, while various types of plant cells can have a specific reaction under the same conditions. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the pH sensor Pt-GFP in the cytosol were used in this work for determination of morphometric changes and cytosolic pH changes in the superficial cells of Arabidopsis roots under chronic salinity in vitro. We did not find changes in the length of the root cap cells, while there was a decrease in the length of the differentiation zone under 50, 75 mM NaCl and the size of the epidermal cells of the differentiation zone under 75 mM NaCl. The most significant changes of cytosolic pH to chronic salinity was noted in columella (decrease by 1 pH unit at 75 mM NaCl) and epidermal cells of the differentiation zone (decrease by 0.6 and 0.4 pH units at 50 and 75 mM NaCl, respectively). In developed lateral root cap cells, acidification of cytosol by 0.4 units occurred only under 75 mM NaCl in the medium. In poorly differentiated lateral cells of the root cap, there were no changes in pH under chronic salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ageyeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Alexander Veselov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Anna Brilkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
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13
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Ruan M, He W, Sun H, Cui C, Wang X, Li R, Wang X, Bi Y. Cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases play a pivotal role in Arabidopsis seed development. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 186:207-219. [PMID: 35870442 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Embryo development is essential for seed yield and post-germination growth. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme in oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP), is widely involved in plant development and stress tolerance by providing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). In this study, the double mutant (g6pd5/6), overexpression line (G6PD5/6OE) and complementation line (g6pd5/6Comp) of cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases (Cyt-G6PD) were used to investigate Cyt-G6PD roles in embryo development of Arabidopsis. The results showed that the germination rate of g6pd5/6 seeds was delayed in comparison with that of Col-0; moreover, 11.5% of g6pd5/6 seeds did not germinate. The dysfunction of Cyt-G6PD resulted in decreased fresh weight and primary root length of g6pd5/6 seedlings. The height and silique length of g6pd5/6 plants were also decreased. Moreover, the abortion rate of siliques and seeds of g6pd5/6 plants were increased compared with those of Col-0, G6PD5/6OE and g6pd5/6Comp lines. However, the dysfunction of Cyt-G6PD did not affect pollen activity; but in g6pd5/6, the embryo development was partially delayed or inhibited. The contents of fatty acids and storage proteins, two main storage materials in Arabidopsis seeds, were decreased in g6pd5/6 seeds. Exogenous application of fatty acids (C18:2; C18:3) alleviated the delayed germination of g6pd5/6 seeds. RT-qPCR results further demonstrated that the early embryo development genes were down-regulated in g6pd5/6. Taken together, Cyt-G6PD plays a pivotal role in plant seed development by regulating the transcriptions of early embryo development genes and the accumulation of storage materials (especially fatty acids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Wenliang He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Chaiyan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Xiangxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Ruiling Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Yurong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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14
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Kabała K, Reda M, Wdowikowska A, Janicka M. Role of Plasma Membrane NADPH Oxidase in Response to Salt Stress in Cucumber Seedlings. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081534. [PMID: 36009253 PMCID: PMC9404751 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane NADPH oxidases (RBOHs, EC 1.6.3.1) are known as the main ROS generators involved in plant adaptation to stress conditions. In the present work, regulation of NADPH oxidase was analyzed in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. Krak) seedlings exposed to salinity. RBOH activity and gene expression, as well as H2O2 content, were determined in the roots of plants treated with 50 or 100 mM NaCl for 1 h, and 50 mM NaCl for 1 or 6 days. It was found that enzyme activity increased in parallel with an enhancement in the H2O2 level in roots exposed to 100 mM NaCl for 1 h, and to 50 mM NaCl for 1 day. The expression of some CsRboh genes was induced by salt. Moreover, an increase in the activity of G6PDH, providing the substrate for the NADPH oxidase, was observed. In seedlings subjected to salinity for a longer time, antioxidant enzymes-including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase-were activated, participating in maintaining a steady-state H2O2 content in the root cells. In conclusion, NADPH oxidase and endogenous H2O2 up-regulation seem to be early events in cucumber response to salinity.
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15
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Lei D, Lin Y, Luo M, Zhao B, Tang H, Zhou X, Yao W, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li M, Chen Q, Luo Y, Wang X, Tang H, Zhang Y. Genome-Wide Investigation of G6PDH Gene in Strawberry: Evolution and Expression Analysis during Development and Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4728. [PMID: 35563120 PMCID: PMC9104510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) provides NADPH and plays an important role in plant development and stress responses. However, little information was available about the G6PDH genes in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). The recent release of the whole-genome sequence of strawberry allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation into the organization and expression profiling of strawberry G6PDH genes. In the present study, 19 strawberry G6PDH genes (FaG6PDHs) were identified from the strawberry genome database. They were designated as FaG6PDH1 to FaG6PDH19, respectively, according to the conserved domain of each subfamily and multiple sequence alignment with Arabidopsis. According to their structural and phylogenetic features, the 19 FaG6PDHs were further classified into five types: Cy, P1, P1.1, P2 and PO. The number and location of exons and introns are similar, suggesting that genes of the same type are very similar and are alleles. A cis-element analysis inferred that FaG6PDHs possessed at least one stress-responsive cis-acting element. Expression profiles derived from transcriptome data analysis exhibited distinct expression patterns of FaG6PDHs genes in different developmental stages. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of five types FaG6PDHs genes and demonstrated that the genes were expressed and responded to multiple abiotic stress and hormonal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Lei
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengwen Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Bing Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Honglan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Wantian Yao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Yunting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (B.Z.); (H.T.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (H.T.)
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16
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Huang J, Han R, Ji F, Yu Y, Wang R, Hai Z, Liang W, Wang H. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and abscisic acid mediate programmed cell death induced by aluminum toxicity in soybean root tips. J Hazard Mater 2022; 425:127964. [PMID: 34891015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) induced by aluminum (Al) is considered an important reason of Al phytotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanism of how Al induces PCD remains largely unknown in plants. The roles of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and abscisic acid (ABA) in regulating Al-induced PCD were investigated in soybean roots. Al treatment increased G6PDH activity, while inhibition of G6PDH activity alleviated PCD occurrence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under Al stress. Overexpression of cytosolic G6PDH1 enhanced G6PDH activity, thus promoting ROS production and cell death under Al exposure. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity mitigated ROS generation and cell death under Al stress. Further investigation demonstrated that G6PDH positively regulated the activity of NADPH oxidase under Al treatment using pharmacological and transgenic approach. Furthermore, Al stress increased ABA production, while inhibition of ABA biosynthesis alleviated PCD occurrence and ROS accumulation under Al stress. Interestingly, ABA upregulated G6PDH1 expression and G6PDH activity under Al stress. These results suggest that G6PDH mediates Al-induced PCD occurrence through the activation of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production, and ABA acts upstream of G6PDH in this process. This study will provide novel clues for the improvement of Al phytotoxicity in acidic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Rongzhi Han
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Fang Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ruoyi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhaoxin Hai
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Weihong Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China; The Observation and Research Field Station of Taihang Mountain Forest Ecosystems of Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Huahua Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China; The Observation and Research Field Station of Taihang Mountain Forest Ecosystems of Henan Province, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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17
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Jin J, Wang J, Li K, Wang S, Qin J, Zhang G, Na X, Wang X, Bi Y. Integrated Physiological, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Analyses Revealed Molecular Mechanism for Salt Resistance in Soybean Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12848. [PMID: 34884654 PMCID: PMC8657671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress is a threat to yield in many crops, including soybean (Glycine max L.). In this study, three soybean cultivars (JD19, LH3, and LD2) with different salt resistance were used to analyze salt tolerance mechanisms using physiology, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and bioinformatic methods. Physiological studies showed that salt-tolerant cultivars JD19 and LH3 had less root growth inhibition, higher antioxidant enzyme activities, lower ROS accumulation, and lower Na+ and Cl- contents than salt-susceptible cultivar LD2 under 100 mM NaCl treatment. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that compared with LD2, salt stress increased the expression of antioxidant metabolism, stress response metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, auxin response protein, transcription, and translation-related genes in JD19 and LH3. The comparison of metabolite profiles indicated that amino acid metabolism and the TCA cycle were important metabolic pathways of soybean in response to salt stress. In the further validation analysis of the above two pathways, it was found that compared with LD2, JD19, and LH3 had higher nitrogen absorption and assimilation rate, more amino acid accumulation, and faster TCA cycle activity under salt stress, which helped them better adapt to salt stress. Taken together, this study provides valuable information for better understanding the molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance of soybean and also proposes new ideas and methods for cultivating stress-tolerant soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
- Center for Grassland Microbiome, Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Keke Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Shengwang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Juan Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Guohong Zhang
- Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Xiaofan Na
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
| | - Yurong Bi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.J.); (K.L.); (S.W.); (J.Q.); (X.N.)
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18
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Li C, Li K, Zheng M, Liu X, Ding X, Gai J, Yang S. Gm6PGDH1, a Cytosolic 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase, Enhanced Tolerance to Phosphate Starvation by Improving Root System Development and Modifying the Antioxidant System in Soybean. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:704983. [PMID: 34484268 PMCID: PMC8414836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus plays an important role in plant growth and development, and is an important limiting factor for crop yield. Although previous studies have shown that 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) plays an important role in plant resistance to adversity, its response to low phosphorus (P) stress remains unknown. In this study, we reported the cloning and characterization of a cytosolic 6PGDH gene, Gm6PGDH1, which enhanced the tolerance to phosphate (Pi) starvation by improving root system development and modifying the antioxidant system in transgenic plants. Gm6PGDH1 was highly expressed in the root at full bloom stage, and strongly induced by Pi starvation. The results from intact soybean composite plant and soybean plant, both containing a Gm6PGDH1-overexpressing construct, showed that Gm6PGDH1 was involved in root system development, and subsequently affected P uptake under Pi-deficient conditions. Meanwhile, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the root tip of transgenic soybean was reduced, and the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes was enhanced compared with those of the wild type under Pi-deficient conditions. Interestingly, we found that the overexpression of Gm6PGDH1 weakened the response of several other important Pi-answer genes to Pi starvation, such as some purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) and redox-related genes. In addition, the results from a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) indicated that Gm6PGDH1 might have functional redundancy in soybean, and the results from a heterogeneous transformation system showed that overexpressing Gm6PGDH1 also enhanced tolerance to Pi starvation in transgenic Arabidopsis. Together, these results suggested the great potential of Gm6PGDH1 in crop breeding for low Pi tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kangning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianlong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Gai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shouping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Liu Y, Hou W, Jin J, Christensen MJ, Gu L, Cheng C, Wang J. Epichloë gansuensis Increases the Tolerance of Achnatherum inebrians to Low-P Stress by Modulating Amino Acids Metabolism and Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:390. [PMID: 34067720 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the long-term evolutionary process, Achnatherum inebrians and seed-borne endophytic fungi, Epichloë gansuensis, formed a mutually beneficial symbiosis relationship, and Epichloë gansuensis has an important biological role in improving the tolerance of host grasses to abiotic stress. In this work, we first assessed the effects of Epichloë gansuensis on dry weight, the content of C, N, P and metal ions, and metabolic pathway of amino acids, and phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) of Achnatherum inebrians at low P stress. Our results showed that the dry weights, the content of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, glutamine, glutamic acid, L-asparagine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, and tryptophan were higher in leaves of Epichloë gansuensis-infected (E+) Achnatherum inebrians than Epichloë gansuensis-uninfected (E−) Achnatherum inebrians at low P stress. Further, Epichloë gansuensis increased C content of roots compared to the root of E− plant at 0.01 mM P and 0.5 mM P; Epichloëgansuensis increased K content of leaves compared to the leaf of E− plant at 0.01 mM P and 0.5 mM P. Epichloëgansuensis reduced Ca content of roots compared to the root of E− plant at 0.01 mM P and 0.5 mM P; Epichloë gansuensis reduced the content of Mg and Fe in leaves compared to the leaf of E− plant at 0.01 mM P and 0.5 mM P. In addition, at low P stress, Epichloë gansuensis most probably influenced aspartate and glutamate metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis in leaves; and arginine and proline metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism in roots. Epichloë gansuensis also affected the content of organic acid and stress-related metabolites at low P stress. In conclusion, Epichloë gansuensis improves Achnatherum inebrians growth at low P stress by regulating the metabolic pathway of amino acids, amino acids content, organic acid content, and increasing PUE.
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Jin J, Li K, Qin J, Yan L, Wang S, Zhang G, Wang X, Bi Y. The response mechanism to salt stress in Arabidopsis transgenic lines over-expressing of GmG6PD. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 162:74-85. [PMID: 33667969 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD or G6PDH) plays an important role in response to salt stress in plants. However, much less is known about G6PD proteins in soybean (Glycine max L.). Here, we found that a soybean cytosolic G6PD gene, GmG6PD7, was induced by NaCl. We generated Arabidopsis transgenic lines overexpressing GmG6PD7. The seed germination rate and primary root length of Arabidopsis thaliana over-expressing GmG6PD7 under NaCl treatment were enhanced. Salt stress induced an obvious increase of the total and cytosolic G6PD activity and the marked decrease of ROS levels in the transgenic plants. At the same time, over-expressing GmG6PD7 in Arabidopsis affected the glutathione and NADPH level and activated ROS scavengers, suggesting that GmG6PD7 contributes to increase salinity tolerance by decreasing ROS accumulation. What's more, we found GmG6PD7 overexpression led to the up-regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) degradation gene and the down-regulation of ABA synthesis and ABA-responsive genes, which finally reduced ABA content to improve seed germination rate under salinity stress. It was noteworthy that GmG6PD7 can rescue the seed and root phenotype of Arabidopsis cytosolic G6PD mutant (Atg6pd5 and Atg6pd6) under salt stress, suggesting cytosolic G6PD may have a conserved function in soybean and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Keke Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Juan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Lili Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Shengwang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Guohong Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 7300700, PR China.
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Yurong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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Kamsen R, Kalapanulak S, Chiewchankaset P, Saithong T. Transcriptome integrated metabolic modeling of carbon assimilation underlying storage root development in cassava. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8758. [PMID: 33888810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The existing genome-scale metabolic model of carbon metabolism in cassava storage roots, rMeCBM, has proven particularly resourceful in exploring the metabolic basis for the phenotypic differences between high and low-yield cassava cultivars. However, experimental validation of predicted metabolic fluxes by carbon labeling is quite challenging. Here, we incorporated gene expression data of developing storage roots into the basic flux-balance model to minimize infeasible metabolic fluxes, denoted as rMeCBMx, thereby improving the plausibility of the simulation and predictive power. Three different conceptual algorithms, GIMME, E-Flux, and HPCOF were evaluated. The rMeCBMx-HPCOF model outperformed others in predicting carbon fluxes in the metabolism of storage roots and, in particular, was highly consistent with transcriptome of high-yield cultivars. The flux prediction was improved through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in cytosol, as has been reported in various studies on root metabolism, but hardly captured by simple FBA models. Moreover, the presence of fluxes through cytosolic glycolysis and alanine biosynthesis pathways were predicted with high consistency with gene expression levels. This study sheds light on the importance of prediction power in the modeling of complex plant metabolism. Integration of multi-omics data would further help mitigate the ill-posed problem of constraint-based modeling, allowing more realistic simulation.
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Henriet C, Balliau T, Aimé D, Le Signor C, Kreplak J, Zivy M, Gallardo K, Vernoud V. Proteomics of developing pea seeds reveals a complex antioxidant network underlying the response to sulfur deficiency and water stress. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:2611-2626. [PMID: 33558872 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pea is a legume crop producing protein-rich seeds and is increasingly in demand for human consumption and animal feed. The aim of this study was to explore the proteome of developing pea seeds at three key stages covering embryogenesis, the transition to seed-filling, and the beginning of storage-protein synthesis, and to investigate how the proteome was influenced by S deficiency and water stress, applied either separately or combined. Of the 3184 proteins quantified by shotgun proteomics, 2473 accumulated at particular stages, thus providing insights into the proteome dynamics at these stages. Differential analyses in response to the stresses and inference of a protein network using the whole proteomics dataset identified a cluster of antioxidant proteins (including a glutathione S-transferase, a methionine sulfoxide reductase, and a thioredoxin) possibly involved in maintaining redox homeostasis during early seed development and preventing cellular damage under stress conditions. Integration of the proteomics data with previously obtained transcriptomics data at the transition to seed-filling revealed the transcriptional events associated with the accumulation of the stress-regulated antioxidant proteins. This transcriptional defense response involves genes of sulfate homeostasis and assimilation, thus providing candidates for targeted studies aimed at dissecting the signaling cascade linking S metabolism to antioxidant processes in developing seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Henriet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Balliau
- Plateforme d'Analyse de Protéomique Paris Sud-Ouest (PAPPSO), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, UMR Génétique Quantitative et Évolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Delphine Aimé
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Le Signor
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jonathan Kreplak
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- Plateforme d'Analyse de Protéomique Paris Sud-Ouest (PAPPSO), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, UMR Génétique Quantitative et Évolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Gallardo
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Vanessa Vernoud
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Corpas FJ, González-Gordo S, Palma JM. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide modulate the NADPH-generating enzymatic system in higher plants. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:830-847. [PMID: 32945878 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are two key molecules in plant cells that participate, directly or indirectly, as regulators of protein functions through derived post-translational modifications, mainly tyrosine nitration, S-nitrosation, and persulfidation. These post-translational modifications allow the participation of both NO and H2S signal molecules in a wide range of cellular processes either physiological or under stressful circumstances. NADPH participates in cellular redox status and it is a key cofactor necessary for cell growth and development. It is involved in significant biochemical routes such as fatty acid, carotenoid and proline biosynthesis, and the shikimate pathway, as well as in cellular detoxification processes including the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, the NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR), or the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase. Plant cells have diverse mechanisms to generate NADPH by a group of NADP-dependent oxidoreductases including ferredoxin-NADP reductase (FNR), NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP-GAPDH), NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH), and both enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, designated as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH). These enzymes consist of different isozymes located in diverse subcellular compartments (chloroplasts, cytosol, mitochondria, and peroxisomes) which contribute to the NAPDH cellular pool. We provide a comprehensive overview of how post-translational modifications promoted by NO (tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosation), H2S (persulfidation), and glutathione (glutathionylation), affect the cellular redox status through regulation of the NADP-dependent dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
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24
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Farooq MA, Zhang X, Zafar MM, Ma W, Zhao J. Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondria in Seed Germination. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:781734. [PMID: 34956279 PMCID: PMC8695494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is crucial for the life cycle of plants and maximum crop production. This critical developmental step is regulated by diverse endogenous [hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS)] and exogenous (light, temperature) factors. Reactive oxygen species promote the release of seed dormancy by biomolecules oxidation, testa weakening and endosperm decay. Reactive oxygen species modulate metabolic and hormone signaling pathways that induce and maintain seed dormancy and germination. Endosperm provides nutrients and senses environmental signals to regulate the growth of the embryo by secreting timely signals. The growing energy demand of the developing embryo and endosperm is fulfilled by functional mitochondria. Mitochondrial matrix-localized heat shock protein GhHSP24.7 controls seed germination in a temperature-dependent manner. In this review, we summarize comprehensive view of biochemical and molecular mechanisms, which coordinately control seed germination. We also discuss that the accurate and optimized coordination of ROS, mitochondria, heat shock proteins is required to permit testa rupture and subsequent germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais Farooq
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | | | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Ma,
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Jianjun Zhao,
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25
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Feng R, Wang X, He L, Wang S, Li J, Jin J, Bi Y. Identification, Characterization, and Stress Responsiveness of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Genes in Highland Barley. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1800. [PMID: 33353078 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
G6PDH provides intermediate metabolites and reducing power (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH) for plant metabolism, and plays a pivotal role in the cellular redox homeostasis. In this study, we cloned five G6PDH genes (HvG6PDH1 to HvG6PDH5) from highland barley and characterized their encoded proteins. Functional analysis of HvG6PDHs in E. coli showed that HvG6PDH1 to HvG6PDH5 encode the functional G6PDH proteins. Subcellular localization and phylogenetic analysis indicated that HvG6PDH2 and HvG6PDH5 are localized in the cytoplasm, while HvG6PDH1, HvG6PDH3, and HvG6PDH4 are plastidic isoforms. Analysis of enzymatic activities and gene expression showed that HvG6PDH1 to HvG6PDH4 are involved in responses to salt and drought stresses. The cytosolic HvG6PDH2 is the major isoform against oxidative stress. HvG6PDH5 may be a house-keeping gene. In addition, HvG6PDH1 to HvG6PDH4 and their encoded enzymes responded to jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, implying that JA and ABA are probably critical regulators of HvG6PDHs (except for HvG6PDH5). Reactive oxygen species analysis showed that inhibition of cytosolic and plastidic G6PDH activities leads to increased H2O2 and O2− contents in highland barley under salt and drought stresses. These results suggest that G6PDH can maintain cellular redox homeostasis and that cytosolic HvG6PDH2 is an irreplaceable isoform against oxidative stress in highland barley.
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26
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Zhang Y, Luo M, Cheng L, Lin Y, Chen Q, Sun B, Gu X, Wang Y, Li M, Luo Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Tang H. Identification of the Cytosolic Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene from Strawberry Involved in Cold Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197322. [PMID: 33023038 PMCID: PMC7582851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) plays an important role in plant stress responses. Here, five FaG6PDH sequences were obtained in strawberry, designated as FaG6PDH-CY, FaG6PDH-P1, FaG6PDH-P1.1, FaG6PDH-P2 and FaG6PDH-P0, which were divided into cytosolic (CY) and plastidic (P) isoforms based on the bioinformatic analysis. The respective FaG6PDH genes had distinct expression patterns in all tissues and at different stages of fruit development. Notably, FaG6PDH-CY was the most highly expressed gene among five FaG6PDH members, indicating it encoded the major G6PDH isoform throughout the plant. FaG6PDH positively regulated cold tolerance in strawberry. Inhibition of its activity gave rise to greater cold-induced injury in plant. The FaG6PDH-CY transcript had a significant increase under cold stress, similar to the G6PDH enzyme activity, suggesting a principal participant in response to cold stress. Further study showed that the low-temperature responsiveness (LTR) element in FaG6PDH-CY promoter can promote the gene expression when plant encountered cold stimuli. Besides, FaG6PDH-CY was involved in regulating cold-induced activation of antioxidant enzyme genes (FaSOD, FaCAT, FaAPX and FaGR) and RBOH-dependent ROS generation. The elevated FaG6PDH-CY enhanced ROS-scavenging capability of antioxidant enzymes to suppress ROS excessive accumulation and relieved the oxidative damage, eventually improving the strawberry resistance to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengwen Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Lijuan Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xianjie Gu
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang 621000, China;
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (H.T.)
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (L.C.); (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (B.S.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (H.T.)
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Bailly C. The signalling role of ROS in the regulation of seed germination and dormancy. Biochem J 2019; 476:3019-32. [PMID: 31657442 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20190159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are versatile compounds which can have toxic or signalling effects in a wide range living organisms, including seeds. They have been reported to play a pivotal role in the regulation of seed germination and dormancy but their mechanisms of action are still far from being fully understood. In this review, we sum-up the major findings that have been carried out this last decade in this field of research and which altogether shed a new light on the signalling roles of ROS in seed physiology. ROS participate in dormancy release during seed dry storage through the direct oxidation of a subset of biomolecules. During seed imbibition, the controlled generation of ROS is involved in the perception and transduction of environmental conditions that control germination. When these conditions are permissive for germination, ROS levels are maintained at a level which triggers cellular events associated with germination, such as hormone signalling. Here we propose that the spatiotemporal regulation of ROS production acts in concert with hormone signalling to regulate the cellular events involved in cell expansion associated with germination.
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Wang J, Hou W, Christensen MJ, Xia C, Chen T, Zhang Z, Nan Z. The fungal endophyte Epichloë gansuensis increases NaCl-tolerance in Achnatherum inebrians through enhancing the activity of plasma membrane H +-ATPase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Sci China Life Sci 2020; 64:452-465. [PMID: 32430851 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salt stress negatively affects plant growth, and the fungal endophyte Epichloëgansuensis increases the tolerance of its host grass species, Achnatherum inebrians, to abiotic stresses. In this work, we first evaluated the effects of E. gansuensis on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase activity of Achnatherum inebrians plants under varying NaCl concentrations. Our results showed that the presence of E. gansuensis increased G6PDH, PM H+-ATPase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity to decrease O2•-, H2O2 and Na+ contents in A. inebrians under NaCl stress, resulting in enhanced salt tolerance. In addition, the PM NADPH oxidase activity and NADPH/NADP+ ratios were all lower in A. inebrians with E. ganusensis plants than A. inebrians plants without this endophyte under NaCl stress. In conclusion, E. gansuensis has a positive role in improving host grass yield under NaCl stress by enhancing the activity of G6PDH and PM H+-ATPase to decrease ROS content. This provides a new way for the selection of stress-resistant and high-quality forage varieties by the use of systemic fungal endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry; Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenpeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry; Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Michael J Christensen
- Retired scientist of AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Chao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry; Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry; Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Center for Grassland Microbiome; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry; Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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29
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Wang X, Ruan M, Wan Q, He W, Yang L, Liu X, He L, Yan L, Bi Y. Nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide increase glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities and expression upon drought stress in soybean roots. Plant Cell Rep 2020; 39:63-73. [PMID: 31535176 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Changes in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) isoforms activities and expression were investigated in soybean roots under drought, suggesting that cytosolic G6PD plays a main role by regulating H2O2 signal and redox homeostasis. G6PD acts a vital role in plant growth, development and stress adaptation. Drought (PEG6000 treatment) could markedly increase the enzymatic activities of cytosolic G6PD (Cyt-G6PD) and compartmented G6PD (mainly plastidic P2-G6PD) in soybean roots. Application of G6PD inhibitor upon drought condition dramatically decreased the intracellular NADPH and reduced glutathione levels in soybean roots. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) participated in the regulation of Cyt-G6PD and P2-G6PD enzymatic activities under drought stress. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, abolished the drought-induced accumulation of H2O2. The exogenous application of H2O2 and its production inhibitor (DPI) could stimulate and inhibit the NO accumulation, respectively, but not vice versa. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that NO, as the downstream signal of H2O2, positively regulated the transcription of genes encoding Cyt-G6PD (GPD5, G6PD6, G6PD7) under drought stress in soybean roots. Comparatively, NO and H2O2 signals negatively regulated the gene expression of compartmented G6PD (GPD1, G6PD2, G6PD4), indicating that a post-transcriptional mechanism was involved in compartmented G6PD regulation. Taken together, the high Cyt-G6PD activity is essential for maintaining redox homeostasis upon drought condition in soybean roots, and the H2O2-dependent NO cascade signal is differently involved in Cyt-G6PD and compartmented G6PD regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Mengjiao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Wenliang He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Li He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Lili Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yurong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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30
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Trusova SV, Teplova AD, Golyshev SA, Galiullina RA, Morozova EA, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB. Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Delivers Proteolytically Active Phytaspases Into Plant Cells. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:873. [PMID: 31379892 PMCID: PMC6657458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytaspases belong to the family of plant subtilisin-like proteases and are distinct from other family members, as they have strict and rarely occurring aspartate cleavage specificity and unusual localization dynamics. After being secreted into the apoplast of healthy plant tissues, phytaspases are able to return back into cells that have been committed to cell death due to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. It was recently discovered that retrograde transport of phytaspases involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Here, consequences of phytaspase internalization were studied. Proteolytic activity of phytaspases in the apoplast and intracellular protein fractions obtained from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves containing either endogenous phytaspase only or transiently producing Nicotiana tabacum phytaspase-EGFP protein (NtPhyt-EGFP) was determined. We demonstrated that triggering phytaspase internalization by antimycin A-induced oxidative stress is accompanied by re-distribution of phytaspase activity from the apoplast to the cell interior. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by co-production of the Hub protein prevented phytaspase internalization and phytaspase activity re-localization. Specificity of endocytic uptake of phytaspases was demonstrated by the co-production of an apoplast-targeted mRFP protein marker, which retained its apoplastic localization when phytaspase internalization was essentially complete. Overproduction of NtPhyt-EGFP, but not of the proteolytically inactive phytaspase mutant, per se caused moderate damage in young Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings, whereas antimycin A treatment induced a pronounced loss of cell viability independent of the NtPhyt-EGFP overproduction. Interestingly, inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis abrogated cell death symptoms in both cases. In contrast to stress-induced internalization of tobacco phytaspase, Arabidopsis thaliana phytaspase-EGFP protein (AtPhyt-EGFP) was spontaneously internalized when transiently produced in N. benthamiana leaves. The AtPhyt-EGFP uptake was dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis as well, the internalized protein being initially visualized within the membranous vesicles. At later time points, the EGFP tag was cleaved off from AtPhyt, though the elevated level of intracellular AtPhyt proteolytic activity persisted. Our data, therefore, point to clathrin-mediated endocytosis as a means to deliver proteolytically active phytaspases into plant cells. It would be interesting to learn whether or not phytaspases are unique among the large family of plant subtilisin-like proteases in their ability to utilize retrograde trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Trusova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia D. Teplova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A. Golyshev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Raisa A. Galiullina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Morozova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina V. Chichkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey B. Vartapetian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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