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Kim T, Lee H, Kim S, Kim C, Son H, Lee S. Improved time-varying reproduction numbers using the generation interval for COVID-19. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1185854. [PMID: 37457248 PMCID: PMC10348824 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1185854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating key epidemiological parameters, such as incubation period, serial interval (SI), generation interval (GI) and latent period, is essential to quantify the transmissibility and effects of various interventions of COVID-19. These key parameters play a critical role in quantifying the basic reproduction number. With the hard work of epidemiological investigators in South Korea, estimating these key parameters has become possible based on infector-infectee surveillance data of COVID-19 between February 2020 and April 2021. Herein, the mean incubation period was estimated to be 4.9 days (95% CI: 4.2, 5.7) and the mean generation interval was estimated to be 4.3 days (95% CI: 4.2, 4.4). The mean serial interval was estimated to be 4.3, with a standard deviation of 4.2. It is also revealed that the proportion of presymptomatic transmission was ~57%, which indicates the potential risk of transmission before the disease onset. We compared the time-varying reproduction number based on GI and SI and found that the time-varying reproduction number based on GI may result in a larger estimation of Rt, which refers to the COVID-19 transmission potential around the rapid increase of cases. This highlights the importance of considering presymptomatic transmission and generation intervals when estimating the time-varying reproduction number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobhin Kim
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Lee
- Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchan Kim
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Busan Center for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Son
- Busan Center for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Lee
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Charitos IA, Ballini A, Lovero R, Castellaneta F, Colella M, Scacco S, Cantore S, Arrigoni R, Mastrangelo F, Dioguardi M. Update on COVID-19 and Effectiveness of a Vaccination Campaign in a Global Context. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10712. [PMID: 36078427 PMCID: PMC9518080 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains a significant issue for global health, the economy, and society. When SARS-CoV-2 began to spread, the most recent serious infectious disease of this century around the world, with its high morbidity and mortality rates, it is understandable why such infections have generally been spread in the past, mainly from international travel movements. This perspective review aimed to provide an update for clinicians on the recent developments related to the microbiological perspectives in pandemics, diagnostics, prevention (such as the spread of a virus), vaccination campaigns, treatment options, and health consequences for COVID-19 based on the current literature. In this way, the authors attempt to raise awareness on the transversal nature of these challenges by identifying the main risk/vulnerability factors that the scientific community must face including our current knowledge on the virus capacity of the mechanism of entry into the cells, the current classifications of viral variants, the knowledge of the mathematical model on the spread of viruses (the possible routes of transmission), and the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns in a global context of pandemic, particularly from COVID-19, with a look at new or future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Department of Emergency and Urgency, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Lovero
- AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Clinical Pathology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Castellaneta
- AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, Clinical Pathology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Colella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Scacco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Independent Researcher, Sorriso & Benessere-Ricerca e Clinica, 70129 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Arrigoni
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Filiberto Mastrangelo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Zhang YD, Chen D, Hu L, Shen L, Wu RY, Cao FM, Xu JQ, Wang L. Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 Outbreak in Yangzhou, China, 2021. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:865963. [PMID: 35602046 PMCID: PMC9120923 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.865963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 outbreak in Yangzhou city caused by the highly contagious Delta variant strain of SARS-CoV-2 virus were investigated in this retrospective descriptive study to provide prevention and control guidelines for outbreaks in the future. Methods All the epidemiological data used in this study were collected manually from the official website of the Yangzhou Municipal Health Committee from 28 July to 26 August 2021, and then were analyzed systematically and statistically in this study. Results A total of 570 COVID-19 cases were reported during the short-term outbreak in Yangzhou City. The ages of infected individuals ranged from 1 to 90 years with the average age at 49.47 ± 22.69 years. As for gender distributions, the ratio of male- to-female patients was 1:1.36 (242:328). Geographic analysis showed that 377 patients (66.1%) were in Hanjiang District while 188 patients (33.0%) were in Guangling District. Clinical diagnosis showed that 175 people (30.7%) had mild symptoms, 385 people were in moderate conditions (67.5%), and 10 people were in severe situations (1.8%). Significant age differences were found among the three groups (P < 0.001). However, no significant difference was identified in terms of gender ratio (P > 0.05). Based on the transmission chain formed by 6 generations of infected persons with a clear transmission relationship, the age showed a gradually decreasing trend, while the median time of diagnosis in 2 adjacent generations was 3 days. In addition, the estimated basic reproduction number R 0 of the Delta variant was 3.3651 by the classical Susceptible, Infectious, and/or Recovered (SIR) model. Conclusion The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 was highly infectious and has obvious clustering characteristics during the Yangzhou outbreak in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ding Chen
- School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lei Hu
- School of Mathematics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Shen
- School of Management, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ren-Yuan Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fu-Ming Cao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Xu
- School of Management, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou, China
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Mugenyi L, Nsubuga RN, Wanyana I, Muttamba W, Tumwesigye NM, Nsubuga SH. Feasibility of using a mobile App to monitor and report COVID-19 related symptoms and people's movements in Uganda. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260269. [PMID: 34797878 PMCID: PMC8604357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feasibility of mobile Apps to monitor diseases has not been well documented particularly in developing countries. We developed and studied the feasibility of using a mobile App to collect daily data on COVID-19 symptoms and people's movements. METHODS We used an open source software "KoBo Toolbox" to develop the App and installed it on low cost smart mobile phones. We named this App "Wetaase" ("protect yourself"). The App was tested on 30 selected households from 3 densely populated areas of Kampala, Uganda, and followed them for 3 months. One trained member per household captured the data in the App for each enrolled member and uploaded it to a virtual server on a daily basis. The App is embedded with an algorithm that flags participants who report fever and any other COVID-19 related symptom. RESULTS A total of 101 participants were enrolled; 61% female; median age 23 (interquartile range (IQR): 17-36) years. Usage of the App was 78% (95% confidence interval (CI): 77.0%-78.8%). It increased from 40% on day 1 to a peak of 81% on day 45 and then declined to 59% on day 90. Usage of the App did not significantly vary by site, sex or age. Only 57/6617 (0.86%) records included a report of at least one of the 17 listed COVID-19 related symptoms. The most reported symptom was flu/runny nose (21%) followed by sneezing (15%), with the rest ranging between 2% and 7%. Reports on movements away from home were 45% with 74% going to markets or shops. The participants liked the "Wetaase" App and recommended it for use as an alert system for COVID-19. CONCLUSION Usage of the "Wetaase" App was high (78%) and it was similar across the three study sites, sex and age groups. Reporting of symptoms related to COVID-19 was low. Movements were mainly to markets and shops. Users reported that the App was easy to use and recommended its scale up. We recommend that this App be assessed at a large scale for feasibility, usability and acceptability as an additional tool for increasing alerts on COVID-19 in Uganda and similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levicatus Mugenyi
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- The AIDS Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Irene Wanyana
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Shen X, Yan S, Cao H, Feng J, Lei Z, Zhang W, Lv C, Gan Y. Current Status and Associated Factors of Depression and Anxiety Among the Chinese Residents During the Period of Low Transmission of COVID-19. Front Psychol 2021; 12:700376. [PMID: 34646194 PMCID: PMC8503548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has contributed to depression and anxiety among the general population in China. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of these psychological problems among Chinese adults during the period of low transmission, which could reflect the long-term depression and anxiety of the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in China from 4 to 26 February 2021. Convenient sampling strategy was adopted to recruit participators. Participants were asked to filled out the questions that assessed questionnaire on the residents' depression and anxiety. Results: A total of 2,361 residents filled out the questionnaire. The mean age was 29.72 years (SD = 6.94) and majority of respondents were female (60.10%). Among the respondents, 421 (17.83%), 1470 (62.26%), and 470 (19.91%) were from eastern, central, and western China, respectively. 1704 (72.17%) consented COVID-19 information has been disclosed timely. 142 (6.01%) and 130 (5.51%) patients suffered from depression and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, some influencing factors were found, including marital status, place of residence, employment status. Conclusion: This study revealed that anxiety and depression still are potential depression and anxiety for some residents, which suggested early recognition and initiation of interventions during the period of low transmission is still indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijiao Yan
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Labor Economics and Management, Beijing Vocational College of Labour and Social Security, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihui Lei
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanzhu Lv
- Emergency Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Island Emergency Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU013), Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yong Gan
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Xu H, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Ma L, Liu M, Gan H, Liu W, Lum GGA, Tao F. Basic Reproduction Number of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease in the Major Endemic Areas of China: A Latent Profile Analysis. Front Public Health 2021; 9:575315. [PMID: 34595146 PMCID: PMC8476846 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.575315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the latent class of basic reproduction number (R0) trends of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the major endemic areas of China. Methods: The provinces that reported more than 500 cases of COVID-19 till February 18, 2020 were selected as the major endemic areas. The Verhulst model was used to fit the growth rate of cumulative confirmed cases. The R0 of COVID-19 was calculated using the parameters of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19. The latent class of R0 was analyzed using the latent profile analysis (LPA) model. Results: The median R0 calculated from the SARS and COVID-19 parameters were 1.84–3.18 and 1.74–2.91, respectively. The R0 calculated from the SARS parameters was greater than that calculated from the COVID-19 parameters (Z = −4.782 to −4.623, p < 0.01). Both R0 can be divided into three latent classes. The initial value of R0 in class 1 (Shandong Province, Sichuan Province, and Chongqing Municipality) was relatively low and decreased slowly. The initial value of R0 in class 2 (Anhui Province, Hunan Province, Jiangxi Province, Henan Province, Zhejiang Province, Guangdong Province, and Jiangsu Province) was relatively high and decreased rapidly. Moreover, the initial R0 value of class 3 (Hubei Province) was in the range between that of classes 1 and 2, but the higher R0 level lasted longer and decreased slowly. Conclusion: The results indicated that the overall R0 trend is decreased with the strengthening of comprehensive prevention and control measures of China for COVID-19, however, there are regional differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglv Xu
- School of Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Yuan
- School of Health Service Management, Center for Big Data Science in Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liya Ma
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Gan
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Fangbiao Tao
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Health Service Management, Center for Big Data Science in Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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You X, Gu J, Xu DR, Huang S, Xue H, Hao C, Ruan Y, Sylvia S, Liao J, Cai Y, Peng L, Wang X, Li R, Li J, Hao Y. Impact of the gate-keeping policies of China's primary healthcare model on the future burden of tuberculosis in China: a protocol for a mathematical modelling study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048449. [PMID: 34433597 PMCID: PMC8390147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the past three decades, China has made great strides in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). However, the TB burden remains high. In 2019, China accounted for 8.4% of global incident cases of TB, the third highest in the world, with a higher prevalence in rural areas. The Healthy China 2030 highlights the gate-keeping role of primary healthcare (PHC). However, the impact of PHC reforms on the future TB burden is unclear. We propose to use mathematical models to project and evaluate the impacts of different gate-keeping policies. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will develop a deterministic, population-level, compartmental model to capture the dynamics of TB transmission within adult rural population. The model will incorporate seven main TB statuses, and each compartment will be subdivided by service providers. The parameters involving preference for healthcare seeking will be collected using discrete choice experiment (DCE) method. We will solve the deterministic model numerically over a 20-year (2021-2040) timeframe and predict the TB prevalence, incidence and cumulative new infections under the status quo or various policy scenarios. We will also conduct an analysis following standard protocols to calculate the average cost-effectiveness for each policy scenario relative to the status quo. A numerical calibration analysis against the available published TB prevalence data will be performed using a Bayesian approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Most of the data or parameters in the model will be obtained based on secondary data (eg, published literature and an open-access data set). The DCE survey has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University. The approval number is SYSU [2019]140. Results of the study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, media and conference presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi You
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Sun Yat-Sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Roman Xu
- ACACIA Labs, Institute for Global Health and School of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Centre for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chun Hao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Sun Yat-Sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunzhou Ruan
- Department of Tuberculosis Resistance Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sean Sylvia
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jing Liao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiyuan Cai
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Liping Peng
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Renzhong Li
- Department of Tuberculosis Resistance Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Sun Yat-Sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuantao Hao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Sun Yat-Sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Yu CJ, Wang ZX, Xu Y, Hu MX, Chen K, Qin G. Assessment of basic reproductive number for COVID-19 at global level: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25837. [PMID: 33950996 PMCID: PMC8104145 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are large knowledge gaps regarding how transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) occurred in different settings across the world. This study aims to summarize basic reproduction number (R0) data and provide clues for designing prevention and control measures. METHODS Several databases and preprint platforms were retrieved for literature reporting R0 values of COVID-19. The analysis was stratified by the prespecified modeling method to make the R0 values comparable, and by country/region to explore whether R0 estimates differed across the world. The average R0 values were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS We identified 185 unique articles, yielding 43 articles for analysis. The selected studies covered 5 countries from Asia, 5 countries from Europe, 12 countries from Africa, and 1 from North America, South America, and Australia each. Exponential growth rate model was most favored by researchers. The pooled global R0 was 4.08 (95% CI, 3.09-5.39). The R0 estimates for new and shifting epicenters were comparable or even higher than that for the original epicenter Wuhan, China. CONCLUSIONS The high R0 values suggest that an extraordinary combination of control measures is needed for halting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jun Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zi-Xiao Wang
- Department of Computer Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Ming-Xia Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Abstract
This paper presents a method to predict the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 in a population with a known age-structure, and then, to quantify the effects of various containment policies, including those policies that affect each age-group differently. The model itself is a compartmental model in which each compartment is divided into a number of age-groups. The parameters of the model are estimated using an optimisation scheme and some known results from the theory of monotone systems such that the model output agrees with some collected data on the spread of SARS-CoV-2. To highlight the strengths of this framework, a few case studies are presented in which different populations are subjected to different containment strategies. They include cases in which the containment policies switch between scenarios with different levels of severity. Then a case study on herd immunity due to vaccination is presented. And then it is shown how we can use this framework to optimally distribute a limited number of vaccine units in a given population to maximise their impact and reduce the total number of infectious individuals.
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Yoneoka D, Shi S, Nomura S, Tanoue Y, Kawashima T, Eguchi A, Matsuura K, Makiyama K, Uryu S, Ejima K, Sakamoto H, Taniguchi T, Kunishima H, Gilmour S, Nishiura H, Miyata H. Assessing the regional impact of Japan's COVID-19 state of emergency declaration: a population-level observational study using social networking services. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042002. [PMID: 33589454 PMCID: PMC7886666 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE On 7 April 2020, the Japanese government declared a state of emergency in response to the novel coronavirus outbreak. To estimate the impact of the declaration on regional cities with low numbers of COVID-19 cases, large-scale surveillance to capture the current epidemiological situation of COVID-19 was urgently conducted in this study. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Social networking service (SNS)-based online survey conducted in five prefectures of Japan: Tottori, Kagawa, Shimane, Tokushima and Okayama. PARTICIPANTS 127 121 participants from the five prefectures surveyed between 24 March and 5 May 2020. INTERVENTIONS An SNS-based healthcare system named COOPERA (COvid-19: Operation for Personalized Empowerment to Render smart prevention And care seeking) was launched. It asks questions regarding postcode, personal information, preventive actions, and current and past symptoms related to COVID-19. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Empirical Bayes estimates of age-sex-standardised incidence rate (EBSIR) of symptoms and the spatial correlation between the number of those who reported having symptoms and the number of COVID-19 cases were examined to identify the geographical distribution of symptoms in the five prefectures. RESULTS 97.8% of participants had no subjective symptoms. We identified several geographical clusters of fever with significant spatial correlation (r=0.67) with the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, especially in the urban centres of prefectural capital cities. CONCLUSIONS Given that there are still several high-risk areas measured by EBSIR, careful discussion on which areas should be reopened at the end of the state of emergency is urgently required using real-time SNS system to monitor the nationwide epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yoneoka
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoi Shi
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nomura
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Tanoue
- Institute for Business and Finance, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawashima
- Department of Mathematical and Computing Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Department of Sustainable Health Science, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuura
- Department of Management Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- HOXO-M, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Makiyama
- HOXO-M, Tokyo, Japan
- Yahoo Japan Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Uryu
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Haruka Sakamoto
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Kunishima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Stuart Gilmour
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Miyata
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Gallo LG, Oliveira AFDM, Abrahão AA, Sandoval LAM, Martins YRA, Almirón M, Dos Santos FSG, Araújo WN, de Oliveira MRF, Peixoto HM. Ten Epidemiological Parameters of COVID-19: Use of Rapid Literature Review to Inform Predictive Models During the Pandemic. Front Public Health 2020; 8:598547. [PMID: 33335879 PMCID: PMC7735986 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.598547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To describe the methods used in a rapid review of the literature and to present the main epidemiological parameters that describe the transmission of SARS-Cov-2 and the illness caused by this virus, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This is a methodological protocol that enabled a rapid review of COVID-19 epidemiological parameters. Findings: The protocol consisted of the following steps: definition of scope; eligibility criteria; information sources; search strategies; selection of studies; and data extraction. Four reviewers and three supervisors conducted this review in 40 days. Of the 1,266 studies found, 65 were included, mostly observational and descriptive in content, indicating relative homogeneity as to the quality of the evidence. The variation in the basic reproduction number, between 0.48 and 14.8; and the median of the hospitalization period, between 7.5 and 20.5 days stand out as key findings. Conclusion: We identified and synthesized 10 epidemiological parameters that may support predictive models and other rapid reviews to inform modeling of this and other future public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Flávia de Morais Oliveira
- Tropical Medicine Center, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Tocantins (Instituto Federal Do Tocantins-IFTO), Araguaína, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Almirón
- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Wildo Navegantes Araújo
- Tropical Medicine Center, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Health Technology Assessment Institute (Instituto de Avaliação de Tecnologia em Saúde-IATS/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Fernandes de Oliveira
- Tropical Medicine Center, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Health Technology Assessment Institute (Instituto de Avaliação de Tecnologia em Saúde-IATS/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henry Maia Peixoto
- Tropical Medicine Center, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Health Technology Assessment Institute (Instituto de Avaliação de Tecnologia em Saúde-IATS/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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12
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Ma Y, Liu X, Tao W, Tian Y, Duan Y, Xiang M, Hu J, Li L, Lyu Y, Wang P, Huang Y, Lu C, Liu W, Jiang H, Yin P. Estimation of the Outbreak Severity and Evaluation of Epidemic Prevention Ability of COVID-19 by Province in China. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1837-1843. [PMID: 33058712 PMCID: PMC7662009 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To compare the epidemic prevention ability of COVID-19 of each province in China and to evaluate the existing prevention and control capacity of each province.Methods. We established a quasi-Poisson linear mixed-effects model using the case data in cities outside Wuhan in Hubei Province, China. We adapted this model to estimate the number of potential cases in Wuhan and obtained epidemiological parameters. We estimated the initial number of cases in each province by using passenger flowrate data and constructed the extended susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model to predict the future disease transmission trends.Results. The estimated potential cases in Wuhan were about 3 times the reported cases. The basic reproductive number was 3.30 during the initial outbreak. Provinces with more estimated imported cases than reported cases were those in the surrounding provinces of Hubei, including Henan and Shaanxi. The regions where the number of reported cases was closer to the predicted value were most the developed areas, including Beijing and Shanghai.Conclusions. The number of confirmed cases in Wuhan was underestimated in the initial period of the outbreak. Provincial surveillance and emergency response capabilities vary across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Ma
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xuehan Liu
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yuchen Tian
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yanran Duan
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Ming Xiang
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jing Hu
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Lei Li
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yalan Lyu
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Peng Wang
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yangxin Huang
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Caihong Lu
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Ping Yin
- Yilei Ma, Xuehan Liu, Yuchen Tian, Yanran Duan, Ming Xiang, Jing Hu, Lei Li, Yalan Lyu, Hongwei Jiang, and Ping Yin are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Weiwei Tao is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. Peng Wang is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington. Yangxin Huang is with the College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa. Caihong Lu and Wenhua Liu are with the Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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13
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Shen J, Duan H, Zhang B, Wang J, Ji JS, Wang J, Pan L, Wang X, Zhao K, Ying B, Tang S, Zhang J, Liang C, Sun H, Lv Y, Li Y, Li T, Li L, Liu H, Zhang L, Wang L, Shi X. Prevention and control of COVID-19 in public transportation: Experience from China. Environ Pollut 2020; 266:115291. [PMID: 32829124 PMCID: PMC7833563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to continuous spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide, long-term effective prevention and control measures should be adopted for public transport facilities, as they are increasing in popularity and serve as the principal modes for travel of many people. The human infection risk could be extremely high due to length of exposure time window, transmission routes and structural characteristics during travel or work. This can result in the rapid spread of the infection. Based on the transmission characteristics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the nature of public transport sites, we identified comprehensive countermeasures toward the prevention and control of COVID-19, including the strengthening of personnel management, personal protection, environmental cleaning and disinfection, and health education. Multi-pronged strategies can enhance safety of public transportation. The prevention and control of the disease during the use of public transportation will be particularly important when all countries in the world resume production. The aim of this study is to introduce experience of the prevention and control measures for public transportation in China to promote the global response to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Shen
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hongyang Duan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Baoying Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - John S Ji
- Environmental Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, 215316, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jiao Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lijun Pan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Kangfeng Zhao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Bo Ying
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chen Liang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Huihui Sun
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuebin Lv
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Li Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hang Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Liubo Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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14
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Contreras S, Biron-Lattes JP, Villavicencio HA, Medina-Ortiz D, Llanovarced-Kawles N, Olivera-Nappa Á. Statistically-based methodology for revealing real contagion trends and correcting delay-induced errors in the assessment of COVID-19 pandemic. Chaos Solitons Fractals 2020; 139:110087. [PMID: 32834623 PMCID: PMC7341964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped our world in a timescale much shorter than what we can understand. Particularities of SARS-CoV-2, such as its persistence in surfaces and the lack of a curative treatment or vaccine against COVID-19, have pushed authorities to apply restrictive policies to control its spreading. As data drove most of the decisions made in this global contingency, their quality is a critical variable for decision-making actors, and therefore should be carefully curated. In this work, we analyze the sources of error in typically reported epidemiological variables and usual tests used for diagnosis, and their impact on our understanding of COVID-19 spreading dynamics. We address the existence of different delays in the report of new cases, induced by the incubation time of the virus and testing-diagnosis time gaps, and other error sources related to the sensitivity/specificity of the tests used to diagnose COVID-19. Using a statistically-based algorithm, we perform a temporal reclassification of cases to avoid delay-induced errors, building up new epidemiologic curves centered in the day where the contagion effectively occurred. We also statistically enhance the robustness behind the discharge/recovery clinical criteria in the absence of a direct test, which is typically the case of non-first world countries, where the limited testing capabilities are fully dedicated to the evaluation of new cases. Finally, we applied our methodology to assess the evolution of the pandemic in Chile through the Effective Reproduction Number Rt , identifying different moments in which data was misleading governmental actions. In doing so, we aim to raise public awareness of the need for proper data reporting and processing protocols for epidemiological modelling and predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Contreras
- Laboratory for Rheology and Fluid Dynamics, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 850, Santiago 8370448, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370448, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Biron-Lattes
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370448, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago,8370448 Chile
| | - H Andrés Villavicencio
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370448, Chile
| | - David Medina-Ortiz
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370448, Chile
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nyna Llanovarced-Kawles
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370448, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago,8370448 Chile
| | - Álvaro Olivera-Nappa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370448, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago,8370448 Chile
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15
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Bell D, Hansen KS, Kiragga AN, Kambugu A, Kissa J, Mbonye AK. Predicting the Impact of COVID-19 and the Potential Impact of the Public Health Response on Disease Burden in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1191-1197. [PMID: 32705975 PMCID: PMC7470592 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and public health "lockdown" responses in sub-Saharan Africa, including Uganda, are now widely reported. Although the impact of COVID-19 on African populations has been relatively light, it is feared that redirecting focus and prioritization of health systems to fight COVID-19 may have an impact on access to non-COVID-19 diseases. We applied age-based COVID-19 mortality data from China to the population structures of Uganda and non-African countries with previously established outbreaks, comparing theoretical mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost. We then predicted the impact of possible scenarios of the COVID-19 public health response on morbidity and mortality for HIV/AIDS, malaria, and maternal health in Uganda. Based on population age structure alone, Uganda is predicted to have a relatively low COVID-19 burden compared with an equivalent transmission in comparison countries, with 12% of the mortality and 19% of the lost DALYs predicted for an equivalent transmission in Italy. By contrast, scenarios of the impact of the public health response on malaria and HIV/AIDS predict additional disease burdens outweighing that predicted from extensive SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Emerging disease data from Uganda suggest that such deterioration may already be occurring. The results predict a relatively low COVID-19 impact on Uganda associated with its young population, with a high risk of negative impact on non-COVID-19 disease burden from a prolonged lockdown response. This may reverse hard-won gains in addressing fundamental vulnerabilities in women and children's health, and underlines the importance of tailoring COVID-19 responses according to population structure and local disease vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bell
- Independent Consultant, Issaquah, Washington
| | - Kristian Schultz Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Centre for Health Economics and Policy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agnes N. Kiragga
- Infectious Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Kambugu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Kissa
- Uganda Ministry of Health, Division of Health Information, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anthony K. Mbonye
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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16
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Rahman B, Sadraddin E, Porreca A. The basic reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan is about to die out, how about the rest of the World? Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2111. [PMID: 32431085 PMCID: PMC7267092 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The virologically confirmed cases of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the world are rapidly increasing, leading epidemiologists and mathematicians to construct transmission models that aim to predict the future course of the current pandemic. The transmissibility of a virus is measured by the basic reproduction number ( R0 ), which measures the average number of new cases generated per typical infectious case. This review highlights the articles reporting rigorous estimates and determinants of COVID-19 R0 for the most affected areas. Moreover, the mean of all estimated R0 with median and interquartile range is calculated. According to these articles, the basic reproduction number of the virus epicentre Wuhan has now declined below the important threshold value of 1.0 since the disease emerged. Ongoing modelling will inform the transmission rates seen in the new epicentres outside of China, including Italy, Iran and South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bootan Rahman
- Mathematics Unit, School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Kurdistan Hewlêr (UKH)ErbilIraq
| | - Evar Sadraddin
- Mathematics Department, College of ScienceSalahaddin University‐ErbilErbilIraq
| | - Annamaria Porreca
- Department of Economic StudiesUniversity G. d'Annunzio Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
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17
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Abstract
Much has happened here since the local news media trumpeted the first Australian COVID-19 fatality, and stirred up a medieval fear of contagion. We now need to take a step back to examine the logic underlying the use of our limited COVID-19 countermeasures. Emerging infectious diseases by their nature, pose new challenges to the diagnostic-treatment-control nexus, and push our concepts of causality beyond the limits of the conventional Koch-Henle approach to aetiology. We need to use contemporary methods of assessing causality to ensure that clinical, laboratory and public health measures draw on a rational, evidence-based approach to argumentation. The purpose of any aetiological hypothesis is to derive actionable insights into this latest emerging infectious disease. This review is an introduction to a conversation with medical microbiologists, which will be supported by a moderated blog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. J. Inglis
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Yang N, Che S, Zhang J, Wang X, Tang Y, Wang J, Huang L, Wang C, Zhang H, Baskota M, Ma Y, Zhou Q, Luo X, Yang S, Feng X, Li W, Fukuoka T, Ahn HS, Lee MS, Luo Z, Liu E, Chen Y. Breastfeeding of infants born to mothers with COVID-19: a rapid review. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8:618. [PMID: 32566555 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.13.20064378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing recommendations on whether mothers with COVID-19 should continue breastfeeding are still conflicting. We aimed to conduct a rapid review of mother-to-child transmission of COVID-19 during breastfeeding. METHODS We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine disc, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and preprint articles up to March 2020. We included studies relevant to transmission through milk and respiratory droplets during breastfeeding of mothers with COVID-19, SARS, MERS and influenza. Two reviewers independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data, assessed risk of bias and used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence. RESULTS A total of 4,481 records were identified in our literature search. Six studies (five case reports and one case series) involving 58 mothers (16 mothers with COVID-19, 42 mothers with influenza) and their infants proved eligible. Five case reports showed that the viral nucleic acid tests for all thirteen collected samples of breast milk from mothers with COVID-19 were negative. A case series of 42 influenza infected postpartum mothers taking precautions (hand hygiene and wearing masks) before breastfeeding showed that no neonates were infected with influenza during one-month of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleic acid has not been detected in breast milk. The benefits of breastfeeding may outweigh the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants. Mothers with COVID-19 should take appropriate precautions to reduce the risk of transmission via droplets and close contact during breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Siyi Che
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yuyi Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jianjian Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Hairong Zhang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Muna Baskota
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xufei Luo
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Xixi Feng
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Toshio Fukuoka
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Department of General Medicine, Department of Research and Medical Education at Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
- Advisory Committee in Cochrane Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hyeong Sik Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Korea Cochrane Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yaolong Chen
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Lanzhou University, an Affiliate of the Cochrane China Network, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Chinese GRADE Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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19
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Yang N, Che S, Zhang J, Wang X, Tang Y, Wang J, Huang L, Wang C, Zhang H, Baskota M, Ma Y, Zhou Q, Luo X, Yang S, Feng X, Li W, Fukuoka T, Ahn HS, Lee MS, Luo Z, Liu E, Chen Y. Breastfeeding of infants born to mothers with COVID-19: a rapid review. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8:618. [PMID: 32566555 PMCID: PMC7290644 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Existing recommendations on whether mothers with COVID-19 should continue breastfeeding are still conflicting. We aimed to conduct a rapid review of mother-to-child transmission of COVID-19 during breastfeeding. Methods We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine disc, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and preprint articles up to March 2020. We included studies relevant to transmission through milk and respiratory droplets during breastfeeding of mothers with COVID-19, SARS, MERS and influenza. Two reviewers independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data, assessed risk of bias and used GRADE to assess certainty of evidence. Results A total of 4,481 records were identified in our literature search. Six studies (five case reports and one case series) involving 58 mothers (16 mothers with COVID-19, 42 mothers with influenza) and their infants proved eligible. Five case reports showed that the viral nucleic acid tests for all thirteen collected samples of breast milk from mothers with COVID-19 were negative. A case series of 42 influenza infected postpartum mothers taking precautions (hand hygiene and wearing masks) before breastfeeding showed that no neonates were infected with influenza during one-month of follow-up. Conclusions The current evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleic acid has not been detected in breast milk. The benefits of breastfeeding may outweigh the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants. Mothers with COVID-19 should take appropriate precautions to reduce the risk of transmission via droplets and close contact during breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Siyi Che
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yuyi Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jianjian Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Hairong Zhang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Muna Baskota
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xufei Luo
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Xixi Feng
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Toshio Fukuoka
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Department of General Medicine, Department of Research and Medical Education at Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.,Advisory Committee in Cochrane Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hyeong Sik Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Cochrane Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yaolong Chen
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Lanzhou University, an Affiliate of the Cochrane China Network, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Chinese GRADE Center, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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