1
|
Rathnasinghe R, Strohmeier S, Amanat F, Gillespie VL, Krammer F, García-Sastre A, Coughlan L, Schotsaert M, Uccellini MB. Comparison of transgenic and adenovirus hACE2 mouse models for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2433-2445. [PMID: 33073694 PMCID: PMC7655046 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1838955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a worldwide pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. Development of animal models that recapitulate important aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical for the evaluation of vaccines and antivirals, and understanding disease pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to use the same entry receptor as SARS-CoV-1, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) [1-3]. Due to amino acid differences between murine and hACE2, inbred mouse strains fail to support high titer viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therefore, a number of transgenic and knock-in mouse models, as well as viral vector-mediated hACE2 delivery systems have been developed. Here we compared the K18-hACE2 transgenic model to adenovirus-mediated delivery of hACE2 to the mouse lung. We show that K18-hACE2 mice replicate virus to high titers in the nasal turbinates, lung and brain, with high lethality, and cytokine/chemokine production. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated delivery results in viral replication to lower titers limited to the nasal turbinates and lung, and no clinical signs of infection. The K18-hACE2 model provides a stringent model for testing vaccines and antivirals, whereas the adenovirus delivery system has the flexibility to be used across multiple genetic backgrounds and modified mouse strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia L. Gillespie
- The Center for Comparative Medicine and Surgery (CCMS) Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa B. Uccellini
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahmud-Al-Rafat A, Muzammal Haque Asim M, Taylor-Robinson AW, Majumder A, Muktadir A, Muktadir H, Karim M, Khan I, Mainul Ahasan M, Morsaline Billah M. A combinational approach to restore cytokine balance and to inhibit virus growth may promote patient recovery in severe COVID-19 cases. Cytokine 2020; 136:155228. [PMID: 32822911 PMCID: PMC7428755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to twin public health and economic crises around the world. Not only has it cost hundreds of thousands of lives but also severely impacted livelihoods and placed enormous strain on community healthcare and welfare services. In this review, we explore the events associated with SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and host immunopathological reactivity due to the clinical manifestations of this coronavirus infection. We discuss that the metallopeptidase enzyme ADAM17, also known as tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme, TACE, is responsible for shedding of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and membrane-bound interleukin (IL)-6 receptor. This leads to elevated pro-inflammatory responses that result in cytokine storm syndrome. We argue that cytokine balance may be restored by recovering an IL-6 trans-signaling neutralizing buffer system through the mediation of recombinant soluble glycoprotein 130 and recombinant ADAM17/TACE prodomain inhibitor. This cytokine restoration, possibly combined with inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry as well as replication and coagulopathy, could be introduced as a novel approach to treat patients with severe COVID-19. In cases of co-morbidity, therapies related to the management of associated disease conditions could ameliorate those clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Muzammal Haque Asim
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Andrew W Taylor-Robinson
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Apurba Majumder
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Abdul Muktadir
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Hasneen Muktadir
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Karim
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Imran Khan
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mainul Ahasan
- Research and Development Division, Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Morsaline Billah
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smither SJ, Eastaugh LS, Findlay JS, Lever MS. Experimental aerosol survival of SARS-CoV-2 in artificial saliva and tissue culture media at medium and high humidity. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1415-1417. [PMID: 32496967 PMCID: PMC7473326 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1777906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, may be transmitted via airborne droplets or contact with surfaces onto which droplets have deposited. In this study, the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to survive in the dark, at two different relative humidity values and within artificial saliva, a clinically relevant matrix, was investigated. SARS-CoV-2 was found to be stable, in the dark, in a dynamic small particle aerosol under the four experimental conditions we tested and viable virus could still be detected after 90 minutes. The decay rate and half-life was determined and decay rates ranged from 0.4 to 2.27 % per minute and the half lives ranged from 30 to 177 minutes for the different conditions. This information can be used for advice and modelling and potential mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J. Smither
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Wiltshire, UK
| | - Lin S. Eastaugh
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Wiltshire, UK
| | - James S. Findlay
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Wiltshire, UK
| | - Mark S. Lever
- Chemical Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Wiltshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The world is in the midst of a pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus and is desperately searching for possible treatments. The antiviral remdesivir has shown some effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in a recent animal study. We use data from a study of remdesivir in rhesus macaques to fit a viral kinetics model in an effort to determine the most appropriate mathematical descripton of the effect of remdesivir. We find statistically significant differences in the viral decay rate and use this to inform a possible mathematical formulation of the effect of remdesivir. Unfortunately, this model formulation suggests that the application of remdesivir will lengthen SARS-CoV-2 infections, putting into question its potential clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du P, Ding N, Li J, Zhang F, Wang Q, Chen Z, Song C, Han K, Xie W, Liu J, Wang L, Wei L, Ma S, Hua M, Yu F, Wang L, Wang W, An K, Chen J, Liu H, Gao G, Wang S, Huang Y, Wu AR, Wang J, Liu D, Zeng H, Chen C. Genomic surveillance of COVID-19 cases in Beijing. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5503. [PMID: 33127911 PMCID: PMC7603498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Beijing before May, 2020 resulted from transmission following both domestic and global importation of cases. Here we present genomic surveillance data on 102 imported cases, which account for 17.2% of the total cases in Beijing. Our data suggest that all of the cases in Beijing can be broadly classified into one of three groups: Wuhan exposure, local transmission and overseas imports. We classify all sequenced genomes into seven clusters based on representative high-frequency single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genomic comparisons reveal higher genomic diversity in the imported group compared to both the Wuhan exposure and local transmission groups, indicating continuous genomic evolution during global transmission. The imported group show region-specific SNPs, while the intra-host single nucleotide variations present as random features, and show no significant differences among groups. Epidemiological data suggest that detection of cases at immigration with mandatory quarantine may be an effective way to prevent recurring outbreaks triggered by imported cases. Notably, we also identify a set of novel indels. Our data imply that SARS-CoV-2 genomes may have high mutational tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Ding
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Song
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Han
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xie
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghang Wang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Wei
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanfang Ma
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxi Hua
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang An
- BGI-Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
- National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiju Gao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Sa Wang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Angela R Wu
- Division of Life Science and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology (ICSB), Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
- National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101409, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fajnzylber J, Regan J, Coxen K, Corry H, Wong C, Rosenthal A, Worrall D, Giguel F, Piechocka-Trocha A, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Chan A, Flaherty KT, Hall K, Dougan M, Ryan ET, Gillespie E, Chishti R, Li Y, Jilg N, Hanidziar D, Baron RM, Baden L, Tsibris AM, Armstrong KA, Kuritzkes DR, Alter G, Walker BD, Yu X, Li JZ. SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5493. [PMID: 33127906 PMCID: PMC7603483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and risk of disease progression remains largely undefined in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we quantify SARS-CoV-2 viral load from participants with a diverse range of COVID-19 disease severity, including those requiring hospitalization, outpatients with mild disease, and individuals with resolved infection. We detected SARS-CoV-2 plasma RNA in 27% of hospitalized participants, and 13% of outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19. Amongst the participants hospitalized with COVID-19, we report that a higher prevalence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 plasma viral load is associated with worse respiratory disease severity, lower absolute lymphocyte counts, and increased markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein and IL-6. SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, especially plasma viremia, are associated with increased risk of mortality. Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 viral loads may aid in the risk stratification of patients with COVID-19, and therefore its role in disease pathogenesis should be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Fajnzylber
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Regan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kendyll Coxen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Corry
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colline Wong
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Worrall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francoise Giguel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Chan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Hall
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rida Chishti
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yijia Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaus Jilg
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dusan Hanidziar
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Baron
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athe M Tsibris
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xu Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Patterson EI, Prince T, Anderson ER, Casas-Sanchez A, Smith SL, Cansado-Utrilla C, Solomon T, Griffiths MJ, Acosta-Serrano Á, Turtle L, Hughes GL. Methods of Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for Downstream Biological Assays. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1462-1467. [PMID: 32798217 PMCID: PMC7529010 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has responded to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by rapidly undertaking research to find effective strategies to reduce the burden of this disease. Encouragingly, researchers from a diverse array of fields are collectively working towards this goal. Research with infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is undertaken in high-containment laboratories; however, it is often desirable to work with samples at lower-containment levels. To facilitate the transfer of infectious samples from high-containment laboratories, we have tested methods commonly used to inactivate virus and prepare the sample for additional experiments. Incubation at 80°C, a range of detergents, Trizol reagents, and UV energies were successful at inactivating a high titer of SARS-CoV-2. Methanol and paraformaldehyde incubation of infected cells also inactivated the virus. These protocols can provide a framework for in-house inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in other laboratories, ensuring the safe use of samples in lower-containment levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward I Patterson
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Prince
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Enyia R Anderson
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aitor Casas-Sanchez
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley L Smith
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Solomon
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Griffiths
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Riva L, Yuan S, Yin X, Martin-Sancho L, Matsunaga N, Pache L, Burgstaller-Muehlbacher S, De Jesus PD, Teriete P, Hull MV, Chang MW, Chan JFW, Cao J, Poon VKM, Herbert KM, Cheng K, Nguyen TTH, Rubanov A, Pu Y, Nguyen C, Choi A, Rathnasinghe R, Schotsaert M, Miorin L, Dejosez M, Zwaka TP, Sit KY, Martinez-Sobrido L, Liu WC, White KM, Chapman ME, Lendy EK, Glynne RJ, Albrecht R, Ruppin E, Mesecar AD, Johnson JR, Benner C, Sun R, Schultz PG, Su AI, García-Sastre A, Chatterjee AK, Yuen KY, Chanda SK. Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs through large-scale compound repurposing. Nature 2020; 586:113-119. [PMID: 32707573 PMCID: PMC7603405 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 has triggered an ongoing global pandemic of the severe pneumonia-like disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1. The development of a vaccine is likely to take at least 12-18 months, and the typical timeline for approval of a new antiviral therapeutic agent can exceed 10 years. Thus, repurposing of known drugs could substantially accelerate the deployment of new therapies for COVID-19. Here we profiled a library of drugs encompassing approximately 12,000 clinical-stage or Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved small molecules to identify candidate therapeutic drugs for COVID-19. We report the identification of 100 molecules that inhibit viral replication of SARS-CoV-2, including 21 drugs that exhibit dose-response relationships. Of these, thirteen were found to harbour effective concentrations commensurate with probable achievable therapeutic doses in patients, including the PIKfyve kinase inhibitor apilimod2-4 and the cysteine protease inhibitors MDL-28170, Z LVG CHN2, VBY-825 and ONO 5334. Notably, MDL-28170, ONO 5334 and apilimod were found to antagonize viral replication in human pneumocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, and apilimod also demonstrated antiviral efficacy in a primary human lung explant model. Since most of the molecules identified in this study have already advanced into the clinic, their known pharmacological and human safety profiles will enable accelerated preclinical and clinical evaluation of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riva
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Martin-Sancho
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Naoko Matsunaga
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Burgstaller-Muehlbacher
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul D De Jesus
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Teriete
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Max W Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kristina M Herbert
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kuoyuan Cheng
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrey Rubanov
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Pu
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Courtney Nguyen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angela Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marion Dejosez
- Huffington Foundation Center for Cell-based Research in Parkinson's Disease, Department for Cell, Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas P Zwaka
- Huffington Foundation Center for Cell-based Research in Parkinson's Disease, Department for Cell, Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ko-Yung Sit
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mackenzie E Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Emma K Lendy
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Randy Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khavinson V, Linkova N, Dyatlova A, Kuznik B, Umnov R. Peptides: Prospects for Use in the Treatment of COVID-19. Molecules 2020; 25:E4389. [PMID: 32987757 PMCID: PMC7583759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a vast practice of using antimalarial drugs, RAS inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, inhibitors of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the virus and immunosuppressants for the treatment of the severe form of COVID-19, which often occurs in patients with chronic diseases and older persons. Currently, the clinical efficacy of these drugs for COVID-19 has not been proven yet. Side effects of antimalarial drugs can worsen the condition of patients and increase the likelihood of death. Peptides, given their physiological mechanism of action, have virtually no side effects. Many of them are geroprotectors and can be used in patients with chronic diseases. Peptides may be able to prevent the development of the pathological process during COVID-19 by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins, thereby having immuno- and bronchoprotective effects on lung cells, and normalizing the state of the hemostasis system. Immunomodulators (RKDVY, EW, KE, AEDG), possessing a physiological mechanism of action at low concentrations, appear to be the most promising group among the peptides. They normalize the cytokines' synthesis and have an anti-inflammatory effect, thereby preventing the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Khavinson
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (A.D.); (R.U.)
- The Group of Peptide Regulation of Aging, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Linkova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (A.D.); (R.U.)
- Department of Therapy, Geriatry, and Anti-Aging Medicine, Academy of Postgraduate Education under FSBU FSCC of FMBA of Russia, 125310 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical and Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Dyatlova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (A.D.); (R.U.)
| | - Boris Kuznik
- Department of the normal physiology, Chita State Medical Academy, 672000 Chita, Russia;
| | - Roman Umnov
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (A.D.); (R.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
To predict the tropism of human coronaviruses, we profile 28 SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs) using single-cell transcriptomics across various healthy human tissues. SCARFs include cellular factors both facilitating and restricting viral entry. Intestinal goblet cells, enterocytes, and kidney proximal tubule cells appear highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2, consistent with clinical data. Our analysis also predicts non-canonical entry paths for lung and brain infections. Spermatogonial cells and prostate endocrine cells also appear to be permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting male-specific vulnerabilities. Both pro- and anti-viral factors are highly expressed within the nasal epithelium, with potential age-dependent variation, predicting an important battleground for coronavirus infection. Our analysis also suggests that early embryonic and placental development are at moderate risk of infection. Lastly, SCARF expression appears broadly conserved across a subset of primate organs examined. Our study establishes a resource for investigations of coronavirus biology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Biomedical Data Science and Machine Learning Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu L, Yu DD, Ma YH, Yao YL, Luo RH, Feng XL, Cai HR, Han JB, Wang XH, Li MH, Ke CW, Zheng YT, Yao YG. COVID-19-like symptoms observed in Chinese tree shrews infected with SARS-CoV-2. Zool Res 2020; 41:517-526. [PMID: 32701249 PMCID: PMC7475013 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to pose a global threat to the human population. Identifying animal species susceptible to infection with the SARS-CoV-2/ HCoV-19 pathogen is essential for controlling the outbreak and for testing valid prophylactics or therapeutics based on animal model studies. Here, different aged Chinese tree shrews (adult group, 1 year old; old group, 5-6 years old), which are close relatives to primates, were infected with SARS-CoV-2. X-ray, viral shedding, laboratory, and histological analyses were performed on different days post-inoculation (dpi). Results showed that Chinese tree shrews could be infected by SARS-CoV-2. Lung infiltrates were visible in X-ray radiographs in most infected animals. Viral RNA was consistently detected in lung tissues from infected animals at 3, 5, and 7 dpi, along with alterations in related parameters from routine blood tests and serum biochemistry, including increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Histological analysis of lung tissues from animals at 3 dpi (adult group) and 7 dpi (old group) showed thickened alveolar septa and interstitial hemorrhage. Several differences were found between the two different aged groups in regard to viral shedding peak. Our results indicate that Chinese tree shrews have the potential to be used as animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ma
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Yu-Lin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Hou-Rong Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Jian-Bao Han
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Xue-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Chang-Wen Ke
- Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China. E-mail:
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 is the agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV, which caused the 2003 SARS outbreak. Although numerous reagents were developed to study SARS-CoV infections, few have been applicable to evaluating SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity. Current limitations in studying SARS-CoV-2 include few validated assays with fully replication-competent wild-type virus. We have developed protocols to propagate, quantify, and work with infectious SARS-CoV-2. Here, we describe: (1) virus stock generation, (2) RT-qPCR quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA; (3) detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen by flow cytometry, (4) quantification of infectious SARS-CoV-2 by focus-forming and plaque assays; and (5) validated protocols for virus inactivation. Collectively, these methods can be adapted to a variety of experimental designs, which should accelerate our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology and the development of effective countermeasures against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The current outbreak of novel Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major pandemic situation and a catastrophe for humans. COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease particularly of the respiratory system characterized by fatal complications such as severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmia, kidney failure/ multiple organ failure and even death. Since its discovery, the SARS-CoV-2 has spread across 213 countries or territories, causing more than 8.5 million people with a rising death toll over 5.5 million people (as of June 2020, WHO). In fact, the current looming crisis of COVID-19 has become an increasingly serious concern to public health. It has affected lives of millions of people with severe impact on health systems and economies globally. Since there are no specific drugs and/or vaccines available so far, combating COVID-19 remains to be a major challenging task. Therefore, development of potential and effective treatment regimens (prophylactic/therapeutic) is urgently required which could resolve the issue. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the coronavirus, disease epidemiology, clinical manifestations and risk factors, replication of the virus, pathophysiology and host immune responses of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The therapeutic interventions and prophylactic measures along with precautionary measures are the frontline approaches that could be undertaken in order to control and prevent the spread of the deadly and highly contagious COVID-19 are also detailed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Rudrapal
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Nashik,
Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubham J. Khairnar
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Nashik,
Maharashtra, India
| | - Laxmikant B. Borse
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Nashik,
Maharashtra, India
| | - Anil G. Jadhav
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Nashik,
Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lan SH, Lai CC, Huang HT, Chang SP, Lu LC, Hsueh PR. Tocilizumab for severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106103. [PMID: 32712333 PMCID: PMC7377685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This systemic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of tocilizumab for the treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Candidate studies up to 24 May 2020 were identified from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, medRxiv and bioRxiv. Treatment outcomes included mortality, risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and the requirement for mechanical ventilation (MV). Seven retrospective studies involving 592 adult patients with severe COVID-19, including 240 in the tocilizumab group and 352 in the control group, were enrolled. All-cause mortality of severe COVID-19 patients among the tocilizumab group was 16.3% (39/240), which was lower than that in the control group (24.1%; 85/352). However, the difference did not reach statistical significance [risk ratio (RR) = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31-1.22; I2 = 68%]. Additionally, risk of ICU admission was similar between the tocilizumab and control groups (35.1% vs. 15.8%; RR = 1.51, 95% CI 0.33-6.78; I2 = 86%). The requirement for MV was similar between the tocilizumab and control groups (32.4% vs. 28.6%; RR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.14-4.94; I2 = 91%). However, these non-significant differences between the tocilizumab and control groups may have been the result of baseline characteristics of the tocilizumab group, which were more severe than those of the control group. Based on low-quality evidence, there is no conclusive evidence that tocilizumab would provide any additional benefit to patients with severe COVID-19. Therefore, further recommendation of tocilizumab for COVID-19 cases should be halted until high-quality evidence from randomised controlled trials is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Huan Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medical Technology, Putian University, Putian 351100, China
| | - Chih-Cheng Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Tainan Branch, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Taiwan
| | | | - Li-Chin Lu
- School of Management, Putian University, Putian 351100, China
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khuroo MS. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, fiction and the hype: a critical appraisal. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106101. [PMID: 32687949 PMCID: PMC7366996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has turned into a global catastrophe and there is an intense search for effective drug therapy. Of all the potential therapies, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been the focus of tremendous public attention. Both drugs have been used in the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine is the cornerstone in the treatment of several auto-immune disorders. There is convincing evidence that hydroxychloroquine has strong in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. A few small uncontrolled trials and several anecdotal reports have shown conflicting results of such drug therapy in COVID-19. However, the results of preliminary large-scale randomized controlled trials have failed to show any survival benefit of such drug therapy in COVID-19. Despite the lack of such evidence, hydroxychloroquine has been used as a desperate attempt for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. The drug has wide-ranging drug interactions and potential cardiotoxicity. Indiscriminate unsupervised use can expose the public to serious adverse drug effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sultan Khuroo
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Dr. Khuroo's Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oscanoa TJ, Romero-Ortuno R, Carvajal A, Savarino A. A pharmacological perspective of chloroquine in SARS-CoV-2 infection: An old drug for the fight against a new coronavirus? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106078. [PMID: 32629115 PMCID: PMC7334645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is having serious consequences on health and the economy worldwide. All evidence-based treatment strategies need to be considered to combat this new virus. Drugs need to be considered on scientific grounds of efficacy, safety and cost. Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are old drugs used in the treatment of malaria. Moreover, their antiviral properties have been previously studied, including against coronaviruses, where evidence of efficacy has been found. In the current race against time triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, the search for new antivirals is very important. However, consideration should be given to old drugs with known anti-coronavirus activity, such as CQ and HCQ. These could be integrated into current treatment strategies while novel treatments are awaited, also in light of the fact that they display an anticoagulant effect that facilitates the activity of low-molecular-weight heparin, aimed at preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-associated thrombotic events. The safety of CQ and HCQ has been studied for over 50 years, however recently published data raise concerns for cardiac toxicity of CQ/HCQ in patients with COVID-19. This review also re-examines the real information provided by some of the published alarming reports, although concluding that cardiac toxicity should in any case be stringently monitored in patients receiving CQ/HCQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro J Oscanoa
- Department of Pharmacology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru, and Drug Safety Research Center, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Hospital Almenara, ESSALUD, Lima, Peru.
| | - Roman Romero-Ortuno
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alfonso Carvajal
- Centro de Estudios sobre la Seguridad de los Medicamentos (CESME), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andrea Savarino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, declared as a global health emergency by the WHO in February 2020, has currently infected more than 6 million people with fatalities near 371,000 and increasing exponentially, in absence of vaccines and drugs. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is still being elucidated. Identifying potential targets and repurposing drugs as therapeutic options is the need of the hour. In this review, we focus on potential druggable targets and suitable therapeutics, currently being explored in clinical trials, to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. A brief understanding of the complex interactions of both viral as well as host targets, and the possible repurposed drug candidates are described with an emphasis on understanding the mechanisms at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Maithili Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mariam S Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai, 400019, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Two illustrations integrate current knowledge about severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses and their life cycle. They have been widely used in education and outreach through free distribution as part of a coronavirus-related resource at Protein Data Bank (PDB)-101, the education portal of the RCSB PDB. Scientific sources for creation of the illustrations and examples of dissemination and response are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Goodsell
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Voigt
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christine Zardecki
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Burley
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Singh KK, Chaubey G, Chen JY, Suravajhala P. Decoding SARS-CoV-2 hijacking of host mitochondria in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C258-C267. [PMID: 32510973 PMCID: PMC7381712 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00224.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of the ongoing pandemic around the world, the mechanisms underlying the SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 are subject to intense investigation. Based on available data for the SARS-CoV-1 virus, we suggest how CoV-2 localization of RNA transcripts in mitochondria hijacks the host cell's mitochondrial function to viral advantage. Besides viral RNA transcripts, RNA also localizes to mitochondria. SARS-CoV-2 may manipulate mitochondrial function indirectly, first by ACE2 regulation of mitochondrial function, and once it enters the host cell, open-reading frames (ORFs) such as ORF-9b can directly manipulate mitochondrial function to evade host cell immunity and facilitate virus replication and COVID-19 disease. Manipulations of host mitochondria by viral ORFs can release mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cytoplasm and activate mtDNA-induced inflammasome and suppress innate and adaptive immunity. We argue that a decline in ACE2 function in aged individuals, coupled with the age-associated decline in mitochondrial functions resulting in chronic metabolic disorders like diabetes or cancer, may make the host more vulnerable to infection and health complications to mortality. These observations suggest that distinct localization of viral RNA and proteins in mitochondria must play essential roles in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying virus communication with host mitochondria may provide critical insights into COVID-19 pathologies. An investigation into the SARS-CoV-2 hijacking of mitochondria should lead to novel approaches to prevent and treat COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Genetics Building, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gyaneshwer Chaubey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Department of Genetics, Computer Science, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research Statue Circle, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu F, Long X, Zhang B, Zhang W, Chen X, Zhang Z. ACE2 Expression in Pancreas May Cause Pancreatic Damage After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:2128-2130.e2. [PMID: 32334082 PMCID: PMC7194639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in human beings, has caused a serious public health issue.1 Attention to pancreatic injury is lacking, which may impact patients' prognosis. In this study, we explored the expression and distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, in the pancreas. Combined with clinical data, we showed that pancreatic injury can occur in some COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Long
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanguang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhanguo Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Because of the ongoing pandemic around the world, the mechanisms underlying the SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 are subject to intense investigation. Based on available data for the SARS-CoV-1 virus, we suggest how CoV-2 localization of RNA transcripts in mitochondria hijacks the host cell's mitochondrial function to viral advantage. Besides viral RNA transcripts, RNA also localizes to mitochondria. SARS-CoV-2 may manipulate mitochondrial function indirectly, first by ACE2 regulation of mitochondrial function, and once it enters the host cell, open-reading frames (ORFs) such as ORF-9b can directly manipulate mitochondrial function to evade host cell immunity and facilitate virus replication and COVID-19 disease. Manipulations of host mitochondria by viral ORFs can release mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the cytoplasm and activate mtDNA-induced inflammasome and suppress innate and adaptive immunity. We argue that a decline in ACE2 function in aged individuals, coupled with the age-associated decline in mitochondrial functions resulting in chronic metabolic disorders like diabetes or cancer, may make the host more vulnerable to infection and health complications to mortality. These observations suggest that distinct localization of viral RNA and proteins in mitochondria must play essential roles in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying virus communication with host mitochondria may provide critical insights into COVID-19 pathologies. An investigation into the SARS-CoV-2 hijacking of mitochondria should lead to novel approaches to prevent and treat COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Genetics Building, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gyaneshwer Chaubey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Department of Genetics, Computer Science, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research Statue Circle, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muniz-Rodriguez K, Chowell G, Cheung CH, Jia D, Lai PY, Lee Y, Liu M, Ofori SK, Roosa KM, Simonsen L, Viboud C, Fung ICH. Doubling Time of the COVID-19 Epidemic by Province, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1912-1914. [PMID: 32330410 PMCID: PMC7392464 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.200219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the doubling time of the coronavirus disease epidemic by province increased during January 20-February 9, 2020. Doubling time estimates ranged from 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-2.0) days for Hunan Province to 3.1 (95% CI 2.1-4.8) days for Xinjiang Province. The estimate for Hubei Province was 2.5 (95% CI 2.4-2.6) days.
Collapse
|
23
|
Davidson AD, Williamson MK, Lewis S, Shoemark D, Carroll MW, Heesom KJ, Zambon M, Ellis J, Lewis PA, Hiscox JA, Matthews DA. Characterisation of the transcriptome and proteome of SARS-CoV-2 reveals a cell passage induced in-frame deletion of the furin-like cleavage site from the spike glycoprotein. Genome Med 2020; 12:68. [PMID: 32723359 PMCID: PMC7386171 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 is a recently emerged respiratory pathogen that has significantly impacted global human health. We wanted to rapidly characterise the transcriptomic, proteomic and phosphoproteomic landscape of this novel coronavirus to provide a fundamental description of the virus's genomic and proteomic potential. METHODS We used direct RNA sequencing to determine the transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2 grown in Vero E6 cells which is widely used to propagate the novel coronavirus. The viral transcriptome was analysed using a recently developed ORF-centric pipeline. Allied to this, we used tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the proteome and phosphoproteome of the same virally infected cells. RESULTS Our integrated analysis revealed that the viral transcripts (i.e. subgenomic mRNAs) generally fitted the expected transcription model for coronaviruses. Importantly, a 24 nt in-frame deletion was detected in over half of the subgenomic mRNAs encoding the spike (S) glycoprotein and was predicted to remove a proposed furin cleavage site from the S glycoprotein. Tandem mass spectrometry identified over 500 viral peptides and 44 phosphopeptides in virus-infected cells, covering almost all proteins predicted to be encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome, including peptides unique to the deleted variant of the S glycoprotein. CONCLUSIONS Detection of an apparently viable deletion in the furin cleavage site of the S glycoprotein, a leading vaccine target, shows that this and other regions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins may readily mutate. The furin site directs cleavage of the S glycoprotein into functional subunits during virus entry or exit and likely contributes strongly to the pathogenesis and zoonosis of this virus. Our data emphasises that the viral genome sequence should be carefully monitored during the growth of viral stocks for research, animal challenge models and, potentially, in clinical samples. Such variations may result in different levels of virulence, morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Maia Kavanagh Williamson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sebastian Lewis
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Deborah Shoemark
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Research and Development Institute, National Infection Service, Public Health, England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
- National Institute Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (Colindale), London, UK
| | - Joanna Ellis
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (Colindale), London, UK
| | - Philip A Lewis
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- National Institute Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - David A Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stanifer ML, Kee C, Cortese M, Zumaran CM, Triana S, Mukenhirn M, Kraeusslich HG, Alexandrov T, Bartenschlager R, Boulant S. Critical Role of Type III Interferon in Controlling SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107863. [PMID: 32610043 PMCID: PMC7303637 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an unprecedented worldwide health problem that requires concerted and global approaches to stop the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets lung epithelium cells, there is growing evidence that the intestinal epithelium is also infected. Here, using both colon-derived cell lines and primary non-transformed colon organoids, we engage in the first comprehensive analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle in human intestinal epithelial cells (hIECs). Our results demonstrate that hIECs fully support SARS-CoV-2 infection, replication, and production of infectious de novo virus particles. We found that viral infection elicits an extremely robust intrinsic immune response where interferon-mediated responses are efficient at controlling SARS-CoV-2 replication and de novo virus production. Taken together, our data demonstrate that hIECs are a productive site of SARS-CoV-2 replication and suggest that the enteric phase of SARS-CoV-2 may participate in the pathologies observed in COVID-19 patients by contributing to increasing patient viremia and fueling an exacerbated cytokine response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Carmon Kee
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Camila Metz Zumaran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sergio Triana
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Markus Mukenhirn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kraeusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Theodore Alexandrov
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Division "Virus-associated Carcinogenesis," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner site, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection," German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li X, Giorgi EE, Marichannegowda MH, Foley B, Xiao C, Kong XP, Chen Y, Gnanakaran S, Korber B, Gao F. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabb9153. [PMID: 32937441 PMCID: PMC7458444 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb9153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has become a global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the origins of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for deterring future zoonosis, discovering new drugs, and developing a vaccine. We show evidence of strong purifying selection around the receptor binding motif (RBM) in the spike and other genes among bat, pangolin, and human coronaviruses, suggesting similar evolutionary constraints in different host species. We also demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2's entire RBM was introduced through recombination with coronaviruses from pangolins, possibly a critical step in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2's ability to infect humans. Similar purifying selection in different host species, together with frequent recombination among coronaviruses, suggests a common evolutionary mechanism that could lead to new emerging human coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | | | - Brian Foley
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
In late 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, the capital of the Chinese province Hubei. Since then, SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for a worldwide pandemic resulting in over 4 million infections and over 250,000 deaths. The pandemic has instigated widespread research related to SARS-CoV-2 and the disease that it causes, COVID-19. Research into this new virus will be facilitated by the availability of clearly described and effective procedures that enable the propagation and quantification of infectious virus. As work with the virus is recommended to be performed at biosafety level 3, validated methods to effectively inactivate the virus to enable the safe study of RNA, DNA, and protein from infected cells are also needed. Here, we report methods used to grow SARS-CoV-2 in multiple cell lines and to measure virus infectivity by plaque assay using either agarose or microcrystalline cellulose as an overlay as well as a SARS-CoV-2 specific focus forming assay. We also demonstrate effective inactivation by TRIzol, 10% neutral buffered formalin, beta propiolactone, and heat.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ragan I, Hartson L, Pidcoke H, Bowen R, Goodrich R. Pathogen reduction of SARS-CoV-2 virus in plasma and whole blood using riboflavin and UV light. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233947. [PMID: 32470046 PMCID: PMC7259667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently been identified as the causative agent for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The ability of this agent to be transmitted by blood transfusion has not been documented, although viral RNA has been detected in serum. Exposure to treatment with riboflavin and ultraviolet light (R + UV) reduces blood-borne pathogens while maintaining blood product quality. Here, we report on the efficacy of R + UV in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity when tested in human plasma and whole blood products. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS SARS-CoV-2 (isolate USA-WA1/2020) was used to inoculate plasma and whole blood units that then underwent treatment with riboflavin and UV light (Mirasol Pathogen Reduction Technology System, Terumo BCT, Lakewood, CO). The infectious titers of SARS-CoV-2 in the samples before and after R + UV treatment were determined by plaque assay on Vero E6 cells. Each plasma pool (n = 9) underwent R + UV treatment performed in triplicate using individual units of plasma and then repeated using individual whole blood donations (n = 3). RESULTS Riboflavin and UV light reduced the infectious titer of SARS-CoV-2 below the limit of detection for plasma products at 60-100% of the recommended energy dose. At the UV light dose recommended by the manufacturer, the mean log reductions in the viral titers were ≥ 4.79 ± 0.15 Logs in plasma and 3.30 ± 0.26 in whole blood units. CONCLUSION Riboflavin and UV light effectively reduced the titer of SARS-CoV-2 to the limit of detection in human plasma and by 3.30 ± 0.26 on average in whole blood. Two clades of SARS-CoV-2 have been described and questions remain about whether exposure to one strain confers strong immunity to the other. Pathogen-reduced blood products may be a safer option for critically ill patients with COVID-19, particularly those in high-risk categories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ragan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Hartson
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Heather Pidcoke
- Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Raymond Goodrich
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The emergence of a new coronaviral respiratory disease calls for repurposing existing drugs
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kiplin Guy
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | | | - Frank Romanelli
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca E Dutch
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abbott TR, Dhamdhere G, Liu Y, Lin X, Goudy L, Zeng L, Chemparathy A, Chmura S, Heaton NS, Debs R, Pande T, Endy D, La Russa MF, Lewis DB, Qi LS. Development of CRISPR as an Antiviral Strategy to Combat SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza. Cell 2020; 181:865-876.e12. [PMID: 32353252 PMCID: PMC7189862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has highlighted the need for antiviral approaches that can target emerging viruses with no effective vaccines or pharmaceuticals. Here, we demonstrate a CRISPR-Cas13-based strategy, PAC-MAN (prophylactic antiviral CRISPR in human cells), for viral inhibition that can effectively degrade RNA from SARS-CoV-2 sequences and live influenza A virus (IAV) in human lung epithelial cells. We designed and screened CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) targeting conserved viral regions and identified functional crRNAs targeting SARS-CoV-2. This approach effectively reduced H1N1 IAV load in respiratory epithelial cells. Our bioinformatic analysis showed that a group of only six crRNAs can target more than 90% of all coronaviruses. With the development of a safe and effective system for respiratory tract delivery, PAC-MAN has the potential to become an important pan-coronavirus inhibition strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Abbott
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Girija Dhamdhere
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanxia Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xueqiu Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laine Goudy
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leiping Zeng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Augustine Chemparathy
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Tara Pande
- Los Altos High School, Los Altos, CA 94022, USA
| | - Drew Endy
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marie F La Russa
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - David B Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Panchaud
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Pharmacy Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Favre
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Femme-Mère-Enfant, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leo Pomar
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Femme-Mère-Enfant, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manon Vouga
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Femme-Mère-Enfant, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karoline Aebi-Popp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Femme-Mère-Enfant, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Butowt R, Bilinska K. SARS-CoV-2: Olfaction, Brain Infection, and the Urgent Need for Clinical Samples Allowing Earlier Virus Detection. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1200-1203. [PMID: 32283006 PMCID: PMC7160911 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has very high infectivity, which allows it to spread rapidly around the world. Attempts at slowing the pandemic at this stage depend on the number and quality of diagnostic tests performed. We propose that the olfactory epithelium from the nasal cavity may be a more appropriate tissue for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus at the earliest stages, prior to onset of symptoms or even in asymptomatic people, as compared to commonly used sputum or nasopharyngeal swabs. Here we emphasize that the nasal cavity olfactory epithelium is the likely site of enhanced binding of SARS-CoV-2. Multiple non-neuronal cell types present in the olfactory epithelium express two host receptors, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteases, that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 binding, replication, and accumulation. This may be the underlying mechanism for the recently reported cases of smell dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, the possibility of subsequent brain infection should be considered which begins in olfactory neurons. In addition, we discuss the possibility that olfactory receptor neurons may initiate rapid immune responses at early stages of the disease. We emphasize the need to undertake research focused on additional aspects of SARS-CoV-2 actions in the nervous system, especially in the olfactory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Butowt
- L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum,
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ul.
CurieSklodowskiej 9, 85-94 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bilinska
- L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum,
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ul.
CurieSklodowskiej 9, 85-94 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Much has happened here since the local news media trumpeted the first Australian COVID-19 fatality, and stirred up a medieval fear of contagion. We now need to take a step back to examine the logic underlying the use of our limited COVID-19 countermeasures. Emerging infectious diseases by their nature, pose new challenges to the diagnostic-treatment-control nexus, and push our concepts of causality beyond the limits of the conventional Koch-Henle approach to aetiology. We need to use contemporary methods of assessing causality to ensure that clinical, laboratory and public health measures draw on a rational, evidence-based approach to argumentation. The purpose of any aetiological hypothesis is to derive actionable insights into this latest emerging infectious disease. This review is an introduction to a conversation with medical microbiologists, which will be supported by a moderated blog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. J. Inglis
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Muniz-Rodriguez K, Fung ICH, Ferdosi SR, Ofori SK, Lee Y, Tariq A, Chowell G. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission Potential, Iran, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1915-1917. [PMID: 32320641 PMCID: PMC7392448 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.200536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the transmission potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Iran in 2020, we estimated the reproduction number as 4.4 (95% CI 3.9–4.9) by using a generalized growth model and 3.5 (95% CI 1.3–8.1) by using epidemic doubling time. The reproduction number decreased to 1.55 after social distancing interventions were implemented.
Collapse
|
34
|
Manchein C, Brugnago EL, da Silva RM, Mendes CFO, Beims MW. Strong correlations between power-law growth of COVID-19 in four continents and the inefficiency of soft quarantine strategies. Chaos 2020; 30:041102. [PMID: 32357675 PMCID: PMC7192349 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we analyze the growth of the cumulative number of confirmed infected cases by a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) until March 27, 2020, from countries of Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Our results show that (i) power-law growth is observed in all countries; (ii) by using the distance correlation, the power-law curves between countries are statistically highly correlated, suggesting the universality of such curves around the world; and (iii) soft quarantine strategies are inefficient to flatten the growth curves. Furthermore, we present a model and strategies that allow the government to reach the flattening of the power-law curves. We found that besides the social distancing of individuals, of well known relevance, the strategy of identifying and isolating infected individuals in a large daily rate can help to flatten the power-laws. These are the essential strategies followed in the Republic of Korea. The high correlation between the power-law curves of different countries strongly indicates that the government containment measures can be applied with success around the whole world. These measures are scathing and to be applied as soon as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Manchein
- Departamento de Física, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 89219-710 Joinville, SC, Brazill
| | - Eduardo L Brugnago
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael M da Silva
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos F O Mendes
- Escola Normal Superior, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, 69050-010 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcus W Beims
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? Lancet 2020; 395:931-934. [PMID: 32164834 PMCID: PMC7158572 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1748] [Impact Index Per Article: 437.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy M Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Health Analysis, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Hans Heesterbeek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Don Klinkenberg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Flahault
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of International Business, Xiamen University Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou, 363105, China
| | - Albert A Gayle
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Heidelberg Institute of Public Health, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. We therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies with biocidal agents used for chemical disinfection, e.g. in healthcare facilities. The analysis of 22 studies reveals that human coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days, but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. Other biocidal agents such as 0.05-0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate are less effective. As no specific therapies are available for SARS-CoV-2, early containment and prevention of further spread will be crucial to stop the ongoing outbreak and to control this novel infectious thread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Kampf
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - D Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 50, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 50, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - E Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 50, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen TM, Rui J, Wang QP, Zhao ZY, Cui JA, Yin L. A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:24. [PMID: 32111262 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.19.911669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As reported by the World Health Organization, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was identified as the causative virus of Wuhan pneumonia of unknown etiology by Chinese authorities on 7 January, 2020. The virus was named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses on 11 February, 2020. This study aimed to develop a mathematical model for calculating the transmissibility of the virus. METHODS In this study, we developed a Bats-Hosts-Reservoir-People transmission network model for simulating the potential transmission from the infection source (probably be bats) to the human infection. Since the Bats-Hosts-Reservoir network was hard to explore clearly and public concerns were focusing on the transmission from Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market (reservoir) to people, we simplified the model as Reservoir-People (RP) transmission network model. The next generation matrix approach was adopted to calculate the basic reproduction number (R0) from the RP model to assess the transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS The value of R0 was estimated of 2.30 from reservoir to person and 3.58 from person to person which means that the expected number of secondary infections that result from introducing a single infected individual into an otherwise susceptible population was 3.58. CONCLUSIONS Our model showed that the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 was higher than the Middle East respiratory syndrome in the Middle East countries, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome, but lower than MERS in the Republic of Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Mu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-117 South Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-117 South Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-117 South Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 4221-117 South Xiang'an Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-An Cui
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yin
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu X, Lv J, Gan L, Zhang Y, Sun F, Meng B, Jheon A, Yan F, Li B, Xuan Z, Ma X, Wulasihana M. Comparative analysis of clinical characteristics, imaging and laboratory findings of different age groups with COVID-19. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:87-93. [PMID: 32719214 PMCID: PMC7706422 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to provide scientific basis for rapid screening and early diagnosis of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) through analysing the clinical characteristics and early imaging/laboratory findings of the inpatients. Methods Three hundred and three patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from the East Hospital of People's Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan, China) were selected and divided into four groups: youth (20-40 years, n = 64), middle-aged (41-60 years, n = 89), older (61-80 years, n = 118) and elderly (81-100 years, n = 32). The clinical characteristics and imaging/laboratory findings including chest computed tomography (CT), initial blood count, C-reactive protein [CRP]), procalcitonin (PCT) and serum total IgE were captured and analysed. Results (1) The first symptoms of all age groups were primarily fever (76%), followed by cough (12%) and dyspnoea (5%). Beside fever, the most common initial symptom of elderly patients was fatigue (13%). (2) Fever was the most common clinical manifestation (80%), with moderate fever being the most common (40%), followed by low fever in patients above 40 years old and high fever in those under 40 years (35%). Cough was the second most common clinical manifestation and was most common (80%) in the middle-aged. Diarrhoea was more common in the middle-aged (21%) and the older (19%). Muscle ache was more common in the middle-aged (15%). Chest pain was more common in the youth (13%), and 13% of the youth had no symptoms. (3) The proportion of patients with comorbidities increased with age. (4) Seventy-one per cent of the patients had positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results and 29% had positive chest CT scans before admission to the hospital. (5) Lesions in all lobes of the lung were observed as the main chest CT findings (76%). (6) Decrease in lymphocytes and increase in monocytes were common in the patients over 40 years old but rare in the youth. Eosinophils (50%), red blood cells (39%) and haemoglobin (40%) decreased in all age groups. (7) The proportion of patients with CRP and PCT elevation increased with age. (8) Thirty-nine per cent of the patients had elevated IgE, with the highest proportion in the old (49%). Conclusion The clinical characteristics and imaging/laboratory findings of COVID-19 patients vary in different age groups. Personalised criteria should be formulated according to different age groups in the early screening and diagnosis stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bo Meng
- School of Dental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Andrew Jheon
- School of Dental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Fang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhou Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Muhuyati Wulasihana
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|