1
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Zonozi R, Walters LC, Shulkin A, Naranbhai V, Nithagon P, Sauvage G, Kaeske C, Cosgrove K, Nathan A, Tano-Menka R, Gayton AC, Getz MA, Senjobe F, Worrall D, Iafrate AJ, Fromson C, Montesi SB, Rao DA, Sparks JA, Wallace ZS, Farmer JR, Walker BD, Charles RC, Laliberte K, Niles JL, Gaiha GD. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination are elevated in B cell deficiency and reduce risk of severe COVID-19. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh4529. [PMID: 38019932 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with primary and pharmacologic B cell deficiencies have high rates of severe disease and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the immune responses and clinical outcomes after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination have yet to be fully defined. Here, we evaluate the cellular immune responses after both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in patients receiving the anti-CD20 therapy rituximab (RTX) and those with low B cell counts due to common variable immune deficiency (CVID) disease. Assessment of effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 revealed elevated reactivity and proliferative capacity after both infection and vaccination in B cell-deficient individuals, particularly within the CD8+ T cell compartment, in comparison with healthy controls. Evaluation of clinical outcomes demonstrates that vaccination of RTX-treated individuals was associated with about 4.8-fold reduced odds of moderate or severe COVID-19 in the absence of vaccine-induced antibodies. Analysis of T cell differentiation demonstrates that RTX administration increases the relative frequency of naïve CD8+ T cells, potentially by depletion of CD8+CD20dim T cells, which are primarily of an effector memory or terminal effector memory (TEMRA) phenotype. However, this also leads to a reduction in preexisting antiviral T cell immunity. Collectively, these data indicate that individuals with B cell deficiencies have enhanced T cell immunity after both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination that potentially accounts for reduced hospitalization and severe disease from subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zonozi
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lucy C Walters
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron Shulkin
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3022, Australia
| | - Pravarut Nithagon
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gabriel Sauvage
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clarety Kaeske
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katherine Cosgrove
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anusha Nathan
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rhoda Tano-Menka
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alton C Gayton
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew A Getz
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fernando Senjobe
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Worrall
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Caroline Fromson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sydney B Montesi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jocelyn R Farmer
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Beth Israel Lahey Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Karen Laliberte
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John L Niles
- Vasculitis and Glomerulonephritis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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2
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Yockey LJ, Hussain FA, Bergerat A, Reissis A, Worrall D, Xu J, Gomez I, Bloom SM, Mafunda NA, Kelly J, Kwon DS, Mitchell CM. Screening and characterization of vaginal fluid donations for vaginal microbiota transplantation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17948. [PMID: 36289360 PMCID: PMC9606370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), the overgrowth of diverse anaerobic bacteria in the vagina, is the most common cause of vaginal symptoms worldwide. BV frequently recurs after antibiotic therapy, and the best probiotic treatments only result in transient changes from BV-associated states to "optimal" communities dominated by a single species of Lactobacillus. Therefore, additional treatment strategies are needed to durably alter vaginal microbiota composition for patients with BV. Vaginal microbiota transplantation (VMT), the transfer of vaginal fluid from a healthy person with an optimal vaginal microbiota to a recipient with BV, has been proposed as one such alternative. However, VMT carries potential risks, necessitating strict safety precautions. Here, we present an FDA-approved donor screening protocol and detailed methodology for donation collection, storage, screening, and analysis of VMT material. We find that Lactobacillus viability is maintained for over six months in donated material stored at - 80 °C without glycerol or other cryoprotectants. We further show that species-specific quantitative PCR for L. crispatus and L. iners can be used as a rapid initial screening strategy to identify potential donors with optimal vaginal microbiomes. Together, this work lays the foundation for designing safe, reproducible trials of VMT as a treatment for BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Yockey
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Fatima Aysha Hussain
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Agnes Bergerat
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Alexandra Reissis
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Daniel Worrall
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jiawu Xu
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Isabella Gomez
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Seth M. Bloom
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Nomfuneko A. Mafunda
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Julia Kelly
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Caroline M. Mitchell
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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3
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Fajnzylber J, Regan J, Coxen K, Corry H, Wong C, Rosenthal A, Worrall D, Giguel F, Piechocka-Trocha A, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Chan A, Flaherty KT, Hall K, Dougan M, Ryan ET, Gillespie E, Chishti R, Li Y, Jilg N, Hanidziar D, Baron RM, Baden L, Tsibris AM, Armstrong KA, Kuritzkes DR, Alter G, Walker BD, Yu X, Li JZ. SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5493. [PMID: 33127906 PMCID: PMC7603483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and risk of disease progression remains largely undefined in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we quantify SARS-CoV-2 viral load from participants with a diverse range of COVID-19 disease severity, including those requiring hospitalization, outpatients with mild disease, and individuals with resolved infection. We detected SARS-CoV-2 plasma RNA in 27% of hospitalized participants, and 13% of outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19. Amongst the participants hospitalized with COVID-19, we report that a higher prevalence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 plasma viral load is associated with worse respiratory disease severity, lower absolute lymphocyte counts, and increased markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein and IL-6. SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, especially plasma viremia, are associated with increased risk of mortality. Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 viral loads may aid in the risk stratification of patients with COVID-19, and therefore its role in disease pathogenesis should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Fajnzylber
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Regan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kendyll Coxen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Corry
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colline Wong
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Worrall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francoise Giguel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Chan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Hall
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rida Chishti
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yijia Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaus Jilg
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dusan Hanidziar
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Baron
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athe M Tsibris
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xu Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Panagopulos M, Worrall D, Liang Y, Alvarez S, Holroyd G, Spiegel S, Gray J, Hetherington A. The role of sphingosine kinase in plant cell signalling. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Sidebottom C, Buckley S, Pudney P, Twigg S, Jarman C, Holt C, Telford J, McArthur A, Worrall D, Hubbard R, Lillford P. Heat-stable antifreeze protein from grass. Nature 2000; 406:256. [PMID: 10917518 DOI: 10.1038/35018639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Doucet CJ, Byass L, Elias L, Worrall D, Smallwood M, Bowles DJ. Distribution and characterization of recrystallization inhibitor activity in plant and lichen species from the UK and maritime Antarctic. Cryobiology 2000; 40:218-27. [PMID: 10860621 DOI: 10.1006/cryo.2000.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from a range of evolutionarily diverse plant and lichen species from the UK and maritime Antarctic have been assayed for inhibition of ice recrystallization. Approximately 25% of overwintering UK species and all Antarctic species exhibited antifreeze activity when exposed to low temperature. Preliminary characterization of the active extracts has demonstrated that the molecules co-opted to antifreeze activity by different species are biochemically diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Doucet
- The Plant Laboratory, University of York, United Kingdom
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7
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Smallwood M, Worrall D, Byass L, Elias L, Ashford D, Doucet CJ, Holt C, Telford J, Lillford P, Bowles DJ. Isolation and characterization of a novel antifreeze protein from carrot (Daucus carota). Biochem J 1999; 340 ( Pt 2):385-91. [PMID: 10333479 PMCID: PMC1220261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A modified assay for inhibition of ice recrystallization which allows unequivocal identification of activity in plant extracts is described. Using this assay a novel, cold-induced, 36 kDa antifreeze protein has been isolated from the tap root of cold-acclimated carrot (Daucus carota) plants. This protein inhibits the recrystallization of ice and exhibits thermal-hysteresis activity. The polypeptide behaves as monomer in solution and is N-glycosylated. The corresponding gene is unique in the carrot genome and induced by cold. The antifreeze protein appears to be localized within the apoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smallwood
- The Plant Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO1 5YW, U.K.
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8
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Worrall D, Elias L, Ashford D, Smallwood M, Sidebottom C, Lillford P, Telford J, Holt C, Bowles D. A carrot leucine-rich-repeat protein that inhibits ice recrystallization. Science 1998; 282:115-7. [PMID: 9756474 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5386.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms adapted to live at subzero temperatures express antifreeze proteins that improve their tolerance to freezing. Although structurally diverse, all antifreeze proteins interact with ice surfaces, depress the freezing temperature of aqueous solutions, and inhibit ice crystal growth. A protein purified from carrot shares these functional features with antifreeze proteins of fish. Expression of the carrot complementary DNA in tobacco resulted in the accumulation of antifreeze activity in the apoplast of plants grown at greenhouse temperatures. The sequence of carrot antifreeze protein is similar to that of polygalacturonase inhibitor proteins and contains leucine-rich repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Worrall
- The Plant Laboratory, Biology Department, University of York, Post Office Box 373, York, YO1 5YW, UK
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- D Worrall
- Plant Laboratory, University of York, UK
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- D Worrall
- Plant Laboratory, University of York, UK
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11
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Ferreira LFV, Oliveira AS, Wilkinson F, Worrall D. Photophysics of cyanine dyes on surfaces. A new emission from aggregates of 2,2′-cyanines adsorbed onto microcrystalline cellulose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/ft9969201217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Hird DL, Worrall D, Hodge R, Smartt S, Paul W, Scott R. The anther-specific protein encoded by the Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana A6 gene displays similarity to beta-1,3-glucanases. Plant J 1993; 4:1023-33. [PMID: 8281185 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.04061023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An anther-specific Brassica napus cDNA, A6, and two corresponding Arabidopsis thaliana genes have been isolated. Sequence analyses of A6 revealed similarity to beta-1,3-glucanases. The deduced A6 protein differs from other beta-1,3-glucanases in the possession of a long C-terminus. Immunoblotting using an antibody raised to the A6 protein detects a temporal 60 kDa protein in B. napus buds, suggesting that the long C-terminal region is present in the mature protein. A6 promoter-GUS and RNase fusions demonstrate that the A6 gene is tapetum-specific and temporally expressed with a peak in activity when the plant normally expresses callase (a complex of endo- and exo-beta-1,3-glucanase activities). The sequence similarity of A6 to other beta-1,3-glucanases, coupled with the temporal and spatial expression data, suggests that A6 may be part of the callase enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Hird
- Department of Botany, University of Leicester, UK
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13
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Worrall D, Hird DL, Hodge R, Paul W, Draper J, Scott R. Premature dissolution of the microsporocyte callose wall causes male sterility in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell 1992; 4:759-71. [PMID: 1392594 PMCID: PMC160172 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.4.7.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Male sterility in a petunia cytoplasmic male sterile line has been attributed to the early appearance of active callase, a beta-1,3-glucanase, in the anther locule. This leads to premature dissolution of the callose walls surrounding the microsporogenous cells. We have mimicked this aspect of the petunia line in transgenic tobacco by engineering the secretion of a modified pathogenesis-related vacuolar beta-1,3-glucanase from the tapetum prior to the appearance of callase activity in the locule. Plants expressing the modified glucanase from tapetum-specific promoters exhibited reduced male fertility, ranging from complete to partial male sterility. Callose appearance and distribution are normal in the male sterile transgenic plants up to prophase I, whereupon callose is prematurely degraded. Meiosis and cell division occur normally. The resultant microspores have an abnormally thin cell wall that lacks sculpturing. The tapetum shows hypertrophy. Male sterility is probably caused by bursting of the aberrant microspores at a time corresponding to microspore release. These results demonstrate that premature callose degradation is sufficient to cause male sterility and suggest that callose is essential for the formation of a normal microspore cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Worrall
- Department of Botany, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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