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Zhang H, Dhalla NS. The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1082. [PMID: 38256155 PMCID: PMC10817020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With cardiovascular disease (CVD) being a primary source of global morbidity and mortality, it is crucial that we understand the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms at play. Recently, numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines have been linked to several different CVDs, which are now often considered an adversely pro-inflammatory state. These cytokines most notably include interleukin-6 (IL-6),tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family, amongst others. Not only does inflammation have intricate and complex interactions with pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress and calcium mishandling, but it also plays a role in the balance between tissue repair and destruction. In this regard, pre-clinical and clinical evidence has clearly demonstrated the involvement and dynamic nature of pro-inflammatory cytokines in many heart conditions; however, the clinical utility of the findings so far remains unclear. Whether these cytokines can serve as markers or risk predictors of disease states or act as potential therapeutic targets, further extensive research is needed to fully understand the complex network of interactions that these molecules encompass in the context of heart disease. This review will highlight the significant advances in our understanding of the contributions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CVDs, including ischemic heart disease (atherosclerosis, thrombosis, acute myocardial infarction, and ischemia-reperfusion injury), cardiac remodeling (hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, cardiac apoptosis, and heart failure), different cardiomyopathies as well as ventricular arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation. In addition, this article is focused on discussing the shortcomings in both pathological and therapeutic aspects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CVD that still need to be addressed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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2
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He W, Zhou L, Xu K, Li H, Wang JJ, Chen C, Wang D. Immunopathogenesis and immunomodulatory therapy for myocarditis. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:2112-2137. [PMID: 37002488 PMCID: PMC10066028 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory cardiac disease characterized by the destruction of myocardial cells, infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells, and fibrosis, and is becoming a major public health concern. The aetiology of myocarditis continues to broaden as new pathogens and drugs emerge. The relationship between immune checkpoint inhibitors, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vaccines against coronavirus disease-2019, and myocarditis has attracted increased attention. Immunopathological processes play an important role in the different phases of myocarditis, affecting disease occurrence, development, and prognosis. Excessive immune activation can induce severe myocardial injury and lead to fulminant myocarditis, whereas chronic inflammation can lead to cardiac remodelling and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. The use of immunosuppressive treatments, particularly cytotoxic agents, for myocarditis, remains controversial. While reasonable and effective immunomodulatory therapy is the general trend. This review focuses on the current understanding of the aetiology and immunopathogenesis of myocarditis and offers new perspectives on immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu He
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - James Jiqi Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - DaoWen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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3
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Wang E, Zhou R, Li T, Hua Y, Zhou K, Li Y, Luo S, An Q. The Molecular Role of Immune Cells in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:1246. [PMID: 37512058 PMCID: PMC10385992 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a rare and severe condition characterized by chamber dilation and impaired contraction of the left ventricle. It constitutes a fundamental etiology for profound heart failure and abrupt cardiac demise, rendering it a prominent clinical indication for heart transplantation (HTx) among both adult and pediatric populations. DCM arises from various etiologies, including genetic variants, epigenetic disorders, infectious insults, autoimmune diseases, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. The maintenance of cardiac function involves two distinct types of immune cells: resident immune cells and recruited immune cells. Resident immune cells play a crucial role in establishing a harmonious microenvironment within the cardiac tissue. Nevertheless, in response to injury, cardiomyocytes initiate a cytokine cascade that attracts peripheral immune cells, thus perturbing this intricate equilibrium and actively participating in the initiation and pathological remodeling of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), particularly during the progression of myocardial fibrosis. Additionally, immune cells assume a pivotal role in orchestrating the inflammatory processes, which are intimately linked to the prognosis of DCM. Consequently, understanding the molecular role of various immune cells and their regulation mechanisms would provide an emerging era for managing DCM. In this review, we provide a summary of the most recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune cells in DCM. Additionally, we evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of DCM, with the aim of optimizing future immunotherapeutic strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enping Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruofan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tiange Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yimin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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4
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Shu P, Liang H, Zhang J, Lin Y, Chen W, Zhang D. Reactive oxygen species formation and its effect on CD4 + T cell-mediated inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199233. [PMID: 37304262 PMCID: PMC10249013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced both enzymatically and non-enzymatically in vivo. Physiological concentrations of ROS act as signaling molecules that participate in various physiological and pathophysiological activities and play an important role in basic metabolic functions. Diseases related to metabolic disorders may be affected by changes in redox balance. This review details the common generation pathways of intracellular ROS and discusses the damage to physiological functions when the ROS concentration is too high to reach an oxidative stress state. We also summarize the main features and energy metabolism of CD4+ T-cell activation and differentiation and the effects of ROS produced during the oxidative metabolism of CD4+ T cells. Because the current treatment for autoimmune diseases damages other immune responses and functional cells in the body, inhibiting the activation and differentiation of autoreactive T cells by targeting oxidative metabolism or ROS production without damaging systemic immune function is a promising treatment option. Therefore, exploring the relationship between T-cell energy metabolism and ROS and the T-cell differentiation process provides theoretical support for discovering effective treatments for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dunfang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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5
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Won T, Kalinoski HM, Wood MK, Hughes DM, Jaime CM, Delgado P, Talor MV, Lasrado N, Reddy J, Čiháková D. Cardiac myosin-specific autoimmune T cells contribute to immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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6
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Liu M, Wang Z, Zhang J, Ye D, Wang M, Xu Y, Zhao M, Feng Y, Lu X, Pan H, Pan W, Wei C, Tian D, Li W, Lyu J, Ye J, Wan J. IL-12p40 deletion aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction in mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:950029. [PMID: 36186987 PMCID: PMC9523082 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.950029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCardiac dysfunction is one of the most common complications of sepsis and is associated with the adverse outcomes and high mortality of sepsis patients. IL-12p40, the common subunit of IL-12 and IL-23, has been shown to be involved in a variety of inflammation-related diseases, such as psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. However, the role of IL-12p40 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac dysfunction remains obscure. This study aimed to explore the role of IL-12p40 in LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction and its potential mechanisms.MethodsIn this study, mice were treated with LPS and the cardiac expression of IL-12p40 was determined. Then, IL-12p40–/– mice were used to detect the role and mechanisms of IL-12p40 in LPS-induced cardiac injury. In addition, monocytes were adoptively transferred to IL-12p40–/– mice to explore their effects on LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction.ResultsThe results showed that cardiac IL-12p40 expression was significantly increased after treated with LPS. In addition, IL-12p40 deletion significantly aggravated LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction, evidenced by the increased serum levels of cardiomyocyte injury markers and heart injury scores, as well as by the deteriorated cardiac function. Moreover, IL-12p40 deletion increased LPS-induced monocyte accumulation and cardiac expression of inflammatory cytokines, as well as enhanced the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Furthermore, adoptive transfer WT mouse monocytes to IL-12p40−/− mice alleviated LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction and decreased the phosphorylation of p65.ConclusionIL-12p40 deletion significantly aggravated LPS-induced cardiac injury and cardiac dysfunction in mice by regulating the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, and this process was related to monocytes. Therefore, IL-12p40 show a protective role in SIC, and IL-12p40 deficiency or anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibodies may be detrimental to patients with SIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqi Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjun Lyu
- Department of Emergency, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Jing Ye
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wan
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7
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Abstract
Pro- and ant-inflammatory effects of IFN-γ have been repeatedly found in various immune responses, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. In a previous study we showed that the timing of treatment determines the effect of adenosine-based immunotherapy. In this study we examined the role of IFN-γ in pathogenic Th17 responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We observed that IFN-γ has a bidirectional effect on Th17 responses, when tested both in vitro and in vivo. Anti-IFN-γ antibody inhibits Th17 responses when applied in the initial phase of the immune response; however, it enhances the Th17 response if administered in a later phase of EAU. In the current study we showed that IFN-γ is an important immunomodulatory molecule in γδ T cell activation, as well as in Th17 responses. These results should advance our understanding of the regulation of Th17 responses in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Correspondence: Deming Sun
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8
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Liang W, Xie BK, Ding PW, Wang M, Yuan J, Cheng X, Liao YH, Yu M. Sacubitril/Valsartan Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Inhibiting Th17 Cell Differentiation Independently of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:727838. [PMID: 34603042 PMCID: PMC8479108 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val) is a recently approved drug that is commonly used for treatment of heart failure. Several studies indicated that Sac/Val also regulated the secretion of inflammatory factors. However, the effect and mechanism of this drug modulation of inflammatory immune responses are uncertain. In this study, an experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) mouse model was established by injection of α-myosin-heavy chain peptides. The effect of oral Sac/Val on EAM was evaluated by histological staining of heart tissues, measurements of cardiac troponin T and inflammatory markers (IL-6 and hsCRP). The effects of Sac/Val on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Th1/Th17 cell differentiation were also determined. To further explore the signaling pathways, the expressions of cardiac soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and NF-κB p65 were investigated. The results showed that Sac/Val downregulated the inflammatory response and attenuated the severity of EAM, but did not influence NLRP3 inflammasomes activation. Moreover, Sac/Val treatment inhibited cardiac Th17 cell differentiation, and this might be associated with sGC/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. These findings indicate the potential use of Sac/Val for treatment of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bai-Kang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Wu Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Hua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Goswami SK, Ranjan P, Dutta RK, Verma SK. Management of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105912. [PMID: 34562603 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Recently, the role of inflammation in the progression of diseases has significantly attracted considerable attention. In addition, various comorbidities, including diabetes, obesity, etc. exacerbate inflammation in the cardiovascular system, which ultimately leads to heart failure. Furthermore, cytokines released from specialized immune cells are key mediators of cardiac inflammation. Here, in this review article, we focused on the role of selected immune cells and cytokines (both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory) in the regulation of cardiac inflammation and ultimately in cardiovascular diseases. While IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IFNγ are associated with cardiac inflammation; IL-10, TGFβ, etc. are associated with resolution of inflammation and cardiac repair. IL-10 reduces cardiovascular inflammation and protects the cardiovascular system via interaction with SMAD2, p53, HuR, miR-375 and miR-21 pathway. In addition, we also highlighted recent advancements in the management of cardiac inflammation, including clinical trials of anti-inflammatory molecules to alleviate cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Kumar Goswami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Prabhat Ranjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Roshan Kumar Dutta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Suresh Kumar Verma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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10
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Yin B, Caggiano LR, Li RC, McGowan E, Holmes JW, Ewald SE. Automated Spatially Targeted Optical Microproteomics Investigates Inflammatory Lesions In Situ. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4543-4552. [PMID: 34436902 PMCID: PMC8969901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tissue
microenvironment properties like blood flow, extracellular
matrix, or proximity to immune-infiltrate are important regulators
of cell biology. However, methods to study regional protein expression
in the native tissue environment are limited. To address this need,
we developed a novel approach to visualize, purify, and measure proteins in situ using automated spatially targeted optical microproteomics
(AutoSTOMP). Here, we report custom codes to specify regions of heterogeneity
in a tissue section and UV-biotinylate proteins within those regions.
We have developed liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)/MS-compatible
biochemistry to purify those proteins and label-free quantification
methodology to determine protein enrichment in target cell types or
structures relative to nontarget regions in the same sample. These
tools were applied to (a) identify inflammatory proteins expressed
by CD68+ macrophages in rat cardiac infarcts and (b) characterize
inflammatory proteins enriched in IgG4+ lesions in human
esophageal tissues. These data indicate that AutoSTOMP is a flexible
approach to determine regional protein expression in situ on a range of primary tissues and clinical biopsies where current
tools and sample availability are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Yin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology and the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Laura R Caggiano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Rung-Chi Li
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States.,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Northern Light Health, Bangor, Maine 04401, United States
| | - Emily McGowan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States.,School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Sarah E Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology and the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
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11
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Zou W, Lu J, Hao Y. Myocarditis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3077-3088. [PMID: 34267536 PMCID: PMC8275200 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s311616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, immune checkpoint molecules downregulate the activation and effector function of myocardial antigen-reactive T cells through an immunosuppressive pathway, thus enabling myocardial T cells to maintain immune homeostasis under the action of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. The PD-1/PD-L1 signalling pathway is particularly important for limiting the ability of T cells to attack the heart. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) specifically block this PD-1/PD-L1-mediated restriction of T cell activation and other immunosuppressive pathways by targeting immune checkpoints. In recent years, with the wide use of ICIs in cancer treatment, even though the incidence of immunomyocarditis is low, it has attracted increasing attention because of its complex clinical symptoms, rapid progression of disease and high mortality rates. The pathogenesis, genetic susceptibility factors and predictive biomarkers of immunomyocarditis still need to be understood, and multidisciplinary cooperation in the clinical treatment of this complication is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Disease.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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12
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in oxidative stress could be associated with tissue and cell damage common in many T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Autoreactive CD4 T cell effector subsets (Th1,Th17) driving these diseases require increased glycolytic metabolism to upregulate key transcription factors (TF) like T-bet and RORγt that drive differentiation and proinflammatory responses. However, research in immunometabolism has demonstrated that mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules contributing to T cell fate and function. Eliminating autoreactive T cells by targeting glycolysis or ROS production is a potential strategy to inhibit autoreactive T cell activation without compromising systemic immune function. Additionally, increasing self-tolerance by promoting functional immunosuppressive CD4 T regulatory (Treg) cells is another alternative therapeutic for autoimmune disease. Tregs require increased ROS and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) for Foxp3 TF expression, differentiation, and anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine synthesis. Decreasing glycolytic activity or increasing glutathione and superoxide dismutase antioxidant activity can also be beneficial in inhibiting cytotoxic CD8 T cell effector responses. Current treatment options for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include global immunosuppression, antibodies to deplete immune cells, and anti-cytokine therapy. While effective in diminishing autoreactive T cells, they can also compromise other immune responses resulting in increased susceptibility to other diseases and complications. The impact of mitochondrial-derived ROS and immunometabolism reprogramming in autoreactive T cell differentiation could be a potential target for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Exploiting these pathways may delay autoimmune responses in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Pooladvand P, Kim PS, Fazekas de St Groth B. The Role of Antigen-Competitive Dynamics in Regulating the Immune Response. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:40. [PMID: 33730201 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The clonal expansion of T cells during an infection is tightly regulated to ensure an appropriate immune response against invading pathogens. Although experiments have mapped the trajectory from expansion to contraction, the interplay between mechanisms that control this response is not fully understood. Based on experimental data, we propose a model in which the dynamics of CD4+ T cell expansion is controlled through the interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, where T cell stimulation is proportional to antigen availability, and antigen availability is regulated through downregulation of antigen by T cells. This antigen-dependent-feedback mechanism operates alongside an intrinsic reduction in cell proliferation rate that may also be responsible for slowing expansion. Our model can successfully predict T cell recruitment rates into division, expansion, and clonal burst size per cell when initial precursors are varied or when T cells are introduced late into an ongoing immune response. Importantly, the findings demonstrate that a feedback mechanism between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, along with a reduction in cell proliferation rate, can explain the ability of the immune system to adapt its response to variations in initial conditions or changes that occur later in the response, ensuring a robust yet controlled line of defence against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantea Pooladvand
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Peter S Kim
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St Groth
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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14
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Murphy SP, Kakkar R, McCarthy CP, Januzzi JL. Inflammation in Heart Failure: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:1324-1340. [PMID: 32192660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has long been observed that heart failure (HF) is associated with measures of systemic inflammation. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in our understanding of how inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of HF. However, although numerous studies have validated the association between measures of inflammation and HF severity and prognosis, clinical trials of anti-inflammatory therapies have proven mostly unsuccessful. On this backdrop emerges the yet unmet goal of targeting precise phenotypes within the syndrome of HF; if such precise definitions can be realized, and with better understanding of the roles played by specific inflammatory mediators, the expectation is that targeted anti-inflammatory therapies may improve prognosis in patients whose HF is driven by inflammatory pathobiology. Here, the authors describe mechanistic links between inflammation and HF, discuss traditional and novel inflammatory biomarkers, and summarize the latest evidence from clinical trials of anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rahul Kakkar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cian P McCarthy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James L Januzzi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Abstract
Myocarditis (MCD) is a type of inflammatory disease in which inflammatory cells infiltrate the myocardium, leading to cardiac dysfunction, myocardial necrosis, and fibrosis. Although it has been reported that MCD is mediated by T cells, the immune system is complex and includes many types of immune cells that interact with one another. Through investigations of the inflammatory responses in MCD including myocardial necrosis, fibrosis, and arrhythmia, we have gained further insight into the pathogenesis of MCD. This article aims to discuss the diversity and the roles of immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of MCD. Moreover, immunotherapy for the treatment of MCD remains controversial, and further investigation is required to identify accurate immunotherapies for special cell types.
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Yin B, Mendez R, Zhao XY, Rakhit R, Hsu KL, Ewald SE. Automated Spatially Targeted Optical Microproteomics (autoSTOMP) to Determine Protein Complexity of Subcellular Structures. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2005-2010. [PMID: 31869197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spatially targeted optical microproteomics (STOMP) is a method to study region-specific protein complexity in primary cells and tissue samples. STOMP uses a confocal microscope to visualize structures of interest and to tag the proteins within those structures by a photodriven cross-linking reaction so that they can be affinity purified and identified by mass spectrometry (eLife 2015, 4, e09579). However, the use of a custom photo-cross-linker and the requirement for extensive user intervention during sample tagging have posed barriers to the utilization of STOMP. To address these limitations, we built automated STOMP (autoSTOMP) which uses a customizable code in SikuliX to coordinate image capture and cross-linking functions in Zeiss Zen Black with image processing in FIJI. To increase protocol accessibility, we implemented a commercially available biotin-benzophenone photo-cross-linking and purification protocol. Here we demonstrate that autoSTOMP can efficiently label, purify, and identify proteins belonging to 1-2 μm structures in primary human foreskin fibroblasts or mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (Tg). AutoSTOMP can easily be adapted to address a range of research questions using Zeiss Zen Black microscopy systems and LC-MS protocols that are standard in many research cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Yin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology and the Carter Immunology Center , University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908-0395 , United States
| | - Roberto Mendez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4132 , United States
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology and the Carter Immunology Center , University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908-0395 , United States
| | - Rishi Rakhit
- Mitokinin Inc , 953 Indiana Street , San Francisco , California 94107-3007 , United States
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904-4132 , United States
| | - Sarah E Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology and the Carter Immunology Center , University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908-0395 , United States
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17
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Valadão PAC, Oliveira BDS, Joviano-Santos JV, Vieira ÉLM, Rocha NP, Teixeira AL, Guatimosim C, de Miranda AS. Inflammatory changes in peripheral organs in the BACHD murine model of Huntington's disease. Life Sci 2019; 232:116653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Vdovenko D, Eriksson U. Regulatory Role of CD4 + T Cells in Myocarditis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4396351. [PMID: 30035131 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4396351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an important cause of heart failure in young patients. Autoreactive, most often, infection-triggered CD4+ T cells were confirmed to be critical for myocarditis induction. Due to a defect in clonal deletion of heart-reactive CD4+ T cells in the thymus of mice and humans, significant numbers of heart-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells circulate in the blood. Normally, regulatory T cells maintain peripheral tolerance and prevent spontaneous myocarditis development. In the presence of tissue damage and innate immune activation, however, activated self-antigen-loaded dendritic cells promote CD4+ effector T cell expansion and myocarditis. So far, a direct pathogenic role has been described for both activated Th17 and Th1 effector CD4+ T cell subsets, though Th1 effector T cell-derived interferon-gamma was shown to limit myocarditis severity and prevent transition to inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. Interestingly, recent observations point out that various CD4+ T cell subsets demonstrate high plasticity in maintaining immune homeostasis and modulating disease phenotypes in myocarditis. These subsets include Th1 and Th17 effector cells and regulatory T cells, despite the fact that there are still sparse and controversial data on the specific role of FOXP3-expressing Treg in myocarditis. Understanding the specific roles of these T cell populations at different stages of the disease progression might provide a key for the development of successful therapeutic strategies.
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Samman Tahhan A, Sandesara PB, Quyyumi AA. Interleukin Antagonists: Have We Found the Right One to Block? Are Cardiovascular Effects of Biologic Therapies Similar? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10:CIRCIMAGING.117.006919. [PMID: 28899953 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Samman Tahhan
- From the Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Pratik B Sandesara
- From the Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- From the Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
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Abstract
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the muscle tissues of the heart (myocardium). After a pathologic cardiac-specific inflammatory process, it may progress to chronic damage and dilated cardiomyopathy. The latter is characterized by systolic dysfunction, whose clinical correlate is heart failure. Nevertheless, other acute complications may arise as consequence of tissue damage and electrophysiologic disturbances. Different etiologies are involved in triggering myocarditis. In some cases, such as giant cell myocarditis or eosinophilic necrotizing myocarditis, it is an autoimmune process. Several factors predispose the development of autoimmune myocarditis such as systemic/local primary autoimmunity, viral infection, HLA and gender bias, exposure of cryptic antigens, mimicry, and deficient thymic training/Treg induction. Once the anti-myocardium autoimmune process is triggered, several components of the immune response orchestrate a sustained attack toward myocardial tissues with particular timing and immunopathogenic features. Innate response mediated by monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils parallels the adaptive response, playing a final effector role and not only a priming function. Stromal cells like fibroblast are also involved in the process through specific cytokines. Furthermore, adaptive T cell responses have anti-paradigmatic features, as Th17 response is dispensable for acute myocarditis but is the main driver of the process leading to dilated cardiomyopathy. Humoral response, thought to be a bystander, is important in the appearance of late-stage hemodynamic complications. The complexity of that process, as well as the unspecific and variable clinical presentation, had generated difficulties for diagnosis and treatment, which remain suboptimal. In this chapter, we will discuss the most relevant immunopathogenic findings from a basic science and clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bracamonte-Baran
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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21
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22
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Heymans S, Eriksson U, Lehtonen J, Cooper LT. The Quest for New Approaches in Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68:2348-2364. [PMID: 27884253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis is a diverse group of heart-specific immune processes classified by clinical and histopathological manifestations. Up to 40% of dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with inflammation or viral infection. Recent experimental studies revealed complex regulatory roles for several microribonucleic acids and T-cell and macrophage subtypes. Although the prevalence of myocarditis remained stable between 1990 and 2013 at about 22 per 100,000 people, overall mortality from cardiomyopathy and myocarditis has decreased since 2005. The diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance has increased with new, higher-sensitivity sequences. Positron emission tomography has emerged as a useful tool for diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. The sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsy may be increased, especially in suspected sarcoidosis, by the use of electrogram guidance to target regions of abnormal signal. Investigational treatments on the basis of mechanistic advances are entering clinical trials. Revised management recommendations regarding athletic participation after acute myocarditis have heightened the importance of early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Urs Eriksson
- GZO Regional Health Center, Wetzikon & Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Leslie T Cooper
- Cardiovascular Department, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.
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23
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Grabmaier U, Kania G, Kreiner J, Grabmeier J, Uhl A, Huber BC, Lackermair K, Herbach N, Todica A, Eriksson U, Weckbach LT, Brunner S. Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) as a Biomarker in the Mouse Model of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis (EAM). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158299. [PMID: 27501319 PMCID: PMC4976901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is strongly upregulated in hearts of mice with coxsackie virus-induced as well as in patients with viral infection-triggered dilated cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, the role of its soluble form as a biomarker in inflammatory heart diseases remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether plasma levels of soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) directly correlated with disease activity and progression of cardiac dysfunction in the mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). EAM was induced by immunization of BALB/c mice with heart-specific myosin-alpha heavy chain peptide together with complete Freund`s adjuvant. ELISA revealed strong expression of cardiac VCAM-1 (cVCAM-1) throughout the course of EAM in immunized mice compared to control animals. Furthermore, sVCAM-1 was elevated in the plasma of immunized compared to control mice at acute and chronic stages of the disease. sVCAM-1 did not correlate with the degree of acute cardiac inflammation analyzed by histology or cardiac cytokine expression investigated by ELISA. Nevertheless, heart to body weight ratio correlated significantly with sVCAM-1 at chronic stages of EAM. Cardiac systolic dysfunction studied with positron emission tomography indicated a weak relationship with sVCAM-1 at the chronic stage of the disease. Our data provide evidence that plasma levels of sVCAM-1 are elevated throughout all stages of the disease but showed no strong correlation with the severity of EAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Grabmaier
- Medical Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - G. Kania
- Research of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. Kreiner
- Medical Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - J. Grabmeier
- Medical Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A. Uhl
- Medical Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - B. C. Huber
- Medical Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - K. Lackermair
- Medical Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - N. Herbach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A. Todica
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - U. Eriksson
- Cardioimmunology, Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L. T. Weckbach
- Medical Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - S. Brunner
- Medical Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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24
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Shashkova EV, Trivedi J, Cline-Smith AB, Ferris C, Buchwald ZS, Gibbs J, Novack D, Aurora R. Osteoclast-Primed Foxp3+ CD8 T Cells Induce T-bet, Eomesodermin, and IFN-γ To Regulate Bone Resorption. J Immunol 2016; 197:726-35. [PMID: 27324129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology arose from the recognition that cytokines produced by lymphocytes can affect bone homeostasis. We have previously shown that osteoclasts, cells that resorb bone, act as APCs. Cross-presentation of Ags by osteoclasts leads to expression of CD25 and Foxp3, markers of regulatory T cells in the CD8 T cells. Octeoclast-induced Foxp3(+) CD25(+) regulatory CD8 T cells (OC-iTcREG) suppress priming of CD4 and CD8 T cells by dendritic cells. OC-iTcREG also limit bone resorption by osteoclasts, forming a negative feedback loop. In this study, we show that OC-iTcREG express concurrently T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) and IFN-γ. Pharmacological inhibition of IκK blocked IFN-γ, T-bet, and Eomes production by TcREG Furthermore, we show, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, NF-κB enrichment in the T-bet and Eomes promoters. We demonstrate that IFN-γ produced by TcREG is required for suppression of osteoclastogenesis and for degradation of TNFR-associated factor 6 in osteoclast precursors. The latter prevents signaling by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand needed for osteoclastogenesis. Knockout of IFN-γ rendered TcREG inefficient in preventing actin ring formation in osteoclasts, a process required for bone resorption. TcREG generated in vivo using IFN-γ(-/-) T cells had impaired ability to protect mice from bone resorption and bone loss in response to high-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. The results of this study demonstrate a novel link between NF-κB signaling and induction of IFN-γ in TcREG and establish an important role for IFN-γ in TcREG-mediated protection from bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jahnavi Trivedi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Anna B Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Chloe Ferris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jesse Gibbs
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Deborah Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
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25
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Thelemann C, Haller S, Blyszczuk P, Kania G, Rosa M, Eriksson U, Rotman S, Reith W, Acha-Orbea H. Absence of nonhematopoietic MHC class II expression protects mice from experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:656-64. [PMID: 26621778 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a CD4(+) T-cell-mediated model of human inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathies. Heart-specific CD4(+) T-cell activation is dependent on autoantigens presented by MHC class II (MHCII) molecules expressed on professional APCs. In this study, we addressed the role of inflammation-induced MHCII expression by cardiac nonhematopoietic cells on EAM development. EAM was induced in susceptible mice lacking inducible expression of MHCII molecules on all nonhematopoietic cells (pIV-/- K14 class II transactivator (CIITA) transgenic (Tg) mice) by immunization with α-myosin heavy chain peptide in CFA. Lack of inducible nonhematopoietic MHCII expression in pIV-/- K14 CIITA Tg mice conferred EAM resistance. In contrast, cardiac pathology was induced in WT and heterozygous mice, and correlated with elevated cardiac endothelial MHCII expression. Control mice with myocarditis displayed an increase in infiltrating CD4(+) T cells and in expression of IFN-γ, which is the major driver of nonhematopoietic MHCII expression. Mechanistically, IFN-γ neutralization in WT mice shortly before disease onset resulted in reduced cardiac MHCII expression and pathology. These findings reveal a previously overlooked contribution of IFN-γ to induce endothelial MHCII expression in the heart and to progress cardiac pathology during myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Thelemann
- Department of Biochemistry, CIIL, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Haller
- Department of Biochemistry, CIIL, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Przemyslaw Blyszczuk
- Division of Cardioimmunology, Centre of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Kania
- Research of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, CIIL, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Urs Eriksson
- Division of Cardioimmunology, Centre of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Rotman
- Institute of Pathology, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Acha-Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry, CIIL, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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26
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Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Basavalingappa RH, Rajasekaran RA, Khalilzad-Sharghi V, Han Z, Othman S, Steffen D, Reddy J. Localization of CD8 T cell epitope within cardiac myosin heavy chain-α334-352 that induces autoimmune myocarditis in A/J mice. Int J Cardiol 2015; 202:311-21. [PMID: 26422020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac myosin heavy chain-α (Myhc), an intracellular protein expressed in the cardiomyocytes, has been identified as a major autoantigen in cardiac autoimmunity. In our studies with Myhc334-352-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis in A/J mice (H-2a), we discovered that Myhc334-352, supposedly a CD4 T cell epitope, also induced antigen-specific CD8 T cells that transfer disease to naive animals. METHODS AND RESULTS In our efforts to identify the CD8 T cell determinants, we localized Myhc338-348 within the full length-Myhc334-352, leading to four key findings. (1) By acting as a dual epitope, Myhc338-348 induces both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. (2) In a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-stabilization assay, Myhc338-348 was found to bind H-2Dd-but not H-2Kk or H-2Ld-alleles. (3) The CD8 T cell response induced by Myhc338-348 was antigen-specific, as evaluated by MHC class I/H-2Dd dextramer staining. The antigen-sensitized T cells predominantly produced interferon-γ, the critical cytokine of effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (4) Myhc338-348 was found to induce myocarditis in immunized animals as determined by histology and magnetic resonance microscopy imaging. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights as to how different immune cells can recognize the same antigen and inflict damage through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandirasegaran Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Rakesh H Basavalingappa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Rajkumar A Rajasekaran
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Vahid Khalilzad-Sharghi
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Zhongji Han
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Shadi Othman
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
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27
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Machino-Ohtsuka T, Tajiri K, Kimura T, Sakai S, Sato A, Yoshida T, Hiroe M, Yasutomi Y, Aonuma K, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Tenascin-C aggravates autoimmune myocarditis via dendritic cell activation and Th17 cell differentiation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001052. [PMID: 25376187 PMCID: PMC4338691 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Tenascin‐C (TN‐C), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, appears at several important steps of cardiac development in the embryo, but is sparse in the normal adult heart. TN‐C re‐expresses under pathological conditions including myocarditis, and is closely associated with tissue injury and inflammation in both experimental and clinical settings. However, the pathophysiological role of TN‐C in the development of myocarditis is not clear. We examined how TN‐C affects the initiation of experimental autoimmune myocarditis, immunologically. Methods and Results A model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis was established in BALB/c mice by immunization with murine α‐myosin heavy chains. We found that TN‐C knockout mice were protected from severe myocarditis compared to wild‐type mice. TN‐C induced synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‐6, in dendritic cells via activation of a Toll‐like receptor 4, which led to T‐helper (Th)17 cell differentiation and exacerbated the myocardial inflammation. In the transfer experiment, dendritic cells loaded with cardiac myosin peptide acquired the functional capacity to induce myocarditis when stimulated with TN‐C; however, TN‐C‐stimulated dendritic cells generated from Toll‐like receptor 4 knockout mice did not induce myocarditis in recipients. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that TN‐C aggravates autoimmune myocarditis by driving the dendritic cell activation and Th17 differentiation via Toll‐like receptor 4. The blockade of Toll‐like receptor 4‐mediated signaling to inhibit the proinflammatory effects of TN‐C could be a promising therapeutic strategy against autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Machino-Ohtsuka
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Kazuko Tajiri
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Taizo Kimura
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Akira Sato
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Toshimichi Yoshida
- Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology and Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan (T.Y., K.I.Y.)
| | - Michiaki Hiroe
- Department of Cardiology, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (M.H.)
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institution of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Japan (Y.Y.)
| | - Kazutaka Aonuma
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.M.O., K.T., T.K., S.S., A.S., K.A.)
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Mie University Research Center for Matrix Biology and Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan (T.Y., K.I.Y.)
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Yao Y, Yang W, Yang YQ, Ma HD, Lu FT, Li L, Tao YY, Tsuneyama K, Zhang W, Friedman S, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. Distinct from its canonical effects, deletion of IL-12p40 induces cholangitis and fibrosis in interleukin-2Rα(-/-) mice. J Autoimmun 2014; 51:99-108. [PMID: 24651036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The IL-12 family modulates T cell mediated autoimmune diseases and GWAS in PBC have suggested a critical role of IL-12 and its subunits in modulating portal inflammation. We have taken advantage of an aggressive model of portal inflammation and colitis in IL-2Rα(-/-) mice to study the specific role of IL-12 and, in particular, the immunobiology of p40(-/-)IL-2Rα(-/-) mice. Colonies of IL-2Rα(+/-), IL-2Rα(-/-) and p40(-/-)IL-2Rα(-/-) mice were studied for the natural history of immunopathology in liver and colon using histology and immunohistochemistry. Further, to focus on mechanisms, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph node flow cytometry was employed to identify specific phenotypes; cytokine analysis on inflammatory cell populations was compared between groups. Finally, Real-Time PCR was used to focus on the genes involved in hepatic fibrosis. Surprisingly, p40(-/-)IL-2Rα(-/-) mice manifest more severe portal inflammation and bile duct damage, including signs of portal hypertension and liver fibrosis, but a significant reduction in colitis. Indeed, p40(-/-)IL-2Rα(-/-) mice reveal a profound hepatic CD8(+) T cell infiltrate, whose major component are effector memory cells as well as enhanced hepatic Th1 but reduced Th17 responses. These observations were confirmed by Real-Time PCR analysis of fibrosis-related genes in the liver. Distinct from its canonical effects, IL-12p40 plays a critical role in autoimmune cholangitis, including hepatic fibrosis. These data take on striking significance for any proposed human trials that modulate the IL-12p40 pathway in human PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hong-Di Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Fang-Ting Lu
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Liang Li
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yan-Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Scott Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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Bachmaier K, Toya S, Malik AB. Therapeutic administration of the chemokine CXCL1/KC abrogates autoimmune inflammatory heart disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89647. [PMID: 24586934 PMCID: PMC3937330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis, often due to an aberrant immune response to infection, is a major cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. Microbial pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs, orchestrate the cytokine and chemokine responses that augment or limit the severity of myocarditis. Using the mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), in which disease is induced by immunization with a heart-specific self peptide and the agonist to multiple TLRs, complete Freund's adjuvant, we found that increased serum concentrations of the chemokine CXCL1/KC correlated directly with decreased severity of myocarditis. To directly test whether CXCL1/KC caused the amelioration of myocarditis, we treated mice, after challenge with heart-specific self peptide, with exogenous recombinant CXCL1/KC. We found that the administration of recombinant mouse CXCL1/KC completely abrogated heart inflammatory infiltration and cardiomyocyte damage. Moreover, we show that TLR4 signaling is required to increase serum protein concentrations of CXCL1/KC in EAM, and we demonstrate that the administration of the TLR4 agonist LPS significantly decreased severity and prevalence of EAM and reduced the number of heart-specific self peptide reactive effector T cells. These findings reveal a novel function of CXCL1/KC in the context of organ-specific autoimmune disease that may prove useful for the treatment of inflammatory conditions that underlie human heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Bachmaier
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Toya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Asrar B. Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Zhang Y, Jiang L, Zhang M, Lv K. Galectin-9 induced myeloid suppressor cells expand regulatory T cells in an IL-10-dependent manner in CVB3-induced acute myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3356-72. [PMID: 24573249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to explore the effects of galectin-9 on myeloid suppressor cells in Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis and the possible mechanisms involved. For this purpose, BALB/c male mice were infected with CVB3 on day 0 and then received intraperitoneal (IP) administration of recombinant galectin-9 or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) daily from day 3 to day 7. The phenotypes and functions of myeloid suppressor cells were evaluated. The role and mechanism of myeloid suppressor cells and subsets in CVB3-induced myocarditis in vitro were explored. We found that galectin-9 remarkably increased the frequencies of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells in the cardiac tissue and spleen with myocarditis. Ly-6G+ cells were decreased and Ly-6C+ cells were increased in galectin-9-treated mice. In addition, CD11b+Gr-1+ cells were highly effective in suppressing CD4+ T cells. Moreover, our data demonstrate that CD11b+Gr-1+ cells are capable of expanding regulatory T cells (Tregs) from a preexisting population of natural Tregs, which depends on IL-10 but not TGF-β. Our results indicate that galectin-9 therapy may represent a useful approach to ameliorate CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Barin JG, Baldeviano GC, Talor MV, Wu L, Ong S, Fairweather D, Bedja D, Stickel NR, LeGault JA, Cardamone AB, Zheng D, Gabrielson KL, Rose NR, Cihakova D. Fatal eosinophilic myocarditis develops in the absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A. J Immunol 2013; 191:4038-47. [PMID: 24048893 PMCID: PMC3927983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells play a central role in inflammatory heart disease, implicating a cytokine product associated with Th cell effector function as a necessary mediator of this pathophysiology. IFN-γ-deficient mice developed severe experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), in which mice are immunized with cardiac myosin peptide, whereas IL-17A-deficient mice were protected from progression to dilated cardiomyopathy. We generated IFN-γ(-/-)IL-17A(-/-) mice to assess whether IL-17 signaling was responsible for the severe EAM of IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, IFN-γ(-/-)IL-17A(-/-) mice developed a rapidly fatal EAM. Eosinophils constituted a third of infiltrating leukocytes, qualifying this disease as eosinophilic myocarditis. We found increased cardiac production of CCL11/eotaxin, as well as Th2 deviation, among heart-infiltrating CD4(+) cells. Ablation of eosinophil development improved survival of IFN-γ(-/-)IL-17A(-/-) mice, demonstrating the necessity of eosinophils in fatal heart failure. The severe and rapidly fatal autoimmune inflammation that developed in the combined absence of IFN-γ and IL-17A constitutes a novel model of eosinophilic heart disease in humans. This is also, to our knowledge, the first demonstration that eosinophils have the capacity to act as necessary mediators of morbidity in an autoimmune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobert G. Barin
- Immunology Training Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - G. Christian Baldeviano
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Dept. of Parasitology, US Naval Medical Research Unit Six (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Monica V. Talor
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Lei Wu
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - SuFey Ong
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Djahida Bedja
- Dept. of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Natalie R. Stickel
- Dept. of Hematology & Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jillian A. LeGault
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | - Dongfeng Zheng
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Noel R. Rose
- Immunology Training Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- The William H. Feinstone Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Daniela Cihakova
- Dept. of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Valaperti A, Nishii M, Germano D, Liu PP, Eriksson U. Vaccination with Flt3L-induced CD8α+ dendritic cells prevents CD4+ T helper cell-mediated experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Vaccine 2013; 31:4802-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
This review focuses on autoimmune myocarditis and its sequela, inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMI), and the inflammatory and immune mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases. Several mouse models of myocarditis and DCMI have improved our knowledge of the pathogenesis of these diseases, informing more general problems of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. CD4(+) T cells are critical in driving the pathogenesis of myocarditis. We discuss in detail the role of T helper cell subtypes in the pathogenesis of myocarditis, the biology of T cell-derived effector cytokines, and the participation of other leukocytic effectors in mediating disease pathophysiology. We discuss interactions between these subsets in both suppressive and collaborative fashions. These findings indicate that cardiac inflammatory disease, and autoimmunity in general, may be more diverse in divergent effector mechanisms than has previously been appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobert G Barin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Myocardial inflammation and damage can lead to lethal acute or chronic cardiac failure. A variety of regulatory mechanisms limit the magnitude and duration of T cell responses in the heart. Insights into these regulatory mechanisms have come from studies of specific deficiencies in central or peripheral T cell tolerance which cause or enhance the severity of myocarditis. Under non-inflammatory conditions, constitutive DC presentation of cardiac peptides to naïve T cells in cardiac draining lymph nodes tolerizes recirculating naïve T cells specific for these antigens. Cardiac antigen-specific naïve T cells, especially those specific of α-myosin heavy chain peptides, become activated and differentiate into expanded clones of effector T cells under various conditions, such as cardiac infection and/or genetic variations in peripheral tolerance. The pathology that these effector cells cause in the myocardium is limited by PD-L1 expressed on myocardial cells in response to inflammatory cytokines, and by CTLA-4 dependent mechanisms. The PD-1:PD-L1 pathway works together with other control mechanisms to keep the heart safe from T cells, and combined impairment of this pathway along with other regulatory mechanisms synergize to cause myocarditis. T cell derived IFNγ contributes to the inflammatory damage to the heart in autoimmune myocarditis, but it also engages regulatory mechanisms that limit disease, including upregulation of PD-L1, and differentiation of TNF and iNOS expressing DCs from monocytes. iNOS derived from these DCs and other IFNγ stimulated cells inhibits expansion of T cells that cause myocarditis. Regulatory T cells also appear to be critical for suppression of effector T cells specific for myocardial antigens.
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Miteva K, Van Linthout S, Volk HD, Tschöpe C. Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells revisited in the context of inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:353097. [PMID: 23853610 PMCID: PMC3703801 DOI: 10.1155/2013/353097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is a common inflammatory cardiomyopathy, associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which can lead to chronic left ventricular dysfunction. Under conventional heart failure therapy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy typically has a progressive course, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes. Experimental and clinical studies consistently support the application of cellular transplantation as a strategy to improve myocardial function. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) mediate distinct paracrine effects supporting endogenous regeneration, but most important are their remarkable immunoregulatory properties. In this review, an overview of current knowledge on immunopathology in myocarditis will be given. Furthermore, current research regarding the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in the context of myocarditis will be discussed. Finally, the impact of MSC priming by the environment on their functionality and the advantages of systemic administration of MSCs under myocarditis are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapka Miteva
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK, Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Kania G, Siegert S, Behnke S, Prados-Rosales R, Casadevall A, Lüscher TF, Luther SA, Kopf M, Eriksson U, Blyszczuk P. Innate signaling promotes formation of regulatory nitric oxide-producing dendritic cells limiting T-cell expansion in experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Circulation 2013; 127:2285-94. [PMID: 23671208 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of innate pattern-recognition receptors promotes CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune myocarditis and subsequent inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Mechanisms that counterregulate exaggerated heart-specific autoimmunity are poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Experimental autoimmune myocarditis was induced in BALB/c mice by immunization with α-myosin heavy chain peptide and complete Freund's adjuvant. Together with interferon-γ, heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an essential component of complete Freund's adjuvant, converted CD11b(hi)CD11c(-) monocytes into tumor necrosis factor-α- and nitric oxide synthase 2-producing dendritic cells (TipDCs). Heat-killed M. tuberculosis stimulated production of nitric oxide synthase 2 via Toll-like receptor 2-mediated nuclear factor-κB activation. TipDCs limited antigen-specific T-cell expansion through nitric oxide synthase 2-dependent nitric oxide production. Moreover, they promoted nitric oxide synthase 2 production in hematopoietic and stromal cells in a paracrine manner. Consequently, nitric oxide synthase 2 production by both radiosensitive hematopoietic and radioresistant stromal cells prevented exacerbation of autoimmune myocarditis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Innate Toll-like receptor 2 stimulation promotes formation of regulatory TipDCs, which confine autoreactive T-cell responses in experimental autoimmune myocarditis via nitric oxide. Therefore, activation of innate pattern-recognition receptors is critical not only for disease induction but also for counterregulatory mechanisms, protecting the heart from exaggerated autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/physiopathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/etiology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/immunology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/prevention & control
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/radiation effects
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/physiology
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/physiopathology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Paracrine Communication
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Radiation Chimera
- Radiation Tolerance
- Signal Transduction
- Stromal Cells/enzymology
- Stromal Cells/radiation effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/physiology
- Ventricular Myosins/immunology
- Ventricular Myosins/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kania
- Cardioimmunology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hoetzenecker K, Zimmermann M, Hoetzenecker W, Schweiger T, Kollmann D, Mildner M, Hegedus B, Mitterbauer A, Hacker S, Birner P, Gabriel C, Gyöngyösi M, Blyszczuk P, Eriksson U, Ankersmit HJ. Mononuclear cell secretome protects from experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Eur Heart J 2013; 36:676-85. [PMID: 23321350 PMCID: PMC4359357 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Supernatants of serum-free cultured mononuclear cells (MNC) contain a mix of immunomodulating factors (secretome), which have been shown to attenuate detrimental inflammatory responses following myocardial ischaemia. Inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (iDCM) is a common cause of heart failure in young patients. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a CD4+ T cell-dependent model, which mirrors important pathogenic aspects of iDCM. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of MNC secretome on myocardial inflammation in the EAM model. METHODS AND RESULTS BALB/c mice were immunized twice with an alpha myosin heavy chain peptide together with Complete Freund adjuvant. Supernatants from mouse mononuclear cells were collected, dialysed, and injected i.p. at Day 0, Day 7, or Day 14, respectively. Myocarditis severity, T cell responses, and autoantibody formation were assessed at Day 21. The impact of MNC secretome on CD4+ T cell function and viability was evaluated using in vitro proliferation and cell viability assays. A single high-dose application of MNC secretome, injected at Day 14 after the first immunization, effectively attenuated myocardial inflammation. Mechanistically, MNC secretome induced caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in autoreactive CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION MNC secretome abrogated myocardial inflammation in a CD4+ T cell-dependent animal model of autoimmune myocarditis. This anti-inflammatory effect of MNC secretome suggests a novel and simple potential treatment concept for inflammatory heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zimmermann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Hoetzenecker
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Schweiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kollmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Hegedus
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mitterbauer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hacker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Birner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Przemyslaw Blyszczuk
- Division of Cardioimmunology, Cardiovascular Research and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Department of Medicine, GZO, Zurich Regional Health Center, Wetzikon, Switzerland
| | - Urs Eriksson
- Division of Cardioimmunology, Cardiovascular Research and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Department of Medicine, GZO, Zurich Regional Health Center, Wetzikon, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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38
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Abstract
Myocarditis and valvulitis are inflammatory diseases affecting myocardium and valve. Myocarditis, a viral-induced disease of myocardium, may lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and loss of heart function. Valvulitis leads to deformed heart valves and altered blood flow in rheumatic heart disease. Animal models recapitulating these diseases are important in understanding the human condition. Cardiac myosin is a major autoantigen in heart, and antibodies and T cells to cardiac myosin are evident in inflammatory heart diseases. This unit is a practical guide to induction and evaluation of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in several mouse strains and the Lewis rat. Purification protocols for cardiac myosin and protocols for induction of EAM by cardiac myosin and its myocarditis-producing peptides, and coxsackievirus CVB3, are defined. Protocols for assessment of myocarditis and valvulitis in humans and animal models provide methods to define functional autoantibodies targeting cardiac myosin, β-adrenergic, and muscarinic receptors, and their deposition in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Myers
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Nindl V, Maier R, Ratering D, De Giuli R, Züst R, Thiel V, Scandella E, Di Padova F, Kopf M, Rudin M, Rülicke T, Ludewig B. Cooperation of Th1 and Th17 cells determines transition from autoimmune myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2311-21. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Nindl
- Institute of Immunobiology; Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen; St. Gallen; Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Maier
- Institute of Immunobiology; Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen; St. Gallen; Switzerland
| | - David Ratering
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University and ETH Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Rita De Giuli
- Institute of Immunobiology; Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen; St. Gallen; Switzerland
| | - Roland Züst
- Institute of Immunobiology; Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen; St. Gallen; Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Immunobiology; Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen; St. Gallen; Switzerland
| | - Elke Scandella
- Institute of Immunobiology; Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen; St. Gallen; Switzerland
| | - Franco Di Padova
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR); Basel; Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Zürich; Switzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University and ETH Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna; Austria
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology; Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen; St. Gallen; Switzerland
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Tajiri K, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Matsubara A, Tsujimura Y, Hiroe M, Naka T, Shimojo N, Sakai S, Aonuma K, Yasutomi Y. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 DNA administration inhibits inflammatory and pathogenic responses in autoimmune myocarditis. J Immunol 2012; 189:2043-53. [PMID: 22798678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis and subsequent dilated cardiomyopathy are major causes of heart failure in young adults. Myocarditis in humans is highly heterogeneous in etiology. Recent studies have indicated that a subgroup of myocarditis patients may benefit from immune-targeted therapies, because autoimmunity plays an important role in myocarditis as well as contributing to the progression to cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 plays a key role in the negative regulation of both TLR- and cytokine receptor-mediated signaling, which is involved in innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immunity. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of SOCS1 DNA administration on experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in mice. EAM was induced by s.c. immunization with cardiac-specific peptides derived from α myosin H chain in BALB/c mice. In contrast to control myocarditis mice, SOCS1 DNA-injected mice were protected from development of EAM and heart failure. SOCS1 DNA administration was effective for reducing the activation of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells by inhibition of the function of Ag-presenting dendritic cells. Our findings suggest that SOCS1 DNA administration has considerable therapeutic potential in individuals with autoimmune myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Tajiri
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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Kim YH, Lim Y, Park CG. Influence of Interferon-γ Deficiency in Immune Tolerance Induced by Male Islet Transplantation. Immune Netw 2011; 11:358-63. [PMID: 22346775 PMCID: PMC3275704 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.6.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traditionally, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was regarded as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, however, recent reports suggested role of IFN-γ in immune tolerance. In our previous report, we could induce tolerance to male antigen (HY) just by male islet transplantation in wild type C57BL/6 mice without any immunological intervention. We tried to investigate the influence of IFN-γ deficiency on tolerance induction by male islet transplantation. Methods To examine the immunogenicity of male tissue in the absence of IFN-γ, we transplanted male IFN-γ knock-out (KO) skin to female IFN-γ KO mice. Next, we analyzed male IFN-γ KO islet to streptozotocin-induced diabetic female IFN-γ KO mice. And, we checked the functionality of grafted islet by graft removal and insulin staining. Results As our previous results in wild type C57BL/6 mice, female IFN-γ KO mice rejected male IFN-γ KO skin within 29 days, and did not reject male IFN-γ KO islet. The maintenance of normal blood glucose level was dependent on the presence of grafted male islet. And the male islet recipient did not reject 2nd challenge of male islet graft also. Conclusion Deficiency of IFN-γ does not have influence on the result of male skin graft and male islet transplantation. Conclusively, male islet transplantation induced T cell tolerance is not dependent on the presence of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Ganesh BB, Bhattacharya P, Gopisetty A, Sheng J, Vasu C, Prabhakar BS. IL-1β promotes TGF-β1 and IL-2 dependent Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21949. [PMID: 21779356 PMCID: PMC3136935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier, we have shown that GM-CSF-exposed CD8α− DCs that express low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-1β can induce Foxp3+ Tregs leading to suppression of autoimmunity. Here, we examined the differential effects of IL-12 and IL-1β on Foxp3 expression in T cells when activated in the presence and absence of DCs. Exogenous IL-12 abolished, but IL-1β enhanced, the ability of GM-CSF-exposed tolerogenic DCs to promote Foxp3 expression. Pre-exposure of DCs to IL-1β and IL-12 had only a modest effect on Foxp3− expressing T cells; however, T cells activated in the absence of DCs but in the presence of IL-1β or IL-12 showed highly significant increase and decrease in Foxp3+ T cell frequencies respectively suggesting direct effects of these cytokines on T cells and a role for IL-1β in promoting Foxp3 expression. Importantly, purified CD4+CD25+ cells showed a significantly higher ability to maintain Foxp3 expression when activated in the presence of IL-1β. Further analyses showed that the ability of IL-1β to maintain Foxp3 expression in CD25+ T cells was dependent on TGF-β1 and IL-2 expression in Foxp3+Tregs and CD25− effectors T cells respectively. Exposure of CD4+CD25+ T cells to IL-1β enhanced their ability to suppress effector T cell response in vitro and ongoing experimental autoimmune thyroidits in vivo. These results show that IL-1β can help enhance/maintain Tregs, which may play an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance during inflammation to prevent and/or suppress autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji B. Ganesh
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anupama Gopisetty
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jianrong Sheng
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bellur S. Prabhakar
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang F, Wu WF, Yan YL, Pang Y, Kong Q, Huang YL. Expression of IL-23/Th17 pathway in a murine model of Coxsackie virus B3-induced viral myocarditis. Virol J 2011; 8:301. [PMID: 21672246 PMCID: PMC3136426 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The IL-23/Th17 pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Whether it regulates the viral myocarditis (VMC) is unknown. Results To examine the pathogenesis role of IL-23/Th17 axis in VMC, we used male BALB/c mice to induced VMC by Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) peritoneal injection. IL-23, IL-17, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mRNA in the myocardium of VMC mice were assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. IL-23 and IL-17 protein from blood serum were evaluated by ELISA. Phosphorylated-STAT3 (p-STAT3) protein expression in the myocardium was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Flow cytometric analysis was used to evaluate the frequencies of Th17 subsets. Isolated CD4+ T cells from VMC mice were cultured with recombinant IL-23(rIL-23) in vitro. In addition, a STAT3-specific inhibitor (S3I-201) was used to test whether regulation of STAT3 could be partly responsible for Th17 diminution. Results showed that expression of IL-23, IL-17, STAT3 mRNA and protein increased in VMC mice. When purified CD4+ T cells derived from VMC mice were cultured in vitro with rIL-23, the frequency of Th17 cells was dramatically increased, accompanied by significantly enhanced production of IL-17 in the supernatants of cultured CD4+ T cells. S3I-201 significantly restrained Th17 cell proliferation. Conclusions The IL-23/Th17 pathway axis is strongly expressed in murine VMC, identifying a novel pathway of potential significance in viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Wu YY, Lin CW, Cheng KS, Lin C, Wang YM, Lin IT, Chou YH, Hsu PN. Increased programmed death-ligand-1 expression in human gastric epithelial cells in Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 161:551-9. [PMID: 20646001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H1 [programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1)] is a B7-family member that binds to programmed death-1 (PD-1). Recently, deficiency of PD-L1 has been demonstrated to result in accelerated gastric epithelial cell damage in gastritis, and PD-L1 is suggested to play a critical role in regulating T cell homeostasis. Here, we aimed to gain more insight into gastric PD-L1 expression, regulation and function during Helicobacter pylori infection. PD-L1 expression in human gastric epithelial cells was analysed using Western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. Furthermore, co-culture experiments of human gastric epithelial cells with primary human T cells or Jurkat T cells were conducted. PD-L1 expression in primary human gastric epithelial cells was strongly enhanced by H. pylori infection and activated T cells, and augmented markedly by further stimulation with interferon-γ or tumour necrosis factor-α. Moreover, PD-L1 expression in gastric epithelial cells significantly induced apoptosis of T cells. Our results indicate that a novel bidirectional interaction between human gastric epithelial cells and lymphocytes modulates PD-L1 expression in human gastric epithelial cells, contributing to the unique immunological properties of the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Rajaiah R, Puttabyatappa M, Polumuri SK, Moudgil KD. Interleukin-27 and interferon-gamma are involved in regulation of autoimmune arthritis. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2817-25. [PMID: 21123181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.187013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation underlying immune pathology and tissue damage involves an intricate interplay between multiple immunological and biochemical mediators. Cytokines represent the key immune mediators that trigger a cascade of reactions that drive processes such as angiogenesis and proteolytic damage to tissues. IL-17 has now been shown to be a pivotal cytokine in many autoimmune diseases, supplanting the traditional Th1-Th2 paradigm. Also, the dual role of proinflammatory IFN-γ has unraveled new complexities in the cytokine biology of such disorders. A major hurdle in fully understanding the effector pathways in these disorders is the lack of information regarding the temporal kinetics of the cytokines during the course of the disease, as well as the interplay among the key cytokines. Using an experimental model of arthritic inflammation, we demonstrate that the temporal expression of cytokines during the incubation phase is a critical determinant of disease susceptibility. The susceptible rats raised a vigorous IL-17 response early, followed by IFN-γ and IL-27 response in that sequence, whereas the resistant rats displayed an early and concurrent response to these three cytokines. Accordingly, treatment with exogenous IFN-γ/IL-27 successfully controlled arthritic inflammation and inhibited the defined mediators of inflammation, angiogenesis, cell survival, apoptosis, and tissue damage. Furthermore, IFN-γ enhanced IL-27 secretion, revealing a cooperative interplay between the two cytokines. Our results offer a novel immunobiochemical perspective on the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and its therapeutic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Cruz-Adalia A, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Ramírez-Huesca M, Chico-Calero I, Barreiro O, López-Conesa E, Fresno M, Sánchez-Madrid F, Martín P. CD69 limits the severity of cardiomyopathy after autoimmune myocarditis. Circulation 2010; 122:1396-404. [PMID: 20855659 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.952820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), a mouse model of post-infectious cardiomyopathy, reflects mechanisms of inflammatory cardiomyopathy in humans. EAM is characterized by an infiltration of inflammatory cells into the myocardium that can be followed by myocyte fibrosis, edema, and necrosis, leading to ventricular wall dysfunction and heart failure. Different data indicate that CD69 exerts an important immunoregulatory effect in vivo. However, the possible role of CD69 in autoimmune myocarditis has not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS We have explored the role of the leukocyte regulatory molecule CD69 in the inflammation that leads to cardiac dysfunction after myocardial injury in EAM. We have found that after induction of EAM, the draining lymph nodes from CD69-deficient mice developed an exacerbated Th17 inflammatory response, resulting in increases in the numbers of infiltrating leukocytes in the myocardium. In the chronic phase of EAM, transthoracic echocardiography revealed a significantly reduced left ventricular fractional shortening and a decreased ejection fraction in CD69-deficient mice, indicative of an impaired cardiac contractility. This condition was accompanied by a greater extent of myocardial fibrosis, an elevated number of sinus pauses on ECG, and an enhanced ratio of heart weight to body weight in CD69-/- mice. Moreover, both bone marrow transplantation and adoptive transfer of Th17 cells isolated from immunized CD69-/- mice with EAM into naive wild-type recipients reproduced the severity of the disease, demonstrating that CD69 exerts its function within the lymphocyte compartment. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that CD69 negatively regulates heart-specific Th17 responses, cardiac inflammation, and heart failure progression in EAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
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Pagni PP, Traub S, Demaria O, Chasson L, Alexopoulou L. Contribution of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling to the susceptibility of MyD88-deficient mice to myocarditis. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:275-87. [PMID: 20187710 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903509056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionary conserved molecules that recognize various microbial components and host-derived agonists from damaged cells and play a central role in innate and adaptive immunity. It has been reported that MyD88, the adaptor molecule downstream of all TLRs, except TLR3, is essential for initiation of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). To determine the role of the intracellular TLRs in EAM, TLR3(-/-), TLR7(-/-), and TLR9(-/-) mice were immunized with cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain peptide (MyHC-alpha) in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) and their EAM scores and associated immunological responses were compared to wild-type (WT) and MyD88(-/-) mice. MyD88(-/-) mice were completely resistant to EAM and had a profound defect in all the parameters we tested. Myocardial cellular infiltration and in vitro proliferation of MyHC-alpha-restimulated splenocytes were markedly reduced in TLR7(-/-) mice, while TLR3(-/-) and TLR9(-/-) mice showed similar inflammatory cell infiltration in the heart-like WT mice. Thus, the resistance of MyD88(-/-) mice to EAM can be attributed to a certain degree to TLR7 signaling. Moreover, upon murine cytomegalovirus-induced myocarditis, we found that the severity of myocardial inflammation was higher in TLR9(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice compared with WT, TLR3(-/-), or TLR7(-/-) mice and paralleled the ability of the mice to fight the viral infection.
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Barin JG, Talor MV, Baldeviano GC, Kimura M, Rose NR, Ciháková D. Mechanisms of IFNγ regulation of autoimmune myocarditis. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:83-91. [PMID: 20599938 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A protective effect of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) has been described in a number of models of autoimmune disease, including experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Some reports have suggested that regulation of apoptosis in autoreactive lymphocytes mediate these protective functions. We examined the potential of IFNγ to regulate apoptotic mechanisms in detail, both in vitro and in vivo in EAM. We observed multiple apoptotic defects in caspase activity, and the expression of TNF superfamily members on CD4(+) T cells. In addition, we observed selective defects in CD4(+) T cell activation in response to antigenic stimulation. These activation and apoptotic defects were CD4(+) cell autonomous, independent of the genotype of APCs. Inhibition of nitric oxide production in vivo did not reproduce the severe form of EAM of IFNγ-deficient mice, indicating that this pathway does not mediate the protective effect of IFNγ. Crosswise adoptive transfer of wild type, IFNγ(-/-), and IFNγR(-/-)EAM demonstrated that IFNγ signaling was critical in CD4(+) cells, but that non-CD4(+) sources of IFNγ production were also involved in the control of disease. Together, these data indicate multiple mechanisms of autonomous and non-autonomous CD4(+) T cell regulation mediated by IFNγ in the control of autoimmune heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jobert G Barin
- Training Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lindberg E, Andersson B, Hörnquist EH, Magnusson Y. Impaired activation of IFN-gamma+CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Cell Immunol 2010; 263:224-9. [PMID: 20435301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Viral persistence and autoantibodies are pathogenic components in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The aim was to evaluate T-cell function in DCM using different flow cytometry based detection techniques. Following stimulation, the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells was significantly lower in patients compared with controls. In contrast, the frequency of IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells was no different. In supernatants of cultured PBMC, IFN-gamma and IL-10 were significantly lower in patients. In addition, lymphocyte proliferation was significantly lower in patients compared with controls, whereas major lymphocyte subsets were not different. IFN-gamma and IL-10 are key cytokines in the ability to mount protective immune responses and to maintain self-tolerance. A reduced activation of T-helper 1 (IFN-gamma producing) cells and a decreased capacity to produce IL-10, found in the present study, could explain parts of the autoimmune features seen in patients with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lindberg
- Institution of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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