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Paraskevopoulou A, Kaloudis T, Hiskia A, Steinhaus M, Dimotikali D, Triantis TM. Volatile Profiling of Spirulina Food Supplements. Foods 2024; 13:1257. [PMID: 38672929 PMCID: PMC11049305 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirulina, a cyanobacterium widely used as a food supplement due to its high nutrient value, contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It is crucial to assess the presence of VOCs in commercial spirulina products, as they could influence sensory quality, various processes, and technological aspects. In this study, the volatile profiles of seventeen commercial spirulina food supplements were determined using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The identification of volatile compounds was achieved using a workflow that combined data processing with software tools and reference databases, as well as retention indices (RI) and elution order data. A total of 128 VOCs were identified as belonging to chemical groups of alkanes (47.2%), ketones (25.7%), aldehydes (10.9%), alcohols (8.4%), furans (3.7%), alkenes (1.8%), esters (1.1%), pyrazines (0.8%), and other compounds (0.4%). Major volatiles among all samples were hydrocarbons, especially heptadecane and heptadec-8-ene, followed by ketones (i.e., 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one, β-ionone, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexan-1-one), aldehydes (i.e., hexanal), and the alcohol oct-1-en-3-ol. Several volatiles were found in spirulina dietary supplements for the first time, including 6,10-dimethylundeca-5,9-dien-2-one (geranylacetone), 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one, hept-2-enal, octanal, nonanal, oct-2-en-1-ol, heptan-1-ol, nonan-1-ol, tetradec-9-en-1-ol, 4,4-dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol, 2,6-diethylpyrazine, and 1-(2,5-dimethylfuran-3-yl) ethanone. The methodology used for VOC analysis ensured high accuracy, reliability, and confidence in compound identification. Results reveal a wide variety of volatiles in commercial spirulina products, with numerous newly discovered compounds, prompting further research on sensory quality and production methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterina Paraskevopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (T.K.); (A.H.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece;
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (T.K.); (A.H.)
- Department of Water Quality Control, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP SA), 156 Oropou Str., 11146 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (T.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Martin Steinhaus
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich (Leibniz-LSB@TUM), Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Dimitra Dimotikali
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece;
| | - Theodoros M. Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (T.K.); (A.H.)
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Pinchart PE, Leruste A, Pasqualini V, Mastroleo F. Microcystins and Cyanobacterial Contaminants in the French Small-Scale Productions of Spirulina ( Limnospira sp.). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:354. [PMID: 37368655 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina is consumed worldwide, in the form of food or dietary supplements, for its nutritional value and health potential. However, these products may contain cyanotoxins, including hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), produced by cyanobacterial contaminants. The French spirulina market has the particularity of being supplied half-locally by approximately 180 small-scale spirulina production farms. Data about this particular production and possible contaminations with other cyanobacteria and MCs are scarce. Thus, we collected the results of MC analyses and total cyanobacteria counts, carried out between 2013 and 2021, from 95 French spirulina producers who agreed to share their data. These data consisted of MC concentrations determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 623 dry spirulina samples and 105 samples of spirulina cultures. In addition, potentially unsafe samples of dry spirulina were further investigated through mass spectrometry, as duplicate analysis. We confirmed that the situation of the French spirulina production stayed within the safe regulatory level in terms of MC levels. On the other hand, the inventory of cyanobacterial contaminants, based on 539 count results, included 14 taxa. We present their prevalence, interannual evolution and geographical distribution. We also suggested improvements in cultivation practices to limit their propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Etienne Pinchart
- UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli (UCPP), 20250 Corte, France
- Fédération des Spiruliniers de France (FSF), 34800 Clermont-l'Hérault, France
| | - Amandine Leruste
- Fédération des Spiruliniers de France (FSF), 34800 Clermont-l'Hérault, France
| | - Vanina Pasqualini
- UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli (UCPP), 20250 Corte, France
| | - Felice Mastroleo
- Microbiology Unit, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Rhoades J, Fotiadou S, Paschalidou G, Papadimitriou T, Ordóñez AÁ, Kormas K, Vardaka E, Likotrafiti E. Microbiota and Cyanotoxin Content of Retail Spirulina Supplements and Spirulina Supplemented Foods. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1175. [PMID: 37317149 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial biomass such as spirulina (Arthrospira spp.) is widely available as a food supplement and can also be added to foods as a nutritionally beneficial ingredient. Spirulina is often produced in open ponds, which are vulnerable to contamination by various microorganisms, including some toxin-producing cyanobacteria. This study examined the microbial population of commercially available spirulina products including for the presence of cyanobacterial toxins. Five products (two supplements, three foods) were examined. The microbial populations were determined by culture methods, followed by identification of isolates using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), and by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the products themselves and of the total growth on the enumeration plates. Toxin analysis was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Several potentially pathogenic bacteria were detected in the products, including Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microcystin toxins were detected in all the products at levels that could lead to consumers exceeding their recommended daily limits. Substantial differences were observed in the identifications obtained using amplicon sequencing and MALDI-TOF, particularly between closely related Bacillus spp. The study showed that there are microbiological safety issues associated with commercial spirulina products that should be addressed, and these are most likely associated with the normal means of production in open ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rhoades
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatia Fotiadou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Paschalidou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoti Papadimitriou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Kormas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Agricultural Development Institiute, University Research and Innovation Centre "IASON", Argonafton & Filellinon, 38221 Volos, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Vardaka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Likotrafiti
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Adejimi OE, Sadhasivam G, Schmilovitch Z, Shapiro OH, Herrmann I. Applying hyperspectral transmittance for inter-genera classification of cyanobacterial and algal cultures. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Kharchuk IA, Rylkova OA, Beregovaya NM. State of Cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis and of Associated Microflora during Long-Term Storage in the State of Anhydrobiosis. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722601786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Papadopoulos KP, Economou CN, Markou G, Nicodemou A, Koutinas M, Tekerlekopoulou AG, Vayenas DV. Cultivation of Arthrospira platensis in Brewery Wastewater. Water 2022; 14:1547. [DOI: 10.3390/w14101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms in wastewater is a potential cost-effective method of treating wastewater and simultaneously providing the essential nutrients for high-value biomass production. This study investigates the cultivation of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis in non-diluted and non-pretreated brewery wastewater under non-sterile and alkaline growth conditions. The system’s performance in terms of biomass productivity, pollutant consumption, pigment production and biomass composition was evaluated under different media formulations (i.e., addition of sodium chloride and/or bicarbonate) and different irradiation conditions (i.e., continuous illumination and 16:8 light:dark photoperiod). It was observed that the combination of sodium bicarbonate with sodium chloride resulted in maximum pigment production recorded at the end of the experiments, and the use of the photoperiod led to increased pollutant removal (up to 90% of initial concentrations) and biomass concentration (950 mg/L). The composition of the microbial communities established during the experiments was also determined. It was observed that heterotrophic bacteria dominated by the phyla of Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, and Bacteroidota prevailed, while the cyanobacteria population showcased a dynamic behavior throughout the experiments, as it increased towards the end of cultivation (relative abundance of 10% and 30% under continuous illumination and photoperiod application, respectively). Overall, Arthrospira platensis-based cultivation proved to be an effective method of brewery wastewater treatment, although the large numbers of heterotrophic bacteria limit the usage of the produced biomass to applications such as biofuel and biofertilizer production.
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Adejimi OE, Ignat T, Sadhasivam G, Zakin V, Schmilovitch Z, Shapiro OH. Low-Resolution Raman Spectroscopy for the detection of contaminant species in algal bioreactors. Sci Total Environ 2022; 809:151138. [PMID: 34695468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fouling of aquatic systems by harmful microalgal and cyanobacterial species is an environmental and public health concern. Microalgal bioreactors are engineered ecosystems for the cultivation of algal biomass to meet the increasing demand for alternative protein sources and algae-derived products. Such bioreactors are often open or semi-open ponds or raceways that are prone to contamination by contaminant photosynthetic microorganisms, including harmful cyanobacterial species (HCBs). HCBs affect the quality of products through the accumulation of off-flavours, reducing their acceptance by consumers, and through the production of several different toxins collectively known as cyanotoxins. The density of cultured species within the bioreactor environment creates difficulty in detecting low concentrations of contaminant cells, and there is currently no technology enabling rapid monitoring of contaminations. The present study demonstrates the potential of Low-Resolution Raman Spectroscopy (LRRS) as a tool for rapid detection of low concentrations of HCBs within dense populations of the spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) cultures. An LRRS system adapted for the direct measurement of raw biomass samples was used to assemble a database of Raman spectral signatures, from eight algal and cyanobacterial strains. This dataset was used to develop both quantitative and discriminative chemometric models. The results obtained from the chemometric analyses demonstrate the ability of the LRRS to detect and quantify algal and cyanobacterial species at concentrations as low as 103 cells/mL and to robustly discriminate between species at concentrations of 104 cells/mL. The LRRS and chemometric analyses were further able to detect the presence of low concentrations (103cells/mL) of contaminating species, including the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, within dense (>107 cells/mL) spirulina cultures. The results presented provide a first demonstration of the potential of LRRS technology for real-time detection of contaminant species within microalgal bioreactors, and possibly for early detection of developing harmful algal blooms in other aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubunmi E Adejimi
- Department of Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (The Volcani Center), P.O.Box 6, 5025001 Rishon LeZion, Israel; Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Timea Ignat
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering (IAE), Agricultural Research Organization (The Volcani Center), P.O.Box 6, 5025001 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Giji Sadhasivam
- Department of Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (The Volcani Center), P.O.Box 6, 5025001 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Varda Zakin
- Department of Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (The Volcani Center), P.O.Box 6, 5025001 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ze'ev Schmilovitch
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering (IAE), Agricultural Research Organization (The Volcani Center), P.O.Box 6, 5025001 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Orr H Shapiro
- Department of Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (The Volcani Center), P.O.Box 6, 5025001 Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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Hadi J, Brightwell G. Safety of Alternative Proteins: Technological, Environmental and Regulatory Aspects of Cultured Meat, Plant-Based Meat, Insect Protein and Single-Cell Protein. Foods 2021; 10:1226. [PMID: 34071292 PMCID: PMC8230205 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security and environmental issues have become global crises that need transformative solutions. As livestock production is becoming less sustainable, alternative sources of proteins are urgently required. These include cultured meat, plant-based meat, insect protein and single-cell protein. Here, we describe the food safety aspects of these novel protein sources, in terms of their technological backgrounds, environmental impacts and the necessary regulatory framework for future mass-scale production. Briefly, cultured meat grown in fetal bovine serum-based media can be exposed to viruses or infectious prion, in addition to other safety risks associated with the use of genetic engineering. Plant-based meat may contain allergens, anti-nutrients and thermally induced carcinogens. Microbiological risks and allergens are the primary concerns associated with insect protein. Single-cell protein sources are divided into microalgae, fungi and bacteria, all of which have specific food safety risks that include toxins, allergens and high ribonucleic acid (RNA) contents. The environmental impacts of these alternative proteins can mainly be attributed to the production of growth substrates or during cultivation. Legislations related to novel food or genetic modification are the relevant regulatory framework to ensure the safety of alternative proteins. Lastly, additional studies on the food safety aspects of alternative proteins are urgently needed for providing relevant food governing authorities with sufficient data to oversee that the technological progress in this area is balanced with robust safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea), Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Revellame ED, Aguda R, Chistoserdov A, Fortela DL, Hernandez RA, Zappi ME. Microalgae cultivation for space exploration: Assessing the potential for a new generation of waste to human life-support system for long duration space travel and planetary human habitation. ALGAL RES 2021; 55:102258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lee Y, Kim T, Lee WK, Ryu YK, Kim JH, Jeong Y, Park A, Lee YJ, Oh C, Kang DH. The First Report to Evaluate Safety of Cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. KIOST-1 for Use as a Food Ingredient: Oral Acute Toxicity and Genotoxicity Study. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:290-297. [PMID: 33203826 PMCID: PMC9705841 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2007.07013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptolyngbya sp. KIOST-1 (LK1) is a newly isolated cyanobacterium that shows no obvious cytotoxicity and contains high protein content for both human and animal diets. However, only limited information is available on its toxic effects. The purpose of this study was to validate the safety of LK1 powder. Following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines, a single-dose oral toxicity test in Sprague Dawley rats was performed. Genotoxicity was assessed using a bacterial reverse mutation test with Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA, an in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cells, and an in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test using Hsd:ICR (CD-1) SPF mouse bone marrow. After LK1 administration (2,500 mg/kg), there were no LK1-related body weight changes or necropsy findings. The reverse mutation test showed no increased reverse mutation upon exposure to 5,000 μg/plate of the LK1 powder, the maximum tested amount. The chromosome aberration test and micronucleus assay demonstrated no chromosomal abnormalities and genotoxicity, respectively, in the presence of the LK1 powder. The absence of physiological findings and genetic abnormalities suggests that LK1 powder is appropriate as a candidate biomass to be used as a safe food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdeuk Lee
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyun Ryu
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea,Current address: Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Younsik Jeong
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Areumi Park
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Lee
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Jeju Marine Research center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63349, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-64-798-6100 Fax: +82-64-798-6039 E-mail:
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Al-Saman MA, Doleib NM, Ibrahim MR, Nasr MY, Tayel AA, Hamouda RA. In vitro and in vivo hypolipidemic properties of the aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis, cultivated in colored flasks under artificial illumination. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10366. [PMID: 33344072 PMCID: PMC7718799 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spirulina is blue-green algae that grows mainly in tropical and subtropical lakes and is commonly used due to its nutritional features including high concentrations of protein, vitamins, mineral salts, carotenoids and antioxidants. This study aimed to investigate the anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis cultivated in different colored flasks under artificial illumination; in vitro and in the diet induced hypercholesterolemic Swiss albino mice. Methods Spirulina platensis was cultivated in red, blue, green and colorless Erlenmeyer flasks containing Zarrouk’s medium under aerobic conditions, with incessant illumination by artificial cool white fluorescent with light intensity of 2500 lux (35 µmol photon m−2 s−1). Chlorophyll a and total carotenoid contents were estimated using colorimetric methods, fatty acids composition was determined by GC-Mass, in vitro and in vivo anti-cholesterol assays were used in assessing the anti-hypercholesterolemia potential of obtained Spirulina cells. Results The results showed that the highest cell dry weight, chlorophyl a, and carotenoid of S. platensis were observed in colorless flasks and that the lowest values were recorded with the green colored flasks. Also, the hot water extract of S. platensis obtained from colorless flasks at a concentration of 15 mg/mL after 60 min of incubation exhibited the greatest reduction of cholesterol level. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of S. platensis methanolic extract showed 15 bioactive compounds were identified and grouped according to their chemical structures. An experimental model of hypercholesterolemic mice had been examined for impact of S. platensis individually and combined with atorvastatin drug. All S. platensis groups resulted in a remarkable decrease in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein; and increase in high density lipoprotein. Conclusion The present study concluded that the hot aqueous extract of S. platensis developed in colorless flasks is recommended as a natural source for bioactive compounds, with anti-cholesterol and antioxidant potentialities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Al-Saman
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Nada M Doleib
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Arts Khulais, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed R Ibrahim
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Y Nasr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Tayel
- Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ragaa A Hamouda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Arts Khulais, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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Santos DS, Lauria PSS, Evangelista AF, Azeredo FJ, Costa JAV, Soares MBP, Druzian JI, Villarreal CF. Beyond inflammation: Centrally mediated antinociceptive properties of Spirulina platensis LEB-18 biomass via the opioid system. J Funct Foods 2020; 72:104083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Yu J, Ma D, Qu S, Liu Y, Xia H, Bian F, Zhang Y, Huang C, Wu R, Wu J, You S, Bi Y. Effects of different probiotic combinations on the components and bioactivity of Spirulina. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:543-557. [PMID: 32187728 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina acts as a good dietary nutritional supplement. However, few research studies have been conducted on its fermentation. Three groups of probiotic combinations, lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus strains, and their mixture, were used to investigate Spirulina fermentation. The results showed that lactic acid bacteria significantly increased the content of amino acids and the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids in the fermented Spirulina, compared with the unfermented Spirulina, and this trend was enhanced by the strains' mixture. However, compared to unfermented Spirulina, the amino acid levels were significantly decreased after fermentation with Bacillus strains and so was the total free amino acid and essential amino acid content. Fermentation significantly reduced the contents of the offensive components of Spirulina, with significant differences among the three mixed bacterial treatments. Moreover, Bacillus strain fermentation increased the contents of flavonoids and polyphenols compared to the unfermented Spirulina, and significantly enhanced 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine free-radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant ability. On the contrary, treatments with lactic acid bacteria and the mixture of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus strains endowed the fermented supernatants with good antibacterial ability. The results showed that probiotic fermentation has a good effect on Spirulina and can serve as a new procedure for developing new Spirulina-containing food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Yu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Deyuan Ma
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shujie Qu
- Test Base Service Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Han Xia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Bian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengbo You
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Research and Development Department, Jinan Kangduobao Biotechnology Co. LTD., Jinan, China
| | - Yuping Bi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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Yuan D, Yao M, Wang L, Li Y, Gong Y, Hu Q. Effect of recycling the culture medium on biodiversity and population dynamics of bio-contaminants in Spirulina platensis mass culture systems. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Manolidi K, Triantis TM, Kaloudis T, Hiskia A. Neurotoxin BMAA and its isomeric amino acids in cyanobacteria and cyanobacteria-based food supplements. J Hazard Mater 2019; 365:346-365. [PMID: 30448548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms distributed globally in aquatic and terrestrial environments. They are also industrially cultivated to be used as dietary supplements, as they have a high nutritional value; however, they are also known to produce a wide range of toxic secondary metabolites, called cyanotoxins. BMAA (β-methylamino-l-alanine) and its most common structural isomers, DAB (2,4-diaminobutyric acid) and AEG (N-2-aminoethylglycine) produced by cyanobacteria, are non-proteinogenic amino acids that have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. A possible route of exposure to those amino acids is through consumption of food supplements based on cyanobacteria. The review critically discusses existing reports regarding the occurrence of BMAA, DAB and AEG in cyanobacteria and cyanobacteria-based food supplements. It is shown that inconsistencies in reported results could be attributed to performance of different methods of extraction and analysis applied and in ambiguities regarding determination of soluble and bound fractions of the compounds. The critical aspect of this review aims to grow awareness of human intake of neurotoxic amino acids, while results presented in literature concerning dietary supplements aim to promote further research, quality control as well as development of guidelines for cyanotoxins in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korina Manolidi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Chemistry, 15784, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece.
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece; Water Quality Control Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company - EYDAP SA, Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Patriarchou Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.
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Furmaniak MA, Misztak AE, Franczuk MD, Wilmotte A, Waleron M, Waleron KF. Edible Cyanobacterial Genus Arthrospira: Actual State of the Art in Cultivation Methods, Genetics, and Application in Medicine. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2541. [PMID: 29326676 PMCID: PMC5741684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterial genus Arthrospira appears very conserved and has been divided into five main genetic clusters on the basis of molecular taxonomy markers. Genetic studies of seven Arthrospira strains, including genome sequencing, have enabled a better understanding of those photosynthetic prokaryotes. Even though genetic manipulations have not yet been performed with success, many genomic and proteomic features such as stress adaptation, nitrogen fixation, or biofuel production have been characterized. Many of above-mentioned studies aimed to optimize the cultivation conditions. Factors like the light intensity and quality, the nitrogen source, or different modes of growth (auto-, hetero-, or mixotrophic) have been studied in detail. The scaling-up of the biomass production using photobioreactors, either closed or open, was also investigated to increase the production of useful compounds. The richness of nutrients contained in the genus Arthrospira can be used for promising applications in the biomedical domain. Ingredients such as the calcium spirulan, immulina, C-phycocyanin, and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) show a strong biological activity. Recently, its use in the fight against cancer cells was documented in many publications. The health-promoting action of "Spirulina" has been demonstrated in the case of cardiovascular diseases and age-related conditions. Some compounds also have potent immunomodulatory properties, promoting the growth of beneficial gut microflora, acting as antimicrobial and antiviral. Products derived from Arthrospira were shown to successfully replace biomaterial scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Supplementation with the cyanobacterium also improves the health of livestock and quality of the products of animal origin. They were also used in cosmetic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda A Furmaniak
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka E Misztak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martyna D Franczuk
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- InBios-Centre for Protein Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Małgorzata Waleron
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof F Waleron
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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19
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Finamore A, Palmery M, Bensehaila S, Peluso I. Antioxidant, Immunomodulating, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of the Sustainable and Ecofriendly Spirulina. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 2017:3247528. [PMID: 28182098 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3247528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The highly nutritional and ecofriendly Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) has hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antihypertensive properties. Spirulina contains functional compounds, such as phenolics, phycocyanins, and polysaccharides, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulating effects. Studies conducted on Spirulina suggest that it is safe in healthy subjects, but attitude to eating probably affects the acceptability of Spirulina containing foods. Although the antioxidant effect of Spirulina is confirmed by the intervention studies, the concerted modulation of antioxidant and inflammatory responses, suggested by in vitro and animal studies, requires more confirmation in humans. Spirulina supplements seem to affect more effectively the innate immunity, promoting the activity of natural killer cells. The effects on cytokines and on lymphocytes' proliferation depend on age, gender, and body weight differences. In this context, ageing and obesity are both associated with chronic low grade inflammation, immune impairment, and intestinal dysbiosis. Microbial-modulating activities have been reported in vitro, suggesting that the association of Spirulina and probiotics could represent a new strategy to improve the growth of beneficial intestinal microbiota. Although Spirulina might represent a functional food with potential beneficial effects on human health, the human interventions used only supplements. Therefore, the effect of food containing Spirulina should be evaluated in the future.
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