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Xin N, Lourembam J, Kumaravadivel P, Kazantsev AE, Wu Z, Mullan C, Barrier J, Geim AA, Grigorieva IV, Mishchenko A, Principi A, Fal'ko VI, Ponomarenko LA, Geim AK, Berdyugin AI. Giant magnetoresistance of Dirac plasma in high-mobility graphene. Nature 2023; 616:270-274. [PMID: 37045919 PMCID: PMC10097601 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The most recognizable feature of graphene's electronic spectrum is its Dirac point, around which interesting phenomena tend to cluster. At low temperatures, the intrinsic behaviour in this regime is often obscured by charge inhomogeneity1,2 but thermal excitations can overcome the disorder at elevated temperatures and create an electron-hole plasma of Dirac fermions. The Dirac plasma has been found to exhibit unusual properties, including quantum-critical scattering3-5 and hydrodynamic flow6-8. However, little is known about the plasma's behaviour in magnetic fields. Here we report magnetotransport in this quantum-critical regime. In low fields, the plasma exhibits giant parabolic magnetoresistivity reaching more than 100 per cent in a magnetic field of 0.1 tesla at room temperature. This is orders-of-magnitude higher than magnetoresistivity found in any other system at such temperatures. We show that this behaviour is unique to monolayer graphene, being underpinned by its massless spectrum and ultrahigh mobility, despite frequent (Planckian limit) scattering3-5,9-14. With the onset of Landau quantization in a magnetic field of a few tesla, where the electron-hole plasma resides entirely on the zeroth Landau level, giant linear magnetoresistivity emerges. It is nearly independent of temperature and can be suppressed by proximity screening15, indicating a many-body origin. Clear parallels with magnetotransport in strange metals12-14 and so-called quantum linear magnetoresistance predicted for Weyl metals16 offer an interesting opportunity to further explore relevant physics using this well defined quantum-critical two-dimensional system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Lourembam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Piranavan Kumaravadivel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A E Kazantsev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zefei Wu
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ciaran Mullan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julien Barrier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexandra A Geim
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I V Grigorieva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Mishchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Principi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - V I Fal'ko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - L A Ponomarenko
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK.
| | - A K Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Alexey I Berdyugin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Zocco A, Podavini L, Garcìa-Regaña JM, Barnes M, Parra FI, Mishchenko A, Helander P. Gyrokinetic electrostatic turbulence close to marginality in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:L013202. [PMID: 35974606 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.l013202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The transition from strong (fluidlike) to nearly marginal (Floquet-type) regimes of ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) driven turbulence is studied in the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X by means of numerical simulations. Close to marginality, extended (along magnetic field lines) linearly unstable modes are dominant, even in the presence of kinetic electrons, and provide a drive that results in finite turbulent transport. A total suppression of turbulence above the linear stability threshold of the ITG modes, commonly present in tokamaks and known as the "Dimits shift," is not observed. We show that this is mostly due to the peculiar radial structure of marginal turbulence, which is more localized than in the fluid case and therefore less likely to be stabilized by shearing flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zocco
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Wendelsteinstraße 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Linda Podavini
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Wendelsteinstraße 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
- Università Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica Giuseppe Occhialini, Piazza della Scienza, 3 20126 Milano, Italy
- Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Michael Barnes
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - Felix I Parra
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - A Mishchenko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Wendelsteinstraße 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Per Helander
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Wendelsteinstraße 1, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Barrier J, Kumaravadivel P, Krishna Kumar R, Ponomarenko LA, Xin N, Holwill M, Mullan C, Kim M, Gorbachev RV, Thompson MD, Prance JR, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Grigorieva IV, Novoselov KS, Mishchenko A, Fal'ko VI, Geim AK, Berdyugin AI. Long-range ballistic transport of Brown-Zak fermions in graphene superlattices. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5756. [PMID: 33188210 PMCID: PMC7666116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In quantizing magnetic fields, graphene superlattices exhibit a complex fractal spectrum often referred to as the Hofstadter butterfly. It can be viewed as a collection of Landau levels that arise from quantization of Brown-Zak minibands recurring at rational (p/q) fractions of the magnetic flux quantum per superlattice unit cell. Here we show that, in graphene-on-boron-nitride superlattices, Brown-Zak fermions can exhibit mobilities above 106 cm2 V−1 s−1 and the mean free path exceeding several micrometers. The exceptional quality of our devices allows us to show that Brown-Zak minibands are 4q times degenerate and all the degeneracies (spin, valley and mini-valley) can be lifted by exchange interactions below 1 K. We also found negative bend resistance at 1/q fractions for electrical probes placed as far as several micrometers apart. The latter observation highlights the fact that Brown-Zak fermions are Bloch quasiparticles propagating in high fields along straight trajectories, just like electrons in zero field. Here, the authors show that Brown-Zak fermions in graphene-on-boron-nitride superlattices exhibit mobilities above 106 cm2/V s and micrometer scale ballistic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Barrier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Piranavan Kumaravadivel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Roshan Krishna Kumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - L A Ponomarenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Na Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Matthew Holwill
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ciaran Mullan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - R V Gorbachev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - M D Thompson
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - J R Prance
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - I V Grigorieva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - K S Novoselov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Mishchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - V I Fal'ko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A K Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - A I Berdyugin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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4
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Kadyrleev R, Mishchenko A, Kostromina E, Busko E, Shevkunov L, Vasiliev A, Kozubova K. Kidney cystic lesions: A comparative evaluation of the possibilities of contrast-enhanced computer tomography and ultrasound. EUR UROL SUPPL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(20)36077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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5
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Calman EV, Fowler-Gerace LH, Choksy DJ, Butov LV, Nikonov DE, Young IA, Hu S, Mishchenko A, Geim AK. Indirect Excitons and Trions in MoSe 2/WSe 2 van der Waals Heterostructures. Nano Lett 2020; 20:1869-1875. [PMID: 32069058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Indirect excitons (IX) in semiconductor heterostructures are bosons, which can cool below the temperature of quantum degeneracy and can be effectively controlled by voltage and light. IX quantum Bose gases and IX devices were explored in GaAs heterostructures where an IX range of existence is limited to low temperatures due to low IX binding energies. IXs in van der Waals transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures are characterized by large binding energies giving the opportunity for exploring excitonic quantum gases and for creating excitonic devices at high temperatures. TMD heterostructures also offer a new platform for studying single-exciton phenomena and few-particle complexes. In this work, we present studies of IXs in MoSe2/WSe2 heterostructures and report on two IX luminescence lines whose energy splitting and temperature dependence identify them as neutral and charged IXs. The experimentally found binding energy of the indirect charged excitons, that is, indirect trions, is close to the calculated binding energy of 28 meV for negative indirect trions in TMD heterostructures [Deilmann, T.; Thygesen, K. S. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 1460]. We also report on the realization of IXs with a luminescence line width reaching 4 meV at low temperatures. An enhancement of IX luminescence intensity and the narrow line width are observed in localized spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Calman
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - L H Fowler-Gerace
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - D J Choksy
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - L V Butov
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - D E Nikonov
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124 United States
| | - I A Young
- Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124 United States
| | - S Hu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - A Mishchenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - A K Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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6
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Wang Z, Wang YB, Yin J, Tóvári E, Yang Y, Lin L, Holwill M, Birkbeck J, Perello DJ, Xu S, Zultak J, Gorbachev RV, Kretinin AV, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Morozov SV, Anđelković M, Milovanović SP, Covaci L, Peeters FM, Mishchenko A, Geim AK, Novoselov KS, Fal’ko VI, Knothe A, Woods CR. Composite super-moiré lattices in double-aligned graphene heterostructures. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaay8897. [PMID: 32064323 PMCID: PMC6989342 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
When two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals are brought into close proximity to form a van der Waals heterostructure, neighbouring crystals may influence each other's properties. Of particular interest is when the two crystals closely match and a moiré pattern forms, resulting in modified electronic and excitonic spectra, crystal reconstruction, and more. Thus, moiré patterns are a viable tool for controlling the properties of 2D materials. However, the difference in periodicity of the two crystals limits the reconstruction and, thus, is a barrier to the low-energy regime. Here, we present a route to spectrum reconstruction at all energies. By using graphene which is aligned to two hexagonal boron nitride layers, one can make electrons scatter in the differential moiré pattern which results in spectral changes at arbitrarily low energies. Further, we demonstrate that the strength of this potential relies crucially on the atomic reconstruction of graphene within the differential moiré super cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yi Bo Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. Yin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - E. Tóvári
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y. Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L. Lin
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M. Holwill
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. Birkbeck
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D. J. Perello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Shuigang Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. Zultak
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - R. V. Gorbachev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. V. Kretinin
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - T. Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - K. Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - S. V. Morozov
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - M. Anđelković
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S. P. Milovanović
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L. Covaci
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - F. M. Peeters
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A. Mishchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. K. Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K. S. Novoselov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Vladimir I. Fal’ko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Angelika Knothe
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - C. R. Woods
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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7
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Calman EV, Fogler MM, Butov LV, Hu S, Mishchenko A, Geim AK. Indirect excitons in van der Waals heterostructures at room temperature. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1895. [PMID: 29760404 PMCID: PMC5951911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirect excitons (IXs) are explored both for studying quantum Bose gases in semiconductor materials and for the development of excitonic devices. IXs were extensively studied in III-V and II-VI semiconductor heterostructures where IX range of existence has been limited to low temperatures. Here, we present the observation of IXs at room temperature in van der Waals transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures. This is achieved in TMD heterostructures based on monolayers of MoS2 separated by atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride. The IXs we realize in the TMD heterostructure have lifetimes orders of magnitude longer than lifetimes of direct excitons in single-layer TMD and their energy is gate controlled. The realization of IXs at room temperature establishes the TMD heterostructures as a material platform both for a field of high-temperature quantum Bose gases of IXs and for a field of high-temperature excitonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Calman
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gillman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA.
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gillman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - L V Butov
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gillman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - S Hu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Mishchenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A K Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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8
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Krishna Kumar R, Chen X, Auton GH, Mishchenko A, Bandurin DA, Morozov SV, Cao Y, Khestanova E, Ben Shalom M, Kretinin AV, Novoselov KS, Eaves L, Grigorieva IV, Ponomarenko LA, Fal'ko VI, Geim AK. High-temperature quantum oscillations caused by recurring Bloch states in graphene superlattices. Science 2018; 357:181-184. [PMID: 28706067 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotron motion of charge carriers in metals and semiconductors leads to Landau quantization and magneto-oscillatory behavior in their properties. Cryogenic temperatures are usually required to observe these oscillations. We show that graphene superlattices support a different type of quantum oscillation that does not rely on Landau quantization. The oscillations are extremely robust and persist well above room temperature in magnetic fields of only a few tesla. We attribute this phenomenon to repetitive changes in the electronic structure of superlattices such that charge carriers experience effectively no magnetic field at simple fractions of the flux quantum per superlattice unit cell. Our work hints at unexplored physics in Hofstadter butterfly systems at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Krishna Kumar
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - X Chen
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - G H Auton
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Mishchenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D A Bandurin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S V Morozov
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISiS), Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Y Cao
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - E Khestanova
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M Ben Shalom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A V Kretinin
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K S Novoselov
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L Eaves
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - I V Grigorieva
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L A Ponomarenko
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - V I Fal'ko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. .,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A K Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. .,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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9
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Kudrynskyi ZR, Bhuiyan MA, Makarovsky O, Greener JDG, Vdovin EE, Kovalyuk ZD, Cao Y, Mishchenko A, Novoselov KS, Beton PH, Eaves L, Patanè A. Giant Quantum Hall Plateau in Graphene Coupled to an InSe van der Waals Crystal. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:157701. [PMID: 29077458 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.157701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on a "giant" quantum Hall effect plateau in a graphene-based field-effect transistor where graphene is capped by a layer of the van der Waals crystal InSe. The giant quantum Hall effect plateau arises from the close alignment of the conduction band edge of InSe with the Dirac point of graphene. This feature enables the magnetic-field- and electric-field-effect-induced transfer of charge carriers between InSe and the degenerate Landau level states of the adjacent graphene layer, which is coupled by a van der Waals heterointerface to the InSe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z R Kudrynskyi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - M A Bhuiyan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - O Makarovsky
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - J D G Greener
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - E E Vdovin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Z D Kovalyuk
- Institute for Problems of Materials Science, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Chernivtsi Branch, Chernivtsi 58001, Ukraine
| | - Y Cao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - A Mishchenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - P H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - L Eaves
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - A Patanè
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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10
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Tanaka K, Kawahata K, Tokuzawa T, Akiyama T, Yokoyama M, Shoji M, Michael CA, Vyacheslavov LN, Murakami S, Wakasa A, Mishchenko A, Muraoka K, Okajima S, Takenaga H. Particle Transport of LHD. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst10-a10795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Tanaka
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - K. Kawahata
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - T. Tokuzawa
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - T. Akiyama
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - M. Yokoyama
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - M. Shoji
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki 509-5292, Japan
| | - C. A. Michael
- EURATOM/UAKEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | | | - S. Murakami
- Kyoto University, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - A. Wakasa
- Kyoto University, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - A. Mishchenko
- Max Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM-Association, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany
| | - K. Muraoka
- Chubu University, School of Engineering, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - S. Okajima
- Chubu University, School of Engineering, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - H. Takenaga
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 801-1 Mukoyama, Naka 311-0193, Japan
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11
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Radha B, Esfandiar A, Wang FC, Rooney AP, Gopinadhan K, Keerthi A, Mishchenko A, Janardanan A, Blake P, Fumagalli L, Lozada-Hidalgo M, Garaj S, Haigh SJ, Grigorieva IV, Wu HA, Geim AK. Molecular transport through capillaries made with atomic-scale precision. Nature 2016; 538:222-225. [DOI: 10.1038/nature19363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Wallbank JR, Ghazaryan D, Misra A, Cao Y, Tu JS, Piot BA, Potemski M, Pezzini S, Wiedmann S, Zeitler U, Lane TLM, Morozov SV, Greenaway MT, Eaves L, Geim AK, Fal'ko VI, Novoselov KS, Mishchenko A. Tuning the valley and chiral quantum state of Dirac electrons in van der Waals heterostructures. Science 2016; 353:575-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Wallbank
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D. Ghazaryan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. Misra
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y. Cao
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. S. Tu
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - B. A. Piot
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, LNCMI-CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - M. Potemski
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, LNCMI-CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA-EMFL, 25 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - S. Pezzini
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL) and Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 ED, Netherlands
| | - S. Wiedmann
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL) and Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 ED, Netherlands
| | - U. Zeitler
- High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL) and Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 ED, Netherlands
| | - T. L. M. Lane
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S. V. Morozov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049, Leninsky pr. 4, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. T. Greenaway
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - L. Eaves
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - A. K. Geim
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - V. I. Fal'ko
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K. S. Novoselov
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. Mishchenko
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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13
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14
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Vdovin EE, Mishchenko A, Greenaway MT, Zhu MJ, Ghazaryan D, Misra A, Cao Y, Morozov SV, Makarovsky O, Fromhold TM, Patanè A, Slotman GJ, Katsnelson MI, Geim AK, Novoselov KS, Eaves L. Phonon-Assisted Resonant Tunneling of Electrons in Graphene-Boron Nitride Transistors. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:186603. [PMID: 27203338 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.186603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We observe a series of sharp resonant features in the differential conductance of graphene-hexagonal boron nitride-graphene tunnel transistors over a wide range of bias voltages between 10 and 200 mV. We attribute them to electron tunneling assisted by the emission of phonons of well-defined energy. The bias voltages at which they occur are insensitive to the applied gate voltage and hence independent of the carrier densities in the graphene electrodes, so plasmonic effects can be ruled out. The phonon energies corresponding to the resonances are compared with the lattice dispersion curves of graphene-boron nitride heterostructures and are close to peaks in the single phonon density of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Vdovin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS," 119049 Leninsky Prospect 4, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Mishchenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M T Greenaway
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - M J Zhu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - D Ghazaryan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - A Misra
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Y Cao
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - S V Morozov
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS," 119049 Leninsky Prospect 4, Moscow, Russia
| | - O Makarovsky
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - T M Fromhold
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - A Patanè
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - G J Slotman
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M I Katsnelson
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A K Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - L Eaves
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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15
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Woods CR, Withers F, Zhu MJ, Cao Y, Yu G, Kozikov A, Ben Shalom M, Morozov SV, van Wijk MM, Fasolino A, Katsnelson MI, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Geim AK, Mishchenko A, Novoselov KS. Macroscopic self-reorientation of interacting two-dimensional crystals. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10800. [PMID: 26960435 PMCID: PMC4792927 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems, which can be moved or rotated with nanometre precision, already find applications in such fields as radio-frequency electronics, micro-attenuators, sensors and many others. Especially interesting are those which allow fine control over the motion on the atomic scale because of self-alignment mechanisms and forces acting on the atomic level. Such machines can produce well-controlled movements as a reaction to small changes of the external parameters. Here we demonstrate that, for the system of graphene on hexagonal boron nitride, the interplay between the van der Waals and elastic energies results in graphene mechanically self-rotating towards the hexagonal boron nitride crystallographic directions. Such rotation is macroscopic (for graphene flakes of tens of micrometres the tangential movement can be on hundreds of nanometres) and can be used for reproducible manufacturing of aligned van der Waals heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - F. Withers
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M. J. Zhu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y. Cao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - G. Yu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. Kozikov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M. Ben Shalom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S. V. Morozov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology ‘MISiS', Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - M. M. van Wijk
- Institute for Molecules and Materials,Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Fasolino
- Institute for Molecules and Materials,Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. I. Katsnelson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials,Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K. Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T. Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - A. K. Geim
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. Mishchenko
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K. S. Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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16
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Lozada-Hidalgo M, Hu S, Marshall O, Mishchenko A, Grigorenko AN, Dryfe RAW, Radha B, Grigorieva IV, Geim AK. Sieving hydrogen isotopes through two-dimensional crystals. Science 2016; 351:68-70. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lozada-Hidalgo
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S. Hu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - O. Marshall
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. Mishchenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. N. Grigorenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - R. A. W. Dryfe
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - B. Radha
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - I. V. Grigorieva
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. K. Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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17
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Mishchenko A, Cao Y, Yu GL, Woods CR, Gorbachev RV, Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Levitov LS. Nonlocal Response and Anamorphosis: The Case of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus. Nano Lett 2015; 15:6991-5. [PMID: 26407106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Few-layer black phosphorus was recently rediscovered as a narrow-bandgap atomically thin semiconductor, attracting unprecedented attention due to its interesting properties. One feature of this material that sets it apart from other atomically thin crystals is its structural in-plane anisotropy which manifests in strongly anisotropic transport characteristics. However, traditional angle-resolved conductance measurements present a challenge for nanoscale systems, calling for new approaches in precision studies of transport anisotropy. Here, we show that the nonlocal response, being exponentially sensitive to the anisotropy value, provides a powerful tool for determining the anisotropy in black phosphorus. This is established by combining measurements of the orientation-dependent nonlocal resistance response with the analysis based on the anamorphosis relations. We demonstrate that the nonlocal response can differ by orders of magnitude for different crystallographic directions even when the anisotropy is at most order-one, allowing us to extract accurate anisotropy values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mishchenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Y Cao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - G L Yu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - C R Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - R V Gorbachev
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - A K Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - L S Levitov
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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Panova N, Shestopalov A, Mishchenko A, Neudakhina O, on behalf of V. Ziryanov. SUN-PP120: Nutritional Supplementation with an Immuneenhancing Formula in the Patients with Esophageal Cancer. Clin Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(15)30271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Cao Y, Mishchenko A, Yu GL, Khestanova E, Rooney AP, Prestat E, Kretinin AV, Blake P, Shalom MB, Woods C, Chapman J, Balakrishnan G, Grigorieva IV, Novoselov KS, Piot BA, Potemski M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Haigh SJ, Geim AK, Gorbachev RV. Quality Heterostructures from Two-Dimensional Crystals Unstable in Air by Their Assembly in Inert Atmosphere. Nano Lett 2015; 15:4914-4921. [PMID: 26132110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many layered materials can be cleaved down to individual atomic planes, similar to graphene, but only a small minority of them are stable under ambient conditions. The rest react and decompose in air, which has severely hindered their investigation and potential applications. Here we introduce a remedial approach based on cleavage, transfer, alignment, and encapsulation of air-sensitive crystals, all inside a controlled inert atmosphere. To illustrate the technology, we choose two archetypal two-dimensional crystals that are of intense scientific interest but are unstable in air: black phosphorus and niobium diselenide. Our field-effect devices made from their monolayers are conductive and fully stable under ambient conditions, which is in contrast to the counterparts processed in air. NbSe2 remains superconducting down to the monolayer thickness. Starting with a trilayer, phosphorene devices reach sufficiently high mobilities to exhibit Landau quantization. The approach offers a venue to significantly expand the range of experimentally accessible two-dimensional crystals and their heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - P Blake
- ∥Graphene Industries Ltd., 2 Tupelo Street, Manchester, M13 9HQ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - G Balakrishnan
- ⊥Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - B A Piot
- #Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UJF-UPS-INSA, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - M Potemski
- #Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UJF-UPS-INSA, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - K Watanabe
- ∇National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- ∇National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044 Japan
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20
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Withers F, Del Pozo-Zamudio O, Mishchenko A, Rooney AP, Gholinia A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Haigh SJ, Geim AK, Tartakovskii AI, Novoselov KS. Light-emitting diodes by band-structure engineering in van der Waals heterostructures. Nat Mater 2015; 14:301-6. [PMID: 25643033 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The advent of graphene and related 2D materials has recently led to a new technology: heterostructures based on these atomically thin crystals. The paradigm proved itself extremely versatile and led to rapid demonstration of tunnelling diodes with negative differential resistance, tunnelling transistors, photovoltaic devices and so on. Here, we take the complexity and functionality of such van der Waals heterostructures to the next level by introducing quantum wells (QWs) engineered with one atomic plane precision. We describe light-emitting diodes (LEDs) made by stacking metallic graphene, insulating hexagonal boron nitride and various semiconducting monolayers into complex but carefully designed sequences. Our first devices already exhibit an extrinsic quantum efficiency of nearly 10% and the emission can be tuned over a wide range of frequencies by appropriately choosing and combining 2D semiconductors (monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides). By preparing the heterostructures on elastic and transparent substrates, we show that they can also provide the basis for flexible and semi-transparent electronics. The range of functionalities for the demonstrated heterostructures is expected to grow further on increasing the number of available 2D crystals and improving their electronic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Withers
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - O Del Pozo-Zamudio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - A Mishchenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A P Rooney
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Gholinia
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - S J Haigh
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A K Geim
- Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A I Tartakovskii
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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21
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Mishchenko A, Tu JS, Cao Y, Gorbachev RV, Wallbank JR, Greenaway MT, Morozov VE, Morozov SV, Zhu MJ, Wong SL, Withers F, Woods CR, Kim YJ, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Vdovin EE, Makarovsky O, Fromhold TM, Fal'ko VI, Geim AK, Eaves L, Novoselov KS. Twist-controlled resonant tunnelling in graphene/boron nitride/graphene heterostructures. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9:808-813. [PMID: 25194946 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the technology of van der Waals heterostructures made from two-dimensional atomic crystals have already led to the observation of new physical phenomena, such as the metal-insulator transition and Coulomb drag, and to the realization of functional devices, such as tunnel diodes, tunnel transistors and photovoltaic sensors. An unprecedented degree of control of the electronic properties is available not only by means of the selection of materials in the stack, but also through the additional fine-tuning achievable by adjusting the built-in strain and relative orientation of the component layers. Here we demonstrate how careful alignment of the crystallographic orientation of two graphene electrodes separated by a layer of hexagonal boron nitride in a transistor device can achieve resonant tunnelling with conservation of electron energy, momentum and, potentially, chirality. We show how the resonance peak and negative differential conductance in the device characteristics induce a tunable radiofrequency oscillatory current that has potential for future high-frequency technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mishchenko
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J S Tu
- Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y Cao
- Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - R V Gorbachev
- Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J R Wallbank
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster University LA1 4YB, UK
| | - M T Greenaway
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - V E Morozov
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S V Morozov
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - M J Zhu
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S L Wong
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - F Withers
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - C R Woods
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y-J Kim
- 1] Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK [2] Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - E E Vdovin
- 1] School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK [2] Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - O Makarovsky
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - T M Fromhold
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - V I Fal'ko
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster University LA1 4YB, UK
| | - A K Geim
- 1] School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK [2] Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L Eaves
- 1] School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK [2] School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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22
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Gorbachev RV, Song JCW, Yu GL, Kretinin AV, Withers F, Cao Y, Mishchenko A, Grigorieva IV, Novoselov KS, Levitov LS, Geim AK. Detecting topological currents in graphene superlattices. Science 2014; 346:448-51. [PMID: 25342798 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Topological materials may exhibit Hall-like currents flowing transversely to the applied electric field even in the absence of a magnetic field. In graphene superlattices, which have broken inversion symmetry, topological currents originating from graphene's two valleys are predicted to flow in opposite directions and combine to produce long-range charge neutral flow. We observed this effect as a nonlocal voltage at zero magnetic field in a narrow energy range near Dirac points at distances as large as several micrometers away from the nominal current path. Locally, topological currents are comparable in strength with the applied current, indicating large valley-Hall angles. The long-range character of topological currents and their transistor-like control by means of gate voltage can be exploited for information processing based on valley degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Gorbachev
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J C W Song
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - G L Yu
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A V Kretinin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - F Withers
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y Cao
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Mishchenko
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - I V Grigorieva
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L S Levitov
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A K Geim
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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23
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Kretinin AV, Cao Y, Tu JS, Yu GL, Jalil R, Novoselov KS, Haigh SJ, Gholinia A, Mishchenko A, Lozada M, Georgiou T, Woods CR, Withers F, Blake P, Eda G, Wirsig A, Hucho C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Geim AK, Gorbachev RV. Electronic properties of graphene encapsulated with different two-dimensional atomic crystals. Nano Lett 2014; 14:3270-6. [PMID: 24844319 DOI: 10.1021/nl5006542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride is the only substrate that has so far allowed graphene devices exhibiting micrometer-scale ballistic transport. Can other atomically flat crystals be used as substrates for making quality graphene heterostructures? Here we report on our search for alternative substrates. The devices fabricated by encapsulating graphene with molybdenum or tungsten disulfides and hBN are found to exhibit consistently high carrier mobilities of about 60 000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). In contrast, encapsulation with atomically flat layered oxides such as mica, bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, and vanadium pentoxide results in exceptionally low quality of graphene devices with mobilities of ∼1000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). We attribute the difference mainly to self-cleansing that takes place at interfaces between graphene, hBN, and transition metal dichalcogenides. Surface contamination assembles into large pockets allowing the rest of the interface to become atomically clean. The cleansing process does not occur for graphene on atomically flat oxide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kretinin
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, ‡School of Physics and Astronomy, and §School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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24
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Ponomarenko LA, Gorbachev RV, Yu GL, Elias DC, Jalil R, Patel AA, Mishchenko A, Mayorov AS, Woods CR, Wallbank JR, Mucha-Kruczynski M, Piot BA, Potemski M, Grigorieva IV, Novoselov KS, Guinea F, Fal'ko VI, Geim AK. Cloning of Dirac fermions in graphene superlattices. Nature 2013; 497:594-7. [PMID: 23676678 DOI: 10.1038/nature12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Superlattices have attracted great interest because their use may make it possible to modify the spectra of two-dimensional electron systems and, ultimately, create materials with tailored electronic properties. In previous studies (see, for example, refs 1-8), it proved difficult to realize superlattices with short periodicities and weak disorder, and most of their observed features could be explained in terms of cyclotron orbits commensurate with the superlattice. Evidence for the formation of superlattice minibands (forming a fractal spectrum known as Hofstadter's butterfly) has been limited to the observation of new low-field oscillations and an internal structure within Landau levels. Here we report transport properties of graphene placed on a boron nitride substrate and accurately aligned along its crystallographic directions. The substrate's moiré potential acts as a superlattice and leads to profound changes in the graphene's electronic spectrum. Second-generation Dirac points appear as pronounced peaks in resistivity, accompanied by reversal of the Hall effect. The latter indicates that the effective sign of the charge carriers changes within graphene's conduction and valence bands. Strong magnetic fields lead to Zak-type cloning of the third generation of Dirac points, which are observed as numerous neutrality points in fields where a unit fraction of the flux quantum pierces the superlattice unit cell. Graphene superlattices such as this one provide a way of studying the rich physics expected in incommensurable quantum systems and illustrate the possibility of controllably modifying the electronic spectra of two-dimensional atomic crystals by varying their crystallographic alignment within van der Waals heterostuctures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ponomarenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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25
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Britnell L, Ribeiro RM, Eckmann A, Jalil R, Belle BD, Mishchenko A, Kim YJ, Gorbachev RV, Georgiou T, Morozov SV, Grigorenko AN, Geim AK, Casiraghi C, Castro Neto AH, Novoselov KS. Strong Light-Matter Interactions in Heterostructures of Atomically Thin Films. Science 2013; 340:1311-4. [PMID: 23641062 DOI: 10.1126/science.1235547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 944] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Britnell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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26
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Turkevich V, Nosov A, Mishchenko A, Kanaev S. Clinical Experience With the Use of Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (MRGFUS) System for Focal Treatment of Low-Risk Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yefremova Z, Mishchenko A. The preimaginal stages of Minotetrastichus frontalis(Nees) and Chrysocharis laomedon(Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoids associated with Phyllonorycter issikii(Kumata) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). J NAT HIST 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.654517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Britnell L, Gorbachev RV, Jalil R, Belle BD, Schedin F, Mishchenko A, Georgiou T, Katsnelson MI, Eaves L, Morozov SV, Peres NMR, Leist J, Geim AK, Novoselov KS, Ponomarenko LA. Field-Effect Tunneling Transistor Based on Vertical Graphene Heterostructures. Science 2012; 335:947-50. [PMID: 22300848 DOI: 10.1126/science.1218461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 910] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Britnell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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29
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Li C, Mishchenko A, Li Z, Pobelov I, Wandlowski T, Li XQ, Würthner F, Bagrets A, Evers F. Electrochemical gate-controlled electron transport of redox-active single perylene bisimide molecular junctions. J Phys Condens Matter 2008; 20:374122. [PMID: 21694429 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/20/37/374122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiment in an electrochemical environment which studies a prototype molecular switch. The target molecules were perylene tetracarboxylic acid bisimides modified with pyridine (P-PBI) and methylthiol (T-PBI) linker groups and with bulky tert-butyl-phenoxy substituents in the bay area. At a fixed bias voltage, we can control the transport current through a symmetric molecular wire Au|P-PBI(T-PBI)|Au by variation of the electrochemical 'gate' potential. The current increases by up to two orders of magnitude. The conductances of the P-PBI junctions are typically a factor 3 larger than those of T-PBI. A theoretical analysis explains this effect as a consequence of shifting the lowest unoccupied perylene level (LUMO) in or out of the bias window when tuning the electrochemical gate potential VG. The difference in on/off ratios reflects the variation of hybridization of the LUMO with the electrode states with the anchor groups. I(T)-E(S(T)) curves of asymmetric molecular junctions formed between a bare Au STM tip and a T-PBI (P-PBI) modified Au(111) electrode in an aqueous electrolyte exhibit a pronounced maximum in the tunneling current at -0.740, which is close to the formal potential of the surface-confined molecules. The experimental data were explained by a sequential two-step electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität of Bern, CH-3012-Bern, Switzerland. Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems for Information Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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