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Woods CR, Ares P, Nevison-Andrews H, Holwill MJ, Fabregas R, Guinea F, Geim AK, Novoselov KS, Walet NR, Fumagalli L. Charge-polarized interfacial superlattices in marginally twisted hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2021; 12:347. [PMID: 33436620 PMCID: PMC7804449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When two-dimensional crystals are brought into close proximity, their interaction results in reconstruction of electronic spectrum and crystal structure. Such reconstruction strongly depends on the twist angle between the crystals, which has received growing attention due to interesting electronic and optical properties that arise in graphene and transitional metal dichalcogenides. Here we study two insulating crystals of hexagonal boron nitride stacked at small twist angle. Using electrostatic force microscopy, we observe ferroelectric-like domains arranged in triangular superlattices with a large surface potential. The observation is attributed to interfacial elastic deformations that result in out-of-plane dipoles formed by pairs of boron and nitrogen atoms belonging to opposite interfacial surfaces. This creates a bilayer-thick ferroelectric with oppositely polarized (BN and NB) dipoles in neighbouring domains, in agreement with our modeling. These findings open up possibilities for designing van der Waals heterostructures and offer an alternative probe to study moiré-superlattice electrostatic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - P Ares
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - H Nevison-Andrews
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - M J Holwill
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - R Fabregas
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - F Guinea
- Imdea Nanociencia, Faraday 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A K Geim
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - K S Novoselov
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Liangjiang New Area, 400714, Chongqing, China
| | - N R Walet
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - L Fumagalli
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Stepanov EA, Semin SV, Woods CR, Vandelli M, Kimel AV, Novoselov KS, Katsnelson MI. Direct Observation of Incommensurate-Commensurate Transition in Graphene-hBN Heterostructures via Optical Second Harmonic Generation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:27758-27764. [PMID: 32442370 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Commensurability effects play a crucial role in the formation of electronic properties of novel layered heterostructures. The interest in these moiré superstructures has increased tremendously since the recent observation of a superconducting state (Nature 2018, 556, 43-50) and metal-insulator transition (Nature 2018, 556, 80-84) in twisted bilayer graphene. In this regard, a straightforward and efficient experimental technique for detection of the alignment of layered materials is desired. In this work, we use optical second harmonic generation, which is sensitive to the inversion symmetry breaking, to investigate the alignment of graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures. To achieve that, we activate a commensurate-incommensurate phase transition by a thermal annealing of the sample. We find that this structural change in the system can be directly observed via a strong modification of a nonlinear optical signal. Unambiguous interpretation of obtained results reveals the potential of a second harmonic generation technique for probing of structural changes in layered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Stepanov
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9, Hamburg 20355, Germany
- Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics Department, Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - S V Semin
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - C R Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M Vandelli
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 9, Hamburg 20355, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - A V Kimel
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - M I Katsnelson
- Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics Department, Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
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3
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Wang Z, Wang YB, Yin J, Tóvári E, Yang Y, Lin L, Holwill M, Birkbeck J, Perello DJ, Xu S, Zultak J, Gorbachev RV, Kretinin AV, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Morozov SV, Anđelković M, Milovanović SP, Covaci L, Peeters FM, Mishchenko A, Geim AK, Novoselov KS, Fal’ko VI, Knothe A, Woods CR. Composite super-moiré lattices in double-aligned graphene heterostructures. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaay8897. [PMID: 32064323 PMCID: PMC6989342 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
When two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals are brought into close proximity to form a van der Waals heterostructure, neighbouring crystals may influence each other's properties. Of particular interest is when the two crystals closely match and a moiré pattern forms, resulting in modified electronic and excitonic spectra, crystal reconstruction, and more. Thus, moiré patterns are a viable tool for controlling the properties of 2D materials. However, the difference in periodicity of the two crystals limits the reconstruction and, thus, is a barrier to the low-energy regime. Here, we present a route to spectrum reconstruction at all energies. By using graphene which is aligned to two hexagonal boron nitride layers, one can make electrons scatter in the differential moiré pattern which results in spectral changes at arbitrarily low energies. Further, we demonstrate that the strength of this potential relies crucially on the atomic reconstruction of graphene within the differential moiré super cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yi Bo Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. Yin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - E. Tóvári
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y. Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L. Lin
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M. Holwill
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. Birkbeck
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D. J. Perello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Shuigang Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. Zultak
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - R. V. Gorbachev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. V. Kretinin
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - T. Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - K. Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - S. V. Morozov
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - M. Anđelković
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S. P. Milovanović
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L. Covaci
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - F. M. Peeters
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A. Mishchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. K. Geim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K. S. Novoselov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Vladimir I. Fal’ko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Angelika Knothe
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - C. R. Woods
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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4
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Manikas AC, Pastore Carbone MG, Woods CR, Wang Y, Souli I, Anagnostopoulos G, Hadjinicolaou M, Novoselov KS, Galiotis C. Stress transfer at the nanoscale on graphene ribbons of regular geometry. Nanoscale 2019; 11:14354-14361. [PMID: 31332419 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the mechanism of stress transfer from a polymer matrix to a 2-dimensional nano-inclusion such as a graphene flake is of paramount importance for the design and the production of effective nanocomposites. For efficient reinforcement the shape of the inclusion must be accurately controlled since the axial stress transfer from matrix to the inclusion is affected by the axial-shear coupling observed upon loading of a flake of irregular geometry. Herein, we study true axial phenomena on regular- exfoliated-graphene micro-ribbons which are perfectly aligned to the loading direction. We exploit the strain sensitivity of vibrational wave numbers in order to map point-by-point the strain built up along the length of graphene. By considering the balance of shear-to-axial forces, we identify the shear stress at the interface and develop a universal inverse-length parameter that governs the stress transfer process at the nanoscale. An important parameter that has come out of this approach is the prediction and measurement of the transfer length that is required for efficient stress in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Manikas
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (ICEHT/FORTH), Stadium St., Platani, 26504, Patras, Greece. and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - M G Pastore Carbone
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (ICEHT/FORTH), Stadium St., Platani, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - C R Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Y Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I Souli
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (ICEHT/FORTH), Stadium St., Platani, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - G Anagnostopoulos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (ICEHT/FORTH), Stadium St., Platani, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - M Hadjinicolaou
- Hellenic Open University, School of Science and Technology, Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Patras, Greece
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C Galiotis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (ICEHT/FORTH), Stadium St., Platani, 26504, Patras, Greece.
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5
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Woods CR, Withers F, Zhu MJ, Cao Y, Yu G, Kozikov A, Ben Shalom M, Morozov SV, van Wijk MM, Fasolino A, Katsnelson MI, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Geim AK, Mishchenko A, Novoselov KS. Macroscopic self-reorientation of interacting two-dimensional crystals. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10800. [PMID: 26960435 PMCID: PMC4792927 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems, which can be moved or rotated with nanometre precision, already find applications in such fields as radio-frequency electronics, micro-attenuators, sensors and many others. Especially interesting are those which allow fine control over the motion on the atomic scale because of self-alignment mechanisms and forces acting on the atomic level. Such machines can produce well-controlled movements as a reaction to small changes of the external parameters. Here we demonstrate that, for the system of graphene on hexagonal boron nitride, the interplay between the van der Waals and elastic energies results in graphene mechanically self-rotating towards the hexagonal boron nitride crystallographic directions. Such rotation is macroscopic (for graphene flakes of tens of micrometres the tangential movement can be on hundreds of nanometres) and can be used for reproducible manufacturing of aligned van der Waals heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - F. Withers
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M. J. Zhu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y. Cao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - G. Yu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. Kozikov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M. Ben Shalom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S. V. Morozov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials RAS, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology ‘MISiS', Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - M. M. van Wijk
- Institute for Molecules and Materials,Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Fasolino
- Institute for Molecules and Materials,Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. I. Katsnelson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials,Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K. Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T. Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - A. K. Geim
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - A. Mishchenko
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K. S. Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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6
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Withers F, Del Pozo-Zamudio O, Schwarz S, Dufferwiel S, Walker PM, Godde T, Rooney AP, Gholinia A, Woods CR, Blake P, Haigh SJ, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Aleiner IL, Geim AK, Fal'ko VI, Tartakovskii AI, Novoselov KS. WSe₂ Light-Emitting Tunneling Transistors with Enhanced Brightness at Room Temperature. Nano Lett 2015; 15:8223-8228. [PMID: 26555037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monolayers of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides are direct bandgap semiconductors, which makes them promising for optoelectronic applications. In particular, van der Waals heterostructures consisting of monolayers of MoS2 sandwiched between atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and graphene electrodes allows one to obtain light emitting quantum wells (LEQWs) with low-temperature external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1%. However, the EQE of MoS2- and MoSe2-based LEQWs shows behavior common for many other materials: it decreases fast from cryogenic conditions to room temperature, undermining their practical applications. Here we compare MoSe2 and WSe2 LEQWs. We show that the EQE of WSe2 devices grows with temperature, with room temperature EQE reaching 5%, which is 250× more than the previous best performance of MoS2 and MoSe2 quantum wells in ambient conditions. We attribute such different temperature dependences to the inverted sign of spin-orbit splitting of conduction band states in tungsten and molybdenum dichalcogenides, which makes the lowest-energy exciton in WSe2 dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Withers
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - O Del Pozo-Zamudio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K
| | - S Schwarz
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K
| | - S Dufferwiel
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K
| | - P M Walker
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K
| | - T Godde
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K
| | - A P Rooney
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - A Gholinia
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - C R Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - P Blake
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - S J Haigh
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - I L Aleiner
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
- Physics Department, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - A K Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - V I Fal'ko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
| | - A I Tartakovskii
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S3 7RH, U.K
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
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7
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Holland BJ, Myers JA, Woods CR. Reply: To PMID 25904437. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46:633-634. [PMID: 26525502 DOI: 10.1002/uog.15670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Holland
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J A Myers
- Child and Adolescent Health Research and Design Support Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - C R Woods
- Child and Adolescent Health Research and Design Support Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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8
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Mishchenko A, Cao Y, Yu GL, Woods CR, Gorbachev RV, Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Levitov LS. Nonlocal Response and Anamorphosis: The Case of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus. Nano Lett 2015; 15:6991-5. [PMID: 26407106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Few-layer black phosphorus was recently rediscovered as a narrow-bandgap atomically thin semiconductor, attracting unprecedented attention due to its interesting properties. One feature of this material that sets it apart from other atomically thin crystals is its structural in-plane anisotropy which manifests in strongly anisotropic transport characteristics. However, traditional angle-resolved conductance measurements present a challenge for nanoscale systems, calling for new approaches in precision studies of transport anisotropy. Here, we show that the nonlocal response, being exponentially sensitive to the anisotropy value, provides a powerful tool for determining the anisotropy in black phosphorus. This is established by combining measurements of the orientation-dependent nonlocal resistance response with the analysis based on the anamorphosis relations. We demonstrate that the nonlocal response can differ by orders of magnitude for different crystallographic directions even when the anisotropy is at most order-one, allowing us to extract accurate anisotropy values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mishchenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Y Cao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - G L Yu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - C R Woods
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - R V Gorbachev
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - A K Geim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - L S Levitov
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Holland BJ, Myers JA, Woods CR. Prenatal diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease reduces risk of death from cardiovascular compromise prior to planned neonatal cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 45:631-8. [PMID: 25904437 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if prenatal diagnosis improves the chance that a newborn with critical congenital heart disease will survive to undergo planned cardiac surgery. METHODS A systematic review of the medical literature identified eight studies which met the following criteria: compared outcomes between newborns with prenatal and those with postnatal diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease; compared groups of patients with the same anatomical diagnosis; provided detailed information on cardiac anatomy; included detailed information on preoperative cause of death. A meta-analysis was performed to assess differences in preoperative mortality rates between newborns with prenatal diagnosis and those with postnatal diagnosis. Patients with established risk factors for increased mortality (high risk) and those whose families chose comfort care rather than cardiac surgery were excluded. RESULTS In patients with comparable anatomy, standard risk, a parental desire to treat and optimal care, newborns with a prenatal diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease were significantly less likely to die prior to planned cardiac surgery than were those with a comparable postnatal diagnosis (pooled odds ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08-0.84). CONCLUSIONS For newborns most likely to benefit from treatment for their critical congenital heart disease, because they did not have additional risk factors and their families pursued treatment, prenatal diagnosis reduced the risk of death prior to planned cardiac surgery relative to patients with a comparable postnatal diagnosis. Further study and efforts to improve prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease should therefore be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Holland
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J A Myers
- Child and Adolescent Health Research and Design Support Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - C R Woods
- Child and Adolescent Health Research and Design Support Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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Mishchenko A, Tu JS, Cao Y, Gorbachev RV, Wallbank JR, Greenaway MT, Morozov VE, Morozov SV, Zhu MJ, Wong SL, Withers F, Woods CR, Kim YJ, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Vdovin EE, Makarovsky O, Fromhold TM, Fal'ko VI, Geim AK, Eaves L, Novoselov KS. Twist-controlled resonant tunnelling in graphene/boron nitride/graphene heterostructures. Nat Nanotechnol 2014; 9:808-813. [PMID: 25194946 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the technology of van der Waals heterostructures made from two-dimensional atomic crystals have already led to the observation of new physical phenomena, such as the metal-insulator transition and Coulomb drag, and to the realization of functional devices, such as tunnel diodes, tunnel transistors and photovoltaic sensors. An unprecedented degree of control of the electronic properties is available not only by means of the selection of materials in the stack, but also through the additional fine-tuning achievable by adjusting the built-in strain and relative orientation of the component layers. Here we demonstrate how careful alignment of the crystallographic orientation of two graphene electrodes separated by a layer of hexagonal boron nitride in a transistor device can achieve resonant tunnelling with conservation of electron energy, momentum and, potentially, chirality. We show how the resonance peak and negative differential conductance in the device characteristics induce a tunable radiofrequency oscillatory current that has potential for future high-frequency technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mishchenko
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J S Tu
- Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y Cao
- Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - R V Gorbachev
- Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J R Wallbank
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster University LA1 4YB, UK
| | - M T Greenaway
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - V E Morozov
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S V Morozov
- Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - M J Zhu
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S L Wong
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - F Withers
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - C R Woods
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Y-J Kim
- 1] Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK [2] Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - E E Vdovin
- 1] School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK [2] Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - O Makarovsky
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - T M Fromhold
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - V I Fal'ko
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster University LA1 4YB, UK
| | - A K Geim
- 1] School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK [2] Centre for Mesoscience &Nanotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L Eaves
- 1] School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK [2] School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - K S Novoselov
- School of Physics &Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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11
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Withers F, Yang H, Britnell L, Rooney AP, Lewis E, Felten A, Woods CR, Sanchez Romaguera V, Georgiou T, Eckmann A, Kim YJ, Yeates SG, Haigh SJ, Geim AK, Novoselov KS, Casiraghi C. Heterostructures produced from nanosheet-based inks. Nano Lett 2014; 14:3987-3992. [PMID: 24871927 DOI: 10.1021/nl501355j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The new paradigm of heterostructures based on two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals has already led to the observation of exciting physical phenomena and creation of novel devices. The possibility of combining layers of different 2D materials in one stack allows unprecedented control over the electronic and optical properties of the resulting material. Still, the current method of mechanical transfer of individual 2D crystals, though allowing exceptional control over the quality of such structures and interfaces, is not scalable. Here we show that such heterostructures can be assembled from chemically exfoliated 2D crystals, allowing for low-cost and scalable methods to be used in device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Withers
- School of Physics and Astronomy, ‡School of Chemistry, §School of Materials, and #Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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12
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Kretinin AV, Cao Y, Tu JS, Yu GL, Jalil R, Novoselov KS, Haigh SJ, Gholinia A, Mishchenko A, Lozada M, Georgiou T, Woods CR, Withers F, Blake P, Eda G, Wirsig A, Hucho C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Geim AK, Gorbachev RV. Electronic properties of graphene encapsulated with different two-dimensional atomic crystals. Nano Lett 2014; 14:3270-6. [PMID: 24844319 DOI: 10.1021/nl5006542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride is the only substrate that has so far allowed graphene devices exhibiting micrometer-scale ballistic transport. Can other atomically flat crystals be used as substrates for making quality graphene heterostructures? Here we report on our search for alternative substrates. The devices fabricated by encapsulating graphene with molybdenum or tungsten disulfides and hBN are found to exhibit consistently high carrier mobilities of about 60 000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). In contrast, encapsulation with atomically flat layered oxides such as mica, bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, and vanadium pentoxide results in exceptionally low quality of graphene devices with mobilities of ∼1000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). We attribute the difference mainly to self-cleansing that takes place at interfaces between graphene, hBN, and transition metal dichalcogenides. Surface contamination assembles into large pockets allowing the rest of the interface to become atomically clean. The cleansing process does not occur for graphene on atomically flat oxide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kretinin
- Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, ‡School of Physics and Astronomy, and §School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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13
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Ponomarenko LA, Gorbachev RV, Yu GL, Elias DC, Jalil R, Patel AA, Mishchenko A, Mayorov AS, Woods CR, Wallbank JR, Mucha-Kruczynski M, Piot BA, Potemski M, Grigorieva IV, Novoselov KS, Guinea F, Fal'ko VI, Geim AK. Cloning of Dirac fermions in graphene superlattices. Nature 2013; 497:594-7. [PMID: 23676678 DOI: 10.1038/nature12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Superlattices have attracted great interest because their use may make it possible to modify the spectra of two-dimensional electron systems and, ultimately, create materials with tailored electronic properties. In previous studies (see, for example, refs 1-8), it proved difficult to realize superlattices with short periodicities and weak disorder, and most of their observed features could be explained in terms of cyclotron orbits commensurate with the superlattice. Evidence for the formation of superlattice minibands (forming a fractal spectrum known as Hofstadter's butterfly) has been limited to the observation of new low-field oscillations and an internal structure within Landau levels. Here we report transport properties of graphene placed on a boron nitride substrate and accurately aligned along its crystallographic directions. The substrate's moiré potential acts as a superlattice and leads to profound changes in the graphene's electronic spectrum. Second-generation Dirac points appear as pronounced peaks in resistivity, accompanied by reversal of the Hall effect. The latter indicates that the effective sign of the charge carriers changes within graphene's conduction and valence bands. Strong magnetic fields lead to Zak-type cloning of the third generation of Dirac points, which are observed as numerous neutrality points in fields where a unit fraction of the flux quantum pierces the superlattice unit cell. Graphene superlattices such as this one provide a way of studying the rich physics expected in incommensurable quantum systems and illustrate the possibility of controllably modifying the electronic spectra of two-dimensional atomic crystals by varying their crystallographic alignment within van der Waals heterostuctures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ponomarenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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14
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Ciaschini PM, Straus SE, Dolovich LR, Goeree RA, Leung KM, Woods CR, Zimmerman GM, Majumdar SR, Spadafora S, Fera LA, Lee HN. Community-based intervention to optimise falls risk management: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2009; 38:724-30. [PMID: 19767629 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afp176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND falls are the leading causes of accidental death and fragility fractures in older adults. Interventions that assess and reduce falls risk are underutilised. OBJECTIVE to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted community-based programme aimed at optimising evidence-based management of patients at risk for fall-related fractures. DESIGN this was a randomised trial performed from 2003 to 2006. SETTING community-based intervention in Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS eligible patients were community-dwelling, aged > or =55 years and identified to be at risk for fall-related fractures. A total of 201 patients were allocated to the intervention group or to usual care. INTERVENTION components of the intervention included assessment of falls risk, functional status and home environment, and patient education. MEASUREMENTS primary outcome was the implementation of appropriate falls risk assessment at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included falls and fractures at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS the mean age of participants was 72 years, and 41% had fallen with injury in the previous year. Compared to usual care, the intervention increased the number of referrals made to physiotherapy [21% (21/101) vs 6.0% (6/100); relative risk (RR) 3.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46-8.22] and occupational therapy [15% (15/101) vs 0%; RR 30.7, 95% CI 1.86 to >500]. At 12 months, the number of falls in the intervention group was greater than in the usual care group [23% (23/101) vs 11% (11/100); RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.07-4.02]. CONCLUSIONS compared to usual care, a multi-faceted intervention increased referrals to physiotherapy and occupational therapy but did not reduce risk of falls. Similar falls reduction interventions cannot be recommended based on the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ciaschini
- Algoma District Medical Group, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada
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15
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Ciaschini PM, Straus SE, Dolovich LR, Goeree RA, Leung KM, Woods CR, Zimmerman GM, Majumdar SR, Spadafora S, Fera LA, Lee HN. Community-based randomised controlled trial evaluating falls and osteoporosis risk management strategies. Trials 2008; 9:62. [PMID: 18983670 PMCID: PMC2612651 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-9-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis-related fractures are a significant public health concern. Interventions that increase detection and treatment of osteoporosis, as well as prevention of fractures and falls, are substantially underutilized. This paper outlines the protocol for a pragmatic randomised trial of a multifaceted community-based care program aimed at optimizing the evidence-based management of falls and fractures in patients at risk. Design 6-month randomised controlled study. Methods This population-based study was completed in the Algoma District of Ontario, Canada a geographically vast area with Sault Ste Marie (population 78 000) as its main city. Eligible patients were allocated to an immediate intervention protocol (IP) group, or a delayed intervention protocol (DP) group. The DP group received usual care for 6 months and then was crossed over to receive the interventions. Components of the intervention were directed at the physicians and their patients and included patient-specific recommendations for osteoporosis therapy as outlined by the clinical practice guidelines developed by Osteoporosis Canada, and falls risk assessment and treatment. Two primary outcomes were measured including implementation of appropriate osteoporosis and falls risk management. Secondary outcomes included quality of life and the number of falls, fractures, and hospital admissions over a twelve-month period. The patient is the unit of allocation and analysis. Analyses will be performed on an intention to treat basis. Discussion This paper outlines the protocol for a pragmatic randomised trial of a multi-faceted, community-based intervention to optimize the implementation of evidence based management for patients at risk for falls and osteoporosis. Trial Registration This trial has been registered with clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT00465387)
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ciaschini
- Algoma District Medical Group, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada.
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16
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Orlicek SL, Abramson JS, Woods CR, Givner LB. Obturator internus muscle abscess in children. J Pediatr Orthop 2001; 21:744-8. [PMID: 11675547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe four cases of obturator internus muscle (OIM) abscess in children, including their clinical presentations and treatment. This was a retrospective chart review. Children and adolescents younger than 18 years discharged between July 1, 1985, and September 30, 1998, from Brenner Children's Hospital with the diagnosis of muscle abscess or pelvic abscess were identified. A total of 56 patients were identified with the diagnosis of muscle abscess or pelvic abscess. OIM abscess was defined by radiologic findings of an inflammatory process with fluid collection in the OIM, along with the clinical findings suggestive of an OIM abscess. Four of the patients met the definition of OIM muscle abscess. The common presenting features were fever, limp, and hip pain. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was diagnostic in all four patients, and Staphylococcus aureus was the causative agent in each. All the patients recovered, one after surgical drainage and the other three after antimicrobial therapy alone or with needle aspiration. The presentation of OIM pyomyositis is similar to that of psoas muscle pyomyositis and other infectious processes of the pelvis and hip. The S. aureus is the most common etiologic agent but not the only one reported. Most patients can be managed without open surgical drainage, but needle aspirations may be helpful both therapeutically and diagnostically.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Orlicek
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Abstract
Computerized medical databases are increasingly used for research. The influence of different definitions of the accuracy of matching on the estimated accuracy of diagnosis data was assessed in a database of visits to a public pediatric clinic. Differences between definitions involved 1) unit of analysis, 2) number of diagnoses required to match per visit, and/or 3) whether database contents are required to match the medical record or medical record contents are required to be matched in the database. Overall, 90% of diagnoses in the database (391/435) were accurately coded relative to the medical record. Alternatively, 77% of diagnoses listed in the medical record (391/506) were accurately coded in the database. When individual visits were used as the unit of analysis, estimates of accuracy using six definitions ranged from 65% to 92%. The most appropriate definition to use for estimating accuracy of diagnosis data likely depends on the purpose of the study. Use of two or more such definitions may enhance portrayal of the accuracy of diagnosis data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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18
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Johnson VA, Petropoulos CJ, Woods CR, Hazelwood JD, Parkin NT, Hamilton CD, Fiscus SA. Vertical transmission of multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and continued evolution of drug resistance in an HIV-1-infected infant. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:1688-93. [PMID: 11343221 DOI: 10.1086/320697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2000] [Revised: 02/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To confirm the vertical transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to assess its impact on further evolution of drug-resistant virus in an infant, proviral DNA amplified from infected peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures was sequenced to identify reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) mutations. The infant had proviral DNA with evidence of RT mutations (M41L, L74V, and T215Y) and 3 PR substitutions (K20R, M36I, and V82A). After delivery, the mother's proviral DNA had the same substitutions. Phylogenetic analyses of these HIV-1 RT and PR sequences indicated epidemiological linkage. Plasma drug susceptibility was determined by using a recombinant virus assay. Plasma HIV-1 obtained after the infant's birth demonstrated reduced susceptibility to zidovudine and ritonavir. Thus, vertical transmission of MDR HIV-1 was demonstrated in the setting of detectable maternal plasma viremia. Further accumulation of broad MDR in the infant's virus to 3 antiretroviral classes occurred, despite postnatal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, AL 35294-0006, USA.
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19
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Benaglia M, Ponzini F, Woods CR, Siegel JS. Synthesis of oligopyridines and their metal complexes as precursors to topological stereoisomers. Org Lett 2001; 3:967-9. [PMID: 11277771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
[structure: see text]. Palladium-based carbon-carbon coupling reactions in sequence with halogen-exchange chemistry on a series of heterocycles lead to an efficient synthetic strategy for oligopyridines that bind metal ions such as ruthenium to form coordination racks. The particular structures are designed to form terpyridine subunits for octahedral binding. Reaction of 4,6-diiodopyrimidine produces a "double-bay" terpyridine from which binuclear coordination complexes have been formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although dating violence frequently begins during adolescence, few studies have focused on date fighting in middle and high school students. Fewer studies have studied gender differences in date violence. This study examines whether gender-specific patterns of risk behaviors exist among adolescents who report date fighting. DESIGN The study was conducted on data collected from 21 297 students in grades 8 through 12 participating in the Vermont 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Data were analyzed on 20 724 students (females = 50.1%) who reported: 1) never having been involved in a physical fight (n = 8737); 2) that their last physical fight was with a girlfriend, boyfriend, or other dating partner (n = 432); and 3) that their last fight was with someone other than a dating partner (n = 11 555). Indicators of violence (weapon carrying, being threatened, and fighting), suicide attempts, substance use, sexual behavior, and pregnancy were analyzed with chi(2) tests. Significant variables were analyzed with stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS Of the males, 1.8% and of the females, 4.2% reported that their last fight was with a boyfriend, girlfriend, or dating partner. Risk behaviors significantly associated among females who only experienced date fighting included the number of male sexual partners in the past 3 months (adjusted odds ratio: 1. 48; 95% confidence interval: 1.26-1.74), number of suicide attempts in the past 12 months (1.55; 1.30-1.85), riding in a car with a drinking driver (1.23; 1.10-1.37), injection of illegal drugs (2.87; 1.10-7.50), use of alcohol before last sexual encounter (1.53; 1. 27-1.86), number of pregnancies (1.66; 1.26-2.21), forced sex (2.92; 2.18-3.91), and inhalant use (1.19; 1.06-1.34). Risk behaviors significantly associated among males who experienced only date fighting were sexual activity (4.11; 2.24-7.53), number of male partners in the past 3 months (1.40; 1.12-1.75), number of times of getting someone pregnant (1.68; 1.17-2.40), experiencing forced sex (2.38; 1.11-5.13), and the number of times threatened with physical violence in past 12 months (1.82; 1.53-2.17). When compared with adolescents who reported fighting with someone other than a date, risk factors significantly associated with date fighting among females were the number of male sexual partners in the past 3 months (1.21; 1.10-1.34), older age (1.21; 1.10-1.34), carrying a weapon in the past 30 days (.77;.66-.90), experiencing forced sex (1.70; 1. 30-2.22), condom non-use (1.96; 1.60-2.41), and number of times of being threatened with physical violence in past 12 months (1.11; 1. 01-1.22). The risk factors among males were the number of male sexual partners in the past 3 months (1.43; 1.28-1.60), experiencing forced sex (1.91; 1.02-3.60), and older age (1.34; 1.14-1.57). CONCLUSIONS The patterns of risk behaviors differed among male and female adolescents reporting dating violence. Females who reported date fighting were more likely than were nonfighters to have attempted suicide, to engage in sexual and human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviors (use of injectable drugs), to have been pregnant, experienced forced sex, and to have ridden in a car with a drinking driver. Sexual behaviors, including same-gender sexual partners, forced sex, and having been threatened with physical violence, were associated with date fighting among males. These findings are important in screening adolescents at risk for date violence.date fighting, adolescence, risk behaviors, gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Kreiter
- Department of Pediatrics, Brenner Children's Hospital and Health Services, Brenner Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. skreiter@ wfubmc.edu
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between carrying a weapon at school and the age of onset of substance use, other indicators of violence, and other health risk behaviors among middle school students. DESIGN In 1995, a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to 2227 students (49% were female) attending 53 (of 463) randomly selected middle schools in North Carolina. Weapon carrying on school property during school hours was measured with 2 questions assessing carrying a gun and carrying other weapons such as knives or clubs. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey also assessed other indicators of violence, drug use, suicide plans and attempts, and being threatened with a weapon at school. Variables significantly (P< or =.001) associated with gun and other weapon carrying by chi2 tests were analyzed with stepwise logistic regression using the likelihood ratio approach. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for all other variables in the model and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. RESULTS Our study showed that 3% of students had carried a gun and 14.1% had carried a knife or club to school. Gun carrying was associated with increased age (OR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.15-2.14]); male sex (OR, 5.62 [95% CI, 2.42-13.03]); minority ethnicity (OR, 3.30 [95% CI, 1.55-5.05]); and earlier age of onset of cigarette (OR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.74-0.97]), alcohol (OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.94]), marijuana (OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.92]), and cocaine use (OR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.62-0.86]). Knife or club carrying was associated with age (OR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.14-1.53]); male sex (OR, 2.39 [95% CI, 1.77-2.32]); and ear-lier age of onset of cigarette (OR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.84-0.94]), alcohol (OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.76-0.86]), and marijuana use (OR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.72-0.83]). Gun carrying was also associated with frequency of cigarette (OR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.14-1.57]), alcohol (OR, 4.59 [95% CI, 1.27-16.58]), cocaine (OR, 2.96 [95% CI, 1.29-6.82]), and marijuana use (OR, 3.66 [95% CI, 1.67-8.06]) after adjusting for male sex and minority ethnicity. Carrying a knife or club was associated with carrying a gun (OR, 1.83 [95% CI, 1.31-2.55]); being threatened with a weapon at school (OR, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.10-2.49]); fighting (OR, 4.62 [95% CI, 2.56-8.37]); frequency of alcohol (OR, 2.91 [95% CI, 1.88-4.50]) and cigarette use (OR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.10-1.31]); and a suicide plan (OR, 1.54 [95% CI, 1.07-2.20]). CONCLUSIONS Middle school students are more likely to carry a knife or club (14.1%) than a gun (3%) to school. Young adolescents who initiate substance use early and engage in it frequently are more likely to carry guns and other weapons to school, after adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity. Being threatened with a weapon at school and fighting were only associated with knife or club carrying at school. These findings suggest that school-based prevention programs targeting both violence prevention and substance use should be introduced in elementary school.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H DuRant
- Department of Pediatrics, Brenner Children's Hospital, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 25157-1081, USA.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1081, USA
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23
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine dieting, eating and exercise behaviors, use of diet pills, and vomiting or use of laxatives to lose weight among younger adolescents. DESIGN Analysis of data from a modified version of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey administered to middle school students in North Carolina in 1995. SETTING Fifty-three randomly selected middle schools in North Carolina. SUBJECTS Two thousand three hundred thirty-one students in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Responses to questions regarding weight control practices, including vomiting or laxative use, dieting, exercise, or diet pill use. RESULTS Of the students surveyed, 110 (9.7%) of the girls and 46 (4.0%) of the boys reported vomiting or using laxatives to lose weight. Among the girls, vomiting or laxative use was associated with feeling overweight, other weight loss practices, older age, being a poor student, smoking, eating more salads or vegetables, and eating more candy or other sweets (P< or =.01). A logistic regression model consisting of diet pill use, dieting to lose weight, lower academic achievement, and currently trying to lose weight correctly classified 92% of female students who had or had not vomited or used laxatives. Among boys, vomiting or laxative use was associated with feeling overweight, other weight loss practices, minority racial status, smoking, frequency of eating hamburgers or other high-fat meats, and frequency of eating french fries or potato chips (P< or =.01). A model consisting of diet pill use, minority race, dieting to lose weight, smoking, feeling overweight, and number of servings of hamburgers, hot dogs, or barbecue correctly classified 97% of the boys who had or had not vomited or used laxatives. CONCLUSION Younger adolescents trying to lose weight engage in a variety of problem dieting and weight loss behaviors that can compromise health and may be associated with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Krowchuk
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine and Brenner Children's Hospital of Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Woods CR, Koeuth T, Estabrook MM, Lupski JR. Rapid determination of outbreak-related strains of Neisseria meningitidis by repetitive element-based polymerase chain reaction genotyping. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:760-7. [PMID: 8843214 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/174.4.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis have increased in the United States in the 1990s. Repetitive element-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), a recently developed genotyping method, was used to evaluate a group of 8 outbreak-related and 35 other meningococcal isolates previously typed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE). All were serogroup B or C. Sets of genotypes were generated using primers based on either of two different repetitive sequences. Genotype sets were analyzed in a blinded fashion. Each set correctly identified outbreak-related isolates. Among the other 35 isolates, rep-PCR delineated 14 and 13 strains, respectively, in the two sets of genotypes. Seventeen electrophoretic types had been delineated by MLEE. Rep-PCR holds promise as a rapid, genome-based typing method for delineation of apparent outbreaks of meningococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Harvey BS, Koeuth T, Versalovic J, Woods CR, Lupski JR. Vertical transmission of Citrobacter diversus documented by DNA fingerprinting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 16:564-9. [PMID: 8568200 DOI: 10.1086/647009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm the vertical transmission of Citrobacter diversus from a mother to her infant and to evaluate the epidemiologic usefulness of a new automated procedure for analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated DNA fingerprints. DESIGN Repetitive element-based PCR (rep-PCR) analysis of C diversus isolates from the blood and amniotic fluid of a mother and the blood of her infant was performed. Unrelated C diversus isolates also were characterized and compared with the isolates from mother and infant. DNA fingerprints were generated by gel electrophoresis of PCR products derived from either unlabeled standard repetitive sequence-based oligonucleotide primers or fluorescent primers. The standard rep-PCR fingerprints were analyzed by visual inspection. The fluorescent primers were used in fluorophore-enhanced rep-PCR (FERP), and the FERP DNA fingerprints were analyzed by an Applied BioSystems (ABI) Model 373A laser scanning unit equipped with Genescan 672 software (Applied Biosystems, Inc, Foster City, CA). SETTING AND PATIENTS A mother and her newborn infant, both with invasive disease due to C diversus, in an urban tertiary-care hospital. RESULTS The DNA fingerprints of the maternal blood, amniotic fluid, and infant blood isolates of C diversus were identical by both visual inspection of ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels and computer-aided analysis of FERP patterns. These strains appeared to differ from all but one control isolate, which had been collected 7 years earlier in the same city in which the infant was born. CONCLUSIONS Vertical transmission of C diversus from mother to infant can occur in utero. Automated analysis of rep-PCR-generated DNA fingerprints derived using fluorescent primers is an objective means for comparing isolates of C diversus and in all likelihood would be useful for other species of bacteria that possess repetitive elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Harvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, USA
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Woods CR, Smith AL, Wasilauskas BL, Campos J, Givner LB. Invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis relatively resistant to penicillin in North Carolina. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:453-6. [PMID: 8035036 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/170.2.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A case of sepsis and meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis with relative resistance to penicillin occurred in North Carolina in August 1992. This isolate was relatively resistant due to decreased affinity of its penicillin-binding protein 2 for penicillin. Such isolates have been reported in Spain, elsewhere in Europe, in South Africa, and in Canada, but invasive disease caused by meningococcal isolates relatively resistant to penicillin was not recognized in the United States before a preliminary report of this case in October 1992. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently retrospectively identified 3 additional cases from 1991. A fifth case occurred in Kentucky in 1993. Surveillance studies of penicillin susceptibility of N. meningitidis isolates suggest such meningococci have existed sporadically in the past. Increases in prevalence and magnitude of penicillin resistance among strains of N. meningitidis would require reconsideration of current clinical practice with regard to treatment of meningococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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Givner LB, Woods CR, Abramson JS. The practice of pediatrics in the era of vaccines effective against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Pediatrics 1994; 93:680-1. [PMID: 8134231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Abramson JS, Givner LB, Woods CR. Bismuth in infants with watery diarrhea. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1742; author reply 1743. [PMID: 8232479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Versalovic J, Woods CR, Georghiou PR, Hamill RJ, Lupski JR. DNA-based identification and epidemiologic typing of bacterial pathogens. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993; 117:1088-98. [PMID: 8239928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genotypic, or DNA-based, methods have become increasingly applicable for infectious disease diagnosis and epidemiologic analysis. The ability to assess the pathogen's genotype directly bypasses requirements for cultivation and may diminish diagnostic delays with fastidious organisms. Genotypic typing methods have enhanced epidemiologic studies by providing techniques with greater discriminatory ability and smaller proportions of nontypeable samples. Hence, these methods enable rigorous studies to be performed regarding the nature of disease outbreaks. Phenotypic, or conventional, methods will remain important in diagnostic microbiology, especially with organisms that are relatively easy to culture. However, genotypic methods may become increasingly prominent in clinical microbiology laboratories, particularly with respect to diagnosis of fastidious pathogens, because of their relative speed, versatility, and lack of cultivation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Versalovic
- Institute for Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. 77030
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Abstract
Neonatal meningitis due to Citrobacter diversus is usually accompanied by the development of brain abscesses and tends to have high rates of morbidity and mortality. We report a case of a newborn with C. diversus meningitis and brain abscesses who relapsed after initial antibiotic therapy and from whom C. diversus was recovered from cerebrospinal fluid 4 years later during a neurosurgical procedure. Genetic differences in the early and late isolates were discovered, and explanations for this phenomenon are suggested. Possible mechanisms for prolonged persistence in the central nervous system are explored. This unusual case and the analysis of the organisms illustrate the unique features of C. diversus as a pathogen and underscore the need for developing optimal therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Eppes
- Department of Pediatrics, Alfred I. duPont Institute, Wilmington, Delaware 19899
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Woods CR, Versalovic J, Koeuth T, Lupski JR. Whole-cell repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction allows rapid assessment of clonal relationships of bacterial isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:1927-31. [PMID: 8349778 PMCID: PMC265663 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.7.1927-1931.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) enables the generation of DNA fingerprints which discriminate bacterial species and strains. We describe the application of whole-cell methods which allow specimens from broth cultures or colonies from agar plates to be utilized directly in the PCR mixture. The rep-PCR-generated DNA fingerprints obtained with whole-cell samples match results obtained with genomic DNA templates. Examples with different gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Citrobacter diversus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) are demonstrated. Rapid specimen preparation methods enable rep-PCR-based fingerprinting to be completed in several hours and, therefore, allows the timely analysis of epidemiological relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- Myers Black Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Woods CR, Mason EO, Kaplan SL. Interaction of Citrobacter diversus strains with HEp-2 epithelial and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:1035-44. [PMID: 1357038 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/166.5.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 75% of neonates with Citrobacter diversus meningitis develop brain abscesses. Interaction of C. diversus strains with HEp-2 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was studied to examine mechanisms related to brain abscess formation. Two of 9 strains invaded HEp-2 cells and 0 of 6 invaded HUVEC better than the others. C. diversus survived at least 20 h within HEp-2 cells (in decreasing numbers). Adhesion to HEp-2 cells was increased in 3 of 4 strains expressing type 1 fimbriae, but this did not correlate with increased invasion. Inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis blocked invasion but not adhesion. Thus, invasion requires ongoing protein synthesis, and adhesion to and invasion of HEp-2 cells by type-1-fimbriated strains are independent steps. Invasion was inhibited by cytochalasin D. A 32-kDa protein found in cerebrospinal fluid isolates of C. diversus was not related to invasion of either cell line. Ability to invade HEp-2 cells was not increased among strains isolated from central nervous system sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
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Woods CR, Versalovic J, Koeuth T, Lupski JR. Analysis of relationships among isolates of Citrobacter diversus by using DNA fingerprints generated by repetitive sequence-based primers in the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2921-9. [PMID: 1452663 PMCID: PMC270553 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.30.11.2921-2929.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide probes which match consensus sequences of the repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) element hybridize to genomic DNA of diverse bacterial species. Primers based on the REP sequence generate complex band patterns with genomic DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a technique named REP-PCR. We used REP-PCR with genomic DNA to fingerprint 47 isolates of Citrobacter diversus. Previously, 37 were assigned electrophoretic types (ETs) by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and 35 were evaluated by using outer membrane protein profiles. Fingerprints were compared by visual inspection and by similarity coefficients (SimCs) based on the number of common bands versus total bands between two given isolates. DNA fingerprints were highly similar visually for patient pairs and outbreak-related sets. SimCs for these were > or = 0.952. Fingerprints of isolates with different ETs generally were distinctive. Among 21 unrelated isolates representing 15 ETs, only 6 of 210 comparisons had SimCs of > or = 0.952. REP-PCR rapidly generated DNA fingerprints which were highly similar for epidemiologically linked isolates of C. diversus and distinct for previously characterized strains within this species. The ability of this method to discriminate between C. diversus isolates with the same biotype was similar to that of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and outer membrane protein profiles. REP-PCR may be useful in evaluation of apparent outbreaks of this or other bacterial species which possess these extragenic, repetitive elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Woods
- C. T. Parker Laboratory, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030
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Kaplan SL, Woods CR. Neurologic complications of bacterial meningitis in children. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1992; 12:37-55. [PMID: 1353677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
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