1
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Kenney D, O’Connell AK, Tseng AE, Turcinovic J, Sheehan ML, Nitido AD, Montanaro P, Gertje HP, Ericsson M, Connor JH, Vrbanac V, Crossland NA, Harly C, Balazs AB, Douam F. Resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung tissues is driven by extravascular CD163+ monocytes. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.08.583965. [PMID: 38496468 PMCID: PMC10942442 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.583965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The lung-resident immune mechanisms driving resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans remain elusive. Using mice co-engrafted with a genetically matched human immune system and fetal lung xenograft (fLX), we mapped the immunological events defining resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung tissues. Viral infection is rapidly cleared from fLX following a peak of viral replication. Acute replication results in the emergence of cell subsets enriched in viral RNA, including extravascular inflammatory monocytes (iMO) and macrophage-like T-cells, which dissipate upon infection resolution. iMO display robust antiviral responses, are transcriptomically unique among myeloid lineages, and their emergence associates with the recruitment of circulating CD4+ monocytes. Consistently, mice depleted for human CD4+ cells but not CD3+ T-cells failed to robustly clear infectious viruses and displayed signatures of chronic infection. Our findings uncover the transient differentiation of extravascular iMO from CD4+ monocytes as a major hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 infection resolution and open avenues for unravelling viral and host adaptations defining persistently active SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Kenney
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aoife K. O’Connell
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna E. Tseng
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meagan L. Sheehan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Adam D. Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Paige Montanaro
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans P. Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H. Connor
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Crossland
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christelle Harly
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CRCINA, Nantes, France
- LabEx IGO ‘Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology’, Nantes, France
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Florian Douam
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
- Lead contact
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2
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Garcia-Beltran WF, St Denis KJ, Hoelzemer A, Lam EC, Nitido AD, Sheehan ML, Berrios C, Ofoman O, Chang CC, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Roederer AL, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Cell 2022; 185:457-466.e4. [PMID: 34995482 PMCID: PMC8733787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 343.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent surveillance has revealed the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1/B.1.1.529) harboring up to 36 mutations in spike protein, the target of neutralizing antibodies. Given its potential to escape vaccine-induced humoral immunity, we measured the neutralization potency of sera from 88 mRNA-1273, 111 BNT162b, and 40 Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients against wild-type, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. We included individuals that received their primary series recently (<3 months), distantly (6-12 months), or an additional "booster" dose, while accounting for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remarkably, neutralization of Omicron was undetectable in most vaccinees. However, individuals boosted with mRNA vaccines exhibited potent neutralization of Omicron, only 4-6-fold lower than wild type, suggesting enhanced cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibody responses. In addition, we find that Omicron pseudovirus infects more efficiently than other variants tested. Overall, this study highlights the importance of additional mRNA doses to broaden neutralizing antibody responses against highly divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maegan L Sheehan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cristhian Berrios
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Onosereme Ofoman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christina C Chang
- Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria 3181, Australia; Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex L Roederer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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3
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Garcia-Beltran WF, St. Denis KJ, Hoelzemer A, Lam EC, Nitido AD, Sheehan ML, Berrios C, Ofoman O, Chang CC, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. medRxiv 2021:2021.12.14.21267755. [PMID: 34931201 PMCID: PMC8687472 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.14.21267755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent surveillance has revealed the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1/B.1.1.529) harboring up to 36 mutations in spike protein, the target of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. Given its potential to escape vaccine-induced humoral immunity, we measured neutralization potency of sera from 88 mRNA-1273, 111 BNT162b, and 40 Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients against wild type, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. We included individuals that were vaccinated recently (<3 months), distantly (6-12 months), or recently boosted, and accounted for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remarkably, neutralization of Omicron was undetectable in most vaccinated individuals. However, individuals boosted with mRNA vaccines exhibited potent neutralization of Omicron only 4-6-fold lower than wild type, suggesting that boosters enhance the cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibody responses. In addition, we find Omicron pseudovirus is more infectious than any other variant tested. Overall, this study highlights the importance of boosters to broaden neutralizing antibody responses against highly divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- These authors contributed equally
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri J. St. Denis
- These authors contributed equally
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adam D. Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Cristhian Berrios
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Onosereme Ofoman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Christina C. Chang
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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4
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Pavlovic MN, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Sigal A, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell 2021; 184:2372-2383.e9. [PMID: 33743213 PMCID: PMC7953441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 283.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination elicits immune responses capable of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. However, ongoing surveillance has revealed the emergence of variants harboring mutations in spike, the main target of neutralizing antibodies. To understand the impact of these variants, we evaluated the neutralization potency of 99 individuals that received one or two doses of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines against pseudoviruses representing 10 globally circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2. Five of the 10 pseudoviruses, harboring receptor-binding domain mutations, including K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y, were highly resistant to neutralization. Cross-neutralization of B.1.351 variants was comparable to SARS-CoV and bat-derived WIV1-CoV, suggesting that a relatively small number of mutations can mediate potent escape from vaccine responses. While the clinical impact of neutralization resistance remains uncertain, these results highlight the potential for variants to escape from neutralizing humoral immunity and emphasize the need to develop broadly protective interventions against the evolving pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kerri St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zeidy H Garcia
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maia N Pavlovic
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - David J Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Pedriatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa
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5
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Pavlovic MN, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Sigal A, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell 2021; 184:2523. [PMID: 33930298 PMCID: PMC8082941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St. Denis K, Nitido AD, Garcia ZH, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Pavlovic MN, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Sigal A, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Naranbhai V, Balazs AB. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. medRxiv 2021:2021.02.14.21251704. [PMID: 33619506 PMCID: PMC7899476 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.14.21251704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination elicits immune responses capable of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. However, ongoing surveillance has revealed the emergence of variants harboring mutations in spike, the main target of neutralizing antibodies. To understand the impact of these variants, we evaluated the neutralization potency of 99 individuals that received one or two doses of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines against pseudoviruses representing 10 globally circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2. Five of the 10 pseudoviruses, harboring receptor-binding domain mutations, including K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y, were highly resistant to neutralization. Crossneutralization of B.1.351 variants was comparable to SARS-CoV and bat-derived WIV1-CoV, suggesting that a relatively small number of mutations can mediate potent escape from vaccine responses. While the clinical impact of neutralization resistance remains uncertain, these results highlight the potential for variants to escape from neutralizing humoral immunity and emphasize the need to develop broadly protective interventions against the evolving pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- These authors contributed equally
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Evan C. Lam
- These authors contributed equally
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri St. Denis
- These authors contributed equally
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adam D. Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zeidy H. Garcia
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maia N. Pavlovic
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Pedriatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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7
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, Murali MR, Alter G, Charles RC, Dighe A, Branda JA, Lennerz JK, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Balazs AB. COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. Cell 2021; 184:476-488.e11. [PMID: 33412089 PMCID: PMC7837114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody levels. Although anti-RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting cross-protection from reinfection by either strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera generally lacked cross-neutralization to a highly homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, which has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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8
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, Murali MR, Alter G, Charles RC, Dighe A, Branda JA, Lennerz JK, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Balazs AB. COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. medRxiv 2020:2020.10.15.20213512. [PMID: 33106822 PMCID: PMC7587842 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.15.20213512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, and high anti-RBD antibody levels. While anti-RBD IgG levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting protection from reinfection by this strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera was unable to cross-neutralize a highly-homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, that has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mandakolathur R. Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General, Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - John A. Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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