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Chung SA, Huang AJ, Murali MR, Chwalisz BK, Wallace ZS, Kozanno LN. Case 11-2024: An 82-Year-Old Woman with Falls and Cognitive Decline. N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1312-1322. [PMID: 38598798 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc2312725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Chung
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (S.A.C.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Ambrose J Huang
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (S.A.C.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (S.A.C.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Bart K Chwalisz
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (S.A.C.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (S.A.C.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Liana N Kozanno
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (S.A.C.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.J.H.), Medicine (M.R.M., Z.S.W.), Neurology (B.K.C.), and Pathology (M.R.M., L.N.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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Chwalisz BK, Kelly HR, Flaherty AW, Jorge AM, Murali MR. Case 38-2023: A 68-Year-Old Woman with Abnormal Movements and Confusion. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:2277-2285. [PMID: 38091534 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc2309349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart K Chwalisz
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear (H.R.K.) - all in Boston
| | - Hillary R Kelly
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear (H.R.K.) - all in Boston
| | - Alice W Flaherty
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear (H.R.K.) - all in Boston
| | - April M Jorge
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear (H.R.K.) - all in Boston
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- From the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, the Departments of Neurology (B.K.C., A.W.F.), Radiology (H.R.K.), Psychiatry (A.W.F.), Medicine (A.M.J., M.R.M.), and Pathology (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear (H.R.K.) - all in Boston
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Abstract
Genetic characterization of myeloma at diagnosis by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization and next-generation sequencing (NGS) can assist with risk stratification and treatment planning. Measurable residual disease (MRD) status after treatment, as evaluated by next-generation flow cytometry or NGS on bone marrow aspirate material, is one of the most important predictors of prognosis. Less-invasive tools for MRD assessment such as liquid biopsy approaches have also recently emerged as potential alternatives.
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Pearson DS, McEvoy DS, Murali MR, Dighe AS. Use of Clinical Decision Support to Improve the Laboratory Evaluation of Monoclonal Gammopathies. Am J Clin Pathol 2023; 159:192-204. [PMID: 36622340 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is considerable variation in ordering practices for the initial laboratory evaluation of monoclonal gammopathies (MGs) despite clear society guidelines to include serum free light chain (sFLC) testing. We assessed the ability of a clinical decision support (CDS) alert to improve guideline compliance and analyzed its clinical impact. METHODS We designed and deployed a targeted CDS alert to educate and prompt providers to order an sFLC assay when ordering serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) testing. RESULTS The alert was highly effective at increasing the co-ordering of SPEP and sFLC testing. Preimplementation, 62.8% of all SPEP evaluations included sFLC testing, while nearly 90% of evaluations included an sFLC assay postimplementation. In patients with no prior sFLC testing, analysis of sFLC orders prompted by the alert led to the determination that 28.9% (800/2,769) of these patients had an abnormal κ/λ ratio. In 452 of these patients, the sFLC assay provided the only laboratory evidence of a monoclonal protein. Moreover, within this population, there were numerous instances of new diagnoses of multiple myeloma and other MGs. CONCLUSIONS The CDS alert increased compliance with society guidelines and improved the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected MGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Pearson
- Department of Pathology Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Pathology Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USAand
| | - Anand S Dighe
- Department of Pathology Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachuscetts General Brigham, Somerville, MA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneeta Arya
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), Pathology (M.R.M.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Sjirk J Westra
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), Pathology (M.R.M.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Oscar J Benavidez
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), Pathology (M.R.M.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Marc D Natter
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), Pathology (M.R.M.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), Pathology (M.R.M.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (P.A., O.J.B., M.D.N.), Radiology (S.J.W.), and Medicine (M.R.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Banerji
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Neelam A Phadke
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Ravi Gottumukkala
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Rohit Sharma
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.B., N.A.P., R.S., M.R.M.), Radiology (R.G.), and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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7
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, Murali MR, Alter G, Charles RC, Dighe A, Branda JA, Lennerz JK, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Balazs AB. COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. Cell 2021; 184:476-488.e11. [PMID: 33412089 PMCID: PMC7837114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody levels. Although anti-RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting cross-protection from reinfection by either strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera generally lacked cross-neutralization to a highly homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, which has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Naranbhai V, Chang CC, Beltran WFG, Miller TE, Astudillo MG, Villalba JA, Yang D, Gelfand J, Bernstein BE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Alter G, Murali MR, Jasrasaria R, Quinlan J, Xerras DC, Betancourt JR, Louis DN, Schmidt AG, Lennerz J, Poznansky MC, Iafrate AJ. High Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Chelsea, Massachusetts. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1955-1959. [PMID: 32906151 PMCID: PMC7499676 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing allows quantitative determination of disease prevalence, which is especially important in high-risk communities. We performed anonymized convenience sampling of 200 currently asymptomatic residents of Chelsea, the epicenter of COVID-19 illness in Massachusetts, by BioMedomics SARS-CoV-2 combined IgM-IgG point-of-care lateral flow immunoassay. The seroprevalence was 31.5% (17.5% IgM+IgG+, 9.0% IgM+IgG-, and 5.0% IgM-IgG+). Of the 200 participants, 50.5% reported no symptoms in the preceding 4 weeks, of which 24.8% (25/101) were seropositive, and 60% of these were IgM+IgG-. These data are the highest seroprevalence rates observed to date and highlight the significant burden of asymptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Naranbhai
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Christina C Chang
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Therapeutic and Vaccine Research Programme, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julian A Villalba
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gelfand
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy M Caradonna
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rashmi Jasrasaria
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- MGH Chelsea HealthCare Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joan Quinlan
- Centre for Community Health Improvement, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dean C Xerras
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- MGH Chelsea HealthCare Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph R Betancourt
- Centre for Community Health Improvement, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Diversity and Inclusion, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David N Louis
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jochen Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, Murali MR, Alter G, Charles RC, Dighe A, Branda JA, Lennerz JK, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Balazs AB. COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. medRxiv 2020:2020.10.15.20213512. [PMID: 33106822 PMCID: PMC7587842 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.15.20213512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, and high anti-RBD antibody levels. While anti-RBD IgG levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting protection from reinfection by this strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera was unable to cross-neutralize a highly-homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, that has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mandakolathur R. Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General, Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - John A. Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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10
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Miller TE, Garcia Beltran WF, Bard AZ, Gogakos T, Anahtar MN, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Thierauf J, Fisch AS, Mahowald GK, Fitzpatrick MJ, Nardi V, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Marble HD, Ritterhouse LL, Turbett SE, Batten J, Georgantas NZ, Alter G, Schmidt AG, Harris JB, Gelfand JA, Poznansky MC, Bernstein BE, Louis DN, Dighe A, Charles RC, Ryan ET, Branda JA, Pierce VM, Murali MR, Iafrate AJ, Rosenberg ES, Lennerz JK. Clinical sensitivity and interpretation of PCR and serological COVID-19 diagnostics for patients presenting to the hospital. FASEB J 2020; 34:13877-13884. [PMID: 32856766 PMCID: PMC7461169 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001700rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of COVID-19 requires integration of clinical and laboratory data. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) diagnostic assays play a central role in diagnosis and have fixed technical performance metrics. Interpretation becomes challenging because the clinical sensitivity changes as the virus clears and the immune response emerges. Our goal was to examine the clinical sensitivity of two most common SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test modalities, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology, over the disease course to provide insight into their clinical interpretation in patients presenting to the hospital. We conducted a single-center, retrospective study. To derive clinical sensitivity of PCR, we identified 209 PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 patients with multiple PCR test results (624 total PCR tests) and calculated daily sensitivity from date of symptom onset or first positive test. Clinical sensitivity of PCR decreased with days post symptom onset with >90% clinical sensitivity during the first 5 days after symptom onset, 70%-71% from Days 9 to 11, and 30% at Day 21. To calculate daily clinical sensitivity by serology, we utilized 157 PCR-positive patients with a total of 197 specimens tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgM, IgG, and IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In contrast to PCR, serological sensitivity increased with days post symptom onset with >50% of patients seropositive by at least one antibody isotype after Day 7, >80% after Day 12, and 100% by Day 21. Taken together, PCR and serology are complimentary modalities that require time-dependent interpretation. Superimposition of sensitivities over time indicate that serology can function as a reliable diagnostic aid indicating recent or prior infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E. Miller
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Adam Z. Bard
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Tasos Gogakos
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Melis N. Anahtar
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Diane Yang
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Julia Thierauf
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Adam S. Fisch
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Grace K. Mahowald
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Megan J. Fitzpatrick
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Valentina Nardi
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | | | - Hetal D. Marble
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Lauren L. Ritterhouse
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Sara E. Turbett
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Julie Batten
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Jeffrey A. Gelfand
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Bradley E. Bernstein
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - David N. Louis
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Anand Dighe
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - John A. Branda
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Virginia M. Pierce
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Mandakolathur R. Murali
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Allergy and ImmunologyDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Eric S. Rosenberg
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Jochen K. Lennerz
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Roy V, Fischinger S, Atyeo C, Slein M, Loos C, Balazs A, Luedemann C, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Wesemann DR, Charles R, Lafrate AJ, Feldman J, Hauser B, Caradonna T, Miller TE, Murali MR, Baden L, Nilles E, Ryan E, Lauffenburger D, Beltran WG, Alter G. SARS-CoV-2-specific ELISA development. J Immunol Methods 2020; 484-485:112832. [PMID: 32780998 PMCID: PMC7414735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Critical to managing the spread of COVID-19 is the ability to diagnose infection and define the acquired immune response across the population. While genomic tests for the novel Several Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detect the presence of viral RNA for a limited time frame, when the virus is shed in the upper respiratory tract, tests able to define exposure and infection beyond this short window of detectable viral replication are urgently needed. Following infection, antibodies are generated within days, providing a durable read-out and archive of exposure and infection. Several antibody tests have emerged to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. Here we report on a qualified quantitative ELISA assay that displays all the necessary characteristics for high-throughput sample analysis. Collectively, this test offers a quantitative opportunity to define both exposure and levels of immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Matthew Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Corinne Luedemann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Michael Gerino Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Richelle Charles
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - A John Lafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Blake Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Tim Caradonna
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Eric Nilles
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Edward Ryan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Wilfredo Garcia Beltran
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America.
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12
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Shih AR, Murali MR. Laboratory tests for disorders of complement and complement regulatory proteins. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:1180-6. [PMID: 26437749 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The complement pathway is a cascade of proteases that is involved in immune surveillance and innate immunity, as well as adaptive immunity. Dysfunction of the complement cascade may be mediated by aberrations in the pathways of activation, complement regulatory proteins, or complement deficiencies, and has been linked to a number of hematologic disorders, including paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria (PNH), hereditary angioedema (HAE), and atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS). Here, current laboratory tests for disorders of the complement pathway are reviewed, and their utility and limitations in hematologic disorders and systemic diseases are discussed. Current therapeutic advances targeting the complement pathway in treatment of complement-mediated hematologic disorders are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Shih
- Department of Pathology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts 02114
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13
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Vattam KK, Raghavendran H, Murali MR, Savatey H, Kamarul T. Coadministration of alloxan and nicotinamide in rats produces biochemical changes in blood and pathological alterations comparable to the changes in type II diabetes mellitus. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:893-901. [PMID: 26429928 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115608246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, thirty six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups and were injected with varying doses of alloxan (Ax) and nicotinamide (NA). The serum levels of glucose, insulin, and adiponectin were measured weekly up to 4 weeks. RESULTS Elevated levels of glucose were observed in all groups on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, except in groups a and f (control). The serum insulin levels were significantly elevated in groups b and c on day 7, when compared with that in group f, whereas a decrease in the serum insulin levels was observed in groups d and e on days 21 and 28. The adiponectin levels showed inconsistencies on days 7 and 14. However, significant decrease in the adiponectin levels was observed on days 21 and 28. Histological section of the pancreas showed mild (group a), moderate (group b) to severe (groups c, d, and e) degenerative changes. Concomitant fatty changes in the liver and inflammatory infiltration of the kidney were markedly observed in all the treated groups, when compared to control. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the use of selective combination of Ax120 + NA50 injection demonstrated type II diabetes mellitus in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Vattam
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hrb Raghavendran
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M R Murali
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H Savatey
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - T Kamarul
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NOCERAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Clinical Investigative Centre (CIC), University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Murali MR, Uyeda JW, Tingpej B. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 2-2015. A 25-year-old man with abdominal pain, syncope, and hypotension. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:265-73. [PMID: 25587951 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1410939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Ho YH, Wang JL, DeLelys ME, Murali MR, Pitman MB, Sohani AR. Gamma heavy chain disease: cytological diagnosis of a rare lymphoid malignancy facilitated by correlation with key laboratory findings. Cytopathology 2014; 25:270-3. [PMID: 25180407 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Ho
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
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17
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Saukkonen K, Tan TC, Sharma A, Channick RN, Murali MR, Zukerberg LR. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 9-2014. A 34-year-old woman with increasing dyspnea. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1149-57. [PMID: 24645948 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1305992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Stone
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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Fracchia MS, El Saleeby CM, Murali MR, Sagar P, Mino-Kenudson M. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 9-2013. A 9-year-old boy with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and chest pain. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1141-50. [PMID: 23514292 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1208144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Murali MR, Castells MC, Song JY, Dudzinski DM, Hasserjian RP. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 9-2011. A 37-year-old man with flushing and hypotension. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:1155-65. [PMID: 21428772 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1013929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandakolathur R Murali
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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Abstract
In a variety of hematologic malignancies, immunoglobulin light chains (LC) are overproduced clonally and circulate without being linked by disulphide bonds to the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The recent development of a robust assay known as κ and λ "free" LC (FLC) to quantify the levels of these unbound LC in the serum, and thereby determine their ratio, has led to an explosion of studies that demonstrate its utility in a wide range of hematologic disorders. This article summarizes laboratory testing for serum FLC, with a particular focus on clinical applications for the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Davids
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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22
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Moorthy G, Murali MR, Niranjali Devaraj S. Lactobacilli inhibit Shigella dysenteriae 1 induced pro-inflammatory response and cytotoxicity in host cells via impediment of Shigella-host interactions. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:33-9. [PMID: 19535308 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 dysentery is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children from less developed and developing countries. The present study explores the hypothesis that lactobacilli protect the host cell during S. dysenteriae Type 1 infection and its mechanism of action. METHODS Caco-2 cells incubated for 1h with Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Lactobacillus acidophilus at the multiplicity of infection of 100, either alone or in combination followed by addition of Shigella at the same multiplicity of infection for 5h served as treatment groups. Cells incubated with Shigella without lactobacilli addition served as infected cells. At the end of experimental period, cells were processed suitably to enumerate adherent and internalized Shigella. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess mRNA expression of interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Immunoblot for heat shock protein-70 and cytotoxicity assay were performed. RESULTS Pretreatment with the combination of lactobacilli significantly (p<0.05) prevented adherence and internalization of Shigella coupled with reduced expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-8 in host cells. CONCLUSION L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus, synergistically offered better protection during S. dysenteriae Type 1 infection by efficiently inhibiting adherence and internalization of Shigella coupled with inhibition of pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Moorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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23
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Murali MR, Mackool BT, Muse VV, Zembowicz A, Ferry JA. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 25-2007. A 60-year-old man with fever, odynophagia, weight loss, and rash. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:692-701. [PMID: 17699820 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc079019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Murali MR, Kratz A, Finberg KE. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 40-2006. A 64-year-old man with anemia and a low level of HDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2772-9. [PMID: 17192544 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc069031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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SivaKumar V, Prakash R, Murali MR, Devaraj H, Niranjali Devaraj S. In vivo micronucleus assay and GST activity in assessing genotoxicity of plumbagin in Swiss albino mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2005; 28:499-507. [PMID: 16298878 DOI: 10.1080/01480540500263019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Information available on the mutagenicity of a large number of indigenous drugs commonly employed in the Siddha and Ayurveda systems of medicine is scanty. In this context, the current investigation on plumbagin, 5-hydroxy-2methyl-1,4-napthoquinone, an active principle in the roots of Plumbago zeylanica used in Siddha and Ayurveda for various ailments, was carried out; 16 mg/kg b.w. (LD(50)) was fixed as the maximum dose. Subsequent dose levels were fixed as 50% and 25% of LD(50) amounting to 8 mg and 4 mg/kg b.w., respectively, and given orally for 5 consecutive days in 1% Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC) to Swiss albino mice weighing 25-30 g. The micronucleus assay was done in mouse bone marrow. Plumbagin was found to induce micronuclei at all the doses studied (4 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, 16 mg/kg b.w.), and it proves to be toxic to bone marrow cells of Swiss albino mice. Animal treated with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg b.w.) served as positive control. In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was observed in control, plumbagin (4 mg, 8 mg, 16 mg/kg b.w., respectively), and genotoxin-treated experimental group of animals. No significant change in GST activity was observed with plumbagin dose of 4 mg/kg b.w., whereas GST activity was significantly inhibited by higher doses of plumbagin (8 mg and 16 mg/kg b.w.) and cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- V SivaKumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
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26
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Means TK, Latz E, Hayashi F, Murali MR, Golenbock DT, Luster AD. Human lupus autoantibody-DNA complexes activate DCs through cooperation of CD32 and TLR9. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:407-17. [PMID: 15668740 PMCID: PMC544604 DOI: 10.1172/jci23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by pathogenic autoantibodies against nucleoproteins and DNA. Here we show that DNA-containing immune complexes (ICs) within lupus serum (SLE-ICs), but not protein-containing ICs from other autoimmune rheumatic diseases, stimulates plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) to produce cytokines and chemokines via a cooperative interaction between Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and FcgammaRIIa (CD32). SLE-ICs transiently colocalized to a subcellular compartment containing CD32 and TLR9, and CD32+, but not CD32-, PDCs internalized and responded to SLE-ICs. Our findings demonstrate a novel functional interaction between Fc receptors and TLRs, defining a pathway in which CD32 delivers SLE-ICs to intracellular lysosomes containing TLR9, inducing a signaling cascade leading to PDC activation. These data demonstrate that endogenous DNA-containing autoantibody complexes found in the serum of patients with SLE activate the innate immune system and suggest a novel mechanism whereby these ICs contribute to the pathogenesis of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry K Means
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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27
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Murali R, Wolfe JH, Erber R, Chice SM, Murali MR, Durkin HG, Zach P, Auci DL. Altered levels of urokinase on monocytes and in serum of children with AIDS; effects on lymphocyte activation and surface marker expression. J Leukoc Biol 1998; 64:198-202. [PMID: 9715259 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.64.2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase (UK) type plasminogen activator is a serine protease produced by activated human monocytes. Despite the well-documented roles played by UK in cell-mediated immunity in healthy humans, the roles played by UK in the derangements of cell-mediated immune responses observed in HIV disease remain largely undefined. In these studies the numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes bearing surface UK (UK+) as well as serum levels of UK (flow microfluorimetry and ELISA, respectively) were determined in children with AIDS and in healthy HIV-negative children. The effects of exogenous UK on lymphocyte activation (cell cycle analysis using living cells) and surface marker (CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD19) expression (flow microfluorimetry using fixed cells) were also studied. Data are expressed as percent total cells. Numbers of UK+ lymphocytes in children with AIDS were similar to those observed in healthy children. In contrast, numbers of UK+ peripheral blood monocytes were dramatically decreased (> 70%) in the children with AIDS. However, serum levels of UK were increased (nearly threefold) in these children. When lymphocytes from these children were cultured with soluble UK, numbers of cells in S phase of cell cycle appeared suppressed. Incubation of fixed lymphocytes from either a child with AIDS or from a healthy child with exogenous UK appeared to increase numbers of cells expressing CD3. Incubation with UK had no effect on expression of any other surface marker (CD4, CD8, or CD19) using cells from the child with AIDS. In contrast, incubation with UK appeared to decrease (fivefold) numbers of cells expressing CD19 and increase numbers of cells expressing CD4 and CD8 only when fixed lymphocytes from a healthy HIV-negative child were used. The results suggest important roles for UK in regulation of lymphocyte surface markers in general and in CD3- and CD19-dependent lymphocyte activation pathways specifically. Furthermore, these studies add to a widening body of evidence implicating UK dysregulation in the pathogenesis of HIV disease and may point to pharmacological opportunities involving UK to delay or prevent progression of HIV infection into full-blown AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Murali
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Thakur
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA
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Thakur BK, Bernardi DM, Murali MR, McClain SA, Clark RA. Invasive cutaneous aspergillosis complicating immunosuppressive therapy for recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38:488-90. [PMID: 9520034 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B K Thakur
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital and the State University of New York (Health Science Center), Stony Brook, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Thakur
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-8161
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31
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Auci DL, Kleiner G, Sheikh A, Acosta E, Athanassiadies TJ, Murali MR, Durkin HG. Cytokine-induced suppression and potentiation of hapten-specific immediate hypersensitivity responses. Immunol Invest 1993; 22:205-18. [PMID: 7685321 DOI: 10.3109/08820139309063403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability of subcutaneously (s.c.) injected cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IFN alpha, IFN gamma, GMCSF) to regulate the induction of hapten-specific immediate hypersensitivity (IH) responses was studied in BPO-KLH (benzylpenicilloyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin) sensitized BALB/c mice at the peak of a hapten-specific IgE antibody forming cell (AFC) response. To induce IH responses, mice were injected in the right pinna with either BPO-BSA (benzylpenicilloyl-bovine serum albumin), BPO-KLH (0.01-1.0 micrograms/ml) or mcAb anti-IgE (0.001 - 1.0 micrograms/ml); and in the left pinna with an equal volume of saline (0.05 ml). Pinnae were measured 5 min to 4 hr later using a micrometer caliper. Treatment of mice with IL-4 or IFN gamma dramatically suppressed the induction of IH responses in dose dependent fashion. In contrast, treatment of mice with IL-6 and IFN alpha increased these responses in dose dependent fashion, while GMCSF and IL-5 had no effect. The suppression obtained with IL-4 and IFN gamma, and the increases seen with IL-6 and IFN alpha, were transient since these cytokines, as well as GMCSF and IL-5, had no effect on IH responses elicited 21 days after the peak of BPO-specific IgE AFC responses. The data suggest that cytokine mediated effects on IH responses occur via changes in serum levels of BPO-specific IgG1 or IgE, through direct or indirect effects of cytokines on mast cells or other cell types, or by affecting the ability of BPO-specific homocytotropic antibodies to bind to mast cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Auci
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203
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Auci DL, Chice SM, Durkin HG, Murali MR. Constitutive production of PAI-II and increased surface expression of GM1 ganglioside by peripheral blood monocytes from patients with AIDS: evidence of monocyte activation in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 1992; 52:282-6. [PMID: 1522387 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.52.3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the activation state of monocytes during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (n = 10) and from healthy controls (n = 10) were cultured for 4 days. Monocyte culture supernatant (MCS) was collected daily, and levels of urokinase (UK) inhibitor PAI-II, a product of activated monocytes, released into MCS were determined (fibrin plate assay). To examine the activation state of PBMs independently, expression of GM1 ganglioside on PBMs from patients with AIDS (n = 9), patients with AIDS-related complex (ARC) (n = 8), HIV+ asymptomatic patients (n = 6), and HIV- healthy controls (n = 11) was determined (flow cytometry; living cells in suspension). Data are expressed as percent inhibition of UK, or as percent total cells. Patients' MCS collected on days 1-4 of culture contained similar levels of PAI-II because it inhibited UK in similar fashion (70-90%). In contrast, MCS from healthy controls, collected after 2 days, had decreased ability to inhibit UK (15-50%) and thus contained lower levels of PAI-II. Monocyte activation, measured by increased expression of GM1 ganglioside on PBM surfaces, directly correlated with the progression of HIV infection into the development of AIDS, since the order of magnitude of GM1 ganglioside expression on PBMs was AIDS greater than ARC greater than HIV+ asymptomatic = healthy controls. Our data indicate that PBMs from patients with AIDS are constitutively activated and suggest that activation directly correlates with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Auci
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203
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Auci DL, Durkin HG, Murali MR. Dysregulated proteolysis in AIDS. Immunol Invest 1992; 21:305-19. [PMID: 1398780 DOI: 10.3109/08820139209069370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmin activity induced by different concentrations of added urokinase (UK) in serum from 20 patients with AIDS (P) and 10 healthy control (HC) subjects was measured using the fibrin plate assay. 125I-fibrin coated 24 well plates were exposed to UK (0.34-6.8 ng/ml) or to trypsin (T) (2.5 micrograms/ml) in the presence of serum (10%) from P or HC. Control wells were exposed to either T or tris buffer (pH 8.1) alone. Volumes were adjusted to 1 ml with buffer and after 1 hr at 37 degrees C, radioactivity (cpm) released into the medium was determined using a gamma counter. Data are expressed as % plasmin activity or as % inhibition of plasmin activity. All sera from HC totally abrogated (greater than 98%) the plasmin activating ability of UK (1.7 ng/ml). In contrast, sera from approximately 50% of P were less able to inhibit plasmin activation (to 26%). The inability of P sera to inhibit plasmin activation was specific since P and HC sera were equally capable of inhibiting T. Mixing experiments using P and HC sera demonstrated that P sera did not block the ability of HC sera to inhibit plasmin activation. The inhibitory activity of HC and active P sera eluted in the void volume of a spehadex G100 column (MW greater than 100,000 daltons) and is acid sensitive, however HC sera also contains an acid stable inhibitor(s) of plasmin activation not detected in P sera. These data suggest dysregulation of UK dependent proteolysis may be associated with AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Auci
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203
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Abstract
We describe two HIV-seropositive patients with acute pneumococcal empyema and pericarditis. Cardiac tamponade evolved rapidly in each patient and was reversed with prompt surgical intervention. In each case, immunologic abnormalities were detected which could have facilitated local spread of infection and progression to tamponade. Pericarditis, an otherwise rare manifestation of pneumococcal infection in the antibiotic era, should be anticipated in HIV-seropositive patients with pneumococcal empyema.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Karve
- Department of Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Platanias
- State University of New York/Health Science Center, Brooklyn
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Abstract
Peyer's patches (PP) in germ-free rats (GF) and in the hyper-IgE syndrome patient (HIES) differ from their conventional rat (C) and healthy human (HH) counterparts in that GF rats contained fewer (two-fold) PP and none was detected in HIES. Existing PP in GF rats had reduced cellularity (three-fold) and different B and T cell subsets: high numbers of IgE-bearing (sIgE+) B cells (approximately 15% of total cells), one-half of which also expressed sIgA, were present in GF rat PP while none was detected in C rat PP (less than 1%). GF rat PP also contained elevated numbers of sIgA+ cells and decreased sIgM+ cells, with elevated numbers of sThy 1+ RT 7.1+ Ig- T cells (suppressor phenotype) and reduced sThy 1- RT 7.1+ Ig- T cells (helper phenotype). The cellular composition of GF rat PP was converted to that resembling a C rat within 18 hr after (a) use of standard (unautoclaved) chow; (b) feeding with certain bacteria or "working" bacterial cell wall components (BCWC) and synthetic derivatives, murein, MTP-PE, and norMDP, but not with LPS, core lipid A, or lipoprotein; BCWC had no effect if injected intravenously; or (c) thymectomy. Each procedure resulted in (i) elimination of sIgE+ B cells and normalization of the other isotypes, and (ii) loss of T suppressor cells and normalization of T helper cells. After treatments, no sIgE+ cells were detected in bone marrow (BM), thymus, other lymphoid organs, or blood. PP were not detected in HIES, although they were present in HH (approximately 10/individual). P blood contained two distinct sIgE+ B cell subpopulations, the apparent source of which was mesenteric lymph node (MLN), the only organ in which high numbers of these cells (35%) (five nodes examined) were detected; far fewer IgE+ cells were found in spleen (less than 5%), and none was detected in BM, thymus, other LN, or appendix, which was virtually acellular. Virtually no IgE secreting plasma cells were detected in MLN, spleen, appendix, other lymphoid organs, or in gut lamina propria. IgE+ B cells in MLN were not detected in follicles (classical B cell areas); instead, they were found in high numbers in the thymus-dependent area and in medulla. Most follicles (greater than 98%) in MLN and spleen contained intercellular IgE complexed to bacterial antigen and/or CD23 (IgE-binding factor? antigen?), but contained no germinal centers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Durkin
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203
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Abstract
A diabetic woman presented with diabetic ketoacidosis after demonstrating immediate-type hypersensitivity to heterologous insulin. She had had interrupted insulin therapy in the past. Insulin requirements during the course of treatment for the acidosis suggested marked resistance, with 50,000 U of insulin needed in the first 36 h. Anaphylaxis requiring intubation and emergency treatment developed after intravenous purified pork insulin was administered. Elevated titers of insulin-specific IgG (441.6 U/L serum) demonstrated immunologic insulin resistance. Positive intradermal skin tests for beef and pork insulins and detection of insulin-specific IgE by RAST assay revealed concurrent immediate-type allergy. A review of the literature revealed the unique occurrence in this patient of simultaneous ketoacidosis, insulin allergy, anaphylaxis, and immunologic resistance. Interrupted insulin therapy in susceptible individuals remains a potential danger, even with the availability of purified insulin preparations.
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Thiruvengadam KV, Arunachalam K, Murali MR, Sarma AV, Varadarajan MG, Shetty BS, Swamidasan G. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in a family. J Assoc Physicians India 1972; 20:707-12. [PMID: 4654896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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