1
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Falin A, Lv H, Janzen E, Edgar JH, Zhang R, Qian D, Sheu HS, Cai Q, Gan W, Wu X, Santos EJG, Li LH. Anomalous isotope effect on mechanical properties of single atomic layer Boron Nitride. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5331. [PMID: 37658077 PMCID: PMC10474280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ideal mechanical properties and behaviors of materials without the influence of defects are of great fundamental and engineering significance but considered inaccessible. Here, we use single-atom-thin isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to demonstrate that two-dimensional (2D) materials offer us close-to ideal experimental platforms to study intrinsic mechanical phenomena. The highly delicate isotope effect on the mechanical properties of monolayer hBN is directly measured by indentation: lighter 10B gives rise to higher elasticity and strength than heavier 11B. This anomalous isotope effect establishes that the intrinsic mechanical properties without the effect of defects could be measured, and the so-called ultrafine and normally neglected isotopic perturbation in nuclear charge distribution sometimes plays a more critical role than the isotopic mass effect in the mechanical and other physical properties of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Falin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Haifeng Lv
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Hwo-Shuenn Sheu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Qiran Cai
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Wei Gan
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Elton J G Santos
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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2
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Wang QH, Bedoya-Pinto A, Blei M, Dismukes AH, Hamo A, Jenkins S, Koperski M, Liu Y, Sun QC, Telford EJ, Kim HH, Augustin M, Vool U, Yin JX, Li LH, Falin A, Dean CR, Casanova F, Evans RFL, Chshiev M, Mishchenko A, Petrovic C, He R, Zhao L, Tsen AW, Gerardot BD, Brotons-Gisbert M, Guguchia Z, Roy X, Tongay S, Wang Z, Hasan MZ, Wrachtrup J, Yacoby A, Fert A, Parkin S, Novoselov KS, Dai P, Balicas L, Santos EJG. The Magnetic Genome of Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials. ACS Nano 2022; 16:6960-7079. [PMID: 35442017 PMCID: PMC9134533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials has recently emerged as one of the most promising areas in condensed matter research, with many exciting emerging properties and significant potential for applications ranging from topological magnonics to low-power spintronics, quantum computing, and optical communications. In the brief time after their discovery, 2D magnets have blossomed into a rich area for investigation, where fundamental concepts in magnetism are challenged by the behavior of spins that can develop at the single layer limit. However, much effort is still needed in multiple fronts before 2D magnets can be routinely used for practical implementations. In this comprehensive review, prominent authors with expertise in complementary fields of 2D magnetism (i.e., synthesis, device engineering, magneto-optics, imaging, transport, mechanics, spin excitations, and theory and simulations) have joined together to provide a genome of current knowledge and a guideline for future developments in 2D magnetic materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hua Wang
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Amilcar Bedoya-Pinto
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat
de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Mark Blei
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Avalon H. Dismukes
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Assaf Hamo
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sarah Jenkins
- Twist
Group,
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Campus Duisburg, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Koperski
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Qi-Chao Sun
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Evan J. Telford
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hyun Ho Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering
Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of
Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Mathias Augustin
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Uri Vool
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John Harvard
Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jia-Xin Yin
- Laboratory
for Topological Quantum Matter and Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alexey Falin
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Cory R. Dean
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE
BRTA, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque
Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Richard F. L. Evans
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mairbek Chshiev
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Spintec, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Artem Mishchenko
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Cedomir Petrovic
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Rui He
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, 910 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United
States
| | - Liuyan Zhao
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Adam W. Tsen
- Institute
for Quantum Computing and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian D. Gerardot
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Brotons-Gisbert
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Zurab Guguchia
- Laboratory
for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M. Zahid Hasan
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Princeton
Institute for Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Joerg Wrachtrup
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amir Yacoby
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A.
Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Albert Fert
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
- Department
of Materials Physics UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Stuart Parkin
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Dai
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Luis Balicas
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Higgs Centre
for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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3
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Cantos-Prieto F, Falin A, Alliati M, Qian D, Zhang R, Tao T, Barnett MR, Santos EJG, Li LH, Navarro-Moratalla E. Layer-Dependent Mechanical Properties and Enhanced Plasticity in the Van der Waals Chromium Trihalide Magnets. Nano Lett 2021; 21:3379-3385. [PMID: 33835813 PMCID: PMC8454994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of magnetic materials are instrumental for the development of magnetoelastic theories and the optimization of strain-modulated magnetic devices. In particular, two-dimensional (2D) magnets hold promise to enlarge these concepts into the realm of low-dimensional physics and ultrathin devices. However, no experimental study on the intrinsic mechanical properties of the archetypal 2D magnet family of the chromium trihalides has thus far been performed. Here, we report the room temperature layer-dependent mechanical properties of atomically thin CrCl3 and CrI3, finding that the bilayers have Young's moduli of 62.1 and 43.4 GPa, highest sustained strains of 6.49% and 6.09% and breaking strengths of 3.6 and 2.2 GPa, respectively. This portrays the outstanding plasticity of these materials that is qualitatively demonstrated in the bulk crystals. The current study will contribute to the applications of the 2D magnets in magnetostrictive and flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cantos-Prieto
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Calle Catedrático José
Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Alexey Falin
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School
of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University
of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Martin Alliati
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s
University Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Qian
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Tao Tao
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School
of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University
of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Matthew R. Barnett
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Higgs
Centre for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Efrén Navarro-Moratalla
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Calle Catedrático José
Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
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4
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Falin A, Holwill M, Lv H, Gan W, Cheng J, Zhang R, Qian D, Barnett MR, Santos EJG, Novoselov KS, Tao T, Wu X, Li LH. Mechanical Properties of Atomically Thin Tungsten Dichalcogenides: WS 2, WSe 2, and WTe 2. ACS Nano 2021; 15:2600-2610. [PMID: 33503379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) tungsten disulfide (WS2), tungsten diselenide (WSe2), and tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) draw increasing attention due to their attractive properties deriving from the heavy tungsten and chalcogenide atoms, but their mechanical properties are still mostly unknown. Here, we determine the intrinsic and air-aged mechanical properties of mono-, bi-, and trilayer (1-3L) WS2, WSe2, and WTe2 using a complementary suite of experiments and theoretical calculations. High-quality 1L WS2 has the highest Young's modulus (302.4 ± 24.1 GPa) and strength (47.0 ± 8.6 GPa) of the entire family, overpassing those of 1L WSe2 (258.6 ± 38.3 and 38.0 ± 6.0 GPa, respectively) and WTe2 (149.1 ± 9.4 and 6.4 ± 3.3 GPa, respectively). However, the elasticity and strength of WS2 decrease most dramatically with increased thickness among the three materials. We interpret the phenomenon by the different tendencies for interlayer sliding in an equilibrium state and under in-plane strain and out-of-plane compression conditions in the indentation process, revealed by the finite element method and density functional theory calculations including van der Waals interactions. We also demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the high-quality 1-3L WS2 and WSe2 are largely stable in air for up to 20 weeks. Intriguingly, the 1-3L WSe2 shows increased modulus and strength values with aging in the air. This is ascribed to oxygen doping, which reinforces the structure. The present study will facilitate the design and use of 2D tungsten dichalcogenides in applications such as strain engineering and flexible field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Falin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Matthew Holwill
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Haifeng Lv
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Gan
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Jun Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Matthew R Barnett
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Elton J G Santos
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin S Novoselov
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 117546 Singapore
| | - Tao Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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5
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Cai Q, Scullion D, Gan W, Falin A, Cizek P, Liu S, Edgar JH, Liu R, Cowie BCC, Santos EJG, Li LH. Outstanding Thermal Conductivity of Single Atomic Layer Isotope-Modified Boron Nitride. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:085902. [PMID: 32909783 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.085902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Materials with high thermal conductivities (κ) are valuable to solve the challenge of waste heat dissipation in highly integrated and miniaturized modern devices. Herein, we report the first synthesis of atomically thin isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride (BN) and its one of the highest κ among all semiconductors and electric insulators. Single atomic layer (1L) BN enriched with ^{11}B has a κ up to 1009 W/mK at room temperature. We find that the isotope engineering mainly suppresses the out-of-plane optical (ZO) phonon scatterings in BN, which subsequently reduces acoustic-optical scatterings between ZO and transverse acoustic (TA) and longitudinal acoustic phonons. On the other hand, reducing the thickness to a single atomic layer diminishes the interlayer interactions and hence umklapp scatterings of the out-of-plane acoustic (ZA) phonons, though this thickness-induced κ enhancement is not as dramatic as that in naturally occurring BN. With many of its unique properties, atomically thin monoisotopic BN is promising on heat management in van der Waals devices and future flexible electronics. The isotope engineering of atomically thin BN may also open up other appealing applications and opportunities in 2D materials yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Cai
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Declan Scullion
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Gan
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Alexey Falin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Pavel Cizek
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Advanced Materials Characterisation Facility, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Bruce C C Cowie
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Elton J G Santos
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia
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6
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Cai Q, Gan W, Falin A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Zhuang J, Hao W, Huang S, Tao T, Chen Y, Li LH. Two-Dimensional Van der Waals Heterostructures for Synergistically Improved Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:21985-21991. [PMID: 32319287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a precise and noninvasive analytical technique that is widely used in chemical analysis, environmental protection, food processing, pharmaceutics, and diagnostic biology. However, it is still a challenge to produce highly sensitive and reusable SERS substrates with a minimum fluorescence background. In this work, we propose the use of van der Waals heterostructures of two-dimensional materials to cover plasmonic metal nanoparticles to solve this challenge. The heterostructures of atomically thin boron nitride (BN) and graphene provide synergistic effects: (1) electrons could tunnel through the atomically thin BN, allowing the charge transfer between graphene and probe molecules to suppress the fluorescence background; (2) the SERS sensitivity is enhanced by graphene via a chemical enhancement mechanism in addition to an electromagnetic field mechanism; and (3) the atomically thin BN protects the underlying graphene and Ag nanoparticles from oxidation during heating for regeneration at 360 °C in the air so that the SERS substrates could be reused. These advances will facilitate wider applications of SERS especially on the detection of fluorescent molecules with higher sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Cai
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Wei Gan
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alexey Falin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
- Dongguan South China Design Innovation Institute, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jincheng Zhuang
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weichang Hao
- BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shaoming Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials & Energy Storage Devices, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Dongguan South China Design Innovation Institute, Dongguan 523808, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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7
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Gan W, Tserkezis C, Cai Q, Falin A, Mateti S, Nguyen M, Aharonovich I, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Huang F, Song L, Kong L, Chen Y, Li LH. Atomically Thin Boron Nitride as an Ideal Spacer for Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence. ACS Nano 2019; 13:12184-12191. [PMID: 31577417 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) considerably enhances the luminescence for various applications, but its performance largely depends on the dielectric spacer between the fluorophore and plasmonic system. It is still challenging to produce a defect-free spacer having an optimized thickness with a sub-nanometer accuracy that enables reusability without affecting the enhancement. In this study, we demonstrate the use of atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride (BN) as an ideal MEF spacer owing to its multifold advantages over the traditional dielectric thin films. With rhodamine 6G as a representative fluorophore, it largely improves the enhancement factor (up to ∼95 ± 5), sensitivity (10-8 M), reproducibility, and reusability (∼90% of the plasmonic activity is retained after 30 cycles of heating at 350 °C in air) of MEF. This can be attributed to its two-dimensional structure, thickness control at the atomic level, defect-free quality, high affinities to aromatic fluorophores, good thermal stability, and excellent impermeability. The atomically thin BN spacers could increase the use of MEF in different fields and industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gan
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Christos Tserkezis
- Center for Nano Optics , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Qiran Cai
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Alexey Falin
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Srikanth Mateti
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Minh Nguyen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences , University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo , New South Wales 2007 , Australia
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Fumin Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - Li Song
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230029 , China
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong , Victoria 3216 , Australia
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Cai Q, Scullion D, Gan W, Falin A, Zhang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Chen Y, Santos EJG, Li LH. High thermal conductivity of high-quality monolayer boron nitride and its thermal expansion. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav0129. [PMID: 31187056 PMCID: PMC6555632 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat management has become more and more critical, especially in miniaturized modern devices, so the exploration of highly thermally conductive materials with electrical insulation is of great importance. Here, we report that high-quality one-atom-thin hexagonal boron nitride (BN) has a thermal conductivity (κ) of 751 W/mK at room temperature, the second largest κ per unit weight among all semiconductors and insulators. The κ of atomically thin BN decreases with increased thickness. Our molecular dynamic simulations accurately reproduce this trend, and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the main scattering mechanism. The thermal expansion coefficients of monolayer to trilayer BN at 300 to 400 K are also experimentally measured for the first time. Owing to its wide bandgap, high thermal conductivity, outstanding strength, good flexibility, and excellent thermal and chemical stability, atomically thin BN is a strong candidate for heat dissipation applications, especially in the next generation of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Cai
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Declan Scullion
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Wei Gan
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alexey Falin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Shunying Zhang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- Corresponding author. (L.H.L.); (E.J.G.S.)
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
- Corresponding author. (L.H.L.); (E.J.G.S.)
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