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Podleśny-Drabiniok A, Novikova G, Liu Y, Dunst J, Temizer R, Giannarelli C, Marro S, Kreslavsky T, Marcora E, Goate AM. BHLHE40/41 regulate microglia and peripheral macrophage responses associated with Alzheimer's disease and other disorders of lipid-rich tissues. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2058. [PMID: 38448474 PMCID: PMC10917780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic and experimental evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk alleles and genes may influence disease susceptibility by altering the transcriptional and cellular responses of macrophages, including microglia, to damage of lipid-rich tissues like the brain. Recently, sc/nRNA sequencing studies identified similar transcriptional activation states in subpopulations of macrophages in aging and degenerating brains and in other diseased lipid-rich tissues. We collectively refer to these subpopulations of microglia and peripheral macrophages as DLAMs. Using macrophage sc/nRNA-seq data from healthy and diseased human and mouse lipid-rich tissues, we reconstructed gene regulatory networks and identified 11 strong candidate transcriptional regulators of the DLAM response across species. Loss or reduction of two of these transcription factors, BHLHE40/41, in iPSC-derived microglia and human THP-1 macrophages as well as loss of Bhlhe40/41 in mouse microglia, resulted in increased expression of DLAM genes involved in cholesterol clearance and lysosomal processing, increased cholesterol efflux and storage, and increased lysosomal mass and degradative capacity. These findings provide targets for therapeutic modulation of macrophage/microglial function in AD and other disorders affecting lipid-rich tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podleśny-Drabiniok
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gloriia Novikova
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- OMNI Bioinformatics Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yiyuan Liu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Josefine Dunst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rose Temizer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuele Marro
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Taras Kreslavsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Alison Mary Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Bowles KR, Pugh DA, Pedicone C, Oja L, Weitzman SA, Liu Y, Chen JL, Disney MD, Goate AM. Development of MAPT S305 mutation models exhibiting elevated 4R tau expression, resulting in altered neuronal and astrocytic function. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.02.543224. [PMID: 37333200 PMCID: PMC10274740 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to the importance of 4R tau in the pathogenicity of primary tauopathies, it has been challenging to model these diseases in iPSC-derived neurons, which express very low levels of 4R tau. To address this problem we have developed a panel of isogenic iPSC lines carrying the MAPT splice-site mutations S305S, S305I or S305N, derived from four different donors. All three mutations significantly increased the proportion of 4R tau expression in iPSC-neurons and astrocytes, with up to 80% 4R transcripts in S305N neurons from as early as 4 weeks of differentiation. Transcriptomic and functional analyses of S305 mutant neurons revealed shared disruption in glutamate signaling and synaptic maturity, but divergent effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics. In iPSC-astrocytes, S305 mutations induced lysosomal disruption and inflammation and exacerbated internalization of exogenous tau that may be a precursor to the glial pathologies observed in many tauopathies. In conclusion, we present a novel panel of human iPSC lines that express unprecedented levels of 4R tau in neurons and astrocytes. These lines recapitulate previously characterized tauopathy-relevant phenotypes, but also highlight functional differences between the wild type 4R and mutant 4R proteins. We also highlight the functional importance of MAPT expression in astrocytes. These lines will be highly beneficial to tauopathy researchers enabling a more complete understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying 4R tauopathies across different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- KR Bowles
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - DA Pugh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - C Pedicone
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - L Oja
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - SA Weitzman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - JL Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - MD Disney
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - AM Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
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Podlesny-Drabiniok A, Novikova G, Liu Y, Dunst J, Temizer R, Giannarelli C, Marro S, Kreslavsky T, Marcora E, Goate AM. BHLHE40/41 regulate macrophage/microglia responses associated with Alzheimer's disease and other disorders of lipid-rich tissues. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.13.528372. [PMID: 36824752 PMCID: PMC9948946 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetic and experimental evidence strongly implicates myeloid cells in the etiology of AD and suggests that AD-associated alleles and genes may modulate disease risk by altering the transcriptional and cellular responses of macrophages (like microglia) to damage of lipid-rich tissues (like the brain). Specifically, recent single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing (sc/nRNA-seq) studies identified a transcriptionally distinct state of subsets of macrophages in aging or degenerating brains (usually referred to as disease-associated microglia or DAM) and in other diseased lipid-rich tissues (e.g., obese adipose tissue, fatty liver, and atherosclerotic plaques). We collectively refer to these subpopulations as lipid-associated macrophages or LAMs. Importantly, this particular activation state is characterized by increased expression of genes involved in the phagocytic clearance of lipid-rich cellular debris (efferocytosis), including several AD risk genes. Methods We used sc/nRNA-seq data from human and mouse microglia from healthy and diseased brains and macrophages from other lipid-rich tissues to reconstruct gene regulatory networks and identify transcriptional regulators whose regulons are enriched for LAM response genes (LAM TFs) across species. We then used gene knock-down/knock-out strategies to validate some of these LAM TFs in human THP-1 macrophages and iPSC-derived microglia in vitro, as well as mouse microglia in vivo. Results We nominate 11 strong candidate LAM TFs shared across human and mouse networks (BHLHE41, HIF1A, ID2, JUNB, MAF, MAFB, MEF2A, MEF2C, NACA, POU2F2 and SPI1). We also demonstrate a strong enrichment of AD risk alleles in the cistrome of BHLHE41 (and its close homolog BHLHE40), thus implicating its regulon in the modulation of disease susceptibility. Loss or reduction of BHLHE40/41 expression in human THP-1 macrophages and iPSC-derived microglia, as well as loss of Bhlhe40/41 in mouse microglia led to increased expression of LAM response genes, specifically those involved in cholesterol clearance and lysosomal processing, with a concomitant increase in cholesterol efflux and storage, as well as lysosomal mass and degradative capacity. Conclusions Taken together, this study nominates transcriptional regulators of the LAM response, experimentally validates BHLHE40/41 in human and mouse macrophages/microglia, and provides novel targets for therapeutic modulation of macrophage/microglia function in AD and other disorders of lipid-rich tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podlesny-Drabiniok
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gloriia Novikova
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- OMNI Bioinformatics Department and Neuroscience Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yiyuan Liu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josefine Dunst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rose Temizer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Department of Medicine (C.G.), Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology (C.G.), Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Samuele Marro
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Taras Kreslavsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alison Mary Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Lambert JC, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Harold D, Naj AC, Sims R, Bellenguez C, DeStafano AL, Bis JC, Beecham GW, Grenier-Boley B, Russo G, Thorton-Wells TA, Jones N, Smith AV, Chouraki V, Thomas C, Ikram MA, Zelenika D, Vardarajan BN, Kamatani Y, Lin CF, Gerrish A, Schmidt H, Kunkle B, Dunstan ML, Ruiz A, Bihoreau MT, Choi SH, Reitz C, Pasquier F, Cruchaga C, Craig D, Amin N, Berr C, Lopez OL, De Jager PL, Deramecourt V, Johnston JA, Evans D, Lovestone S, Letenneur L, Morón FJ, Rubinsztein DC, Eiriksdottir G, Sleegers K, Goate AM, Fiévet N, Huentelman MW, Gill M, Brown K, Kamboh MI, Keller L, Barberger-Gateau P, McGuiness B, Larson EB, Green R, Myers AJ, Dufouil C, Todd S, Wallon D, Love S, Rogaeva E, Gallacher J, St George-Hyslop P, Clarimon J, Lleo A, Bayer A, Tsuang DW, Yu L, Tsolaki M, Bossù P, Spalletta G, Proitsi P, Collinge J, Sorbi S, Sanchez-Garcia F, Fox NC, Hardy J, Deniz Naranjo MC, Bosco P, Clarke R, Brayne C, Galimberti D, Mancuso M, Matthews F, Moebus S, Mecocci P, Del Zompo M, Maier W, Hampel H, Pilotto A, Bullido M, Panza F, Caffarra P, Nacmias B, Gilbert JR, Mayhaus M, Lannefelt L, Hakonarson H, Pichler S, Carrasquillo MM, Ingelsson M, Beekly D, Alvarez V, Zou F, Valladares O, Younkin SG, Coto E, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Gu W, Razquin C, Pastor P, Mateo I, Owen MJ, Faber KM, Jonsson PV, Combarros O, O'Donovan MC, Cantwell LB, Soininen H, Blacker D, Mead S, Mosley TH, Bennett DA, Harris TB, Fratiglioni L, Holmes C, de Bruijn RF, Passmore P, Montine TJ, Bettens K, Rotter JI, Brice A, Morgan K, Foroud TM, Kukull WA, Hannequin D, Powell JF, Nalls MA, Ritchie K, Lunetta KL, Kauwe JS, Boerwinkle E, Riemenschneider M, Boada M, Hiltuenen M, Martin ER, Schmidt R, Rujescu D, Wang LS, Dartigues JF, Mayeux R, Tzourio C, Hofman A, Nöthen MM, Graff C, Psaty BM, Jones L, Haines JL, Holmans PA, Lathrop M, Pericak-Vance MA, Launer LJ, Farrer LA, van Duijn CM, Van Broeckhoven C, Moskvina V, Seshadri S, Williams J, Schellenberg GD, Amouyel P. Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1452-8. [PMID: 24162737 PMCID: PMC3896259 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2947] [Impact Index Per Article: 267.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eleven susceptibility loci for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) were identified by previous studies; however, a large portion of the genetic risk for this disease remains unexplained. We conducted a large, two-stage meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in individuals of European ancestry. In stage 1, we used genotyped and imputed data (7,055,881 SNPs) to perform meta-analysis on 4 previously published GWAS data sets consisting of 17,008 Alzheimer's disease cases and 37,154 controls. In stage 2, 11,632 SNPs were genotyped and tested for association in an independent set of 8,572 Alzheimer's disease cases and 11,312 controls. In addition to the APOE locus (encoding apolipoprotein E), 19 loci reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)) in the combined stage 1 and stage 2 analysis, of which 11 are newly associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Mills SM, Mallmann J, Santacruz AM, Fuqua A, Carril M, Aisen PS, Althage MC, Belyew S, Benzinger TL, Brooks WS, Buckles VD, Cairns NJ, Clifford D, Danek A, Fagan AM, Farlow M, Fox N, Ghetti B, Goate AM, Heinrichs D, Hornbeck R, Jack C, Jucker M, Klunk WE, Marcus DS, Martins RN, Masters CM, Mayeux R, McDade E, Morris JC, Oliver A, Ringman JM, Rossor MN, Salloway S, Schofield PR, Snider J, Snyder P, Sperling RA, Stewart C, Thomas RG, Xiong C, Bateman RJ. Preclinical trials in autosomal dominant AD: implementation of the DIAN-TU trial. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:737-43. [PMID: 24016464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network Trials Unit (DIAN-TU) was formed to direct the design and management of interventional therapeutic trials of international DIAN and autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) participants. The goal of the DIAN-TU is to implement safe trials that have the highest likelihood of success while advancing scientific understanding of these diseases and clinical effects of proposed therapies. The DIAN-TU has launched a trial design that leverages the existing infrastructure of the ongoing DIAN observational study, takes advantage of a variety of drug targets, incorporates the latest results of biomarker and cognitive data collected during the observational study, and implements biomarkers measuring Alzheimer's disease (AD) biological processes to improve the efficiency of trial design. The DIAN-TU trial design is unique due to the sophisticated design of multiple drugs, multiple pharmaceutical partners, academics servings as sponsor, geographic distribution of a rare population and intensive safety and biomarker assessments. The implementation of the operational aspects such as home health research delivery, safety magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) at remote locations, monitoring clinical and cognitive measures, and regulatory management involving multiple pharmaceutical sponsors of the complex DIAN-TU trial are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mills
- DIAN-TU, Washington University, 660, S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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Kos MZ, Yan J, Dick DM, Agrawal A, Bucholz KK, Rice JP, Johnson EO, Schuckit M, Kuperman S, Kramer J, Goate AM, Tischfield JA, Foroud T, Nurnberger J, Hesselbrock V, Porjesz B, Bierut LJ, Edenberg HJ, Almasy L. Common biological networks underlie genetic risk for alcoholism in African- and European-American populations. Genes Brain Behav 2013; 12:532-42. [PMID: 23607416 PMCID: PMC3709451 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) is a heritable substance addiction with adverse physical and psychological consequences, representing a major health and economic burden on societies worldwide. Genes thus far implicated via linkage, candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for only a small fraction of its overall risk, with effects varying across ethnic groups. Here we investigate the genetic architecture of alcoholism and report on the extent to which common, genome-wide SNPs collectively account for risk of AD in two US populations, African-Americans (AAs) and European-Americans (EAs). Analyzing GWAS data for two independent case-control sample sets, we compute polymarker scores that are significantly associated with alcoholism (P = 1.64 × 10(-3) and 2.08 × 10(-4) for EAs and AAs, respectively), reflecting the small individual effects of thousands of variants derived from patterns of allelic architecture that are population specific. Simulations show that disease models based on rare and uncommon causal variants (MAF < 0.05) best fit the observed distribution of polymarker signals. When scoring bins were annotated for gene location and examined for constituent biological networks, gene enrichment is observed for several cellular processes and functions in both EA and AA populations, transcending their underlying allelic differences. Our results reveal key insights into the complex etiology of AD, raising the possibility of an important role for rare and uncommon variants, and identify polygenic mechanisms that encompass a spectrum of disease liability, with some, such as chloride transporters and glycine metabolism genes, displaying subtle, modifying effects that are likely to escape detection in most GWAS designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Kos
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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7
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Bierut LJ, Goate AM, Breslau N, Johnson EO, Bertelsen S, Fox L, Agrawal A, Bucholz KK, Grucza R, Hesselbrock V, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Nurnberger J, Porjesz B, Saccone NL, Schuckit M, Tischfield J, Wang JC, Foroud T, Rice JP, Edenberg HJ. ADH1B is associated with alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption in populations of European and African ancestry. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:445-50. [PMID: 21968928 PMCID: PMC3252425 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A coding variant in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) (rs1229984) that leads to the replacement of Arg48 with His48 is common in Asian populations and reduces their risk for alcoholism, but because of very low allele frequencies the effects in European or African populations have been difficult to detect. We genotyped and analyzed this variant in three large European and African-American case-control studies in which alcohol dependence was defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria, and demonstrated a strong protective effect of the His48 variant (odds ratio (OR) 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24, 0.48) on alcohol dependence, with genome-wide significance (6.6 × 10(-10)). The hypothesized mechanism of action involves an increased aversive reaction to alcohol; in keeping with this hypothesis, the same allele is strongly associated with a lower maximum number of drinks in a 24-hour period (lifetime), with P=3 × 10(-13). We also tested the effects of this allele on the development of alcoholism in adolescents and young adults, and demonstrated a significantly protective effect. This variant has the strongest effect on risk for alcohol dependence compared with any other tested variant in European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Saccone NL, Schwantes-An TH, Wang JC, Grucza RA, Breslau N, Hatsukami D, Johnson EO, Rice JP, Goate AM, Bierut LJ. Multiple cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes affect nicotine dependence risk in African and European Americans. Genes Brain Behav 2010; 9:741-50. [PMID: 20584212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several independent studies show that the chromosome 15q25.1 region, which contains the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster, harbors variants strongly associated with nicotine dependence, other smoking behaviors, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We investigated whether variants in other cholinergic nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRN) genes affect the risk of nicotine dependence in a new sample of African Americans (AAs) (N = 710). We also analyzed this AA sample together with a European American (EA) sample (N = 2062, 1608 of which have been previously studied), allowing for differing effects in the two populations. Cases are current nicotine-dependent smokers and controls are non-dependent smokers. Variants in or near CHRND-CHRNG, CHRNA7 and CHRNA10 show modest association with nicotine dependence risk in the AA sample. In addition, CHRNA4, CHRNB3-CHRNA6 and CHRNB1 show association in at least one population. CHRNG and CHRNA4 harbor single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have opposite directions of effect in the two populations. In each of the population samples, these loci substantially increase the trait variation explained, although no loci meet Bonferroni-corrected significance in the AA sample alone. The trait variation explained by three key associated SNPs in CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 is 1.9% in EAs and also 1.9% in AAs; this increases to 4.5% in EAs and 7.3% in AAs when we add six variants representing associations at other CHRN genes. Multiple nicotinic receptor subunit genes outside chromosome 15q25 are likely to be important in the biological processes and development of nicotine dependence, and some of these risks may be shared across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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9
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Kauwe JSK, Bertelsen S, Mayo K, Cruchaga C, Abraham R, Hollingworth P, Harold D, Owen MJ, Williams J, Lovestone S, Morris JC, Goate AM. Suggestive synergy between genetic variants in TF and HFE as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:955-9. [PMID: 20029940 PMCID: PMC2877151 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease that is likely influenced by many genetic and environmental factors. Citing evidence that iron may play a role in AD pathology, Robson et al. [Robson et al. (2004); J Med Genet 41:261-265] reported that epistatic interaction between rs1049296 (P589S) in the transferrin gene (TF) and rs1800562 (C282Y) in the hemochromatosis gene (HFE) results in significant association with risk for AD. In this study we attempted to replicate their findings in a total of 1,166 cases and 1,404 controls from three European and European American populations. Allele and genotype frequencies were consistent across the three populations. Using synergy factor analysis (SFA) and Logistic Regression analysis we tested each population and the combined sample for interactions between these two SNPs and risk for AD. We observed significant association between bi-carriers of the minor alleles of rs1049296 and rs1800562 in the combined sample using SFA (P = 0.0016, synergy factor = 2.71) and adjusted SFA adjusting for age and presence of the APOE epsilon 4 allele (P = 0.002, OR = 2.4). These results validate those of the previous report and support the hypothesis that iron transport and regulation play a role in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- JSK Kauwe
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - S Bertelsen
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - K Mayo
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - C Cruchaga
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - R Abraham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - P Hollingworth
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Harold
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - MJ Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - J Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - S Lovestone
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK
| | - JC Morris
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - AM Goate
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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10
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Wang JC, Grucza R, Cruchaga C, Hinrichs AL, Bertelsen S, Budde JP, Fox L, Goldstein E, Reyes O, Saccone N, Saccone S, Xuei X, Bucholz K, Kuperman S, Nurnberger J, Rice JP, Schuckit M, Tischfield J, Hesselbrock V, Porjesz B, Edenberg HJ, Bierut LJ, Goate AM. Genetic variation in the CHRNA5 gene affects mRNA levels and is associated with risk for alcohol dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:501-10. [PMID: 18414406 PMCID: PMC4381434 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence frequently co-occurs with cigarette smoking, another common addictive behavior. Evidence from genetic studies demonstrates that alcohol dependence and smoking cluster in families and have shared genetic vulnerability. Recently a candidate gene study in nicotine dependent cases and nondependent smoking controls reported strong associations between a missense mutation (rs16969968) in exon 5 of the CHRNA5 gene and a variant in the 3'-UTR of the CHRNA3 gene and nicotine dependence. In this study we performed a comprehensive association analysis of the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) families to investigate the role of genetic variants in risk for alcohol dependence. Using the family-based association test, we observed that a different group of polymorphisms, spanning CHRNA5-CHRNA3, demonstrate association with alcohol dependence defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn (DSM-IV) criteria. Using logistic regression we replicated this finding in an independent case-control series from the family study of cocaine dependence. These variants show low linkage disequilibrium with the SNPs previously reported to be associated with nicotine dependence and therefore represent an independent observation. Functional studies in human brain reveal that the variants associated with alcohol dependence are also associated with altered steady-state levels of CHRNA5 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- JC Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - C Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - AL Hinrichs
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - JP Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - L Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - E Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - O Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - N Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Saccone
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - X Xuei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Kuperman
- Division of Child Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - JP Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, San Diego VA Medical Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Tischfield
- Department of Genetics/HGI, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - V Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - B Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - HJ Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - LJ Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - AM Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Brunkan AL, Martinez M, Wang J, Walker ES, Beher D, Shearman MS, Goate AM. Two domains within the first putative transmembrane domain of presenilin 1 differentially influence presenilinase and gamma-secretase activity. J Neurochem 2005; 94:1315-28. [PMID: 16001967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Presenilins (PS) are thought to contain the active site for presenilinase endoproteolysis of PS and gamma-secretase cleavage of substrates. The structural requirements for PS incorporation into the gamma-secretase enzyme complex, complex stability and maturation, and appropriate presenilinase and gamma-secretase activity are poorly understood. We used rescue assays to identify sequences in transmembrane domain one (TM1) of PS1 required to support presenilinase and gamma-secretase activities. Swap mutations identified an N-terminal TM1 domain that is important for gamma-secretase activity only and a C-terminal TM1 domain that is essential for both presenilinase and gamma-secretase activities. Exchange of residues 95-98 of PS1 (sw95-98) completely abolishes both activities while the familial Alzheimer's disease mutation V96F significantly inhibits both activities. Reversion of residue 96 back to valine in the sw95-98 mutant rescues PS function, identifying V96 as the critical residue in this region. The TM1 mutants do not bind to an aspartyl protease transition state analog gamma-secretase inhibitor, indicating a conformational change induced by the mutations that abrogates catalytic activity. TM1 mutant PS1 molecules retain the ability to interact with gamma-secretase substrates and gamma-secretase complex members, although Nicastrin stability is decreased by the presence of these mutants. gamma-Secretase complexes that contain V96F mutant PS1 molecules display a partial loss of function for gamma-secretase that alters the ratio of amyloid-beta peptide species produced, leading to the amyloid-beta peptide aggregation that causes familial Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Brunkan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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12
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized pathologically by the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Genetic studies of AD first highlighted the importance of the presenilins (PS). Subsequent functional studies have demonstrated that PS form the catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex that produces the Abeta peptide, confirming the central role of PS in AD biology. Here, we review the studies that have characterized PS function in the gamma-secretase complex in Caenorhabditis elegans, mice and in in vitro cell culture systems, including studies of PS structure, PS interactions with substrates and other gamma-secretase complex members, and the evidence supporting the hypothesis that PS are aspartyl proteases that are active in intramembranous proteolysis. A thorough knowledge of the mechanism of PS cleavage in the context of the gamma-secretase complex will further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that cause AD, and may allow the development of therapeutics that can alter Abeta production and modify the risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Brunkan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63100, USA
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13
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Abstract
The structural requirements for presenilin (PS) to produce active presenilinase and gamma-secretase enzymes are poorly understood. Here we investigate the role the cytoplasmic C-terminal region of PS1 plays in PS1 activity. Deletion or addition of residues at the PS C-terminus has been reported to inhibit presenilinase endoproteolysis of PS and alter gamma-secretase activity. In this study, we use a sensitive assay in PS1/2KO MEFs to define a domain at the extreme C-terminus of PS1 that is essential for both presenilinase and gamma-secretase activities. Progressive deletion of the C-terminus demonstrated that removal of nine residues produces a PS1 molecule (458ST) that lacks both presenilinase processing and gamma-secretase cleavage of Notch and APP substrates. In contrast, removal of four or five residues had no effect (462ST, 463ST), while intermediate truncations partially inhibited PS1 activity. The 458ST mutant was unable to replace endogenous wtPS1 in HEK293 cells. Although 458ST was able to form a gamma-secretase complex, this complex was not matured, illustrated by mutant PS1 instability, lack of endoproteolysis, and little production of mature Nicastrin. These data indicate that the C-terminal end of PS1 is essential for Nicastrin trafficking and modification as well as the replacement of endogenous PS1 by PS1 transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Brunkan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S.Euclid B8134, St Louis, Mo 63110, Missouri, USA
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14
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Lambert JC, Araria-Goumidi L, Myllykangas L, Ellis C, Wang JC, Bullido MJ, Harris JM, Artiga MJ, Hernandez D, Kwon JM, Frigard B, Petersen RC, Cumming AM, Pasquier F, Sastre I, Tienari PJ, Frank A, Sulkava R, Morris JC, St Clair D, Mann DM, Wavrant-DeVrièze F, Ezquerra-Trabalon M, Amouyel P, Hardy J, Haltia M, Valdivieso F, Goate AM, Pérez-Tur J, Lendon CL, Chartier-Harlin MC. Contribution of APOE promoter polymorphisms to Alzheimer's disease risk. Neurology 2002; 59:59-66. [PMID: 12105308 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.59.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the effects of APOE promoter polymorphisms on AD are independent of the APOE-epsilon4 allele. BACKGROUND Recently, the -491 A-->T and -219 G-->T polymorphisms located in the APOE promoter have been suggested to be risk factors for AD. However, the effects of these polymorphisms have not always been reproduced in case-control studies, possibly because of the strong linkage disequilibrium existing at this locus or the characteristics of the populations studied. METHODS Data collection was performed from six independent samples (1,732 patients with AD and 1,926 control subjects) genotyped for APOE exon 4 and the two APOE promoter polymorphisms. The risks associated with the APOE polymorphisms for developing AD were estimated using logistic regression procedures and calculation of odds ratios with 95% CI adjusted by age, sex, and collection center. Independence of the APOE promoter polymorphisms was tested by stratification for APOE-epsilon4 and tertile design was used for age stratification. RESULTS The independence of the -491 AA genotype was observed in the whole sample whereas the independence of the -219 TT genotype was observed only in the oldest population. CONCLUSION The -491 and -219 APOE promoter polymorphisms incur risk for AD in addition to risk associated with the APOE-epsilon4 allele, with age accentuating the effect of the -219 TT genotype. Because these polymorphisms appear to influence apoE levels, these results suggest that APOE expression is an important determinant of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Lambert
- INSERM U508, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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15
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Abstract
The analysis of complex human diseases has been spurred by the number of published genomic sequence variants - many identified in the course of sequencing the human genome. But, to be useful for genetic analysis, variants have to be mapped accurately, their frequencies in various populations determined, and automated high-throughput assay techniques developed. Recently proposed methods address these issues: the use of 'reduced representation shotgun' methods for more efficient detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the employment of high-throughput genotyping techniques, the development of SNP maps that incorporate information about linkage disequilibrium, and the use of SNPs in identifying susceptibility genes for common illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nowotny
- Department of Psychiatry B8134, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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16
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Abstract
Of late-onset Alzheimer's disease patients 50% do not carry an apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, indicating that there must be other genetic or environmental risk factors for the disease. During the past few years, both genetic linkage and candidate gene studies have been undertaken in order to identify novel genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Previous genome screens implicated a region of chromosome 12 that contains the genes that encode both alpha(2)-macroglobulin and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. However, candidate gene studies have produced mixed results with respect to both of these genes. New linkage studies now provide strong evidence for Alzheimer's disease susceptibility loci on chromosomes 9 and 10. The locus on chromosome 10 very probably modifies risk for Alzheimer's disease by modulating beta-amyloid-42 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Myers
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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17
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Abstract
The release of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) from beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) requires cleavage by beta- and gamma-secretases. Several groups have identified a candidate for the beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme, BACE1, and its homologue BACE2. We sequenced the genes for BACE1 and BACE2 and found several polymorphisms in both genes. Genotyping a large cohort of AD cases and controls has shown no association between AD and the intronic polymorphism in BACE2 while there was a weak association between the BACE1 polymorphism in exon 5 and AD in those carrying the APOE epsilon4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nowotny
- Department of Psychiatry (B8134), Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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18
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Myers A, Holmans P, Marshall H, Kwon J, Meyer D, Ramic D, Shears S, Booth J, DeVrieze FW, Crook R, Hamshere M, Abraham R, Tunstall N, Rice F, Carty S, Lillystone S, Kehoe P, Rudrasingham V, Jones L, Lovestone S, Perez-Tur J, Williams J, Owen MJ, Hardy J, Goate AM. Susceptibility locus for Alzheimer's disease on chromosome 10. Science 2000; 290:2304-5. [PMID: 11125144 DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5500.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the only genetic risk factor that has so far been linked to risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). However, 50 percent of Alzheimer's disease cases do not carry an APOE4 allele, suggesting that other risk factors must exist. We performed a two-stage genome-wide screen in sibling pairs with LOAD to detect other susceptibility loci. Here we report evidence for an Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome 10. Our stage one multipoint lod score (logarithm of the odds ratio for linkage/no linkage) of 2.48 (266 sibling pairs) increased to 3.83 in stage 2 (429 sibling pairs) close to D10S1225 (79 centimorgans). This locus modifies risk for Alzheimer's disease independent of APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Myers
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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19
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Rosselli MC, Ardila AC, Moreno SC, Standish VC, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Tirado VM, Ossa JM, Goate AM, Kosik KS, Lopera F. Cognitive decline in patients with familial Alzheimer's disease associated with E280a presenilin-1 mutation: a longitudinal study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2000; 22:483-95. [PMID: 10923058 DOI: 10.1076/1380-3395(200008)22:4;1-0;ft483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Few longitudinal studies have been carried out to investigate the cognitive decline in early onset of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). In this study 12 patients with FAD (M age = 49.61 years, SD = 4.99), 10 patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) (M age = 71.40, SD =10.00), and 15 matched normal controls (M age = 45.01, SD = 7.24) were selected. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered three times over a period of 18 months. Individuals designated as FAD met the criteria for dementia and were positive for the E280A presenilin 1 mutation. Participants with SAD met the criteria for dementia and were negative for the E280A presenilin 1 mutation. Normal control participants were the FAD patients' relatives, who were negative for the mutation. Two groups of neuropsychological instruments were administered: (1) The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological test battery, and (2) additional neuropsychological tests of abstraction and constructional abilities. Patients with FAD were significantly impaired on all measures at the first examination except for reading of words. While the performance of the normal controls remained unchanged over the 18 months for most neuropsychological tests, the patients with FAD displayed a decline in verbal memory, language, constructional and abstraction tests. The greatest decline was observed on the Mini-Mental State Exam scores. Patients with SAD demonstrated a similar pattern of cognitive decline, but the decline was faster in FAD than in SAD participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rosselli
- Florida Atlantic University, Davie, FL 33314, USA.
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20
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Xia W, Ray WJ, Ostaszewski BL, Rahmati T, Kimberly WT, Wolfe MS, Zhang J, Goate AM, Selkoe DJ. Presenilin complexes with the C-terminal fragments of amyloid precursor protein at the sites of amyloid beta-protein generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9299-304. [PMID: 10922078 PMCID: PMC16862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.16.9299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An unusual intramembranous cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by gamma-secretase is the final step in the generation of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). Two conserved aspartates in transmembrane (TM) domains 6 and 7 of presenilin (PS) 1 are required for Abeta production by gamma-secretase. Here we report that the APP C-terminal fragments, C83 and C99, which are the direct substrates of gamma-secretase, can be coimmunoprecipitated with both PS1 and PS2. PS/C83 complexes were detected in cells expressing endogenous levels of PS. The complexes accumulate when gamma-secretase is inactivated either pharmacologically or by mutating the PS aspartates. PS1/C83 and PS1/C99 complexes were detected in Golgi-rich and trans-Golgi network-rich vesicle fractions. In contrast, complexes of PS1 with APP holoprotein, which is not the immediate substrate of gamma-secretase, occurred earlier in endoplasmic reticulum-rich vesicles. The major portion of intracellular Abeta at steady state was found in the same Golgi/trans-Golgi network-rich vesicles, and Abeta levels in these fractions were markedly reduced when either PS1 TM aspartate was mutated to alanine. Furthermore, de novo generation of Abeta in a cell-free microsomal reaction occurred specifically in these same vesicle fractions and was markedly inhibited by mutating either TM aspartate. Thus, PSs are complexed with the gamma-secretase substrates C83 and C99 in the subcellular locations where Abeta is generated, indicating that PSs are directly involved in the pathogenically critical intramembranous proteolysis of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xia
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Lendon CL, Martinez A, Behrens IM, Kosik KS, Madrigal L, Norton J, Neuman R, Myers A, Busfield F, Wragg M, Arcos M, Arango Viana JC, Ossa J, Ruiz A, Goate AM, Lopera F. E280A PS-1 mutation causes Alzheimer's disease but age of onset is not modified by ApoE alleles. Hum Mutat 2000; 10:186-95. [PMID: 9298817 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)10:3<186::aid-humu2>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A single base substitution of a glutamic acid to an alanine codon 280 was found in the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene on chromosome 14 in affected individuals in each of seven Colombian early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) kindreds. The mutation segregated with disease in kindreds tested. In the largest kindred (C2), the maximum two-point lod score between the mutation and AD was Z = 8.14 at theta = 0. The presence of a single mutation and the common geographic origin, with all families from the state of Antioquia, suggest a founder effect in this population. This finding is supported by the observation of a rare haplotype inherited with AD in all kindreds. These kindreds form the largest collection of AD cases with the same PS-1 mutation and the same educational, environmental, and ethnic background in which to study the phenotypic effect of putative risk factors, such as the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) or head trauma. Of the few AD cases having a history of head trauma, the age of onset was not lowered. No effect of ApoE genotype on the age of onset was detected. Previous investigations of the effect of ApoE genotype on the age of onset were confounded by small patient numbers, familial clustering of ApoE genotypes, and combining data from unrelated families with different mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lendon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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22
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Jiang Z, Cote J, Kwon JM, Goate AM, Wu JY. Aberrant splicing of tau pre-mRNA caused by intronic mutations associated with the inherited dementia frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:4036-48. [PMID: 10805746 PMCID: PMC85774 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.11.4036-4048.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/1999] [Accepted: 03/01/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia accounts for a significant fraction of dementia cases. Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 is associated with either exonic or intronic mutations in the tau gene. This highlights the involvement of aberrant pre-mRNA splicing in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the splicing defects underlying these diseases. To establish a model system for studying the role of pre-mRNA splicing in neurodegenerative diseases, we have constructed a tau minigene that reproduces tau alternative splicing in both cultured cells and in vitro biochemical assays. We demonstrate that mutations in a nonconserved intronic region of the human tau gene lead to increased splicing between exon 10 and exon 11. Systematic biochemical analyses indicate the importance of U1 snRNP and, to a lesser extent, U6 snRNP in differentially recognizing wild-type versus intron mutant tau pre-mRNAs. Gel mobility shift assays with purified U1 snRNP and oligonucleotide-directed RNase H cleavage experiments support the idea that the intronic mutations destabilize a stem-loop structure that sequesters the 5' splice site downstream of exon 10 in tau pre-mRNA, leading to increases in U1 snRNP binding and in splicing between exon 10 and exon 11. Thus, mutations in nonconserved intronic regions that increase rather than decrease alternative splicing can be an important pathogenic mechanism for the development of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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23
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of a number of neurodegenerative conditions including frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy that are associated with abnormal tau protein aggregates in neurons. Mutations in the tau gene cause familial forms of frontotemporal dementia and alleles of the tau gene have been associated with risk for progressive supranuclear palsy. However, studies evaluating whether polymorphic variation in tau is associated with AD have produced conflicting results. We investigated the role of the tau exon 2 polymorphism in a large sample of AD cases and controls and found no evidence that polymorphic variation in tau is associated AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4559 Scott Avenue, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, USA
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24
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Nowotny P, Gorski SM, Han SW, Philips K, Ray WJ, Nowotny V, Jones CJ, Clark RF, Cagan RL, Goate AM. Posttranslational modification and plasma membrane localization of the Drosophila melanogaster presenilin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2000; 15:88-98. [PMID: 10662508 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.1999.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in two genes, presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2, are linked to early onset cases of familial Alzheimer's disease. The presenilins are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by directly or indirectly affecting the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein. They have also been implicated in the proteolytic processing of Notch. In PS1-deficient mammalian cells, the proteolytic release of the Notch intracellular domain is reduced. Likewise, loss-of-function mutations in Drosophila presenilin (Psn) prevent the production of the intracellular Notch signaling fragment and lead to phenotypes resembling Notch mutants. Here we characterize the Drosophila Psn protein and demonstrate that it undergoes a proteolytic cleavage. We describe Psn expression at different developmental stages of the fly and show Psn localization near both apical and basal plasma membranes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that portions of the Psn protein span the plasma membrane in S2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nowotny
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Institute for Biomedical Computing, Washington University School of Medicine, 4559 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
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25
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Kwon JM, Goate AM. The candidate gene approach. Alcohol Res Health 2000; 24:164-8. [PMID: 11199286 PMCID: PMC6709736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism has a significant genetic basis, and identifying genes that confer a susceptibility to alcoholism will aid clinicians in preventing and effectively treating the disease. One commonly used technique to identify genetic risk factors for complex disorders such as alcoholism is the candidate gene approach, which directly tests the effects of genetic variants of a potentially contributing gene in an association study. These studies, which may include members of an affected family or unrelated cases and controls, can be performed relatively quickly and inexpensively and may allow identification of genes with small effects. However, the candidate gene approach is limited by how much is known of the biology of the disease being investigated. As researchers identify potential candidate genes using animal studies or linking them to DNA regions implicated through other analyses, the candidate gene approach will continue to be commonly used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kwon
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Ray WJ, Yao M, Mumm J, Schroeter EH, Saftig P, Wolfe M, Selkoe DJ, Kopan R, Goate AM. Cell surface presenilin-1 participates in the gamma-secretase-like proteolysis of Notch. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:36801-7. [PMID: 10593990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.51.36801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1), a polytopic membrane protein primarily localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, is required for efficient proteolysis of both Notch and beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) within their trans- membrane domains. The activity that cleaves APP (called gamma-secretase) has properties of an aspartyl protease, and mutation of either of the two aspartate residues located in adjacent transmembrane domains of PS1 inhibits gamma-secretase processing of APP. We show here that these aspartates are required for Notch processing, since mutation of these residues prevents PS1 from inducing the gamma-secretase-like proteolysis of a Notch1 derivative. Thus PS1 might function in Notch cleavage as an aspartyl protease or di-aspartyl protease cofactor. However, the ER localization of PS1 is inconsistent with that hypothesis, since Notch cleavage occurs near the cell surface. Using pulse-chase and biotinylation assays, we provide evidence that PS1 binds Notch in the ER/Golgi and is then co-transported to the plasma membrane as a complex. PS1 aspartate mutants were indistinguishable from wild-type PS1 in their ability to bind Notch or traffic with it to the cell surface, and did not alter the secretion of Notch. Thus, PS1 appears to function specifically in Notch proteolysis near the plasma membrane as an aspartyl protease or cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Ray
- Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Ray WJ, Yao M, Nowotny P, Mumm J, Zhang W, Wu JY, Kopan R, Goate AM. Evidence for a physical interaction between presenilin and Notch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3263-8. [PMID: 10077672 PMCID: PMC15930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses in Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate that sel-12 and hop-1, homologues of the Alzheimer's disease-associated presenilin genes, modify signaling through LIN-12 and GLP-1, homologues of the Notch cell surface receptor. To gain insight into the biochemical basis of this genetic interaction, we tested the possibility that presenilin-1 (PS1) physically associates with the Notch1 receptor in mammalian cells. Notch1 and PS1 coimmunoprecipitated from transiently transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cell lysates in a detergent-sensitive manner, consistent with a noncovalent physical association between the two proteins. The interaction predominantly occurred early in the secretory pathway prior to Notch cleavage in the Golgi, because PS1 immunoprecipitation preferentially recovered the full-length Notch1 precursor. When PS1 was immunoprecipitated from 293 cells that had been metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine, Notch1 was the primary protein detected in PS1 immunoprecipitates, suggesting that this interaction is specific. Furthermore, endogenous Notch and presenilin coimmunoprecipitated from cultured Drosophila cells, indicating that physical interaction can occur at physiological expression levels. These results suggest that the genetic relationship between presenilins and the Notch signaling pathway derives from a direct physical association between these proteins in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4940 Children's Place, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Mutations within exons 16 and 17 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene were the first known cause of familial Alzheimer's disease. These mutations are rare and have been reported in a handful of families exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance of Alzheimer's disease with age of onset around 50 years. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that each of these mutations alters proteolytic processing of APP, resulting in an increase in the production of A beta 42, a highly fibrillogenic peptide, that spontaneously aggregates and deposits in the brain. Transgenic mice carrying a mutant human APP gene also show age-dependent beta-amyloid (A beta) deposition in the brain. The rate of deposition in these mice can be modified by apolipoprotein E expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Aronsson FC, Magnusson P, Andersson B, Karsten SL, Shibasaki Y, Lendon CL, Goate AM, Brookes AJ. The NIK protein kinase and C17orf1 genes: chromosomal mapping, gene structures and mutational screening in frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. Hum Genet 1998; 103:340-5. [PMID: 9799091 DOI: 10.1007/s004390050827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Full exon-intron structures are presented for the NIK serine/threonine protein kinase gene and a novel gene termed C17orf1. By in situ hybridisation and radiation hybrid mapping, a cosmid (cDD-Z) that contains regions of both of these genes has been localised between markers D17S800 and D17S791 at chromosome 17q21. The two genes are thus positional candidates for the mutant locus underlying frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), a disease for which NIK is also a good biological candidate. Using exon-intron maps, a genomic DNA sequencing based mutation screen has been performed for the NIK and C17orf1 genes in a chromosome 17-linked FTDP-17 pedigree. Two silent single-base variations were detected in C17orf1. No alterations were restricted to DNA samples from patients, thus excluding the C17orf1 and NIK genes as likely sites of mutation FTDP-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Aronsson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hellman NE, Grant EA, Goate AM. Failure to replicate a protective effect of allele 2 of NACP/alpha-synuclein polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease: an association study. Ann Neurol 1998; 44:278-81. [PMID: 9708555 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410440223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism was identified in the promoter of the nonamyloid component of plaques (NACP) gene, and it was shown that the NACP allele 2 was significantly associated with healthy elderly control individuals with at least one apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, suggesting a protective role for this allele in Alzheimer's disease. We genotyped the same NACP polymorphism in a comparable number of individuals diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer's type and in healthy, elderly controls. In our analysis, however, no protective effect for NACP allele 2, or any of the other NACP alleles, was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Hellman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Lendon CL, Lynch T, Norton J, McKeel DW, Busfield F, Craddock N, Chakraverty S, Gopalakrishnan G, Shears SD, Grimmett W, Wilhelmsen KC, Hansen L, Morris JC, Goate AM. Hereditary dysphasic disinhibition dementia: a frontotemporal dementia linked to 17q21-22. Neurology 1998; 50:1546-55. [PMID: 9633693 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.50.6.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical and pathologic features of hereditary dysphasic disinhibition dementia (HDDD) are described to determine whether it is a variant of known dementias. BACKGROUND Several dementing disorders have clinical and pathologic similarities with AD, Pick's disease, and the "nonspecific" dementias. A detailed description of clinical and pathologic presentation will aid classification, but ultimately the discovery of causative gene(s) will define these disorders. METHODS The authors performed a clinical assessment: gross and microscopic pathologic evaluation of brain tissue, genetic linkage studies, and sequence analyses. RESULTS HDDD is an autosomal-dominant frontotemporal dementia with many similarities to Pick's disease. Salient clinical features are global dementia with disproportionate dysphasia and "frontotemporal" symptoms. A linkage between HDDD and 17q21-22 was shown, with a maximum lod score of 3.68 at zero recombination. CONCLUSIONS Several dementias have been linked to the same region and have been termed frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17. These disorders may represent phenotypic variants arising from mutations within a common gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lendon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Abstract
Recently, the first genome-wide searches for genes predisposing to or protecting against the development of alcohol dependence in humans have been carried out. Genetic studies in animal models of alcohol-related behaviors have also identified candidate chromosomal regions and potential candidate genes that can be tested in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Our understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) comes primarily from the study of rare inherited forms of the disease. Mutations that cause familial AD appear to act by a common mechanism: that of increasing production of A beta 42/43, one of the family of A beta peptides deposited in senile plaques. However, increased A beta 42/43 production has not been demonstrated to occur in most cases of sporadic AD, suggesting that genetic and environmental factors acting at other stages of the disease process can modify the risk for disease. Such factors most likely include those affecting A beta aggregation or clearance, the inflammatory response, cerebrovascular disease, or susceptibility of neurons to injury. Identifying these factors will lead to a better understanding of the etiology of the disease and provide additional targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Mutations in presenilin 1 (PS-1) and presenilin 2 (PS-2) have been linked to early onset, autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Neither the normal function(s) of the presenilins nor their role(s) in mediating the devastating neurological and pathological changes associated with Alzheimer's Disease, however, are well understood. The results of the experiments described here demonstrate that expression of wild-type PS-1 or PS-2 increases outward K+ current densities in HEK-293 cells relative to untransfected or mock-transfected cells. Western blot analysis reveals that there is a marked increase in full-length, rather than processed, presenilins in transiently transfected HEK-293 cells, suggesting that full-length PS-1 (or PS-2) underlies the observed increases in outward K+ current densities. Consistent with this hypothesis, EXpression of an N-terminal proteolytic fragment of PS-1 is without effects on the membrane properties of HEK-293 cells. Mean outward K+ current densities are also shown to be increased in HEK-293 cells expressing the exon 9 splice site PS-1 mutation (deltaex9/PS-1), a mutant that does not undergo proteolytic processing. In HEK- 293 cells transiently transfected with a missense (G209V) PS-1 mutant, however, mean K+ current densities were not significantly different from controls. Expression of wild-type PS-1 in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes also results in increased outward K+ currents, whereas no detectable effects on membrane currents were seen in PS-1-transfected COS-7 cells. These results suggest that the presenilins do not actually form K+ channels, but rather that these proteins upregulate functional K+ channel expression either directly by associating with K+ channel pore-forming subunits or indirectly by increasing the synthesis, assembly, and/or transport of these subunits. The observation that PS-1 and PS-2 are highly expressed in neurons, localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, suggests that the presenilins could regulate neuronal K+ channel expression; mutations in PS-1/PS-2 would then be expected to result in profound changes in neuronal excitability and contribute to the cognitive decline commonly associated with Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Malin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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35
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Berg L, McKeel DW, Miller JP, Storandt M, Rubin EH, Morris JC, Baty J, Coats M, Norton J, Goate AM, Price JL, Gearing M, Mirra SS, Saunders AM. Clinicopathologic studies in cognitively healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: relation of histologic markers to dementia severity, age, sex, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Arch Neurol 1998; 55:326-35. [PMID: 9520006 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.55.3.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study differences between subjects with Alzheimer disease (AD) and cognitively intact control subjects, with respect to brain histologic markers of AD, and the relationship of those markers in the AD group to severity of dementia, age at death, sex, and apolipoprotein E genotype. SETTING Washington University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, St Louis, Mo. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Consecutive neuropathologic series of 224 prospectively studied volunteer research subjects, 186 with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) or "incipient" DAT and confirmed to have AD by postmortem examination and 13 cognitively intact subjects, confirmed to lack postmortem findings of AD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Brain densities (number per square millimeter) of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, extent of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cortical Lewy bodies, and apolipoprotein E genotype. RESULTS Neocortical neurofibrillary tangle densities were substantially correlated with dementia severity, and to a greater degree than was true for senile plaque densities. When infarcts, hemorrhages, and Parkinson disease changes coexisted with AD, neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque densities were lower. Plaque-predominant AD was found in a greater proportion of subjects with milder than more severe dementia. Entorhinal cortical Lewy bodies were no more frequent in plaque-predominant AD than in the remaining AD cases. Increasing age at death was negatively correlated with dementia severity and densities of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele frequency was greater in AD than in control subjects but decreased with increasing age. After controlling for dementia severity, senile plaque densities were only weakly related to epsilon4 allele frequency, and only in hippocampus. However, the degree of cerebral amyloid angiopathy was clearly related to epsilon4 allele frequency. Among subjects diagnosed during life as having DAT or incipient DAT, only 7% were found to have a neuropathologic disorder other than AD causing their dementia. CONCLUSIONS (1) The order of the strength of relationships between densities of histologic markers and dementia severity in AD is neurofibrillary tangles greater than cored senile plaques greater than total senile plaques. (2) Advanced age at death is associated with somewhat less severe dementia and fewer senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. (3) Plaque-predominant AD may represent a developmental stage in AD. (4) Despite a substantial effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 as a risk factor for AD, on decreasing the age at AD onset, and increasing the amount of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, its effect on senile plaque densities is variable and complex, being confounded with age, dementia severity, and methodologic differences. (5) Stringent clinical diagnostic criteria for DAT, even in the very mild stage, and senile plaque-based neuropathologic criteria for AD are highly accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berg
- Alzheimer's Disease Center of Washington University, St Louis, Mo 63108-2293, USA.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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37
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Goate AM. Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Geriatrics (Basel) 1997; 52 Suppl 2:S9-12. [PMID: 9307578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have led to the identification of three genes which, when mutated, cause familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD): the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene (APP), presenilin 1 (PS-1) and presenilin 2 (PS-2). Association studies have also shown that the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene increases risk for AD in a dose-dependent manner in both familial and sporadic forms of AD. It is likely that there are additional AD risk factors, both genetic and environmental, as 50% of sporadic AD cases have no ApoE epsilon 4 alleles, and families showing mendelian inheritance of AD exist in which there are no mutations in any of the known genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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Lopera F, Ardilla A, Martinez A, Madrigal L, Arango-Viana JC, Lemere CA, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Hincapie L, Arcos-Burgos M, Ossa J, Behrens IM, Norton J, Lendon C, Goate AM, Ruiz-Linares A, Roselli MM, Kosik KS. Clinical features of early-onset Alzheimer disease in a large kindred with an E280A presenilis-1 mutation. Am J Ophthalmol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lendon CL, Myers A, Cumming A, Goate AM, St Clair D. A polymorphism in the presenilin 1 gene does not modify risk for Alzheimer's disease in a cohort with sporadic early onset. Neurosci Lett 1997; 228:212-4. [PMID: 9218645 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin 1 gene account for many cases of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Homozygosity for the 'T' allele of a polymorphism in the presenilin 1 gene has previously been reported to double the risk for Alzheimer's disease in a late onset Caucasian sample. Here we report that this polymorphism does not incur risk in a case control sample of early onset Alzheimer's disease, possibly suggesting a different disease etiology between the early and late onset forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lendon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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40
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Lopera F, Ardilla A, Martínez A, Madrigal L, Arango-Viana JC, Lemere CA, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Hincapíe L, Arcos-Burgos M, Ossa JE, Behrens IM, Norton J, Lendon C, Goate AM, Ruiz-Linares A, Rosselli M, Kosik KS. Clinical Features of Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease in a Large Kindred With an E280A Presenilin-1 Mutation. JAMA 1997. [PMID: 9052708 DOI: 10.1001/jama.1997.03540340027028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Lopera
- Department of Neurology, Antioquia University School of Medicine, Medellín, Colombia
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, exists in both familial and sporadic forms. Genetic studies have led to the identification of 3 genes, beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PS1), and presenilin-2 (PS2), which, when mutated, can cause familial forms of AD. Mutations in each of these genes result in elevated levels of A beta42/43, a proteolytic processing fragment of APP that is deposited in brains of AD patients. Transgenic mice carrying AD-causing mutations in APP develop spontaneous age-related beta-amyloid (A beta) deposition and memory impairment. Genetic linkage and association studies have also shown that the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene increases risk for AD in a dose-dependent manner in both familial and sporadic forms of AD and may account for as much as 50% of the attributable risk. APOE genotyping may be useful both as an adjunct to diagnosis and in identifying patient groups for therapeutic intervention. While the biological basis for the association of APOE epsilon4 with AD is not known, age of onset and A beta deposition are positively correlated with epsilon4 allele dosage in some cases, suggesting that this risk may also be mediated directly or indirectly through A beta. Because 50% of AD cases have no APOE epsilon4 alleles and families showing mendelian inheritance of AD exist in whom there are no mutations in any of the APP, PS1, or PS2 genes, it is likely that there are additional AD risk factors, both genetic and environmental, still to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lendon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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42
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Lendon CL, Talbot CJ, Craddock NJ, Han SW, Wragg M, Morris JC, Goate AM. Genetic association studies between dementia of the Alzheimer's type and three receptors for apolipoprotein E in a Caucasian population. Neurosci Lett 1997; 222:187-90. [PMID: 9148246 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)13381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) is associated with an increased risk for sporadic and some familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the precise mechanism of pathogenesis is unknown. ApoE is a ligand for at least three receptors in the central nervous system, low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R), very low density lipoprotein receptor VLDL-R and low density lipoprotein-like receptor (LRP). We have tested for association between these receptors and dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) in a clinically based sample of Caucasian cases and age-matched controls. In contrast to findings in a Japanese cohort we detected no association between DAT and a polymorphism in the VLDL-R gene. No association was detected with the LDL-R gene. We observed a possible association between the 87 allele of a polymorphism within the LRP gene and DAT which remained significant after correction for multiple testing. When the effects of known risk factors for AD such as ApoE epsilon 4 were applied, the effect of LRP no longer reached conventional levels of statistical significance. Nevertheless, LRP is a plausible candidate gene and we may be observing a minor risk factor that will require further examination in other large independent samples to assess whether it truly modifies susceptibility to DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lendon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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43
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Lemere CA, Lopera F, Kosik KS, Lendon CL, Ossa J, Saido TC, Yamaguchi H, Ruiz A, Martinez A, Madrigal L, Hincapie L, Arango JC, Anthony DC, Koo EH, Goate AM, Selkoe DJ, Arango JC. The E280A presenilin 1 Alzheimer mutation produces increased A beta 42 deposition and severe cerebellar pathology. Nat Med 1996; 2:1146-50. [PMID: 8837617 DOI: 10.1038/nm1096-1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene cause the most common form of dominant early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and are associated with increased levels of amyloid beta-peptides (A beta) ending at residue 42 (A beta 42) in plasma and skin fibroblast media of gene carriers. A beta 42 aggregates readily and appears to provide a nidus for the subsequent aggregation of A beta 40 (ref. 4), resulting in the formation of innumerable neuritic plaques. To obtain in vivo information about how PS1 mutations cause AD pathology at such early ages, we characterized the neuropathological phenotype of four PS1-FAD patients from a large Colombian kindred bearing the codon 280 Glu to Ala substitution (Glu280Ala) PS1 mutation. Using antibodies specific to the alternative carboxy-termini of A beta, we detected massive deposition of A beta 42, the earliest and predominant form of plaque A beta to occur in AD (ref. 6-8), in many brain regions. Computer-assisted quantification revealed a significant increase in A beta 42, but not A beta 40, burden in the brains from 4 PS1-FAD patients compared with those from 12 sporadic AD patients. Severe cerebellar pathology included numerous A beta 42-reactive plaques, many bearing dystrophic neurites and reactive glia. Our results in brain tissue are consistent with recent biochemical evidence of increased A beta 42 levels in PS1-FAD patients and strongly suggest that mutant PS1 proteins alter the proteolytic processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein at the C-terminus of A beta to favor deposition of A beta 42.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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44
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Barton AJ, Crook BW, Karran EH, Brown F, Dewar D, Mann DM, Pearson RC, Graham DI, Hardy J, Hutton M, Duff K, Goate AM, Clark RF, Roberts GW. Alteration in brain presenilin 1 mRNA expression in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegeneration 1996; 5:213-8. [PMID: 8910899 DOI: 10.1006/neur.1996.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the presenilin 1 (PS-1) gene has been investigated by in situ hybridization in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal control brain. Mutations in this gene are responsible for chromosome 14-linked FAD. We have found that presenilin 1 mRNA is present throughout the human brain with a distribution consistent with both a glial and neuronal localization. The in situ hybridization pattern was similar for the controls, the early onset FAD cases and the late onset AD cases. However, one of the two forms of the mRNA for PS-1, the long form (which contains a sequence encoding a four amino acid (VRSQ) insert at its 5' end) was significantly reduced in early onset FAD brain compared with late onset AD. We suggest that this long transcript may alter the normal pathway for processing of amyloid precursor protein, the protein which appears to be central in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Barton
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology Research, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Harlow.
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45
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Abstract
We have screened a large sample of patients with sporadic late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and age-matched controls for a mitochondrial tRNA(Gln) variant previously reported to be associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The frequency of an Ava II site gain was determined by restriction analysis of a PCR-amplified mitochondrial DNA product. One of 155 DAT cases and four of 105 age-matched controls carried the variant. Both the affected and control frequencies are statistically different from those previously reported. The mitochondrial lineage of those individuals harboring the variant was determined by sequencing a short region of the hypervariable mitochondrial D-loop. The affected individual and three of the four controls carrying the Ava II variant belong to the same mitochondrial lineage previously reported to be associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Wragg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Clark RF, Cruts M, Korenblat KM, He C, Talbot C, Van Broeckhoven C, Goate AM. A yeast artificial chromosome contig from human chromosome 14q24 spanning the Alzheimer's disease locus AD3. Hum Mol Genet 1995; 4:1347-54. [PMID: 7581373 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/4.8.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease has been previously linked to three genetic loci on chromosomes 21, 19 and 14. The AD3 locus on chromosome 14 has not been cloned and the molecular defect in chromosome 14-linked AD3 families has yet to be identified. Genetic linkage analysis has placed the AD3 locus in band 14q24 between the dinucleotide markers D14S61 and D14S289, a genetic distance of approximately 6.4 cM. We have constructed a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig that covers the entire minimal region, encompassing all genetic markers that are non-recombinant for the disease in AD3-linked families. This contig, constructed by using a combination of YAC end sequence walking and sequence-tagged site (STS) mapping, consists of 63 YACs from three different libraries. The AD3 contig contains 12 polymorphic dinucleotide repeat markers from D14S61 to D14S251, as well as an additional 43 non-polymorphic STSs. This contiguous physical map of the region will allow the physical distances between the markers to be determined, as well as providing a framework for the identification of candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Cruts M, Backhovens H, Theuns J, Clark RF, Le Paslier D, Weissenbach J, Goate AM, Martin JJ, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic and physical characterization of the early-onset Alzheimer's disease AD3 locus on chromosome 14q24.3. Hum Mol Genet 1995; 4:1355-64. [PMID: 7581374 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/4.8.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic linkage studies have provided significant evidence that a major gene defect, AD3, for familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is located at chromosome 14q24.3, between the short tandem repeat (STR) markers D14S52 and D14S53 defining a genetic size of 22.7 cM for the AD3 candidate region. We constructed a physical map of the AD3 region using yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) selected from both the CEPH and megaCEPH YAC libraries using the AD3 linked STR markers as well as new sequence-tagged sites (STSs) designed based on YAC terminal sequences. The YAC map is contiguous in the region between D14S258 and D14S53, a region of 8.2 cM, and has an estimated physical size of 4-8 Mb. The YAC contig map was used as a framework to localize three known genes, a pseudogene and two brain expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Linkage analysis studies in two Belgian chromosome 14 EOAD families AD/A and AD/B, identified obligate recombinants in family AD/A with D14S289 and D14S61 reducing the genetic size of the candidate AD3 region substantially. The minimal AD3 candidate region measured 6.4 cM on the genetic map and is contained within six overlapping megaCEPH YACs that covered a physical distance estimated between 2 and 6 Mb. These YACs as well as other YACs in the YAC contig map are valuable resources in gene cloning efforts or genomic sequencing experiments aiming at isolating the AD3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cruts
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Born Bunge Foundation, University of Antwerp (UIA), Department of Biochemistry, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Abstract
Deposition of beta-amyloid peptide in the brain is an early event in Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia. Studies of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), which gives rise to beta-amyloid, are rapidly leading to a better understanding of the biochemical basis of the disease--a prerequisite for rational drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ashall
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
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49
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Abstract
Several point mutations within exons 16 and 17 of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene have been reported that are associated with Alzheimer's disease in a small number of familial cases. To determine the size of the APP gene and the organization of the exons within human genomic DNA, we have characterized 11 Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC) recombinants containing human APP gene sequences. The smallest YAC insert was 125 kb, and the largest was 1.4 Mb. The YACs were screened by polymerase chain reaction amplification of APP exons to determine which of the 18 exons coding for APP770 were present. Four of the YACs (D110G1, D110G6, D110E9, and B142F9) contain all 18 exons and at least part of the promoter. Construction of an overlapping map of the gene with all of the YACs demonstrated that 3 of the 11 YACs were chimeric. The orientation and position of the coding sequence on the map was determined by probing digests of the YAC DNA with exon PCR products and the vector arms. The coding region of the APP gene spans approximately 400 kb of genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rooke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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50
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Abstract
The part that genetics plays in the origin of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex problem that is only now, in the last few years, beginning to be understood. Progress in the study of the epidemiology of AD, discovery of multiple AD loci, and interpreting how mutations affect and produce the AD phenotype have been the initial keys to unlocking the mysteries of this disease. We now know of the existence of at least three AD loci on chromosomes 14, 19, and 21 and are beginning to understand the role that one of these loci, APP, and its mutations plays in the progression of AD. On future studies using animal modeling and the positional cloning of the other AD loci, a definite model for AD should become evident within the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
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