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Staal R, Khayrullina T, Christensen R, Hestehave S, Zhou H, Cajina M, Nattini ME, Gandhi A, Fallon SM, Schmidt M, Zorn SH, Brodbeck RM, Chandrasena G, Segerdahl Storck M, Breysse N, Hopper AT, Möller T, Munro G. P2X7 receptor mediated release of microglial prostanoids and miRNAs correlates with reversal of neuropathic hypersensitivity in rats. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:1304-1321. [PMID: 35388574 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P2X7 receptor antagonists have potential for treating various CNS diseases, including neuropathic pain, although none have been approved for clinical use. Reasons may include insufficient understanding of P2X7 receptor signaling in pain and the lack of a corresponding preclinical mechanistic biomarker. METHODS Lu AF27139 is a highly selective and potent small molecule antagonist at rat, mouse, and human forms of the P2X7 receptor, with excellent pharmacokinetic and CNS permeability properties. In the current experiments, we probed the utility of previously characterized and novel signaling cascades exposed to Lu AF27139 using cultured microglia combined with release assays. Subsequently, we assessed the biomarker potential of identified candidate molecules in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain; study design limitations precluded their assessment in spared nerve injury (SNI) rats. RESULTS Lu AF27139 blocked several pain-relevant pathways downstream of P2X7 receptors in-vitro. At brain and spinal cord receptor occupancy levels capable of functionally blocking P2X7 receptors, it diminished neuropathic hypersensitivity in SNI rats, and less potently in CCI rats. Although tissue levels of numerous molecules previously linked to neuropathic pain and P2X7 receptor function (e.g. IL-6, IL-1β, cathepsin-S, 2-AG) were unaffected by CCI, Lu AF27139-mediated regulation of spinal PGE2 and miRNA (e.g. rno-miR-93-5p) levels increased by CCI aligned with its ability to diminish neuropathic hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a pain-relevant P2X7 receptor-regulated mechanism in neuropathic rats that could hold promise as a translatable biomarker and by association enhance the clinical progression of P2X7 receptor antagonists in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Staal
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Tanzilya Khayrullina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Rie Christensen
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Sara Hestehave
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Hua Zhou
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Manuel Cajina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Megan E Nattini
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Adarsh Gandhi
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Shaun M Fallon
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Megan Schmidt
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Stevin H Zorn
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Robbin M Brodbeck
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Gamini Chandrasena
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | | | - Nathalie Breysse
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Allen T Hopper
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, NJ, 07652, USA
| | - Gordon Munro
- Neurodegeneration In Vivo Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
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2
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Hopper AT, Juhl M, Hornberg J, Badolo L, Kilburn JP, Thougaard A, Smagin G, Song D, Calice L, Menon V, Dale E, Zhang H, Cajina M, Nattini ME, Gandhi A, Grenon M, Jones K, Khayrullina T, Chandrasena G, Thomsen C, Zorn SH, Brodbeck R, Poda SB, Staal R, Möller T. Synthesis and Characterization of the Novel Rodent-Active and CNS-Penetrant P2X7 Receptor Antagonist Lu AF27139. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4891-4902. [PMID: 33822617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There remains an insufficient number of P2X7 receptor antagonists with adequate rodent potency, CNS permeability, and pharmacokinetic properties from which to evaluate CNS disease hypotheses preclinically. Herein, we describe the molecular pharmacology, safety, pharmacokinetics, and functional CNS target engagement of Lu AF27139, a novel rodent-active and CNS-penetrant P2X7 receptor antagonist. Lu AF27139 is highly selective and potent against rat, mouse, and human forms of the receptors. The rat pharmacokinetic profile is favorable with high oral bioavailability, modest clearance (0.79 L/(h kg)), and good CNS permeability. In vivo mouse CNS microdialysis studies of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed and 2'(3')-O-(benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate (BzATP)-induced IL-1β release demonstrate functional CNS target engagement. Importantly, Lu AF27139 was without effect in standard in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies. Based on these properties, we believe Lu AF27139 will be a valuable tool for probing the role of the P2X7 receptor in rodent models of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen T Hopper
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Martin Juhl
- Process Research Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Jorrit Hornberg
- Toxicology Research Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Lassina Badolo
- Chemistry and DMPK Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Gennady Smagin
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Dekun Song
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Londye Calice
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Veena Menon
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Elena Dale
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Hong Zhang
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Manuel Cajina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Megan E Nattini
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Adarsh Gandhi
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Michel Grenon
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Ken Jones
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Tanzilya Khayrullina
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Gamini Chandrasena
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Christian Thomsen
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Stevin H Zorn
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Robb Brodbeck
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Suresh Babu Poda
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Roland Staal
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Road, Paramus, New Jersey 07652, United States
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Popiolek M, Izumi Y, Hopper AT, Dai J, Miller S, Shu HJ, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S. Effects of CYP46A1 Inhibition on Long-Term-Depression in Hippocampal Slices ex vivo and 24S-Hydroxycholesterol Levels in Mice in vivo. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:568641. [PMID: 33192294 PMCID: PMC7658267 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.568641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of cholesterol and its metabolites has been hypothesized to be therapeutically beneficial for mood disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and epilepsies. A major regulator of cholesterol clearance and turnover in the central nervous system is CYP46A1, a brain enriched enzyme responsible for metabolism of cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol. Inhibition of this enzyme may negatively modulate NMDARs as 24S-hydroxycholesterol was shown to enhance NMDAR function. In addition, alterations of local cholesterol or other changes mediated by CYP46A1 activity could have important influences on central nervous system function. Here we demonstrate that humans and mice display brain region specific and similar CYP46A1 and 24S-hydroxycholesterol distribution. Treatment with distinct classes of CYP46A1 inhibitors led to central 24S-hydroxycholesterol reduction in vivo and ablation of long term depression in hippocampal slices. Our results suggest that rodents show similarity to humans for studying the impact of CYP46A1 inhibitors and that rapid, local modulation of oxysterols can be achieved through CYP46A1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukitoshi Izumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University, University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Jing Dai
- Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Hong-Jin Shu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University, University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Charles F. Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University, University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Steven Mennerick
- Department of Psychiatry, Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University, University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Janetka JW, Hopper AT, Yang Z, Barks J, Dhason MS, Wang Q, Sibley LD. Optimizing Pyrazolopyrimidine Inhibitors of Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase 1 for Treatment of Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6144-6163. [PMID: 32420739 PMCID: PMC7325724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcium dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) is an essential Ser/Thr kinase that controls invasion and egress by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The Gly gatekeeper of CDPK1 makes it exquisitely sensitive to inhibition by small molecule 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-amine (PP) compounds that are bulky ATP mimetics. Here we rationally designed, synthesized, and tested a series of novel PP analogs that were evaluated for inhibition of CDPK1 enzyme activity in vitro and parasite growth in cell culture. Optimal substitution on the PP scaffold included 2-pyridyl ethers directed into the hydrophobic pocket and small carbocyclic rings accessing the ribose-binding pocket. Further optimization of the series led to identification of the lead compound 3a that displayed excellent potency, selectivity, safety profile, and efficacy in vivo. The results of these studies provide a foundation for further work to optimize CDPK1 inhibitors for the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. MO 63110
| | | | - Ziping Yang
- Vyera Pharmaceuticals, 600 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jennifer Barks
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. MO 63110
| | - Mary Savari Dhason
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. MO 63110
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. MO 63110
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. MO 63110
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Coughlin Q, Hopper AT, Blanco MJ, Tirunagaru V, Robichaud AJ, Doller D. Allosteric Modalities for Membrane-Bound Receptors: Insights from Drug Hunting for Brain Diseases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5979-6002. [PMID: 30721063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemists are accountable for embedding the appropriate drug target profile into the molecular architecture of a clinical candidate. An accurate characterization of the functional effects following binding of a drug to its biological target is a fundamental step in the discovery of new medicines, informing the translation of preclinical efficacy and safety observations into human trials. Membrane-bound proteins, particularly ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are biological targets prone to allosteric modulation. Investigations using allosteric drug candidates and chemical tools suggest that their functional effects may be tailored with a high degree of translational alignment, making them molecular tools to correct pathophysiological functional tone and enable personalized medicine when a causative target-to-disease link is known. We present select examples of functional molecular fine-tuning of allosterism and discuss consequences relevant to drug design.
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Hopper AT, Brockman A, Wise A, Gould J, Barks J, Radke JB, Sibley LD, Zou Y, Thomas S. Discovery of Selective Toxoplasma gondii Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Toxoplasmosis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1562-1576. [PMID: 30624926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A safer treatment for toxoplasmosis would be achieved by improving the selectivity and potency of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors, such as pyrimethamine (1), for Toxoplasma gondii DHFR ( TgDHFR) relative to human DHFR ( hDHFR). We previously reported on the identification of meta-biphenyl analog 2, designed by in silico modeling of key differences in the binding pocket between TgDHFR and hDHFR. Compound 2 improves TgDHFR selectivity 6.6-fold and potency 16-fold relative to 1. Here, we report on the optimization and structure-activity relationships of this arylpiperazine series leading to the discovery of 5-(4-(3-(2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)phenyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3. Compound 3 has a TgDHFR IC50 of 1.57 ± 0.11 nM and a hDHFR to TgDHFR selectivity ratio of 196, making it 89-fold more potent and 16-fold more selective than 1. Compound 3 was highly effective in control of acute infection by highly virulent strains of T. gondii in the murine model, and it possesses the best combination of selectivity, potency, and prerequisite drug-like properties to advance into IND-enabling, preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen T Hopper
- Vyera Pharmaceuticals, LLC , 600 Third Avenue, 10th Floor , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Adam Brockman
- Vyera Pharmaceuticals, LLC , 600 Third Avenue, 10th Floor , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Andy Wise
- Evotec (UK) LTD. , Alderley Park , Cheshire SK104TG , U.K
| | - Julie Gould
- Evotec (UK) LTD. , Alderley Park , Cheshire SK104TG , U.K
| | - Jennifer Barks
- Department of Molecular Microbiology , Washington University School of Medicine , 660 S. Euclid Avenue , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Joshua B Radke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology , Washington University School of Medicine , 660 S. Euclid Avenue , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology , Washington University School of Medicine , 660 S. Euclid Avenue , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Yongmao Zou
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. , 168 NanHai Road, 10th Avenue, TEDA , Tianjin 300457 , P. R. China
| | - Stephen Thomas
- Vyera Pharmaceuticals, LLC , 600 Third Avenue, 10th Floor , New York , New York 10016 , United States
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Packiarajan M, Grenon M, Zorn S, Hopper AT, White AD, Chandrasena G, Pu X, Brodbeck RM, Robichaud AJ. Fused thiazolyl alkynes as potent mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4037-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hopper AT, Campbell BM, Kao H, Pintchovski SA, Staal RG. Recent Developments in Targeting Neuroinflammation in Disease. Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry Volume 47 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang HT, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Deng C, Hopper AT, De Vivo M, Rose GM, O'Donnell JM. Antidepressant-like effects of PDE4 inhibitors mediated by the high-affinity rolipram binding state (HARBS) of the phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme (PDE4) in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 186:209-17. [PMID: 16586089 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) has two conformation states based on rolipram binding, the high-affinity rolipram binding state (HARBS) and the low-affinity rolipram binding state (LARBS); their functions remain to be fully explained. OBJECTIVE Experiments were carried out to determine the roles of the HARBS and LARBS in the mediation of antidepressant-like effects on behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two animal models sensitive to antidepressant drugs, the forced-swim test (FST), and the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) 72-s operant schedule, were used to examine the antidepressant-like effects of rolipram, CDP840, and piclamilast, PDE4 inhibitors that interact differentially with the HARBS and LARBS, and MEM1018 and MEM1091, two novel PDE4 inhibitors. Drug discrimination vs rolipram and rolipram competition binding assays also were carried out. RESULTS In the FST, rolipram and piclamilast, both at 0.1 mg/kg, produced an antidepressant-like effect, i.e., reduced immobility and increased swimming, whereas, 1 mg/kg of CDP840 or 0.5 mg/kg of MEM1018 or MEM1091 was required to produce a similar effect. Consistent with this, only rolipram and piclamilast produced antidepressant-like effects in rats under the DRL schedule of reinforcement, as evidenced by decreased response rates and increased reinforcement rates. In addition, in rats trained to discriminate rolipram from its vehicle, only rolipram and piclamilast substituted. Finally, [(3)H]rolipram and [(3)H]piclamilast binding analysis revealed that CDP840 and the two novel PDE4 inhibitors MEM1018 and MEM1091 exhibited a lower affinity for the HARBS than did rolipram. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the HARBS of PDE4 is the primary conformation important for antidepressant-like effects on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Neurobiology & Anatomy, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Zhang HT, Huang Y, Suvarna NU, Deng C, Crissman AM, Hopper AT, De Vivo M, Rose GM, O'Donnell JM. Effects of the novel PDE4 inhibitors MEM1018 and MEM1091 on memory in the radial-arm maze and inhibitory avoidance tests in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:613-9. [PMID: 15672274 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inhibition of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) enhances memory in rodents. MEM1018 and MEM1091 are newly developed PDE4 inhibitors that had not been evaluated as yet for their effects on working and reference memory. OBJECTIVE Experiments were carried out to determine whether these two drugs alter memory and if these effects are associated with changes in intracellular cAMP in the brain. METHODS The effects of MEM1018 and MEM1091 on memory deficits induced by the N-methyl-D-: aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 were determined in the eight-arm radial maze and step-through inhibitory avoidance tasks in rats. Their effects on cAMP concentrations in primary cultures of rat cerebral cortical neurons and their potency for inhibiting recombinant PDE4 subtypes were examined. RESULTS In the radial-arm maze, MEM1018 and MEM1091 (0.1-2.5 mg/kg, IP) enhanced working and reference memory impaired by MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg). In addition, both drugs antagonized the amnesic effect of MK-801 on passive avoidance behavior. Overall, the behavioral effects of MEM1018 and MEM1091 were similar to the prototypic PDE4 inhibitor rolipram (0.1 mg/kg). Consistent with this, and similar to the effects of rolipram, both MEM1018 (10-30 microM) and MEM1091 (10 microM) enhanced the ability of NMDA (30 microM) to increase cAMP concentrations in rat cerebral cortical neurons, in vitro. MEM1018 and MEM1091 showed greater relative selectivity for PDE4D than rolipram, although the general profiles of the three compounds were similar. CONCLUSIONS The novel PDE4 inhibitors MEM1018 and MEM1091 enhance memory in a manner generally similar to rolipram. PDE4D may be the primary target for the PDE4 inhibitors in the mediation of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Hopper AT, Witiak DT. Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Stereogenically Labile 4-Aryl-2-hydroxytetronic Acids from Enantiomerically Pure Silyl-Protected Mandelaldehydes: aci-Reductone Analogs of Propionic Acid Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00116a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hopper AT, Witiak DT, Ziemniak J. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of conformationally constrained aci-reductone mimics of arachidonic acid. J Med Chem 1998; 41:420-7. [PMID: 9484493 DOI: 10.1021/jm970034q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and convergent synthesis has been developed for the production of 3,4-dihydroxy-5-[4-(2-((2Z)-hexenyl)phenyl)-3-(1Z)-but enyl]-2 (5H)-furanone (12d). This hydrophobic antioxidant is a stable conformationally constrained mimic of arachidonic acid (AA) (1) and its respective aci-reductone analogue (2). Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling of 5-(3-butynyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (7) with 2-((2Z)-hexenyl)iodobenzene (8d) followed by Lindlar catalyzed hydrogenation produces 12d. Butynyl intermediate 7 is prepared from 2-(benzyloxy)-5-deoxyascorbic acid (15) by iodination (I2, PPh3, Imd), iodo substitution with lithium acetylide ethylenediamine complex (LiAEDA, HMPA, -5 degrees C), and benzyl group cleavage (Ac2O, Pyr, BCl3). The utility of this synthetic method was demonstrated by the synthesis of analogues 10e-k. Biological testing revealed that certain of these antioxidants inhibit both cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) with comparable efficacy as reported for aspirin and zileuton, respectively. The antioxidant activity of these aci-reductones, measured as a function of their inhibitory effect on CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation of hepatic microsomes, exceeds that produced by alpha-tocopherol. Synthetic routes and initial structure-activity relationships (SAR) for these novel mixed functioning antioxidants are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Hopper
- OXIS International, Inc., Portland, Oregon 97217, USA
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13
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Nazareth RI, Sokoloski TD, Witiak DT, Hopper AT. Use of 2-(4'-hydroxybenzeneazo)benzoic acid to study the binding of L-thyroxine to serum albumins. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63:199-202. [PMID: 4204980 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600630205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nazareth RI, Sokoloski TD, Witiak DT, Hopper AT. Biological significance of serum albumin binding parameters determined in vitro for clofibrate-related hypolipemic drugs: use of 2-(4'-hydroxybenzeneazo)benzoic acid to mirror L-thyroxine binding to and displacement from serum albumins. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63:203-11. [PMID: 4204981 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600630206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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