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Arria AM, Parisi CE, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB. Implementation of a computerized tool to address barriers to academic success among college students. J Am Coll Health 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38442337 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2317166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Academic assistance professionals work with college students to address barriers to academic success, although few assessment tools exist. This feasibility study examined the results of implementing a computerized tool for academic assistance professionals to help students. The Measure of Obstacles to Succeeding Academically in College (MOSAIC) is a 31-item risk assessment tool used to characterize academic barriers. It utilizes a tailored computer algorithm on a mobile device to match students with resources to address academic barriers. METHODS The MOSAIC was customized and administered at seven universities around the United States. Student responses were analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Academic assistance professionals were asked about implementation in unstructured interviews. RESULTS Stress and study skill concerns were the most reported barriers. The MOSAIC was well received, especially among students experiencing academic difficulties, but integration into routine workflow was an obstacle to sustained implementation. CONCLUSIONS The MOSAIC holds promise in addressing issues impeding academic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina E Parisi
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and the College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brittany A Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Aram J, Slopen N, Arria AM, Liu H, Dallal CM. Drug and alcohol use disorders among adults with select disabilities: The national survey on drug use and health. Disabil Health J 2023:101467. [PMID: 37088676 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deaths caused by drugs and alcohol have reached high levels in the US, and prior research shows a consistent association between disability status and substance misuse. OBJECTIVE Using national data, this study quantifies the association between disability status and drug and alcohol use disorders among US adults. METHODS The most recent pre-pandemic years (2018-2019) of the cross-sectional National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 83,439) were used to examine how the presence of any disability, and specific disabilities, were associated with past year drug and alcohol use disorders. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) controlling for potential sociodemographic confounders. RESULTS Adults with any disability had increased odds of drug (aOR = 2.7; 95% CI = 2.5-3.0), and alcohol use disorder (aOR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.6-2.0), compared to adults without disability. Examining specific types of disabilities, adults with cognitive limitations only had increased odds of drug (aOR = 3.1; 95% CI = 2.6-3.6), and alcohol use disorders (aOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.9-2.5), compared to adults without disability. Smaller associations were observed between vision and complex activity limitations and drug use disorder. Adults with two or more types of limitations had increased odds of drug (aOR = 3.7; 95% CI = 3.3-4.3), and alcohol use disorders (aOR = 2.3; 95% CI = 2.0-2.6). CONCLUSIONS The presence of disability, especially cognitive limitation only, or two or more types of limitations, is associated with elevated odds of drug and alcohol use disorder among US adults. Additional research should examine the temporal relationship between and mechanisms linking disability and substance misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Aram
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 2242, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave. Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral & Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 2242, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Hongjie Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 2242, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Cher M Dallal
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 2242, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Jernigan DH, Cureg JB, Mitchell M, Arria AM. Improving Campus Alcohol Policies Through Assessment and Scoring. Health Promot Pract 2023; 24:366-372. [PMID: 34823384 DOI: 10.1177/15248399211056302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for more than 1,500 deaths annually among college students, of whom more than one in three report having been drunk during the past 30 days. Campus alcohol policies offer a first line of defense against excessive alcohol use but have received little systematic attention in the research literature. The research team previously developed a taxonomy of campus alcohol policies and sanctions, ranked in order of effectiveness, and assessed the accessibility, clarity, and effectiveness of policies at 15 post-secondary educational institutions. Herein we describe the process of reporting those assessments back to the 15 institutions, providing them with recommendations and technical assistance on how to improve their policies, and then re-assessing school alcohol policies for effectiveness and clarity. Conversations with primary points of contact at each school provided further insight into the process of assessing and improving campus alcohol policies. Of the 15 schools assessed, 11 added more effective policies, and four added more effective consequences during the 2 years following receipt of reports on the assessment. Campuses have control over their own policies, and greater attention to them from researchers and practitioners could better maximize their potential for enhancing student health and safety and supporting student success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Molly Mitchell
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amelia M Arria
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
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Kennedy MH, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, Smith SA, Arria AM. In harm's way: Do college students' beliefs about cannabis put them at risk for use? J Am Coll Health 2022:1-9. [PMID: 36084270 PMCID: PMC9995616 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study describes beliefs held by college students about cannabis use and examines the association between three specific cannabis beliefs and likelihood of use. Participants: 3,720 undergraduate students ages 18 to 25 attending ten colleges in one state. Methods: Data were gathered via online survey. Results: The majority (80%) of the sample was unsure or believed that cannabis was an effective way to reduce stress; 67% were unsure or believed that cannabis was not related to an increased risk for mental health problems; and 62% were unsure or believed that students who use cannabis are not more academically disengaged. Holding these beliefs, which are not supported by scientific evidence, was associated with a greater likelihood of cannabis use, even after statistically adjusting for covariates. Conclusions: These findings suggest that beliefs unsupported by scientific evidence are widespread among college students. Dispelling misinformation about cannabis might hold promise for reducing use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda H. Kennedy
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brittany A. Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Samantha A. Smith
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Allen HK, Lilly F, Green KM, Zanjani F, Vincent KB, Arria AM. Substance use and mental health problems among graduate students: Individual and program-level correlates. J Am Coll Health 2022; 70:65-73. [PMID: 32101098 PMCID: PMC7483200 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1725020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated variation in substance use and mental health among graduate student subgroups. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 2,683 master's and doctoral students completed an online survey in October 2017. METHODS Subgroup variation in behavioral health by demographic and program characteristics, particularly degree type and academic discipline, was explored. RESULTS Compared with academic doctoral students (ie, PhD students), professional doctoral students (ie, MD, JD, etc.) were significantly more likely to report high stress levels and moderate or severe anxiety symptoms. Master's students were more likely to report moderate or severe anxiety symptoms and use marijuana than academic doctoral students. Students in the behavioral and social sciences, social work, and arts and humanities disciplines were more likely to use substances and report mental health problems than engineering and business students. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight graduate student subgroups who might require closer attention with respect to access to behavioral health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Allen
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Flavius Lilly
- University of Maryland Baltimore Graduate School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kerry M Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Faika Zanjani
- Department of Gerontology, Virginia Commonwealth University College of Health Professions, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Kilmer JR, Fossos-Wong N, Geisner IM, Yeh JC, Larimer ME, Cimini MD, Vincent KB, Allen HK, Barrall AL, Arria AM. Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants as a "Red Flag" for Other Substance Use. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:941-949. [PMID: 33769195 PMCID: PMC8174530 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1901926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMPS) has increased on college campuses during the past two decades. NMPS is primarily driven by academic enhancement motives, and normative misperceptions exist as well. However, large, nationwide studies have not yet been conducted to generalize findings more broadly and gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between NMPS and other substance use (e.g. alcohol use, marijuana, etc.). The present study was conducted to lay the foundation for prevention efforts related to NMPS by establishing NMPS prevalence, practices surrounding NMPS, and other substance use. METHODS N = 2,989 students from seven universities around the U.S. completed a web-based survey assessing NMPS practices and related behaviors. Prevalence and factors associated with NMPS were explored. RESULTS Analyses revealed a 17% past-year prevalence of NMPS with associated widespread misperceptions of peer use. NMPS was significantly related to alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use, as well as skipped classes and affiliation with Greek life. CONCLUSIONS Although most college students do not report NMPS, those who do also are more likely to report alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use, and NMPS could be a "red flag" for other risk behaviors worth exploring. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Kilmer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Fossos-Wong
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Irene M Geisner
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jih-Cheng Yeh
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Dolores Cimini
- Center for Behavioral Health Promotion and Applied Research, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah K Allen
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Angelica L Barrall
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Chu EK, Smith LM, Derauf C, Newman E, Neal CR, Arria AM, Huestis MA, DellaGrotta SA, Roberts MB, Dansereau LM, Lester BM. Behavior Problems During Early Childhood in Children With Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2019-0270. [PMID: 33172920 PMCID: PMC7706113 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The effects of in utero methamphetamine exposure on behavioral problems in school-aged children are unclear. Our objective for this study was to evaluate behavior problems in children at aged 3, 5, and 7.5 years who were prenatally exposed to methamphetamine. METHODS Subjects were enrolled in the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle study, a longitudinal prospective study of prenatal methamphetamine exposure and child outcomes. Exposed and comparison groups were matched on birth weight, race, education, and health insurance. At ages 3, 5, and 7.5 years, 339 children (171 exposed) were assessed for behavior problems by using the Child Behavior Checklist. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine the effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure, age, and the interaction of exposure and age on behavior problems. Caregiver psychological symptoms were assessed by using the Brief Symptom Inventory. RESULTS Analyses adjusted for covariates revealed that relative to age 3, children at 5 years had less externalizing and aggressive behavior and more internalizing behavior, somatic complaints, and withdrawn behavior. By age 7.5, aggressive behavior continued to decrease, attention problems increased and withdrawn behavior decreased. There were no main effects for methamphetamine exposure and no interactions of exposure and age. Caregiver psychological symptoms predicted all behavior problems and the quality of the home predicted externalizing problems and externalizing syndrome scores. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral effects longitudinally from ages 3 to 7.5 years were not associated with prenatal methamphetamine exposure, whereas caregiver psychological symptoms and the quality of the home were predictors of behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine K. Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute, Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lynne M. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute, Harbor–University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chris Derauf
- Division of Community and Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elana Newman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Charles R. Neal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Department of Family Science and Center on Young Adult Health and Development, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Sheri A. DellaGrotta
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University and Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mary B. Roberts
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University and Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lynne M. Dansereau
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University and Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Barry M. Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University and Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island
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Allen HK, Lilly F, Green KM, Zanjani F, Vincent KB, Arria AM. Graduate Student Burnout: Substance Use, Mental Health, and the Moderating Role of Advisor Satisfaction. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 20:1130-1146. [PMID: 35400127 PMCID: PMC8992873 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use and mental health problems are associated with academic difficulties among high school and undergraduate students, but little research has been conducted on these relationships among graduate students. The sample consisted of 2,683 graduate students attending two large, public universities. Standard measures were used to collect data on demographic and program characteristics, mental health, substance use, advisor satisfaction, and burnout (i.e., exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy). Linear regression models evaluated relationships between each mental health and substance use variable with burnout, as well as the moderating role of advisor satisfaction. Students with a greater number of substance use and mental health problems had higher levels of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. No statistically significant relationships between substance use and burnout were found. High levels of stress, moderate or severe anxiety symptoms, and moderate or severe depressive symptoms were associated with increased levels of burnout. Advisor support moderated the relationships between stress and both cynicism and inefficacy such that the effects of stress on these dimensions of burnout were lower among those who were satisfied with their advisor. Graduate students with mental health problems might be at increased risk for burnout; however, having a supportive advisor might buffer this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. Allen
- Pennsylvania State University College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Flavius Lilly
- University of Maryland Baltimore Graduate School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kerry M. Green
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Faika Zanjani
- Virginia Commonwealth University College of Health Professions, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Allen HK, Barrall AL, Beck KH, Vincent KB, Arria AM. Situational context and motives of alcohol use among graduate student drinkers. Addict Behav 2020; 104:106267. [PMID: 31931405 PMCID: PMC7024021 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has examined alcohol use context and motives among undergraduates, but less is known about where, when, and why graduate students drink. The current study aimed to describe the motives and situational context of graduate student alcohol use, identify demographic and program characteristics associated with alcohol use motives and context, and assess how alcohol use motives and context are associated with alcohol use behavior. A sample of master's and doctoral-level students who drank during the past month (n = 2091; 63% female) completed an online survey. An exploratory factor analysis yielded two situational context factors: drinking in social situations (e.g., with friends, at a bar) and non-social situations (e.g., alone, at home). Graduate students most frequently endorsed social and enhancement drinking motives. Results of multivariate linear regression models showed that age, sex, race/ethnicity, and international student, marital, parental, and employment status were all associated with motives and context. Drinking for enhancement and drinking to cope were the motives most strongly associated with increased alcohol quantity and frequency, respectively. Drinking in social contexts was positively associated with alcohol quantity and frequency, and drinking in non-social contexts was positively associated with alcohol use frequency but inversely related to alcohol quantity. Graduate students who drink for enhancement reasons and in social situations might be at increased risk for higher quantity alcohol use, or graduate students who drink for coping reasons and in non-social situations might be at increased risk for more frequent alcohol use. Future longitudinal research is needed to explore whether drinking in certain contexts and with certain motivations is predictive of alcohol problems during and after graduate school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Allen
- Methodology Center, Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, 404 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Angelica L Barrall
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Dr, #1234, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kenneth H Beck
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Dr, #1234, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Dr, #1234, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Dr, #1234, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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Sweeney MM, Weaver DC, Vincent KB, Arria AM, Griffiths RR. Prevalence and Correlates of Caffeine Use Disorder Symptoms Among a United States Sample. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2020; 10:4-11. [PMID: 32181442 PMCID: PMC7071067 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The DSM-5 recognizes caffeine use disorder as a condition for further study, but there is a need to better understand its prevalence and clinical significance among the general population. Methods: A survey was conducted among an online sample of 1006 caffeine-consuming adults using demographic quotas to reflect the U.S. population. Caffeine consumption, DSM-proposed criteria for caffeine use disorder, sleep, substance use, and psychological distress were assessed. Results: Eight percent of the sample fulfilled DSM-proposed criteria for caffeine use disorder. These individuals consumed more caffeine, were younger, and were more likely to be cigarette smokers. Fulfilling caffeine use disorder criteria was associated with caffeine-related functional impairment, poorer sleep, some substance use, as well as greater depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: The prevalence of caffeine use disorder among the present sample suggests that the proposed diagnostic criteria would identify only a modest percentage of the general population, and that identified individuals experience significant caffeine-related distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Sweeney
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Darian C Weaver
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Roland R Griffiths
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Arria AM, Allen HK, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE. Excessive drinking and drug use during college: Prospective associations with graduate school plans and attendance. J Am Coll Health 2020; 68:132-138. [PMID: 30763149 PMCID: PMC6694003 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1535494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study examines the prospective relationship between substance use during college and two outcomes: having definite plans to attend graduate school; and, among individuals with plans, enrolling in graduate school upon college graduation. Participants:n = 980 were originally enrolled as first-time, first-year college students in an ongoing longitudinal study (August 2004 to present). Methods: Measures from personal interviews included demographics, GPA, alcohol use, alcohol abuse/dependence, and other drug use during college. Results: Fifty-four percent had definite plans to attend graduate school, and 47% of students with definite plans enrolled in graduate school. Alcohol dependence was significantly associated with reduced likelihood of having graduate school plans. Among students with plans to attend graduate school, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence during college were associated with decreased likelihood of enrolling in graduate school. Conclusions: Substance use during college might impact graduate school enrollment, and early intervention efforts could help students achieve their educational goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. , , ,
| | - Hannah K. Allen
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. , , ,
| | - Kimberly M. Caldeira
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. , , ,
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. , , ,
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 3109 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Dubowitz H, Roesch S, Metzger R, Arria AM, Thompson R, English D. Child Maltreatment, Relationship with Father, Peer Substance Use, and Adolescent Marijuana Use. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse 2019; 28:150-159. [PMID: 31736614 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2019.1667285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal prospective study examined the relationship between child maltreatment as per reports to child protective services (CPS) and adolescent self-reported marijuana use, and the association between relationships with mothers and fathers and use of marijuana. The association between relationships with parents early in childhood (ages 6-8 years) and during adolescence with adolescent marijuana use were also probed. Another aim examined whether relationships with parents moderated the link between child maltreatment and youth marijuana use. The sample included 702 high risk adolescents from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN), a consortium of 5 studies related to maltreatment. Children were recruited at age 4 or 6 years together with their primary caregiver. Some were recruited due to their risk for child maltreatment, others were already involved with CPS, and children in one site had been placed in foster care. Logistic regression analysis was performed using youth self-report of marijuana use as the criterion variable and child maltreatment and the relationships with parents as predictor variables, controlling for youths' perceptions of peer substance use and parental monitoring, parental substance use, race/ethnicity, sex and study site. Approximately half the youth had used marijuana. Most of them described quite positive relationships with their mothers and fathers. Participant marijuana Use was associated with a poorer quality of relationship with mother during adolescence, and with peer and parental substance use. A better relationship with father, but not mother, during adolescence attenuated the connection between Child Maltreatment and youth Marijuana Use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Dubowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Scott Roesch
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
| | - Richard Metzger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park
| | - Richard Thompson
- Richard H. Calica Center for Innovation in Children and Family Services, Juvenile Protective Association
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Carter-Pokras OD, Bugbee BA, Gold RS, Lauver PE, Aiken R, Arria AM. Utilizing Student Health and Academic Data: A County-Level Demonstration Project. Health Promot Pract 2019; 22:193-203. [PMID: 31394957 DOI: 10.1177/1524839919862796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Students with chronic health conditions miss more school days than their peers and are at increased risk for performing worse on standardized tests and not completing a high school degree. University-based researchers, state government leaders, and a local county school system collaborated to use existing health and academic data to (1) evaluate the strength of the relationship between health status and school performance (absenteeism, grades) and (2) describe the health status of students who are chronically absent. Analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, negative binomial regression models, and estimated marginal means. The most common health conditions among the 3,663 kindergarten through Grade 12 students were ADD (attention deficit disorder)/ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), asthma, migraine headaches, mental health conditions, and eczema/psoriasis/skin disorders. After controlling for covariates, having asthma or a mental health diagnosis was positively associated with absences; and having an ADD/ADHD or mental health diagnosis was negatively associated with GPA (grade point average). Chronically absent students had significantly lower GPAs, and a higher number of health conditions than other students. The success of this demonstration project encourages strengthening existing collaborations and establishing new multidisciplinary partnerships to analyze existing data sources to learn more about the relationship between student health and academic achievement. Moreover, connecting health status to academic achievement might be a chief tactic for advocating for additional resources to improve the care and management of chronic disease conditions among students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brittany A Bugbee
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robert S Gold
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Amelia M Arria
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
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14
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Dubowitz H, Roesch S, Arria AM, Metzger R, Thompson R, Kotch JB, Lewis T. Timing and chronicity of child neglect and substance use in early adulthood. Child Abuse Negl 2019; 94:104027. [PMID: 31212246 PMCID: PMC6686902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglect is the most common form of child maltreatment with consequences that appear to be as serious as for abuse. Despite this, the problem has received less than its due attention. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between the timing and chronicity of neglect during childhood and substance use in early adulthood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The sample consisted of a subset of 475 participants from the prospective Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) consortium from five geographic areas around the U.S. METHOD Neglect was assessed using abstracted information from CPS reports (birth-18) and self-reports of neglect (12-18). Participants completed a follow-up online survey (mean age of 24 years) that probed their use of substances. RESULTS The prevalence of substance use during the past year was comparable in this high-risk sample to the general population. Latent class analysis supported the presence of three groups related to the presence and timing of neglect: Chronic Neglect, Late Neglect and Limited Neglect. Late Neglect was the pattern most strongly linked to substance use in early adulthood. CONCLUSIONS High-risk youth experiencing neglect beginning in mid- adolescence are especially vulnerable to later substance use. Those working with such youth and their families can play a valuable role helping ensure their basic needs are adequately met, and recognizing early signs of substance use and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Dubowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.
| | - Scott Roesch
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, United States
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, United States
| | - Richard Metzger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Richard Thompson
- Richard H. Calica Center for Innovation in Children and Family Services, Juvenile Protective Association, United States
| | - Jonathan B Kotch
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Terri Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, United States
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15
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Parisi CE, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, Soong AM, Arria AM. Risks associated with alcohol and marijuana use among college student athletes: The case for involving athletic personnel in prevention and intervention. J Issues Intercoll Athl 2019; 12:343-364. [PMID: 31588410 PMCID: PMC6777729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe alcohol and marijuana use patterns and related consequences among student athletes. A total of 12,510 students (n=1,233 athletes) completed four cross-sectional online annual surveys as part of a multi-site campus initiative. Chi-square tests of independence, t-tests, and regression models evaluated differences in alcohol and marijuana use between athletes and non-athletes. The prevalence of binge drinking and high intensity drinking was significantly higher among student athletes than non-athletes, even after controlling for demographic characteristics. Thirteen percent of student athletes experienced an alcohol-related injury during the past year; this was more common among binge drinkers than non-binge drinkers (20.5% and 2.6%, respectively). Among student athletes, past-month binge drinking and past-year marijuana use were significantly associated with lowered GPA (ps<.01). Skipping class was twice as prevalent among student athletes who used marijuana as compared with athletes who did not use marijuana, but no differences were found related to binge drinking. Components for a training for athletic personnel to reduce risks for alcohol-related injury and academic consequences that are associated with alcohol and marijuana use among student athletes are described. Involving athletic personnel might be an important strategy to identify and intervene with high-risk student athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E. Parisi
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Brittany A. Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Andrea M. Soong
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
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16
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Green KM, Arria AM. Commentary on Terry-McElrath et al. (2019): Will persistent patterns of youth marijuana use compromise their futures? Addiction 2019; 114:1049-1050. [PMID: 31012163 PMCID: PMC6521978 DOI: 10.1111/add.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent increases in the prevalence of frequent marijuana use that extend well into adulthood raise concerns about the long-term consequences for population health and for the individuals engaging in these use patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M. Green
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community HealthUniversity of Maryland School of Public Health College Park MD USA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community HealthUniversity of Maryland School of Public Health College Park MD USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study sought to describe a Canadian sample of university students' medicinal use of cannabis, including prevalence of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and replacement of traditional treatments with cannabis. METHOD A random sample of 4000 university students was asked to complete a cross-sectional web-based survey. The survey was completed by 2212 (average age 23.2 years, SD = 5.2 years), representing a 55.3% response rate. To be eligible, students had to be enrolled in a class on campus and were 18 years or older. RESULT Half (52%) of respondents used cannabis at least once in their lifetime, with ∼11% reporting medicinal cannabis use. Recreational motives to use cannabis were common among medicinal users (85%), several (38%) replaced traditional medication with cannabis, and more than a third received authorization by a health care provider. Of the medicinal users, 13.6% met the criteria for CUD. Common ailments for medicinal cannabis use were anxiety, sleep problems, depression, and pain. When mental health-related categories are combined, 78.2% of medicinal users used for at least 1 mental health condition. CONCLUSIONS Medicinal cannabis use occurs among university students. None of the ailments listed by medicinal users meet the Canadian Family Physicians prescribing guidelines, and most are not among those viewed by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine as having strong evidence for therapeutic value. The results raise concerns for health care providers who are authorizing or counselling patients' considering medicinal cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Mader
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Andrew C. H. Szeto
- Department of Psychology and Office of the Provost, University of Calgary,
Calgary, Alberta
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Department of Behavioural and Community Health, Centre on Young Adult Health
and Development, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD,
USA
| | - Ken C. Winters
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN,
USA
| | - T. Chris R. Wilkes
- Alberta Health Services, Alberta
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
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18
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Jernigan DH, Shields K, Mitchell M, Arria AM. Assessing Campus Alcohol Policies: Measuring Accessibility, Clarity, and Effectiveness. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1007-1015. [PMID: 30865305 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol consumption poses significant hazards to health and safety on college campuses. While substantial research exists regarding effective policies for preventing alcohol-related problems in the communities surrounding campuses, on-campus alcohol policies have received far less attention. METHODS Official campus alcohol policies (CAPs) were retrieved from the websites of the 15 member schools of the Maryland Collaborative to Reduce College Drinking and Related Problems, a voluntary statewide collaborative. CAPs were assessed for accessibility, clarity, and effectiveness. In addition to assessing whether campuses were in compliance with federal regulations for comprehensiveness of policies, a measure of likely policy effectiveness was developed through the use of 2 Delphi panels drawing on alcohol policy researchers and on-campus and community practitioners, respectively. The panels rated 35 potential policies and 13 possible sanctions; lists of policies and sanctions were compiled primarily from what was already in existence at 1 or more member schools. RESULTS For most campuses, the CAPs could be located within 30 seconds, but tended to be spread across multiple web pages. Language used to communicate the policies tended to be complex and above the reading level of someone with a high school education. At least half of the schools had less than half of the possible policies rated most or somewhat effective by the Delphi panels. Schools were more likely to employ the most effective sanctions, but somewhat and ineffective sanctions were also not uncommon. CONCLUSIONS CAPs are an important element in reducing negative consequences of alcohol consumption on college campuses. A higher level of research scrutiny is warranted to understand the extent to which CAPs are associated with excessive drinking, but this research describes an evidence- and expert-informed assessment approach that colleges can use to regularly analyze and update their CAPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Jernigan
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management , Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelsey Shields
- National Opinion Research Center , University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Molly Mitchell
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health , Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use is prevalent and is associated with academic performance among adolescents. Few studies have examined the association between abstinence from all substances and academic achievement. METHODS Data from a nationally representative sample of 9578 12th graders from the 2015 Monitoring the Future survey were analyzed to examine relationships between abstinence from substance use and 4 academic variables: skipping school, grades, academic self-efficacy, and emotional academic engagement. Participants were categorized as lifetime non-users, former users, and past-year users based on the use of 14 substances. RESULTS Approximately one-fourth of participants had never used cigarettes, alcohol, or other drugs during their lifetime, and 8%wt used at least one substance during their lifetime but not during the past year. Adjusting for demographic variables, past-year substance users had 2.71 greater odds of skipping school during the past month than lifetime non-users and 1.74 greater odds of having low grades. Lifetime non-users reported greater academic self-efficacy and emotional academic engagement than past-year users. CONCLUSIONS Many 12th graders have abstained from all substance use during their lifetime, and these adolescents experience better academic outcomes than their substance-using peers. Substance use prevention programs should be evaluated as a way to promote academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Bugbee
- Center for Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, 1234 School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20742, Phone: (301) 405-9748, Fax: (301)
314-9167,
| | - Kenneth H. Beck
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20742, Phone:
(301) 405-2527, Fax: (301) 314-9167,
| | - Craig S. Fryer
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20742, Phone:
(301) 405-0818, Fax: (301) 314-9167,
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Center for Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, 1234 School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20742, Phone: (301) 405-9795, Fax: (301)
314-9167,
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20
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DuPont RL, Arria AM. Controlled Substances in the Polydrug Epidemic: Response to Diller. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:78. [PMID: 30848950 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18080948r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L DuPont
- Institute for Behavior and Health, Rockville, Md. (DuPont); Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park (Arria)
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Institute for Behavior and Health, Rockville, Md. (DuPont); Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park (Arria)
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21
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Allen HK, Lilly F, Beck KH, Vincent KB, Arria AM. Graduate degree completion: Associations with alcohol and marijuana use before and after enrollment. Addict Behav Rep 2018; 9:100156. [PMID: 30627627 PMCID: PMC6322074 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that alcohol and marijuana use are associated with academic performance difficulties, but the relationship to completion of a graduate degree has not been explored. Undergraduate students (n = 1253) were assessed during their first year of college and annually thereafter until age 29. Among the subset of the original sample who enrolled in graduate school (n = 520), measures of alcohol and marijuana use were averaged separately for the time periods before and after graduate school enrollment. Logistic regression models were developed to examine the associations between these variables and graduate degree completion, adjusting for other factors. In general, a minority of the sample were excessive drinkers or frequent marijuana users. The majority of drinkers (70%) drank an average of twice a week or less each year, and 62% of marijuana users used marijuana once a month or less each year. After adjusting for demographic and program characteristics, marijuana use frequency after graduate school enrollment was negatively associated with odds of graduate degree completion. Alcohol use frequency before graduate school enrollment was positively associated with odds of graduate degree completion. Results add to the growing body of literature on marijuana use and decreased academic achievement, but results should be interpreted with caution given the small, but significant, effect sizes found. The positive association between alcohol use frequency and degree completion might be attributed to engagement in the academic environment. Future studies should examine the potential mechanisms through which alcohol and marijuana use are related to the academic achievement of graduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Allen
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 1242 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Flavius Lilly
- University of Maryland Baltimore Graduate School, 620 W. Lexington St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kenneth H Beck
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 1242 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 1242 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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22
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Chen JC, Green KM, Arria AM, Borzekowski DLG. Prospective predictors of flavored e-cigarette use: A one-year longitudinal study of young adults in the U.S. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:279-285. [PMID: 30165328 PMCID: PMC6141325 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes with fruit and candy flavors are appealing among young adults. This study examined the prospective predictors of young adults' flavored e-cigarette use to inform regulation and prevention efforts. METHODS We used the wave 1 (2013-2014) and wave 2 (2014-2015) data of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative cohort study of U.S. youth and adults. We analyzed a sample of young adults aged 18-34 (n = 12,383) to identify wave 1 prospective predictors (i.e., socio-demographic characteristics, mental health symptoms, marijuana use, tobacco use, and e-cigarette harm perceptions) of wave 2 flavored e-cigarette use. RESULTS At wave 2, 8.0% of young adults used e-cigarettes, and 2.5% and 5.5% used tobacco and menthol (TM) and non-tobacco and non-menthol flavors (NTM) flavors, respectively. In the multivariable model, significant prospective predictors (wave 1) of NTM flavored e-cigarette use compared to TM flavored e-cigarette use (wave 2) were younger age (18-24 years) (AOR = 1.82, p < 0.001), female gender (AOR=1.81, p < 0.001), education attainment of high school graduate and higher (AOR=1.60, p = 0.024), marijuana use (AOR=1.96, p < 0.001), ever but non-past-month cigarette smoking (AOR=2.75, p < 0.001), never cigarette smoking (AOR=5.08, p = 0.016), and lower harm perception of e-cigarettes (AOR=1.59, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION This study highlights high rates of NTM flavor use and specific predictors of NTM flavored e-cigarettes use among young adults in the U.S. Regulation and prevention efforts for curbing flavored e-cigarette use among young adults should focus on these risk factors and high-risk groups (e.g., 18-24 years, female, and never cigarette smokers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cen Chen
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, United States.
| | - Kerry M Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, United States
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, United States
| | - Dina L G Borzekowski
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, United States
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, College
Park, MD, USA
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24
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Ross MM, Arria AM, Brown JP, Mullins CD, Schiffman J, Simoni-Wastila L, dosReis S. College students' perceived benefit-to-risk tradeoffs for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants: Implications for intervention designs. Addict Behav 2018; 79:45-51. [PMID: 29247881 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies have examined the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs undergraduate students perceive when engaging in the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NPS). This study examined the variation in college students' perceived risks and benefits for NPS. METHODS An online survey was administered to 259 college students (ages 18-25) at six public universities who had engaged in NPS in the past year. A best-worst scaling (BWS) instrument assessed the relative importance of 12 perceived benefits and risks of NPS. Probabilities of selection of each factor and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for the aggregate sample and latent preference subgroups were derived using latent class analysis (LCA). RESULTS For the aggregate sample, the strongest motivators for NPS were better grades (m=2.33, p<0.05) and meeting deadlines (m=1.62, p<0.05). The LCA generated four subgroups: 1) assuredly performance-driven (n=64; 25%), who prioritized academic performance and nonacademic responsibilities; 2) cautiously grade/career-oriented (n=117; 45%), who balanced academic improvements with expulsion and limiting future career opportunities; 3) risk-averse (n=64; 25%), who prioritized expulsion above academic improvements; and 4) recreational (n=14; 5%), who most valued having fun partying. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify subgroups of college NPS users that could have vastly different trajectories in terms of future drug use and college performance. Given this heterogeneity among students regarding perceived risks and benefits of NPS, interventions should be designed to assess motives and provide personalized feedback. Further research is needed with larger, more diverse samples and to assess the prospective stability of perceived risks and benefits.
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Arria AM, Geisner IM, Cimini MD, Kilmer JR, Caldeira KM, Barrall AL, Vincent KB, Fossos-Wong N, Yeh JC, Rhew I, Lee CM, Subramaniam GA, Liu D, Larimer ME. Perceived academic benefit is associated with nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students. Addict Behav 2018; 76:27-33. [PMID: 28735038 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION College students are at higher than average risk for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NPS). A commonly identified motive among students who engage in NPS is to improve grades. Several research studies have observed that NPS most likely does not confer an academic advantage, and is associated with excessive drinking and other drug use. This study documents the proportion of the general college student population who believe that NPS will lead to improvements in academic performance. METHODS This study gathered online survey data from a large, demographically diverse sample of college students to document the prevalence of perceived academic benefit of NPS for improving grades and to examine the association between such belief and NPS. RESULTS Overall, 28.6% agreed or strongly agreed that NPS could help students earn higher grades, and an additional 38.0% were unsure. Students with a higher level of perceived academic benefit of NPS and more frequent patterns of drinking and marijuana use were more likely to engage in NPS, even after adjustment for a wide range of covariates. CONCLUSIONS The results underscore the need for interventions that simultaneously correct misperceptions related to academic benefit and target alcohol and marijuana use to reduce NPS.
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26
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Caldeira KM, Arria AM, Allen HK, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE. Continuity of drunk and drugged driving behaviors four years post-college. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:332-339. [PMID: 28950239 PMCID: PMC5648635 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Driving under the influence of alcohol is a leading cause of injury and premature death among young adults, and college-educated individuals are at particularly high risk. Less is known about driving under the influence of other drugs, which is on the rise. METHOD This study describes prospective seven-year trends in alcohol and other drug (AOD)-involved driving among a young-adult sample beginning with their second year of college (i.e., Years 2-8), and documents the extent of continuity in such behaviors across time. Originally recruited as incoming first-year students at one large public university, participants (n=1194) were interviewed annually about how frequently they drove while drunk/intoxicated (DWI), after drinking any alcohol (DAD), and/or while under the influence of other drugs (DD). Follow-up rates were high (>75% annually). RESULTS Among participants with access to drive a car, annual prevalence peaked in Year 4 (modal age 21) for both DWI (24.3%wt) and DD (19.1%wt) and declined significantly thereafter through Year 8 (both ps<0.05). DAD was far more prevalent than DWI or DD, increasing from 40.5%wt in Year 2 to 66.9%wt in Year 5, and plateauing thereafter. Among marijuana-using participants, likelihood of DD was consistently greater than the likelihood of DWI among Heavy Episodic and Light-to-Moderate drinkers, and it declined significantly during Years 5-8 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Post-college declines in heavy drinking and DWI prevalence were encouraging but did not necessarily translate to reductions in likelihood of engaging in DWI, depending on drinking pattern. College-educated individuals represent an important target for AOD-involved driving prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Caldeira
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hannah K. Allen
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brittany A. Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 3109 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Caldeira KM, Arria AM, O’Grady KE, Vincent KB, Robertson C, Welsh CJ. Risk factors for gambling and substance use among recent college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:280-290. [PMID: 28823836 PMCID: PMC5657435 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is well known that substance use and gambling overlap, the degree to which this overlap can be explained by shared risk factors has not been fully explored. This study aimed to identify common and unique risk factors for gambling and substance use among young adults. METHODS Young adults (n=1,019) in a longitudinal study since college entry were interviewed annually. Past-year frequency of seven gambling activities was assessed once (Year 5). Structural equation models evaluated suspected risk factors in two models, one for gambling with substance use as an intermediary variable, and one for substance use with gambling as the intermediary variable. RESULTS Sixty percent gambled; 6% gambled weekly or more. Examination of the two structural models supported the existence of significant paths (a) from two of the five substance use variables (alcohol, drugs) to gambling frequency, and (b) from gambling frequency to all five substance use variables. Every risk factor associated with gambling was also associated with one or more substance use variables. Risk factors common to gambling and substance use were sex, race/ethnicity, extracurricular involvement (fraternity/sorority, athletics), impulsive sensation-seeking, and behavioral dysregulation. Risk factors unique to substance use were conduct problems, anxiety, and parent's history of alcohol and mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS Gambling and substance use are interrelated, but with incomplete overlap in their respective risk factors. Results underscore the need for longitudinal research to elucidate their distinct etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Caldeira
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School
of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School
of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 3109
Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School
of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Carl Robertson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, The Maryland Center of Excellence on Problem Gambling, 5900 Waterloo Road, Suite 200, Columbia, MD 20145, USA.
| | - Christopher J. Welsh
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, The Maryland Center of
Excellence on Problem Gambling, 5900 Waterloo Road, Suite 200, Columbia, MD 20145,
USA
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Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O'Grady KE. Trajectories of energy drink consumption and subsequent drug use during young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:424-432. [PMID: 28797805 PMCID: PMC5657439 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly caffeinated energy drinks (EDs) are popular with adolescents and young adults, but longitudinal consumption patterns are poorly understood especially in relation to other substance use. METHODS ED and other substance use were assessed annually (modal ages 21-25) among a sample (n=1099) who were originally recruited as first-year college students (modal age 18). Trajectory groups were derived based on probability of past-year use during ages 21-24, and compared for possible differences in substance use outcomes at age 25, holding constant demographics, sensation-seeking, other caffeine consumption, and age 21 substance use. RESULTS From age 21-25, ED consumption declined in both annual prevalence [62.5%wt to 49.1%wt (wt=weighted)] and frequency of use among consumers (35.2-26.3 days/year). Yet individuals exhibiting a Persistent trajectory (51.4%) of consumption outnumbered those with Non-Use (20.6%), Intermediate (17.4%), or Desisting (10.6%) trajectories. Age 25 cocaine use, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NPS), and alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk were significantly associated with trajectory group membership, with Persistent and Intermediate groups exhibiting the highest risk for such outcomes, even accounting for prior substance use and other risk factors. Neither marijuana nor tobacco use were associated with group membership. CONCLUSIONS The typical pattern of ED consumption among this sample was sustained use throughout young adulthood. Such individuals appear to be at high risk for adverse substance use outcomes, and results suggest possible specificity regarding cocaine use and NPS, and AUD risk. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the connection between ED and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Kimberly M Caldeira
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Brittany A Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Kevin E O'Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 3109 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Payne-Sturges DC, Tjaden A, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, Arria AM. Student Hunger on Campus: Food Insecurity Among College Students and Implications for Academic Institutions. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:349-354. [PMID: 28699401 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117719620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the prevalence of food insecurity among students at a large mid-Atlantic publicly funded university; examine the association between food insecurity, demographic characteristics, potential financial risk factors, and self-reported physical and mental health and academic performance; and identify possible risk factors for food insecurity. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Large, public mid-Atlantic university. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred thirty-seven undergraduate students. MEASURES US Department of Agriculture (USDA) 18-item Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) and questions on demographics, student status, economic factors, housing stability, living arrangements, academic performance, and self-rated physical health and depression symptoms. ANALYSIS Multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Among students surveyed, 15% were food insecure; an additional 16% were at risk of food insecurity. Students who were African American, other race/ethnicity, receiving multiple forms of financial aid, or experiencing housing problems were more likely to be food insecure or at the risk of food insecurity (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 4.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.83-8.71, P value < .0001; AOR = 5.26, 95% CI = 1.85-14.98, P value = .002; AOR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.85-6.37, P value <.001; AOR = 8.00, 95% CI = 3.57-17.93, P value < .0001, respectively). Food secure students were less likely to report depression symptoms than at-risk or food insecure students. CONCLUSION Food insecurity among college students is an important public health concern that might have implications for academic performance, retention, and graduation rates. Universities that measure food insecurity among their students will be better positioned to advocate for policy changes at state and federal levels regarding college affordability and student financial assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon C Payne-Sturges
- 1 Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Allison Tjaden
- 2 Dining Services, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly M Caldeira
- 3 Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- 3 Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amelia M Arria
- 3 Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
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Abstract
Excessive drinking among college students is a serious and pervasive public health problem. Although much research attention has focused on developing and evaluating evidence-based practices to address college drinking, adoption has been slow. The Maryland Collaborative to Reduce College Drinking and Related Problems was established in 2012 to bring together a network of institutions of higher education in Maryland to collectively address college drinking by using both individual-level and environmental-level evidence-based approaches. In this article, the authors describe the findings of this multilevel, multicomponent statewide initiative. To date, the Maryland Collaborative has succeeded in providing a forum for colleges to share knowledge and experiences, strengthen existing strategies, and engage in a variety of new activities. Administration of an annual student survey has been useful for guiding interventions as well as evaluating progress toward the Maryland Collaborative's goal to measurably reduce high-risk drinking and its radiating consequences on student health, safety, and academic performance and on the communities surrounding college campuses. The experiences of the Maryland Collaborative exemplify real-world implementation of evidence-based approaches to reduce this serious public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- 1 University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - David H Jernigan
- 2 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Allen HK, Caldeira KM, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE, Arria AM. Drug involvement during and after college: Estimates of opportunity and use given opportunity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 174:150-157. [PMID: 28329719 PMCID: PMC5400721 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND College students perceive widespread availability of drugs and prescription medications for non-medical use on campus, but less is known about the relationship between opportunity to use, use, and use given opportunity of these drugs during and after college. The current study describes annual trends in (1) opportunity to use, (2) use, and (3) use given opportunity of eight drugs and three prescription medications used non-medically over seven years. METHODS Data were derived from a longitudinal cohort study of 1253 first-year college students (52% female, 72% non-Hispanic white) at one large, public university. Annually, past-year opportunity to use and use were assessed for marijuana, hallucinogens, inhalants, cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamines, methamphetamine, heroin, and non-medical use of prescription stimulants, analgesics, and tranquilizers. Binary variables were created to represent opportunity to use, use, and use given opportunity for each drug. RESULTS Participants had the greatest opportunity to use marijuana compared with other drugs during the study period, but there was a significant decline in the opportunity to use marijuana over time. Notably, opportunity for both drugs other than marijuana and prescription medications used non-medically consistently declined, while use given opportunity remained relatively stable over time. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that changes in drug use are driven by changes in opportunity to use, even during the post-college years. Greater opportunity to use and use of all drugs during the college years in comparison with the post-college years confirms the high-risk nature of the college environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. Allen
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 2387 School
of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Caldeira
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 2387 School
of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brittany A. Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 2387 School
of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 2387 School
of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 3109
Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland
School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 2387 School
of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Allen HK, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O'Grady KE. Prevalence and incidence of drug use among college students: an 8-year longitudinal analysis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2017; 43:711-718. [PMID: 28402711 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1310219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug use among college students is associated with adverse academic and health outcomes and risks to personal safety. OBJECTIVES This study utilized data from a longitudinal study to estimate annual prevalence, cumulative lifetime prevalence, and incidence of ten types of drug use during the eight years after college entry and the average age of onset of each drug used. METHODS Participants (N = 1,253; 52% female) were young adults who were originally enrolled as first-time, first-year students at a university in the mid-Atlantic US. Annual personal interviews gathered data about the use of seven illicit drugs and three prescription drugs used nonmedically. Annual follow-up rates ranged from 76 to 91%. RESULTS Marijuana was the most commonly used drug in every year of the study, with the highest annual prevalence estimates in Year 3 (47%wt). In Year 8, when the modal age of participants was 25, 29%wt used marijuana during the past year. Nonmedical use of prescription drugs was more prevalent during college than in the later years of the study. Although the prevalence of cocaine and ecstasy use was low (cumulative prevalence estimates of 17%wt and 13%wt, respectively), incidence for these drugs was particularly high in the later years of the study. CONCLUSION Drug use is prevalent among college students, and drug use persists among young adults, even after many have graduated college. More attention should be directed at identifying and intervening with students at risk for drug use to mitigate possible academic, health, and safety consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- a Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development , University of Maryland School of Public Health , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Kimberly M Caldeira
- a Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development , University of Maryland School of Public Health , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Hannah K Allen
- a Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development , University of Maryland School of Public Health , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Brittany A Bugbee
- a Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development , University of Maryland School of Public Health , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- a Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development , University of Maryland School of Public Health , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Kevin E O'Grady
- b Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA
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Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, O'Grady KE, Cimini MD, Geisner IM, Fossos-Wong N, Kilmer JR, Larimer ME. Do college students improve their grades by using prescription stimulants nonmedically? Addict Behav 2017; 65:245-249. [PMID: 27469455 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many college students engage in nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NPS) because they believe it provides academic benefits, but studies are lacking to support or refute this belief. METHODS Using a longitudinal design, 898 undergraduates who did not have an ADHD diagnosis were studied. Year 3 GPA (from college records) of four groups was compared: Abstainers (did not engage in NPS either year; 68.8%); Initiators (NPS in Year 3 but not Year 2; 8.7%); Desisters (NPS in Year 2 but not Year 3; 5.8%); and Persisters (NPS in both years; 16.7%). Generalized estimating equations regression was used to estimate the association between NPS and change in GPA, controlling for sex and Year 2 GPA. RESULTS GPA increased significantly within Abstainers (p<0.05), but did not change significantly within the other groups. Overall, the relationship between NPS pattern group and change in GPA was not statistically significant (p=0.081). NPS was generally infrequent, but Persisters used more frequently than Desisters (11.7 versus 3.4days in Year 2) and Initiators (13.6 versus 4.0days in Year 3, both ps<0.001), controlling for sex and Year 2 GPA. CONCLUSIONS We cannot rule out the possibility that NPS prevented declines in GPA, but we can conclude that students who engaged in NPS showed no increases in their GPAs and gained no detectable advantages over their peers. The results suggest that prevention and intervention strategies should emphasize that the promise of academic benefits from NPS is likely illusory.
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Arria AM, Compton WM. Complexities in understanding and addressing the serious public health issues related to the nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Addict Behav 2017; 65:215-217. [PMID: 27639956 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O'Grady KE. Energy Drink Use Patterns Among Young Adults: Associations with Drunk Driving. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2456-2466. [PMID: 27676240 PMCID: PMC5074694 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly caffeinated "energy drinks" (ED) are commonly consumed and sometimes mixed with alcohol. Associations between ED consumption, risk-taking, and alcohol-related problems have been observed. This study examines the relationship between ED consumption-both with and without alcohol-and drunk driving. METHODS Data were derived from a longitudinal study of college students assessed annually via personal interviews. In Year 6 (modal age 23; n = 1,000), participants self-reported their past-year frequency of drunk driving, ED consumption patterns (frequency of drinking alcohol mixed with energy drinks [AmED] and drinking energy drinks without alcohol [ED]), alcohol use (frequency, quantity), and other caffeine consumption. Earlier assessments captured suspected risk factors for drunk driving. Structural equation modeling was used to develop an explanatory model for the association between ED consumption patterns and drunk driving frequency while accounting for other suspected risk factors. RESULTS More than half (57%) consumed ED at least once during the past year. Among ED consumers, 71% drank AmED and 85% drank ED alone; many (56%) engaged in both styles of ED consumption while others specialized in one or the other (29% drank ED alone exclusively, while, 15% drank AmED exclusively). After accounting for other risk factors, ED consumption was associated with drunk driving frequency in 2 ways. First, a direct path existed from ED frequency (without alcohol) to drunk driving frequency. Second, an indirect path existed from AmED frequency through alcohol quantity to drunk driving frequency. CONCLUSIONS Among this sample, ED consumption with and without alcohol was common, and both styles of ED consumption contributed independently to drunk driving frequency. Results call for increased attention to the impact of different patterns of ED consumption on alcohol-related consequences, such as drunk driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland.
| | - Kimberly M Caldeira
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Brittany A Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kevin E O'Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Abstract
This study reports the prevalence of current drug dependence among 226 young recently initiated injection drug users (IDUs) (median age 25 years) recruited from community settings in Baltimore, Maryland. Dependence upon alcohol, cocaine, crack, and heroin was measured in relation to DSM-IV criteria derived from 10 questions from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) (Epstein & Gfroerer, 1997). The proportion of dependence among users for heroin, cocaine, crack, and alcohol was 91%, 42%, 37%, and 21%, respectively. Few significant associations were found between sociodemographic characteristics and drug dependence. Frequency of drug use was strongly associated with alcohol, cocaine, and crack dependence for both males and females; however, for heroin, the association between frequency and dependence was only statistically significant in males. The finding that a high proportion of the individuals in this study meet criteria for dependence underscores the need for appropriate and accessible drug treatment for young injection drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M. Arria
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (CESAR) at the University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Crystal Fuller
- Columbia University. J. L. Mailman School of Public Health and an Investigator at the Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies at the New York Academy of Medicine
| | | | - Carl Latkin
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School for Public Health
| | - David Vlahov
- Urban Epidemiologic Studies in New York City and Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
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Festinger DS, Dugosh KL, Clements N, Flynn AB, Falco M, McLellan AT, Arria AM. Use of the Internet to Obtain Drugs without a Prescription Among Treatment-involved Adolescents and Young Adults. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse 2016; 25:480-486. [PMID: 28194089 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2015.1103345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonmedical use of prescription drugs is common and poses risks such as injury, overdose, and development of abuse and dependence. Internet pharmacies offer prescription drugs without a prescription, creating a source of illicit drugs accessible to anyone with an Internet connection. We examined this issue in a convenience sample of 1,860 adolescents and young adults from 24 residential and outpatient treatment programs. Few individuals obtained drugs from the Internet (n = 26, 2.3%). Pain relievers were the most frequently purchased type of drug. The majority of adolescents and young adult online purchasers made the purchases from their own or a friend's house.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Festinger
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karen L Dugosh
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
| | - Nicolle Clements
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA; Saint Joseph's University, Department of Decision System Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Anna B Flynn
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | - Amelia M Arria
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA; University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Allen HK, Vincent KB, Bugbee BA, O'Grady KE. Drinking Like an Adult? Trajectories of Alcohol Use Patterns Before and After College Graduation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:583-90. [PMID: 26893253 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND College students who engage in high-risk drinking patterns are thought to "mature out" of these patterns as they transition to adult roles. College graduation is an important milestone demarcating this transition. We examine longitudinal changes in quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption between the college years and the 4 years after graduation and explore variation in these changes by gender and race/ethnicity. METHODS Participants were 1,128 college graduates enrolled in a longitudinal prospective study of health-risk behaviors. Standard measures of alcohol consumption were gathered during 8 annual personal interviews (76 to 91% annual follow-up). Graduation dates were culled from administrative data and self-report. Spline models, in which separate trajectories were modeled before and after the "knot" of college graduation, were fit to 8 annual observations of past-year alcohol use frequency and quantity (typical number of drinks/drinking day). RESULTS Frequency increased linearly pregraduation, slightly decreased postgraduation, and then rebounded to pregraduation levels. Pregraduation frequency increased more steeply among individuals who drank more heavily at college entry. Quantity decreased linearly during college, followed by quadratic decreases after graduation. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the postcollege "maturing-out" phenomenon might be attributable to decreases in alcohol quantity but not frequency. High-frequency drinking patterns that develop during college appear to persist several years postgraduation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kimberly M Caldeira
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Hannah K Allen
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Brittany A Bugbee
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kevin E O'Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O’Grady KE. Marijuana use trajectories during college predict health outcomes nine years post-matriculation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 159:158-65. [PMID: 26778758 PMCID: PMC4724514 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have linked marijuana use with a variety of health outcomes among young adults. Information about marijuana's long-term health effects is critically needed. METHODS Data are from a ten-year study of 1253 young adults originally recruited as first-year college students and assessed annually thereafter. Six trajectories of marijuana use during college (Non-Use, Low-Stable, Early-Decline, College-Peak, Late-Increase, Chronic) were previously derived using latent variable growth mixture modeling. Nine health outcomes assessed in Year 10 (modal age 27) were regressed on a group membership variable for the six group trajectories, holding constant demographics, baseline health status, and alcohol and tobacco trajectory group membership. RESULTS Marijuana trajectory groups differed significantly on seven of the nine outcomes (functional impairment due to injury, illness, or emotional problems; psychological distress; subjective well-being; and mental and physical health service utilization; all ps<.001), but not on general health rating or body mass index. Non-users fared better than the Late-Increase and Chronic groups on most physical and mental health outcomes. The declining groups (Early-Decline, College-Peak) fared better than the Chronic group on mental health outcomes. The Late-Increase group fared significantly worse than the stable groups (Non-Use, Low-Stable, Chronic) on both physical and mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Even occasional or time-limited marijuana use might have adverse effects on physical and mental health, perhaps enduring after several years of moderation or abstinence. Reducing marijuana use frequency might mitigate such effects. Individuals who escalate their marijuana use in their early twenties might be at especially high risk for adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M. Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 2387 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. , ,
| | - Kimberly M. Caldeira
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 2387 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. , ,
| | - Brittany A. Bugbee
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 2387 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. , ,
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, 2387 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. , ,
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, 3109 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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40
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Arria AM. Commentary on Maier et al. (2016): Language matters--a call for caution regarding research on non-medical use of prescription drugs. Addiction 2016; 111:296-7. [PMID: 26767338 DOI: 10.1111/add.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.
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Dubowitz H, Thompson R, Arria AM, English D, Metzger R, Kotch JB. Characteristics of Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Marijuana Use: A Prospective Study. Child Maltreat 2016; 21:16-25. [PMID: 26715532 PMCID: PMC4713244 DOI: 10.1177/1077559515620853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing acceptance of marijuana use in the United States in recent years, and rates among adolescents have risen. At the same time, marijuana use during adolescence has been linked to an array of health and social problems. Maltreated children are at risk for marijuana use, but the relationships among characteristics of maltreatment and marijuana use are unclear. In this article, we examine how the type and the extent of maltreatment are related to the level of adolescent marijuana use. Data analyses were conducted on a subsample of maltreated adolescents (n = 702) from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect project. Approximately half the sample had used marijuana, and maltreatment was associated with its use. Multivariate regression models showed that being male, extensive maltreatment, and peer marijuana use were associated with heavy use of marijuana. These findings suggest the importance of comprehensively assessing children's maltreatment experiences and their peers' drug use to help prevent or address possible marijuana use in these high-risk adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Dubowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard Thompson
- Richard H. Calica Center for Innovation in Children and Family Services, Juvenile Protective Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Diana English
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Metzger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan B Kotch
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abar B, LaGasse LL, Wouldes T, Derauf C, Newman E, Shah R, Smith LM, Arria AM, Huestis MA, DellaGrotta S, Dansereau LM, Wilcox T, Neal CR, Lester BM. Cross-national comparison of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on infant and early child physical growth: a natural experiment. Prev Sci 2015; 15:767-76. [PMID: 23943149 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-013-0431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study seeks to compare the effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure (PME) on infant and child physical growth between the USA and New Zealand (NZ). This cross-national comparison provides a unique opportunity to examine the potential impact of services provided to drug using mothers on child health. The longitudinal Infant Development, Environment and Lifestyle study of PME from birth to 36 months was conducted in the USA and NZ. The US cohort included 204 children with PME and 212 non-PME matched comparisons (NPME); the NZ cohort included 108 children with PME and 115 NPME matched comparisons. Latent growth curve models were used to examine effects of PME, country of origin, and the country × PME interaction on growth in length/height and weight. In regard to length/height, PME and country of origin were associated with initial length and growth over time. There was also a significant interaction effect, such that children with PME in the USA were shorter at birth than children with PME in NZ after controlling for other prenatal exposures, infant set, socioeconomic status, and maternal height. In regard to weight, there was only an effect of country of origin. Effects of PME on infant and child growth were shown to differ across countries, with exposed children in NZ faring better than exposed children in the USA. Implications for prevention programs and public policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau Abar
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Alpert Medical School, Women and Infants Hospital of RI, 50 Holden St, Providence, RI, USA,
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Abstract
Although several studies have shown that marijuana use can adversely affect academic achievement among adolescents, less research has focused on its impact on postsecondary educational outcomes. This study utilized data from a large longitudinal cohort study of college students to test the direct and indirect effects of marijuana use on college grade point average (GPA) and time to graduation, with skipping class as a mediator of these outcomes. A structural equation model was evaluated taking into account a variety of baseline risk and protective factors (i.e., demographics, college engagement, psychological functioning, alcohol and other drug use) thought to contribute to college academic outcomes. The results showed a significant path from baseline marijuana use frequency to skipping more classes at baseline to lower first-semester GPA to longer time to graduation. Baseline measures of other drug use and alcohol quantity exhibited similar indirect effects on GPA and graduation time. Over time, the rate of change in marijuana use was negatively associated with rate of change in GPA, but did not account for any additional variance in graduation time. Percentage of classes skipped was negatively associated with GPA at baseline and over time. Thus, even accounting for demographics and other factors, marijuana use adversely affected college academic outcomes, both directly and indirectly through poorer class attendance. Results extend prior research by showing that marijuana use during college can be a barrier to academic achievement. Prevention and early intervention might be important components of a comprehensive strategy for promoting postsecondary academic achievement.
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Mericle AA, Arria AM, Meyers K, Cacciola J, Winters KC, Kirby K. National Trends in Adolescent Substance Use Disorders and Treatment Availability: 2003-2010. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse 2015; 24:255-263. [PMID: 26388683 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2013.829008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines trends in adolescent substance use disorders (SUDs) and treatment utilization in the US using data from the National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and data from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS). Results indicate an overall decrease in the percent of adolescents meeting past year criteria for an alcohol or illicit drug disorder between 2003 and 2010, but the percent of adolescents meeting criteria who had not received any treatment in the past year was substantial and has remained stable since 2003. In 2010, less than 30% of facilities participating in the N-SSATS survey indicated that they offered special programming for adolescents, reflecting an overall decrease since 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Cacciola
- Treatment Research Institute ; University of Pennsylvania
| | - Ken C Winters
- Treatment Research Institute ; University of Minnesota
| | - Kim Kirby
- Treatment Research Institute ; University of Pennsylvania
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Arria AM, Kirby KC. Introduction to Special Issue: Translational Research to Help Parents Respond to Adolescent Substance Use Problems. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse 2015; 24:131-133. [PMID: 25914515 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2013.777376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parents experience a variety of challenges when they are confronted with the fact that their adolescent child is drinking alcohol or using other substances. This special issue is focused on the work being conducted at the NIDA-funded Parents Translational Research Center (PTRC) at the Treatment Research Institute in Philadelphia. By translating scientific evidence and elements of proven clinical interventions into practical tools for parents, the work of the PTRC aims to assist parents with assistance in intervening early, finding appropriate services and facilitating treatment entry for their substance-using child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- Treatment Research Institute ; University of Maryland School of Public Health
| | - Kimberly C Kirby
- Treatment Research Institute ; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
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46
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Kaynak Ö, Winters KC, Cacciola J, Kirby KC, Arria AM. Providing alcohol for underage youth: what messages should we be sending parents? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 75:590-605. [PMID: 24988258 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There have been conflicting findings in the literature concerning the risks to adolescents when parents provide them with alcohol. Studies have examined various ways in which parents directly affect adolescent alcohol consumption through provision (e.g., parental offers, parental allowance/supervision, parental presence while drinking, and parental supply). This review synthesizes findings on the direct ways parental provision can influence a child's alcohol consumption and related problems in an effort to provide parents with science-based guidance. We describe potential mechanisms of the relationship between these parental influences and adolescent problems, suggest future directions for research, and discuss implications for parents. METHOD Twenty-two studies (a mix of cross-sectional and longitudinal) that empirically examined the association between parental provision and adolescent drinking outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS Parental provision was generally associated with increased adolescent alcohol use and, in some instances, increased heavy episodic drinking as well as higher rates of alcohol-related problems. Data in support of the view that parental provision serves as a protective factor in the face of other risk factors were equivocal. CONCLUSIONS The nature and extent of the risks associated with parental provision, and the potential mechanisms underlying this association, are complex issues. Although more rigorous studies with longitudinal designs are needed, parents should be aware of potential risks associated with providing adolescents with alcohol and a place to drink. It is recommended that parents discourage drinking until adolescents reach legal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Övgü Kaynak
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken C Winters
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John Cacciola
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly C Kirby
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
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Vincent KB, Kasperski SJ, Caldeira KM, Garnier-Dykstra LM, Pinchevsky GM, O'Grady KE, Arria AM. Maintaining Superior Follow-Up Rates in a Longitudinal Study: Experiences from the College Life Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6. [PMID: 22247739 DOI: 10.5172/mra.2012.6.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies are often considered to be a gold standard for research, but the operational management of such studies is not often discussed in detail; this paper describes strategies used to track and maintain high levels of participation in a longitudinal study involving annual personal interviews with a cohort of 1,253 undergraduates (first-time, first-year students at time of enrollment) at a large public mid-Atlantic university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development (CYAHD), University of Maryland School of Public Health, 8400 Baltimore Ave, Suite 100, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Arria AM, Bugbee BA, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB. Evidence and knowledge gaps for the association between energy drink use and high-risk behaviors among adolescents and young adults. Nutr Rev 2014; 72 Suppl 1:87-97. [PMID: 25293548 PMCID: PMC4196711 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sales of energy drinks have increased rapidly since their introduction to the marketplace in the 1990s. Despite the health concerns raised about these beverages, which are often highly caffeinated, surprisingly little data are available to estimate the prevalence of their use. This review presents the results of secondary data analyses of a nationally representative data set of schoolchildren in the United States and reviews the available research on the association between energy drink use and risk-taking behaviors. Approximately one-third of the students surveyed were recent users of energy drinks, with substantial variation by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Among the health and safety concerns related to energy drinks and their consumption is the possible potentiation of risk-taking behaviors. The review of available research reveals that, although there does appear to be a strong and consistent positive association between the use of energy drinks and risk-taking behavior, all but one of the available studies used cross-sectional designs, thereby limiting the ability to make inferences about the temporal nature of the association. Thus, more research is needed to understand the nature of this association and how energy drinks, particularly those containing caffeine, might impact adolescent health and safety, especially given the high prevalence of their use among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Himes SK, LaGasse LL, Derauf C, Newman E, Smith LM, Arria AM, Grotta SAD, Dansereau LM, Abar B, Neal CR, Lester BM, Huestis MA. Risk of neurobehavioral disinhibition in prenatal methamphetamine-exposed young children with positive hair toxicology results. Ther Drug Monit 2014; 36:535-43. [PMID: 24518561 PMCID: PMC4101149 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to evaluate the effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure (PME) and postnatal drug exposures identified by child hair analysis on neurobehavioral disinhibition at 6.5 years of age. METHODS Mother-infant pairs were enrolled in the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) Study in Los Angeles, Honolulu, Tulsa, and Des Moines. PME was determined by maternal self-report and/or positive meconium results. At the 6.5-year follow-up visit, hair was collected and analyzed for methamphetamine, tobacco, cocaine, and cannabinoid markers. Child behavioral and executive function test scores were aggregated to evaluate child neurobehavioral disinhibition. Hierarchical linear regression models assessed the impact of PME, postnatal substances, and combined PME with postnatal drug exposures on the child's neurobehavioral disinhibition aggregate score. Past year caregiver substance use was compared with child hair results. RESULTS A total of 264 children were evaluated. Significantly more PME children (n = 133) had hair positive for methamphetamine/amphetamine (27.1% versus 8.4%) and nicotine/cotinine (38.3% versus 25.2%) than children without PME (n = 131). Overall, no significant differences in analyte hair concentrations were noted between groups. Significant differences in behavioral and executive function were observed between children with and without PME. No independent effects of postnatal methamphetamine or tobacco exposure, identified by positive hair test, were noted and no additional neurobehavioral disinhibition was observed in PME children with postnatal drug exposures, as compared with PME children without postnatal exposure. CONCLUSIONS Child hair testing offered a noninvasive means to evaluate postnatal environmental drug exposure, although no effects from postnatal drug exposure alone were seen. PME, alone and in combination with postnatal drug exposures, was associated with behavioral and executive function deficits at 6.5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Himes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Linda L. LaGasse
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Chris Derauf
- Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Elana Newman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Lynne M. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, CA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- Family Science Department, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Sheri A. Della Grotta
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Lynne M. Dansereau
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Beau Abar
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Charles R. Neal
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Barry M. Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University and Women & Infants Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Moshkovich O, Bugbee BA, Vincent KB, O'Grady KE. Providing alcohol to underage youth: the view from young adulthood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1790-8. [PMID: 24890465 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many underage drinkers obtain alcohol from legal-age family, friends, and acquaintances. This study aimed to understand the attitudes and behaviors of young adults related to providing alcohol to underage drinkers. METHODS Participants were 755 current or recent college students of legal drinking age (ages 22 to 26) who were approached by a minor to provide alcohol at least once since turning 21. Interviewers assessed frequency of providing alcohol, relationship to the recipients, and general attitudes about providing alcohol to minors. Separate questions asked about younger (under 18) and older (18 to 20) minors. Correlates and predictors of provision and frequency of provision were examined via logistic regression and Poisson regression, focusing on demographics, sensation-seeking, behavioral dysregulation, age at first drink, parental history of alcohol problems, fraternity/sorority involvement, attitudes about provision, violations, peer drinking norms, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk during and post-college. RESULTS Most participants (84.6%) provided alcohol to minors at least once. Provision to older minors was more prevalent (82.8%) than to younger minors (20.7%); it was also more frequent. Few (2.4%) were ever caught providing alcohol. Recipients were more commonly friends or family members rather than acquaintances or strangers. Legal concerns about providing alcohol (82.5 and 53.7% for younger and older minors, respectively) were more prevalent than health concerns (55.7 and 9.5%). Legal concerns consistently predicted lower likelihood of provision, independent of demographics. Health concerns and lower post-college AUD risk scores also independently predicted lower likelihood of provision, but only to older minors. Fraternity/sorority involvement and higher peer drinking norms were associated with higher provision frequency, whereas legal concerns and college violations were associated with lower provision frequency. CONCLUSIONS Young adults who have recently turned 21 could represent an important target for prevention strategies to reduce underage drinking on college campuses. More research is needed to understand the motivations of young adults who provide alcohol to underage drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development (CYAHD), University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
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