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Haq SAU, Bashir T, Roberts TH, Husaini AM. Ameliorating the effects of multiple stresses on agronomic traits in crops: modern biotechnological and omics approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:41. [PMID: 38158512 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
While global climate change poses a significant environmental threat to agriculture, the increasing population is another big challenge to food security. To address this, developing crop varieties with increased productivity and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is crucial. Breeders must identify traits to ensure higher and consistent yields under inconsistent environmental challenges, possess resilience against emerging biotic and abiotic stresses and satisfy customer demands for safer and more nutritious meals. With the advent of omics-based technologies, molecular tools are now integrated with breeding to understand the molecular genetics of genotype-based traits and develop better climate-smart crops. The rapid development of omics technologies offers an opportunity to generate novel datasets for crop species. Identifying genes and pathways responsible for significant agronomic traits has been made possible by integrating omics data with genetic and phenotypic information. This paper discusses the importance and use of omics-based strategies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and phenomics, for agricultural and horticultural crop improvement, which aligns with developing better adaptability in these crop species to the changing climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Tanzeel Bashir
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Thomas H Roberts
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, Australia
| | - Amjad M Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India.
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Bashir T, Ul Haq SA, Masoom S, Ibdah M, Husaini AM. Quality trait improvement in horticultural crops: OMICS and modern biotechnological approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8729-8742. [PMID: 37642759 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Horticultural crops are an essential part of food and nutritional security. Moreover, these form an integral part of the agricultural economy and have enormous economic potential. They are a rich source of nutrients that are beneficial to human health. Plant breeding of horticultural crops has focussed primarily on increasing the productivity and related traits of these crops. However, fruit and vegetable quality is paramount to their perishability, marketability, and consumer acceptance. The improved nutritional value is beneficial to underprivileged and undernourished communities. Due to a declining genetic base, conventional plant breeding does not contribute much to quality improvement as the existing natural allelic variations and crossing barriers between cultivated and wild species limit it. Over the past two decades, 'omics' and modern biotechnological approaches have made it possible to decode the complex genomes of crop plants, assign functions to the otherwise many unknown genes, and develop genome-wide DNA markers. Genetic engineering has enabled the validation of these genes and the introduction of crucial agronomic traits influencing various quality parameters directly or indirectly. This review discusses the significant advances in the quality improvement of horticultural crops, including shelf life, aroma, browning, nutritional value, colour, and many other related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Bashir
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Salsabeel Masoom
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mwafaq Ibdah
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Amjad M Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Pandita D, Mahajan R, Zargar SM, Nehvi FA, Dhekale B, Shafi F, Shah MUD, Sofi NR, Husaini AM. Trait specific marker-based characterization and population structure analysis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm of Kashmir Himalayas. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4155-4163. [PMID: 36881341 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice is a key food grain contributor to the global food grain basket and is considered the main food crop in India with a large number of varieties released every year. SSR markers have proven to be an excellent tool for studying genetic diversity. As a result, the present study was done to characterize and assess genetic diversity as well as population structural aspects. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty genotypes of rice were characterized using 40 SSR markers to assess the genetic diversity and genetic relationship. A total of 114 alleles were amplified with an average of 2.85 alleles per locus. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values varied from 0.30 (RM162) to 0.58 (RM413) with an average of 0.44. Gene diversity was in the range of 0.35 (RM162) to 0.66 (RM413), with an average value of 0.52, while heterozygosity ranged from 0.18 (RM27) to 0.74 (RM55), with an average of 0.39. The population structure revealed a narrow genetic base with only three major subpopulations. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 74% of the variation was attributed within individuals, 23% was among individuals, and 3% was among populations. Pairwise Fst value of population A & B is 0.024, population B & C is 0.120 and population A & C is 0.115. Dendrogram grouped the genotypes into three clusters with wide variation among the accessions. CONCLUSION Genotyping combined with phylogeny and population structure analysis proved to be a powerful method for characterizing germplasm in this study. There is significant gene flow within populations, as well as the presence of different combinations of alleles, and that allelic exchange rates within the populations are higher than among the populations. Assessing the genetic diversity among individual genotypes within populations is quite useful in selecting candidate parents for future breeding programs to improve the target traits in rice for the Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Pandita
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | | | | | - Firdous A Nehvi
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | | | - Fouzia Shafi
- Division of Basic Sciences, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | | | | | - Amjad M Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India.
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Husaini AM, Sohail M. Robotics-assisted, organic agricultural-biotechnology based environment-friendly healthy food option: Beyond the binary of GM versus Organic crops. J Biotechnol 2023; 361:41-48. [PMID: 36470315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human society cannot afford the luxury of the business-as-usual approach when dealing with the emerging challenges of the 21st century. The challenges of food production to meet the pace of population growth in an environmentally-sustainable manner have increased considerably, emphasizing the need to explore newer approaches to agriculture. Agrochemical-based agricultural practices are known to have serious environmental and health implications. Even conventional organic farming is not sustainable in the long run. Although some "age-old" practices are useful, these will not help feed more people on the same or less land more sustainably. Sustainable intensification is the way forward. There is a need to incorporate a customer-centric outlook and make the organic system sustainable. Here, we bring forth the necessity to enhance the efficiency of organic agriculture by the inclusion of robotics and agrochemical-free GM seeds. Such an organic-GM hybrid agriculture system integrated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) based technologies will have better energy efficiency. The produce from such a system will offer consumers a 'third' choice and create a new food label, 'organically-grown GM produce'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Biochemistry, St Hilda College, Cowley Place, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Husaini AM, Haq SAU, Shabir A, Wani AB, Dedmari MA. The menace of saffron adulteration: Low-cost rapid identification of fake look-alike saffron using Foldscope and machine learning technology. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:945291. [PMID: 36035668 PMCID: PMC9417335 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.945291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Saffron authenticity is important for the saffron industry, consumers, food industry, and regulatory agencies. Herein we describe a combo of two novel methods to distinguish genuine saffron from fake in a user-friendly manner and without sophisticated instruments. A smartphone coupled with Foldscope was used to visualize characteristic features and distinguish "genuine" saffron from "fake." Furthermore, destaining and staining agents were used to study the staining patterns. Toluidine blue staining pattern was distinct and easier to use as it stained the papillae and the margins deep purple, while its stain is lighter yellowish green toward the central axis. Further to automate the process, we tested and compared different machine learning-based classification approaches for performing the automated saffron classification into genuine or fake. We demonstrated that the deep learning-based models are efficient in learning the morphological features and classifying samples as either fake or genuine, making it much easier for end-users. This approach performed much better than conventional machine learning approaches (random forest and SVM), and the model achieved an accuracy of 99.5% and a precision of 99.3% on the test dataset. The process has increased the robustness and reliability of authenticating saffron samples. This is the first study that describes a customer-centric frugal science-based approach to creating an automated app to detect adulteration. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to assess saffron adulteration and quality. It revealed that only 40% of samples belonged to ISO Category I, while the average adulteration percentage in the remaining samples was 36.25%. After discarding the adulterants from crude samples, their quality parameters improved significantly, elevating these from ISO category III to Category II. Conversely, it also means that Categories II and III saffron are more prone to and favored for adulteration by fraudsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M. Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Asma Shabir
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Amir B. Wani
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Fayaz S, Mahajan R, Hami A, Husaini AM, Bhat SA, Murtaza I, Dhekale B, Bhat BA, Zargar SM. Polyphenolics, antioxidant characterization and DNA barcoding of Kala zeera [Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedtsch] through multiple barcode analysis to unravel best barcode combination. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7205-7217. [PMID: 35729477 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kala zeera [Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedtsch] is one of the important spice crops of North Western Himalayas with lot of medicinal and culinary values. In spite of having great importance, this crop is under the threat of extinction due to loss of habitat and lack of awareness. The limited availability of the seeds has ultimately increased the economic value of this spice. The upmarket of Kala zeera leads to its adulteration with other black seeds and cumin seeds. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate polyphenolics and antioxidant properties of Kala zeera genotypes collected from North Western Himalayas and to develop DNA barcodes that can ensure their purity and can also guide in conservation of selected Kala zeera germplasm lines. METHODS AND RESULTS Various locations of North Western Himalayas were explored for collecting 31 diverse germplasm lines of Kala zeera. The collected germplasm was maintained at our experimental stations during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. These genotypes were evaluated for different seed traits and the methanolic extract from Kala zeera seeds was examined for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP. The results revealed significant variation in seed traits, polyphenolic content and antioxidant properties. 100 seed weight ranged from 0.05 to 0.35 g, TPC ranged from 7.5 to 22.56 mg/g, TFC ranged from 0.58 to 4.15 mg/g, antioxidant properties DPPH ranged from 168 to 624.4 μg/ml and FRAP ranged from 0.72 to 6.91 mg/g. Further, three different barcodes (ITS, rbcL and psbA-trnH) were used to reveal the authenticity of selected Kala zeera. MEGA 5 software was used for clustering and the barcodes did clustering based on geographical distribution of Kala zeera germplasm. CONCLUSION Based on molecular barcoding, best barcode combination was identified that may discriminate the Kala zeera germplasm vis-a-vis can authenticate their purity. Moreover, the identified DNA barcodes will have significant role in studying the evolutionary biology of Bunium species and will be important for designing a strategy to conserve the selected Kala zeera germplasm lines. The identified genotypes with high phenolic content and antioxidant activity can further be utilized in Kala zeera breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Fayaz
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Reetika Mahajan
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India.
| | - Ammarah Hami
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Amjad M Husaini
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Sajad Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Basic Science, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Imtiyaz Murtaza
- Division of Basic Science, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Bhagyashree Dhekale
- Division of Agricultural Statistics, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Bilal A Bhat
- MAR&ES, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Gurez, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India.
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Husaini AM, Haq SAU, Jiménez AJL. Understanding saffron biology using omics- and bioinformatics tools: stepping towards a better Crocus phenome. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5325-5340. [PMID: 35106686 PMCID: PMC8807023 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Saffron is a unique plant in many aspects, and its cellular processes are regulated at multiple levels. The genetic makeup in the form of eight chromosome triplets (2n = 3x = 24) with a haploid genetic content (genome size) of 3.45 Gbp is decoded into different types of RNA by transcription. The RNA then translates into peptides and functional proteins, sometimes involving post-translational modifications too. The interactions of the genome, transcriptome, proteome and other regulatory molecules ultimately result in the complex set of primary and secondary metabolites of saffron metabolome. These complex interactions manifest in the form of a set of traits 'phenome' peculiar to saffron. The phenome responds to the environmental changes occurring in and around saffron and modify its response in respect of growth, development, disease response, stigma quality, apocarotenoid biosynthesis, and other processes. Understanding these complex relations between different yet interconnected biological activities is quite challenging in saffron where classical genetics has a very limited role owing to its sterility, and the absence of a whole-genome sequence. Omics-based technologies are immensely helpful in overcoming these limitations and developing a better understanding of saffron biology. In addition to creating a comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms involved in apocarotenoid synthesis, stigma biogenesis, corm activity, and flower development, omics-technologies will ultimately lead to the engineering of saffron plants with improved phenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India.
| | - Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Alberto José López Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Husaini AM, Jan KN, Wani GA. Saffron: A potential drug-supplement for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (COVID) management. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07068. [PMID: 34007917 PMCID: PMC8118646 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), came as a significant health care challenge for humans in 2019-20. Based on recent laboratory and epidemiological studies, a growing list of mutations in the virus has the potential to enhance its transmission or help it evade the immune response. To further compound the problems, there are considerable challenges to the availability of effective, affordable, safe vaccines on a mass scale. These impediments have led some to explore additional options available in traditional medicines, especially immune-boosting natural products. Saffron has been used for centuries to treat fever, bronchitis, cold and other immune, respiratory disorders. Herein, we discuss the potential role of saffron during and after COVID-19 infection, focusing on immunomodulation, respiratory, renal, and cardiovascular functions. As a nutraceutical or drug supplement, it can alleviate the magnitude of COVID-19 symptoms in patients. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other medicinal properties attributed to saffron bioactive compounds can help in both pre-and post-infection management strategies. The abnormalities associated with COVID-19 survivors include anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Saffron can help manage these post-hospitalization abnormalities (sub-acute and chronic) too, owing to its anti-depressant property. It can help common people boost immunity and manage depression, stress and anxiety caused due to prolonged lockdown, isolation or quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M. Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Khan Nadiya Jan
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Gowher A. Wani
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India
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Khan MA, Wani GA, Majid H, Farooq FU, Reshi ZA, Husaini AM, Shah MA. Differential Bioaccumulation of Select Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Lemna minor. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 105:777-783. [PMID: 33044567 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of Lemna minor to remediate toxic heavy metals from wastewater is reasonably well documented. In view of the pivotal role of this species in the environmental clean-up, here we evaluated the bioaccumulation potential of L. minor for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) through a controlled experiment. L. minor tolerated the metals Cd, Ni, and Pb up to 0.5, 5, and 8 mg/L, respectively, and beyond these concentrations the toxicity symptoms appeared. Bio-concentration factor varied at different concentrations of heavy metals tested. Overall, L. minor showed good phytoremediation potential for all the three tested heavy metals (Cd, Ni, and Pb), though in relative terms it was more effective in extracting Ni and Cd, as compared to Pb, both in single and mixed concentrations. In view of the growing pollution in Kashmir Himalayan aquatic habitats the phytoremediation by invasive species such as L. minor promises to be one of the best choices than other native plants for cleaning up of polluted soils/water because of its fast growth rate, high abundance, easy handling, and wide distribution in Kashmir Himalayan aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asgar Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190 006, India
| | - Gowher A Wani
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190 006, India.
- Genome Engineering & Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India.
| | - Humeera Majid
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190 006, India
| | - Fajroo Ul Farooq
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190 006, India
| | - Zafar A Reshi
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190 006, India
| | - Amjad M Husaini
- Genome Engineering & Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Manzoor A Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190 006, India.
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Sakina A, Husaini AM. Marker Validation and Sequencing in Aromatic Landrace Mushk Budji. CURR SCI INDIA 2020. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v118/i4/625-629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wafai AH, Husaini AM, Qadri RA. Temporal expression of floral proteins interacting with CArG1 region of CsAP3 gene in Crocus sativus L. Gene Reports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum, a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen, causes devastating vascular wilt in more than 100 plant species and ranks 5th among the top 10 fungal plant pathogens. It has emerged as a human pathogen, too, causing infections in immune-compromised patients. Therefore, it is important to gain insight into the molecular processes involved in the pathogenesis of this transkingdom pathogen. A complex network comprising interconnected and overlapping signal pathways-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, Ras proteins, G-protein signaling components and their downstream pathways, components of the velvet (LaeA/VeA/VelB) complex, and cAMP pathways-is involved in perceiving the host. This network regulates the expression of various pathogenicity genes. However, plants have evolved an elaborate protection system to combat this attack. They, too, possess intricate mechanisms at the molecular level which, once triggered by pathogen attack, transduce signals to activate defense response. This review focuses on understanding and presenting a wholistic picture of the molecular mechanisms of F. oxysporum-host interactions in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Husaini
- 1 Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir-190025, India
- 2 The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, OX1 3RB South Parks Road, University of Oxford, U.K.; and
| | - Aafreen Sakina
- 1 Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir-190025, India
| | - Souliha R Cambay
- 1 Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu & Kashmir-190025, India
- 3 Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India
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Husaini AM, Morimoto K, Chandrasekar B, Kelly S, Kaschani F, Palmero D, Jiang J, Kaiser M, Ahrazem O, Overkleeft HS, van der Hoorn RAL. Multiplex Fluorescent, Activity-Based Protein Profiling Identifies Active α-Glycosidases and Other Hydrolases in Plants. Plant Physiol 2018; 177:24-37. [PMID: 29555787 PMCID: PMC5933116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
With nearly 140 α-glycosidases in 14 different families, plants are well equipped with enzymes that can break the α-glucosidic bonds in a large diversity of molecules. Here, we introduce activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) of α-glycosidases in plants using α-configured cyclophellitol aziridine probes carrying various fluorophores or biotin. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), these probes label members of the GH31 family of glycosyl hydrolases, including endoplasmic reticulum-resident α-glucosidase-II Radial Swelling3/Priority for Sweet Life5 (RSW3/PSL5) and Golgi-resident α-mannosidase-II Hybrid Glycosylation1 (HGL1), both of which trim N-glycans on glycoproteins. We detected the active state of extracellular α-glycosidases such as α-xylosidase XYL1, which acts on xyloglucans in the cell wall to promote cell expansion, and α-glucosidase AGLU1, which acts in starch hydrolysis and can suppress fungal invasion. Labeling of α-glycosidases generates pH-dependent signals that can be suppressed by α-glycosidase inhibitors in a broad range of plant species. To demonstrate its use on a nonmodel plant species, we applied ABPP on saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), a cash crop for the production of saffron spice. Using a combination of biotinylated glycosidase probes, we identified and quantified 67 active glycosidases in saffron crocus stigma, of which 10 are differentially active. We also uncovered massive changes in hydrolase activities in the corms upon infection with Fusarium oxysporum using multiplex fluorescence labeling in combination with probes for serine hydrolases and cysteine proteases. These experiments demonstrate the ease with which active α-glycosidases and other hydrolases can be analyzed through ABPP in model and nonmodel plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Husaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar- 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Kyoko Morimoto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Chemische Biologie, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Palmero
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronómica, Alimentaria cv de Biosistemas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Netherlands Center for Proteomics, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemische Biologie, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Netherlands Center for Proteomics, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Husaini AM, Sohail M. Time to Redefine Organic Agriculture: Can't GM Crops Be Certified as Organics? Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:423. [PMID: 29692789 PMCID: PMC5903153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The challenges of sustainable food production without damaging the environment for a growing human population have increased considerably. The current agricultural practices involving chemical fertilizers and even organic farming are not sustainable in the long run and can have deleterious effects on the environment. Thus, new, innovative solutions need to be identified and propagated for tackling this. Among such innovations, that can complement conventional as well as organic farming methods, are genetic modification (GM) and aquaculture. Yet, GM technologies often face resistance from civil groups owing to an 'unknown' fear, akin to Frankenstein's monster. How real is this fear? Our discussion rests on basic questions like, why can't 'organics' include GM crops that do not require chemical inputs for cultivation, and can GM crops like Golden rice qualify to be 'organic' if cultivated through organic practices? Do we need to rethink organic agriculture in the context of the present and future challenges of 21st century?
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M. Husaini
- Genome Engineering Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, India
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Biochemistry, St Hilda’s College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Showkat W, Gangoo S, Jabeen N, Nazir N, Hussain K, Husaini AM. In vitro propagation of chinar ( Platanus orientalis L.) using node and internode explants. Appl Biol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.5958/0974-4517.2017.00027.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Ashraf H, Husaini AM, Ashraf Bhat M, Parray GA, Khan S, Ganai NA. SSR based genetic diversity of pigmented and aromatic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) genotypes of the western Himalayan region of India. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2016; 22:547-555. [PMID: 27924127 PMCID: PMC5120034 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A set of 24 of SSR markers were used to estimate the genetic diversity in 16 rice genotypes found in Western Himalayas of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, India. The level of polymorphism among the genotypes of rice was evaluated from the number of alleles and PIC value for each of the 24 SSR loci. A total of 68 alleles were detected across the 16 genotypes through the use of these 24 SSR markers The number of alleles per locus generated varied from 2 (RM 338, RM 452, RM 171) to 6 (RM 585, RM 249, RM 481, RM 162). The PIC values varied from 0.36 (RM 1) to 0.86 (RM 249) with an average of 0.62 per locus. Based on information generated, the genotypes got separated in six different clusters. Cluster 1 comprised of 4 genotypes viz; Zag 1, Zag 13, Pusa sugandh 3, and Zag 14, separated from each other at a similarity value of 0.40. Cluster second comprised of 3 landraces viz; Zag 2. Zag 4 and Zag10 separated from each other at a similarity value of 0.45. Cluster third comprised of 3 genotypes viz; Grey rice, Mushk budji and Kamad separated from each other at a similarity value of 0.46. Cluster fourth had 2 landraces viz; Kawa kreed and Loual anzul, and was not sub clustered. Fifth cluster had 3 genotypes viz; Zag 12, Purple rice and Jhelum separated from each other at a similarity value of 0.28. Cluster 6 comprised of a single popular variety i.e. Shalimar rice 1 with independent lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Ashraf
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Amjad M. Husaini
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - M. Ashraf Bhat
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - GA Parray
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir India
| | - Salim Khan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazir A. Ganai
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
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17
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Husaini AM. Challenges of climate change: omics-based biology of saffron plants and organic agricultural biotechnology for sustainable saffron production. GM Crops Food 2014; 5:97-105. [PMID: 25072266 PMCID: PMC5033185 DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.29436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kashmir Valley is a major saffron (Crocus sativus Kashmirianus) growing area of the world, second only to Iran in terms of production. In Kashmir, saffron is grown on uplands (termed in the local language as "Karewas"), which are lacustrine deposits located at an altitude of 1585 to 1677 m above mean sea level (amsl), under temperate climatic conditions. Kashmir, despite being one of the oldest historical saffron-producing areas, faces a rapid decline of saffron industry. Among many other factors responsible for decline of saffron industry the preponderance of erratic rainfalls and drought-like situation have become major challenges imposed by climate change. Saffron has a limited coverage area as it is grown as a 'niche crop' and is a recognized "geographical indication," growing under a narrow microclimatic condition. As such it has become a victim of climate change effects, which has the potential of jeopardizing the livelihood of thousands of farmers and traders associated with it. The paper discusses the potential and actual impact of climate change process on saffron cultivation in Kashmir; and the biotechnological measures to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Husaini
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology; Division of Biotechnology; Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir; Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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18
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Husaini AM, Tuteja N. Biotech crops: imperative for achieving the millenium development goals and sustainability of agriculture in the climate change era. GM Crops Food 2012; 4:1-9. [PMID: 23160541 DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological intervention in the development of crops has opened new vistas in agriculture. Central to the accomplishment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), biotech-agriculture is essential in meeting these targets. Biotech crops have already made modest contributions toward ensuring food and nutrition security by reducing losses and increasing productivity, with less pesticide input. These crops could help address some of the major challenges in agriculture-based economies created by climate change. Projections of global climate change expect the concentration of greenhouse gases to increase, aridization of the environment to increase, temperature fluctuations to occur sharply and frequently, and spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall to be disturbed-all of which will increase abiotic stress-related challenges to crops. Countering these challenges and to meet the food requirement of the ever-increasing world population (expected to reach 9 billion by 2030) we need to (1) develop and use biotech crops for mitigating adverse climatic changes; (2) develop biotech crops resilient to adverse environmental conditions; and (3) address the issues/non-issues raised by NGO's and educate the masses about the benefits of biotech crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Husaini
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Division of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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19
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Parray JA, Kamili AN, Hamid R, Husaini AM. In vitro cormlet production of saffron (Crocus sativus L. Kashmirianus) and their flowering response under greenhouse. GM Crops Food 2012; 3:289-95. [PMID: 22892688 DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.21365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A complete protocol for the saffron cormlet production under in vitro conditions and subsequent flowering under greenhouse conditions is described. Highest number of cormlets (70.0 ± 0.30) per corm slice (explant) could be regenerated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) half strength medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ) (20 µM), Indole acetic acid (IAA) (10 µM), and sucrose (40 g/l). Maximum germination (90%) of these cormlets could be achieved on MS medium containing 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) (20 µM) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (15 µM). In order to increase the size of the in vitro raised cormlets, these were cultured on MS medium containing TDZ (15 µM) and IAA in the range of 1.5-30 µM. Maximum increase in cormlet size could be attained on TDZ (15 µM) + IAA (12.5 µM) + sucrose (30 g/l), and the average size of cormlets was 2.5g. In another experiment, apical vegetative buds of actively growing corms were cultured for cormlet development, and corms of size 2.5g could be developed on MS medium with NAA (15 µM), BAP (20 µM), and sucrose (30 g/l). The in vitro developed cormlets were dried under shade at 25 ± 2°C for 7 d. These were then planted in small cups containing clay loam soil and kept in green house at 20 ± 2°C. In vitro developed cormlets with mean weight 2.5 g showed maximum flowering (25%) as well as vegetative growth (55%), while only 19% cormlets of 2.0 g flowered. To our knowledge this is the first report on successful flowering from in vitro raised cormlets under greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid A Parray
- Department of Environmental Science, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Xu YW, Zeng JW, Zou YT, Husaini AM, Yao RY, Wu DG, Wu W. Combined effect of dark and wounding on regeneration potential of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. leaves. Indian J Exp Biol 2011; 49:540-546. [PMID: 21800505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Houttuynia cordata is one of the most potential medicinal and edible wild herb whose resources have decreased sharply due to excessive exploitation. Besides its slow agamic propagation, problems of browning and non-dedifferentiation have prevented the application of micropropagation in H. cordata. Through 4 week pre-culture in darkness and wounding after 1 week pre-culture, the browning rate of leaf explants decreased significantly and resulted in efficient regeneration (20.64 +/- 5.94 adventitious buds per explant) on the induction medium. The protocol shall facilitate conservation and commercial cultivation of the endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wen Xu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, PR China
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Xu YW, Zou YT, Husaini AM, Zeng JW, Guan LL, Liu Q, Wu W. Optimization of potassium for proper growth and physiological response of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Environ Exp Bot 2011; 71:292-297. [PMID: 32287506 PMCID: PMC7112314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. is an edible herb with a variety of pharmacological activities, but only limited information is available about its response towards potassium supplementation. Sterile plantlets were cultured in media with different potassium levels, and parameters related to growth, foliar potassium, water and chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis, transpiration, H2O2 contents and antioxidative enzyme activities were determined after a month. Results showed that 1.28 mM potassium was the optimum for H. cordata as highest values of dry weight, shoot height, root length and number were obtained at this concentration. The optimum potassium concentration resulted in the maximum net photosynthetic rate which could be associated with the highest chlorophyll content rather than limited stomatal conductance. The supply of surplus potassium resulted in higher content of foliar potassium, but negatively correlated with the biomass. Both potassium starvation (0 mM) and high potassium (>1.28 mM) could lead to water loss through high transpiration rate and low water absorption, respectively, and resulted in H2O2 accumulation and increased activities of catalase and peroxidase, which suggested induction of oxidative stress. Moreover, H. cordata showed the minimum of H2O2 content and the maximum of superoxide dismutase activity on 1.28 mM potassium, implying its role in inducing tolerance against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wen Xu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Yu Ting Zou
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Amjad M Husaini
- Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Jian Wei Zeng
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Lin Liang Guan
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, PR China
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