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Barber TM, Bhatti AA, Elder PJD, Ball SP, Calvez R, Ramsden DB, Cuthbertson DJ, Pfeiffer AF, Burnett D, Weickert MO. AMY1 Gene Copy Number Correlates With Glucose Absorption and Visceral Fat Volume, but Not with Insulin Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5875080. [PMID: 32697825 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human amylase gene (AMY1) has a broad copy number (CN) variation that may associate with body mass index. METHODS Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from urine (n = 74) and serum (n = 6) samples (Protein, Fiber and Metabolic Syndrome [ProFiMet] cohort), and buccal (n = 17) samples (Oral Starch Challenge [OSC] cohort), and assessed for AMY1 CN by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. The association of AMY1 CN with comprehensive markers of metabolic status (ProFiMet cohort) were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient (CC). For the healthy, euglycemic OSC cohort, glycemic response to OSC was analyzed with independent sample t-tests (subgroups: high AMY1 CN 9-12, n = 10; low AMY1 CN 4-6, n = 7). RESULTS There were significant inverse correlations of AMY1 CN with total visceral fat volume (CC -0.33; P = 0.004) and positive correlations of AMY1 CN with oral glucose insulin sensitivity score (derived from an oral glucose tolerance test, CC 0.26; P = 0.02), serum HDL-cholesterol (CC 0.325; P = 0.003), and serum adiponectin (CC 0.249; P = 0.026). Linear regression multivariate analysis (adiponectin as dependent variable), showed independent association of adiponectin with AMY1 CN (Beta = 0.29; P = 0.03). There were no significant associations between AMY1 CN and clamp-derived M-value, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR), hepatic endogenous glucose production, fecal floral signature, or macronutrient dietary preference. Delta (mean) change in blood glucose concentration (fasting to 30-minutes post-OSC) was significantly greater in the high versus low AMY1 CN subgroups (mean 1.7 mmol/l [SEM 0.6] vs 0.9 mmol/l [SEM 0.9], respectively; P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS High AMY1 CN associates with a favorable metabolic profile (lower visceral fat volume, higher serum adiponectin, enhanced glucose absorption following oral glucose, and OSC), but not with whole-body or hepatic IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Barber
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Ahsan A Bhatti
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Patrick J D Elder
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Sarah P Ball
- Micropathology Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Ronan Calvez
- Micropathology Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - David B Ramsden
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dan J Cuthbertson
- Department of Obesity and Endocrinology; Clinical Sciences Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas F Pfeiffer
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Burnett
- Micropathology Ltd., University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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2
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Schenk M, Eichelmann F, Schulze MB, Rudovich N, Pfeiffer AF, di Giuseppe R, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K. Reproducibility of novel immune-inflammatory biomarkers over 4 months: an analysis with repeated measures design. Biomark Med 2019; 13:639-648. [PMID: 31157547 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Assessment of the feasibility and reliability of immune-inflammatory biomarker measurements. Methods: The following biomarkers were assessed in 207 predominantly healthy participants at baseline and after 4 months: MMF, TGF-β, suPAR and clusterin. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients (95% CIs) ranged from good for TGF-β (0.75 [95% CI: 0.33-0.90]) to excellent for MMF (0.81 [95% CI: 0.64-0.90]), clusterin (0.83 [95% CI: 0.78-0.87]) and suPAR (0.91 [95% CI: 0.88-0.93]). Measurement of TGF-β was challenged by the large number of values below the detection limit. Conclusion: Single measurements of suPAR, clusterin and MMF could serve as feasible and reliable biomarkers of immune-inflammatory pathways in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Schenk
- Senior Scientist Group Nutrition, Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Nutrition & Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Fabian Eichelmann
- Senior Scientist Group Nutrition, Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Nutrition & Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Centre for Diabetes Research, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Natalia Rudovich
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Germany.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Spital Bülach, Bülach, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F Pfeiffer
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Germany.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Romina di Giuseppe
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Senior Scientist Group Nutrition, Immunity & Metabolism, Department of Nutrition & Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Rudovich N, Pivovarova O, Bernigau W, Sparwasser A, Tacke C, Murahovshi V, Mertes G, Birkenfeld AL, Bergmann A, Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AF. Modulation of circulating vasoactive peptides and extracellular matrix proteins are two novel mechanisms in the cardioprotective action of acarbose. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2016; 41:456-468. [PMID: 27007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, unexpectedly reduced the incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular endpoints in the STOP-NIDDM study. Based on the growing evidence of a link between vasoregulatory peptides and metabolic traits, we hypothesized that changes of the Glycemic Index by acarbose may modulate vasoregulatory peptide levels via regulation of postprandial metabolism. METHODS Subjects with type 2 diabetes and with metabolic syndrome were treated with acarbose (12 weeks, 300mg/d) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention. Changes in fasting and postprandial levels of midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), C-terminal pro-endothelin-1 (CT-proET-1) and midregional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), WNT1 Inducible Signaling Pathway Protein 1 (WISP1) as well as fasting and postprandial glucose/insulin levels in the liquid meal test were assessed. RESULTS Acarbose strongly decreased postprandial insulin concentrations in subjects with metabolic syndrome (P=0.004), and postprandial glucose excursions in both groups. Postprandial MR-proANP and CT-proET-1 levels increased after acarbose treatment (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) in subjects with metabolic syndrome only. No effect of acarbose treatment on MR-prADM was observed in both groups. All three peptides were correlated with each over, but neither with insulin sensitivity in euglycemic clamps, nor with adiponectin levels. WISP1 decreased after acarbose treatment in subjects with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Plasma MR- proANP and CT-proET-1 concentrations, but not MR-prADM concentrations, were affected by treatment with acarbose over 12 weeks. Our findings provide new possible mechanisms of acarbose action in diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rudovich
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany -
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Kiesewetter S, Köpsel A, Pfeiffer AF, Köpp W, Kastner S, Orth-Gomér K, Deter HC. [Interpersonal patterns in obese patients]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2014; 64:260-7. [PMID: 24446185 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1361154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades the number of obese and pre-obese patients in Western industrial nations increased. Obese patients have been largely unsuccessful in losing weight over time, but the causes of their difficulties and the causes of their obesity have remained unclear. We examined whether the attachment style and its interaction with interpersonal processes would shed light on this question. We analyzed 107 obese or pre-obese patients before the start of a weight loss intervention program. We used the Adult Attachement Prototype Rating (AAPR)-interview and related questionnaires (Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAQ), Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-D), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)). According to the AAPR-rating 54% of the patients were secure and 46% insecure attached. The results suggest that insecure attachment style has an impact on psychic strain in obese patients unrelated to weight, gender and age. Additionally the insecure attachment style influences the therapeutic alliance experienced by patients and the therapist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Kiesewetter
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Charité CBF, Berlin
| | - Andrea Köpsel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Charité CBF, Berlin
| | - Andreas F Pfeiffer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und -Ernährungsmedizin, Charitè CBF, Berlin
| | - Werner Köpp
- Arzt für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, freie Praxis, Berlin
| | - Sabrina Kastner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Charité CBF, Berlin
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Stefan N, Ramsauer M, Jordan P, Nowotny B, Kantartzis K, Machann J, Hwang JH, Nowotny P, Kahl S, Harreiter J, Hornemann S, Sanyal AJ, Stewart PM, Pfeiffer AF, Kautzky-Willer A, Roden M, Häring HU, Fürst-Recktenwald S. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 with RO5093151 for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:406-16. [PMID: 24795254 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing worldwide and an effective and safe pharmacological treatment is needed. We investigated whether inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1, also known as HSD11B1) by RO5093151 could safely and effectively decrease liver-fat content in patients with this disorder. METHODS We did this phase 1b trial at four centres in Germany and Austria. Participants with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (defined as (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy liver-fat content >5·56%), insulin resistance (homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] of at least 2·0 mmol/L·mU/L), BMI greater than 27 kg/m(2), and aged 35-65 years were randomly assigned by interactive voice response system in a 1:1 ratio, stratified for triglyceride concentration (<1·7 mmol/L or ≥1·7 mmol/L), to oral RO5093151 (200 mg twice daily) or matching placebo for 12 weeks. The main exclusion criteria were other liver diseases, aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase concentrations of more than two and a half times the upper limit of normal, history of diabetes or bariatric surgery, and use of weight lowering drugs. Participants and investigators were masked to assignment throughout the study. The primary endpoint was change in liver-fat content from baseline to week 12. Efficacy analysis was by modified intention to treat, including all patients who received at least one dose of study drug and had a baseline and follow-up measurement of liver-fat content. Safety analyses included all patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01277094. FINDINGS We did this trial between Jan 13, 2011, and March 28, 2012. 41 patients were randomly assigned to RO5093151 and 41 to placebo. 35 patients in the RO5093151 group and 39 in the placebo group were included in the efficacy analysis. Mean liver-fat content decreased in the RO5093151 group (from 16·75% [SD 8·67] to 14·28% [8·89]), but not in the placebo group (from 18·53% [10·00] to 18·46% [10·78], p=0·02 for between group difference). 26 participants (65%) in the RO5093151 group had adverse events, compared with 21 (53%) in the placebo group. The most common adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders (12 patients [30%] in the RO5093151 group vs seven [18%] in the placebo group), and infections and infestations (eight [20%] vs nine [23%]). Nervous system disorders occurred in significantly more patients in the RO5093151 group than in the placebo group (nine [23%] vs two [5%]; p=0·02); all other differences in adverse events were non-significant. One participant (3%) in the placebo group and three participants (8%) in the RO5093151 group had serious adverse events. All serious adverse events were deemed unrelated to study treatment. INTERPRETATION Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by RO5093151 was effective and safe in reducing liver-fat content, suggesting that targeting of 11β-HSD1 might be a promising approach for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FUNDING F Hoffmann-La Roche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | | | | | - Bettina Nowotny
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Kantartzis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Section on Experimental Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jong-Hee Hwang
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Nowotny
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Kahl
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harreiter
- Internal Medicine III, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gender Medicine Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silke Hornemann
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Andreas F Pfeiffer
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Internal Medicine III, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gender Medicine Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Clinical Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
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Weimer S, Priebs J, Kuhlow D, Groth M, Priebe S, Mansfeld J, Merry TL, Dubuis S, Laube B, Pfeiffer AF, Schulz TJ, Guthke R, Platzer M, Zamboni N, Zarse K, Ristow M. D-Glucosamine supplementation extends life span of nematodes and of ageing mice. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3563. [PMID: 24714520 PMCID: PMC3988823 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Glucosamine (GlcN) is a freely available and commonly used dietary supplement potentially promoting cartilage health in humans, which also acts as an inhibitor of glycolysis. Here we show that GlcN, independent of the hexosamine pathway, extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by impairing glucose metabolism that activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK/AAK-2) and increases mitochondrial biogenesis. Consistent with the concept of mitohormesis, GlcN promotes increased formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) culminating in increased expression of the nematodal amino acid-transporter 1 (aat-1) gene. Ameliorating mitochondrial ROS formation or impairment of aat-1-expression abolishes GlcN-mediated life span extension in an NRF2/SKN-1-dependent fashion. Unlike other calorie restriction mimetics, such as 2-deoxyglucose, GlcN extends life span of ageing C57BL/6 mice, which show an induction of mitochondrial biogenesis, lowered blood glucose levels, enhanced expression of several murine amino-acid transporters, as well as increased amino-acid catabolism. Taken together, we provide evidence that GlcN extends life span in evolutionary distinct species by mimicking a low-carbohydrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Weimer
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), Zürich CH-8603, Switzerland
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Josephine Priebs
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Doreen Kuhlow
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Genome Analysis Group, Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Priebe
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Mansfeld
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), Zürich CH-8603, Switzerland
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- DFG Graduate School of Adaptive Stress Response #1715, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Troy L. Merry
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), Zürich CH-8603, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Dubuis
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Beate Laube
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), Zürich CH-8603, Switzerland
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas F. Pfeiffer
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tim J. Schulz
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Genome Analysis Group, Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Kim Zarse
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), Zürich CH-8603, Switzerland
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), Zürich CH-8603, Switzerland
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Hornemann S, Maser-Gluth C, Jürchott K, Pivovarova O, Kramer A, Busjahn A, Pfeiffer AF. The influence of different nutrition interventions on the circadian pattern of the glucocorticoid metabolism by twins. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1372152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wagner R, Thorand B, Osterhoff MA, Müller G, Böhm A, Meisinger C, Kowall B, Rathmann W, Kronenberg F, Staiger H, Stefan N, Roden M, Schwarz PE, Pfeiffer AF, Häring HU, Fritsche A. Family history of diabetes is associated with higher risk for prediabetes: a multicentre analysis from the German Center for Diabetes Research. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2176-80. [PMID: 23979484 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Prediabetes is a collective term for different subphenotypes (impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] and/or impaired fasting glucose [IFG]) with different pathophysiologies. A positive family history for type 2 diabetes (FHD) is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes. We assumed that it would also associate with prediabetes, but wondered whether all subphenotypes are related to a positive family history. METHODS In a study population of 8,106 non-diabetic individuals of European origin collected from four study centres (normal glucose tolerance, NGT n = 5,482, IFG and/or IGT n = 2,624), we analysed whether having at least one first degree relative with diabetes is associated with prediabetes. The analyses were performed using the same models in each population separately. Afterwards, a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS FHD was significantly associated with the risk for prediabetes (IFG and/or IGT, OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.27, 1.54). This association remained significant in multivariable logistic regression models including sex, age and BMI (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.14, 1.40). When different prediabetic outcomes were considered separately, the association was found for isolated IFG (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.20, 1.57), isolated IGT (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.07, 1.46) as well as for the combination IFG+IGT (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.40, 1.93). After stratification on BMI, association between FHD and prediabetes was seen only in non-obese individuals (BMI < 30 kg/m(2)). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We found that FHD is an important risk factor for prediabetes, especially for combined IGT and IFG. Its relevance seems to be more evident in the non-obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Eberhard Karls University, Otfried-Müller-Str 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Pivovarova O, Isken F, Bernigau W, Bobbert T, Spranger J, Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AF, Rudovich N. Decreased hepatic insulin clearance is closely related to metabolic syndrome components. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1336681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Birkenfeld AL, Lee HY, Majumdar S, Jurczak MJ, Camporez JP, Jornayvaz FR, Frederick DW, Guigni B, Kahn M, Zhang D, Weismann D, Arafat AM, Pfeiffer AF, Lieske S, Oyadomari S, Ron D, Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Influence of the hepatic eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway on insulin-mediated ER stress and hepatic and peripheral glucose metabolism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36163-70. [PMID: 21832042 PMCID: PMC3196114 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.228817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in insulin resistance associated with caloric excess. In mice placed on a 3-day high fat diet, we find augmented eIF2α signaling, together with hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. To clarify the role of the liver ER stress-dependent phospho-eIF2α (eIF2α-P) pathway in response to acute caloric excess on liver and muscle glucose and lipid metabolism, we studied transgenic mice in which the hepatic ER stress-dependent eIF2α-P pathway was inhibited by overexpressing a constitutively active C-terminal fragment of GADD34/PPP1R15a, a regulatory subunit of phosphatase that terminates ER stress signaling by phospho-eIF2α. Inhibition of the eIF2α-P signaling in liver led to a decrease in hepatic glucose production in the basal and clamped state, which could be attributed to reduced gluconeogenic gene expression, resulting in reduced basal plasma glucose concentrations. Surprisingly, hepatic eIF2α inhibition also impaired insulin-stimulated muscle and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. This latter effect could be attributed at least in part by an increase in circulating IGFBP-3 levels in the transgenic animals. In addition, infusion of insulin during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp induced conspicuous ER stress in the 3-day high fat diet-fed mice, which was aggravated through continuous dephosphorylation of eIF2α. Together, these data imply that the hepatic ER stress eIF2α signaling pathway affects hepatic glucose production without altering hepatic insulin sensitivity. Moreover, hepatic ER stress-dependent eIF2α-P signaling is implicated in an unanticipated cross-talk between the liver and peripheral organs to influence insulin sensitivity, probably via IGFBP-3. Finally, eIF2α is crucial for proper resolution of insulin-induced ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Charité University School of Medicine, 10117 Berlin and German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hui-Young Lee
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Sachin Majumdar
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Michael J. Jurczak
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Joao Paulo Camporez
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Francois R. Jornayvaz
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - David W. Frederick
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Blas Guigni
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Mario Kahn
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Dirk Weismann
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Ayman M. Arafat
- Charité University School of Medicine, 10117 Berlin and German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Andreas F. Pfeiffer
- Charité University School of Medicine, 10117 Berlin and German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lieske
- Charité University School of Medicine, 10117 Berlin and German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Seiichi Oyadomari
- Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan, and
| | - David Ron
- the Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Varman T. Samuel
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Birkenfeld AL, Lee HY, Guebre-Egziabher F, Alves TC, Jurczak MJ, Jornayvaz FR, Zhang D, Hsiao JJ, Martin-Montalvo A, Fischer-Rosinsky A, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF, Jordan J, Fromm MF, König J, Lieske S, Carmean CM, Frederick DW, Weismann D, Knauf F, Irusta PM, De Cabo R, Helfand SL, Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Deletion of the mammalian INDY homolog mimics aspects of dietary restriction and protects against adiposity and insulin resistance in mice. Cell Metab 2011; 14:184-95. [PMID: 21803289 PMCID: PMC3163140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduced expression of the Indy (I'm Not Dead, Yet) gene in D. melanogaster and its homolog in C. elegans prolongs life span and in D. melanogaster augments mitochondrial biogenesis in a manner akin to caloric restriction. However, the cellular mechanism by which Indy does this is unknown. Here, we report on the knockout mouse model of the mammalian Indy (mIndy) homolog, SLC13A5. Deletion of mIndy in mice (mINDY(-/-) mice) reduces hepatocellular ATP/ADP ratio, activates hepatic AMPK, induces PGC-1α, inhibits ACC-2, and reduces SREBP-1c levels. This signaling network promotes hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis, lipid oxidation, and energy expenditure and attenuates hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Together, these traits protect mINDY(-/-) mice from the adiposity and insulin resistance that evolve with high-fat feeding and aging. Our studies demonstrate a profound effect of mIndy on mammalian energy metabolism and suggest that mINDY might be a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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12
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Swinnen SG, Dain MP, Aronson R, Davies M, Gerstein HC, Pfeiffer AF, Snoek FJ, Devries JH, Hoekstra JB, Holleman F. A 24-week, randomized, treat-to-target trial comparing initiation of insulin glargine once-daily with insulin detemir twice-daily in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral glucose-lowering drugs. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1176-8. [PMID: 20200301 PMCID: PMC2875419 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether glargine is noninferior to detemir regarding the percentage of patients reaching A1C <7% without symptomatic hypoglycemia <or=3.1 mmol/l. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this 24-week trial, 973 insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients on stable oral glucose-lowering drugs with A1C 7.0-10.5% were randomized to glargine once daily or detemir twice daily. Insulin doses were systematically titrated. RESULTS 27.5 and 25.6% of patients reached the primary outcome with glargine and detemir, respectively, demonstrating the noninferiority of glargine. Improvements in A1C were -1.46 +/- 1.09% for glargine and -1.54 +/- 1.11% for detemir (P = 0.149), with similar proportions of patients achieving A1C <7% (P = 0.254) but more detemir-treated patients reaching A1C <6.5% (P = 0.017). Hypoglycemia risk was similar. Weight gain was higher for glargine (difference: 0.77 kg, P < 0.001). Glargine doses were lower than detemir doses: 43.5 +/- 29.0 vs. 76.5 +/- 50.5 units/day (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients, glargine reached similar control as detemir, with more weight gain, but required significantly lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne G Swinnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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13
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Gögebakan Ö, Kohl A, Osterhoff M, Saris W, Jebb S, Astrup A, Kafatos A, Martinez J, Handjiev S, Kunešová M, Pfeiffer AF. Der Einfluss 5 verschiedener Diäten, unterschiedlich in Proteingehalt und Glykämischem Index, auf kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren im Rahmen der multinationalen „Diet, Obesity and Genes“ (DiOGenes)-Studie. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1253738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Isken F, Weickert MO, Tschöp MH, Nogueiras R, Möhlig M, Abdelrahman A, Klaus S, Thorens B, Pfeiffer AF. Metabolic effects of diets differing in glycaemic index depend on age and endogenous glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide in mice. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2159-68. [PMID: 19644669 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS High- vs low-glycaemic index (GI) diets unfavourably affect body fat mass and metabolic markers in rodents. Different effects of these diets could be age-dependent, as well as mediated, in part, by carbohydrate-induced stimulation of glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide (GIP) signalling. METHODS Young-adult (16 weeks) and aged (44 weeks) male wild-type (C57BL/6J) and GIP-receptor knockout (Gipr ( -/- )) mice were exposed to otherwise identical high-carbohydrate diets differing only in GI (20-26 weeks of intervention, n = 8-10 per group). Diet-induced changes in body fat distribution, liver fat, locomotor activity, markers of insulin sensitivity and substrate oxidation were investigated, as well as changes in the gene expression of anorexigenic and orexigenic hypothalamic factors related to food intake. RESULTS Body weight significantly increased in young-adult high- vs low-GI fed mice (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.001), regardless of the Gipr genotype. The high-GI diet in young-adult mice also led to significantly increased fat mass and changes in metabolic markers that indicate reduced insulin sensitivity. Even though body fat mass also slightly increased in high- vs low-GI fed aged wild-type mice (p < 0.05), there were no significant changes in body weight and estimated insulin sensitivity in these animals. However, aged Gipr ( -/- ) vs wild-type mice on high-GI diet showed significantly lower cumulative net energy intake, increased locomotor activity and improved markers of insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The metabolic benefits of a low-GI diet appear to be more pronounced in younger animals, regardless of the Gipr genotype. Inactivation of GIP signalling in aged animals on a high-GI diet, however, could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Isken
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
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15
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Kopp R, Fichter M, Assert R, Pfeiffer AF, Classen S. Butyrate-induced alterations of phosphoinositide metabolism, protein kinase C activity and reduced CD44 variant expression in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 2009; 23:639-49. [PMID: 19360323 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm_00000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of cell growth and neoplastic transformation frequently involves activation of growth factor receptor-coupled tyrosine kinases and stimulation of the phosphoinositide second messenger system. Altered expression of CD44 variants was reported in several malignant tumor types with possible implications for tumor progression and prognosis. CD44 variant expression was reported to be associated with second messenger activation and differentiation. We therefore investigated the effects of butyrate-induced short-term differentiation on phosphoinositide signaling, phospholipase C and protein kinase C activity and alteration of CD44 variant expression in human HT-29 colon carcinoma cells. HT-29 cells were cultured with sodium butyrate for 6 days. Phosphoinositide turnover was measured by [32P]orthophosphate incorporation and phospholipase C activity by determination of the release of [3H]inositolphosphates from [3H]myoinositol prelabeled cells. Protein kinase C activity was determined by histone III-S phosphorylation, PKC subtype expression by RNase protection analysis, and CD44 variant expression was determined by RT-PCR using variant-specific primers. Treatment of HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells with sodium butyrate caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation (IC50, 2.5 mM) with morphologic signs of an enterocytic differentiation following 6 days of treatment. The phosphoinositide turnover as determined by 32P-incorporation under non-equilibrium conditions showed a 30-40% inhibition of labeled phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid and a dose-dependent inhibition of cholinergically stimulated phospholipase C activity as a secondary event following butyrate-induced enterocytic differentiation. However, long-term incubation of HT-29 cells with phorbol ester or an inhibitor of classical and novel PKC subtypes did not affect cell proliferation. In butyrate-treated HT-29 cells activation of calcium-dependent protein kinase C by cholinergic stimulation or phorbolester treatment induced an increase in membrane-bound cPKC activity, while expression of distinct high- molecular CD44 variant transcripts v3 (670 bp), v5 (940 bp) and v8 (535 bp) were drastically reduced after butyrate pretreatment. Enterocytic differentiation of HT-29 colon carcinoma cells seems to be associated with alterations in phosphoinositide resynthesis, phospholipase C activity and ligand/receptor-induced PKC translocation. The observed reduction of distinct high-molecular CD44v3, v5 and v8 variants following butyrate-induced differentiation indicates an association of specific CD44 variant expression with the malignant phenotype of HT-29 colon cancer cells, thus being possible targets for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kopp
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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Weickert MO, Loeffelholz CV, Arafat AM, Schöfl C, Otto B, Spranger J, Möhlig M, Pfeiffer AF. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia differentially modulates circulating total and acylated-ghrelin in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:119-24. [PMID: 18362502 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a powerful orexigenic gut hormone. Circulating concentrations of total ghrelin are downregulated by food intake in both acute and chronic hyperinsulinemic states. However, in blood des-acylated (des-acyl) ghrelin is the predominant form that has no orexigenic effects in humans. Circulating acyl-ghrelin has been shown to be suppressed post-prandially and by pharmacological hyperinsulinemia. However, up to now responses of circulating acyl-ghrelin to moderate hyperinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic-hyperlipidemic clamp conditions have not been reported. Fourteen healthy subjects were investigated using two-stepped euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps (40 mU insulin/ m2/min; mean 148+/-7 min till steady state, followed by 300 min lipid/heparin infusion). Responses of total ghrelin and acyl-ghrelin were measured at timed intervals throughout the clamps. Des-acyl-ghrelin concentrations were calculated by subtraction. Total ghrelin significantly decreased vs baseline concentrations (819+/-92 vs 564+/-58 pg/ml, p<0.001), thereby confirming previous observations. Des-acyl ghrelin closely followed total ghrelin concentrations and significantly decreased vs baseline (772+/-92 vs 517+/-56 pg/ml, p<0.001). In contrast, neither euglycemichyperinsulinemia nor euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic- hyperlipidemia suppressed acyl-ghrelin below baseline concentrations throughout the clamps (46+/-3 vs 47+/-8 pg/ml, p=0.90). In conclusion, moderate hyperinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic- hyperlipidemic clamp conditions differentially modulated circulating total ghrelin and acylghrelin in humans. Factors other than changes in insulin and lipid concentrations are likely to contribute to the previously reported post-prandial reduction of circulating acyl-ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Weickert
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Pomplun D, Voigt A, Schulz TJ, Thierbach R, Pfeiffer AF, Ristow M. Reduced expression of mitochondrial frataxin in mice exacerbates diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6377-81. [PMID: 17404227 PMCID: PMC1847459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611631104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Published evidence suggests that adiposity in humans may be linked to impaired energy expenditure for reasons widely unresolved. We have generated mice with a systemic impairment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to aP2 cre-mediated targeted disruption, and unexpectedly ubiquitous reduction of mitochondrial frataxin protein expression. Only when maintained on a high-calorie diet resembling Westernized eating habits, these animals accumulate additional body fat, leading to increased body mass, and develop diabetes mellitus, despite the fact that both calorie uptake and physical activity were identical to that in control animals. This phenotype is caused by a mild but significant reduction in total energy expenditure paralleled by increased expression of ATP citrate lyase, a rate-limiting step in de novo synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides. Taken together, these findings indicate that a limited impairment in oxidative metabolism within the mitochondria directly predisposes mammals to excessive body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Pomplun
- *Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, D-14558 Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany; and
| | - Anja Voigt
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tim J. Schulz
- *Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, D-14558 Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany; and
| | - René Thierbach
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas F. Pfeiffer
- *Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, D-14558 Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Michael Ristow
- *Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, D-14558 Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany; and
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Mai K, Bobbert T, Reinecke F, Andres J, Bähr V, Maser-Gluth C, Schulte H, Diederich S, Pfeiffer AF, Spranger J. Free fatty acids increase androgen precursors in vivo in young healthy women. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-972449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mai K, Bobbert T, Andres J, Maser-Gluth C, Pfeiffer AF, Diederich S, Spranger J. Rosiglitazone lead to an decrease in 11ß-HSD1 activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-933079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mai K, Bobbert T, Andres J, Graham I, Larson TR, Möhlig M, Rochlitz H, Diederich S, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF. Effects of rosiglitazone on muscular lipids in IGTs. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Weickert MO, Möhlig M, Schöfl C, Arafat AM, Otto B, Viehoff H, Koebnick C, Kohl A, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF. Verbesserung der Insulinsensitivität bei übergewichtigen und adipösen Frauen nach Einnahme unlöslicher Ballaststoffe. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-943884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mai K, Bobbert T, Andres J, Maser-Gluth C, Pfeiffer AF, Diederich S, Spranger J. Rosiglitazone induced improvement of insulin sensitivity is mediated by tissue-specific changes of 11ß-HSD1 activity. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-943762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
ANAMNESIS AND CLINICAL FINDINGS The 47-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital because of newly diagnosed diabetes and elevated liver function tests (gamma glutamyl transferase 303 U/l). On admission the patient reported a reduction of appetite, which had increased during the past 2 weeks, fatigue, muscular weakness, polyuria and polydypsia. On physical examination the patient was moderately overweight, the blood pressure was normal. There were leg edema, which had not responded to previous treatment. There were no additional signs of right heart failure. INVESTIGATIONS On admission there were hypokalemia and increased parameters of cholestasis. Cortilsol concentration was elevated (1744 microg/l). Hypokalemia which was refractory to treatment raised the differential diagnosis of Conn's syndrome or ectopic secretion of ACTH, although these conditions are frequently associated with arterial hypertension. Cushing's syndrome was finally diagnosed despite of the lack of classical symptoms. Underlying reason was an adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with ectopic secretion of ACTH. TREATMENT AND COURSE Therapy was targeted to control the excessive secretion of cortisol. A treatment attempt with subcutaneous somatostatin and the adrenal enzyme inhibitor ketoconazole failed to control increased cortisol secretion. Bilateral surgical adrenalectomy was performed because of the patient's progressively deteriorating clinical condition. The patient developed a lethal septic shock after surgery, most likely due to the cortisol-induced immunosuppression. CONCLUSION 1. In patients presenting with muscular weakness, leg oedema refractory to treatment, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia hypercortisolism should be ruled out even in the absence of typical clinical signs. 2. Massive hypercortisolism (as present in ectopic ACTH secretion) is not necessarily associated with arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jacobs
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Marienhospital Osnabrück.
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Pfeiffer AF. Strategies for prevention of prediabetes. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2005; 130:1059-60. [PMID: 15841419 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-866788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rochlitz H, Akpulat S, Bobbert T, Mai K, Möhlig M, Osterhoff M, Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AF, Spranger J. Bedeutung von Biomarkern des metabolischen Syndroms bei Gewichtsreduktion. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2005; 130:1061-6. [PMID: 15841420 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-866789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to analyse the changes of parameters of the metabolic syndrome and to investigate which markers are useful in the prediction of a successful weight loss. Preliminary data of an ongoing study are presented. METHODS 18 obese individuals (15 female, 3 male, mean age 50.9 years, mean BMI 36.1) finished a 12 month weight loss program. This weight loss program was based on a hypocaloric diet (50 % carbohydrates, 30 % fat, 20 % protein) and at least 60 min physical activity per week. At baseline, 6 months and 12 months physical examination, indirect calorimetry, bioimpedance analysis were performed and blood was taken for routine laboratory. An oral glucose tolerance test and an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (n = 13) were carried out at baseline and after 6 months. RESULTS There was a decrease of the BMI (+/- SEM) from 36.1 +/- 1.3 to 33.4 +/- 1.2 after 6 months and 32.8 +/- 1.3 after 12 months. Waist circumference (-8.8 cm), fasting blood glucose (98.0 to 91.2 and 92.5 mg/dl) and HDL cholesterol (47.2 to 64.6 mg/dl after 12 months) improved significantly. Other parameters of the metabolic syndrome (blood pressure, lipids, insulin resistance) and adiponectin improved slightly, but changes failed to be significant. In a linear regression analysis age, insulin resistance (M-value) and adiponectin at baseline were significant and independent predictors of a successful weight loss. CONCLUSION In conclusion, most parameters of the metabolic syndrome improved after successful weight reduction, although changes of most parameters were modest and did not reach statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rochlitz
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Potsdam, Nuthetal und Abteilung für Endokrinologie, Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Deutschland.
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Möhlig M, Klonower C, Spranger J, Osterhoff M, Ristow M, Pfeiffer AF. PPARγ Pro12Ala polymorphism not associated with metabolic syndrome in a German cohort. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-862961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Möhlig M, Jürgens A, Tepe J, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF, Schlösser HW, Brabant G, Nieschlag E, Gromoll J, Schöfl C. The CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene associates with body muscle mass in PCOS women. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-862822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bähr V, Franzen N, Pedersen EB, Oelkers W, Pfeiffer AF, Diederich S. Glucocorticoid therapy: Concentrated urine after thirsting despite pronounced suppression of vasopressin. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-862895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Diederich S, Scholz T, Eigendorff E, Bumke-Vogt C, Quinkler M, Exner P, Pfeiffer AF, Oelkers W, Bähr V. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of synthetic mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids: receptor transactivation and prereceptor metabolism by 11beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenases. Horm Metab Res 2004; 36:423-9. [PMID: 15241735 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-814578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) and mineralocorticoid (MC) action in target tissues is determined by prereceptor metabolism by 11beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenases (HSDs) and receptor transactivation. We characterized these parameters for steroids often used in clinical practice. HSD activity was examined in human liver (HSD1) and kidney microsomes (HSD2) and in CHO cells stably transfected with both enzymes. GC and MC transcriptional activity was tested by luciferase assay in CV-1 cells transfected with human GC or MC receptor expression vectors. The 11-hydroxy-group is necessary for GC and MC receptor transactivation. As HSD2 oxidizes 11-hydroxysteroids to inactive 11-dehydrosteroids, GC and MC activity in HSD2-expressing tissues (kidney, colon) is regulated by this enzyme. As 9alpha-fluorination (such as in 9alpha-fluorocortisol) decreases oxidation by HSD2 and increases both GC and MC receptor transactivation, this modification leads to optimal, but non-selective transactivation of both receptors. Increased GC receptor and decreased MC receptor transactivation leading to more selective GC activity is reached using the following substituents: 16beta-methyl (in betamethasone), 16alpha-methyl (in dexamethasone) and triangle up 1-dehydro-configuration (in prednisolone). Whereas the modifications in position 16 decrease oxidation by HSD2, the triangle up 1-dehydro-configuration increases HSD2-activity leading to an enhanced inactivation of prednisolone compared to all other steroids. 9alpha-fluorocortisol, the most frequently used substance for MC-substitution, seems to be the best choice of available steroids for this purpose. Whereas GC selectivity can be improved by hydrophobic substituents in position 16 and the triangle up 1-dehydro-configuration, maximal GC activity needs additional fluorination in position 9alpha (such as in dexamethasone). For GC therapy directed to HSD2-expressing organs, widely used prednisolone does not seem to be the optimal recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diederich
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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Fährmann M, Kaufhold M, Pfeiffer AF, Seidler U. Protein kinase C-alpha attenuates cholinergically stimulated gastric acid secretion of rabbit parietal cells. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:545-54. [PMID: 12788814 PMCID: PMC1573865 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) The phorbolester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), inhibits cholinergic stimulation of gastric acid secretion. We observed that this effect strongly correlated with the inhibition of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity in rabbit parietal cells. (2) The aim of this study was to specify the function of PKC-alpha in cholinergically stimulated H(+) secretion. PKC-alpha represents the only calcium-dependent PKC isoenzyme that has been detected in rabbit parietal cells. (3) Gö 6976, an inhibitor of calcium-dependent PKC, concentration-dependently antagonized the inhibitory effect of TPA, and, therefore, revealed the action of PKC-alpha on carbachol-induced acid secretion in rabbit parietal cells. (4) TPA exerted no additive inhibition of carbachol-stimulated acid secretion if acid secretion was partially inhibited by the potent CaMKII inhibitor 1-[N,O-bis(5-isoquinolinsulfonyl)-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl]-4-phenyl-piperazine (KN-62). (5) Since both kinase modulators, TPA and KN-62, affected no divergent signal transduction pathways in the parietal cell, an in vitro model has been used to study if PKC directly targets CaMKII. CaMKII purified from parietal cell-containing gastric mucosa of pig, was transphosphorylated by purified cPKC containing PKC-alpha up to 1.8 mol P(i) per mol CaMKII in vitro. The autonomy site of CaMKII was not transphosphorylated by PKC. (6) The phosphotransferase activity of the purified CaMKII was in vitro inhibited after transphosphorylation by PKC if calmodulin was absent during transphosphorylation. Attenuation of CaMKII activity by PKC showed strong similarity to the downregulation of CaMKII by basal autophosphorylation. (7) Our results suggest that PKC-alpha and CaMKII are closely functionally linked in a cholinergically induced signalling pathway in rabbit parietal cells. We assume that in cholinergically stimulated parietal cells PKC-alpha transinhibits CaMKII activity, resulting in an attenuation of acid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fährmann
- Institut für Zoophysiologie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-48143 Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome X and Cushing's syndrome show similar symptoms but one major difference: Plasma cortisol is not elevated in the metabolic syndrome. Evidence is presented, that by the action of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11 beta HSD1) higher intracellular cortisol concentration may be created that may be relevant to induce insulin resistance and metabolic disturbances. Regulation of 11 beta HSD1 expression by hormones, growth factors, cytokines and transcription factors enables tissue specific adjustments of glucocorticoid receptor activation by cortisol. Specific inhibition of 11 beta HSD1 would help to understand aspects of the pathogenesis of syndrome X and to develop new therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bähr
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
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Roudovitch N, Nauck MA, Schatz H, Pfeiffer AF. Modified hyperinsulinaemic, eu- and hypoglycaemic clamp technique using lispro-insulin for insulinoma diagnostic. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2002; 109:397-401. [PMID: 11748487 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-18992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Characterization of metabolically inadequate insulin secretion is essential for insulinoma diagnostics. Hyperinsulinaemic, eu- and hypoglycaemic clamp procedures have been used to suppress endogenous insulin secretion in healthy subjects. The use of exogenous insulin precluded the use of insulin as a parameter to be measured. We now suggest to use exogenous insulin lispro and an insulin-specific ELISA not cross reacting with insulin lispro. Thus, determination of insulin by ELISA in this experimental setting reflects endogenous insulin. A 39-year-old man with a surgically confirmed pancreatic insulinoma was studied under hyperinsulinaemic [lispro insulin 40 mU x m(-2) body surface x min(-1)] clamp conditions. Euglycaemia was achieved (3.8 +/- 0.5 mmol/L) for 1 h and hypoglycaemia (2.36 +/- 0.49 mmol/L) was achieved for another 30 min. Insulin was evaluated by ELISA (cross-reaction with lispro insulin < 0.006%, C-peptide < 0.01%, proinsulin < 0.001%) and by a nonselective RIA (cross-reaction with proinsulin 40%). In control subjects the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia suppressed C-peptide to 0.36 +/- 0.03 ng/ml and hypoglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia to 0.29 +/- 0.03 ng/ml. Endogenous insulin was suppressed to 2.8 +/- 0.03 mU/L under euglycaemia and to 2.6 +/- 0.03 mU/L under hypoglycaemia in control subjects. In the insulinoma patient apparently irregular but small changes in both C-peptide (1.43 +/- 0.1 ng/ml) and more pronounced changes in endogenous insulin concentrations 4.41 +/- 0.1 mU/l under euglycaemia and 5.35 +/- 0.3 mU/l under hypoglycaemic conditions, were observed. The basal level of insulin (ELISA insulin 4.6 mU/L) and C-peptide (1.7 ng/ml) were not markedly elevated. Determination of insulin allowed better characterization of irregular pulses because of the shorter half-life of insulin relative to C-peptide. The new modification of sequential eu- and hypoglycaemic clamp procedures should also be useful in pharmacological studies of insulinotropic substances. Direct measurement of peripheral insulin may be more sensitive than C-peptide to detect low levels of autonomous insulin secretion in small insulinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Roudovitch
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine, Clinic B. Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Retinal neovascularization is a major feature of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, which represents a major public health problem, being responsible for more irreversible blindness in persons of middle and older age than any other pathology. The societal burden of ocular neovascularization has prompted extensive research into its mechanisms. The aim of this review will be to briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding the clinical and laboratory findings of diabetic retinopathy. From an investigational view, studies of ocular neovascularization provide important informations, often permitting real-time, serial observations of neovascularization in vivo. This allows investigators to analyse the relevance of specific pathogenic concepts regarding the mechanisms of angiogenesis in vivo. This review will additionally describe current concepts regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spranger
- Department of Nutrition, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Clinic B. Franklin, Free University Berlin, Germany
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Hering S, Isken E, Knabbe C, Janott J, Jost C, Pommer A, Muhr G, Schatz H, Pfeiffer AF. TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2 mRNA and protein expression in human bone samples. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2002; 109:217-26. [PMID: 11453034 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta is one of the most abundant growth factors stored in bone. It is known as a potent regulator of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation as well as of production extracellular matrix. We established a highly specific RT-PCR in combination with HPLC for detection and quantification of TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2 mRNA expression in 89 human bone samples. Levels of TGFbeta1 protein ranged between 27 and 580 ng/g bone (mean 188 +/- 15 ng/g; n=75) and for TGFbeta2 between 7.2 and 35 ng/g bone (mean 14.3 +/- 2.1 ng/g; n=57). TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2 protein concentrations and TGFbeta isoform mRNA expression in bone were not significantly different between the sexes. TGFbeta isoform mRNA expression as well as protein content in bone declined age dependently. TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta2 protein and mRNA expression were different in bone samples from different sites of the skeleton indicating in part the regulation by mechanical stimuli. In contrast to TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2 mRNA expression was significantly enhanced in osteoarthritic bone compared to unaffected bone. These data are in concordance to previous results concerning the expression of TGFbeta3 in bone. In conclusion, the data suggest distinct patterns' of expression of the TGFbeta isoforms under physiological and pathological conditions in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hering
- Department of Internal Medicine, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
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Spranger J, Osterhoff M, Reimann M, Möhlig M, Ristow M, Francis MK, Cristofalo V, Hammes HP, Smith G, Boulton M, Pfeiffer AF. Loss of the antiangiogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor in patients with angiogenic eye disease. Diabetes 2001; 50:2641-5. [PMID: 11723044 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization characterizes proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been shown to be a major antiangiogenic growth factor in the mammalian eye. PEDF expression is suppressed by hypoxia, and changes in PEDF have been correlated to the development of retinal neovascularization in animal models of hypoxic eye disease. However, whether this concept of a reduced angiogenesis inhibitor holds true in humans is as yet unclear. In this study, we analyzed the in vivo regulation of PEDF in patients with and without hypoxic eye disease. We used immunoblots to measure PEDF in ocular fluids obtained from 64 nondiabetic and diabetic patients. In addition, immunohistochemistry of PEDF was carried out in specimens of normal human retinas and retinas with various degrees of diabetic retinopathy. The PEDF concentrations in patients with PDR (P < 0.001) or extensive nondiabetic retinal neovascularization caused by retinal-vein occlusion (P < 0.001) were lower than in control patients. Levels of PEDF were replenished in PDR patients with previous retinal scatter photocoagulation compared with PDR patients without previous photocoagulation (P = 0.01). Immunohistochemistry revealed an interstitial staining pattern as expected for a secreted protein, with an intense staining in retinas of patients without proliferative eye disease. However, in patients with PDR, little or no staining was detectable. Our data strongly support the concept that retinal angiogenesis is induced by loss of the major angiogenesis inhibitor in the eye, PEDF, in combination with an increased expression of angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor. Our findings suggest that substitution of angiogenesis inhibitors may be an effective approach in the treatment of PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spranger
- University Hospital Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
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Hering S, Isken F, Janott J, Jost C, Pommer A, Muhr G, Schatz H, Pfeiffer AF. Analysis of TGFbeta3 gene expression and protein levels in human bone and serum. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001; 109:107-15. [PMID: 11341298 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent data indicate that TGFbeta3, one member of the TGFbeta-isoforms, has an important role in bone remodeling. Up to date little is known about the expression and regulation of TGFbeta3 in man. We established a highly specific ELISA for quantitative measurement of TGFbeta3 in bone and blood samples and a RT-PCR in combination with HPLC for detection and quantification of TGFbeta3 mRNA in 89 human bone samples. Levels of TGFbeta3 protein ranged between 30 and 66 pg/mg bone (mean 36,6 +/-1,03 pg/mg) and between 30 and 1910 pg/ml in serum (mean 128.9+/-38.9 pg/ml). TGFbeta3 mRNA expression as well as protein levels in serum and in bone declined age dependently. No specific load- or site-specific distribution of TGFbeta3 mRNA expression or protein content was detected at different sites indicating an absence of mechanical regulation. Protein levels of TGFbeta3 in serum correlated with TGFbeta3 mRNA expression in bone (p= 0.0027; r=0.49). By contrast, TGFbeta3 protein levels stored in the bone matrix were not related to TGFbeta3 mRNA reflecting the long term process of TGFbeta3 deposition during bone remodeling. Notably TGFbeta3 serum levels were highly correlated with IGF-I and osteocalcin levels in serum. We conclude that TGFbeta3 in man circulates in significant amounts which appears to be representative for TGFbeta3 expression in bone tissue and may be in part derived from bone. The high correlation of TGFbeta3 with IGF-I suggests parallel systemic principles of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hering
- Department of Internal Medicine, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
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Spranger J, Möhlig M, Osterhoff M, Bühnen J, Blum WF, Pfeiffer AF. Retinal photocoagulation does not influence intraocular levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-BP3 in proliferative diabetic retinopathy-evidence for combined treatment of PDR with somatostatin analogues and retinal photocoagulation? Horm Metab Res 2001; 33:312-6. [PMID: 11440279 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal photocoagulation reduces the incidence of severe visual loss in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Reduced levels of VEGF/VPF might result in an improved function of the blood-retina barrier and cause a decrease of blood derived intraocular growth factors such as IGF-I. This study investigates whether retinal photocoagulation is able to normalize the concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-BP3 in the vitreous humor of patients undergoing vitrectomy. Levels of IGFs and the permeability marker, albumin, were measured in serum and vitreous of 52 patients. Three groups were compared: controls without proliferating eye disease (n = 19) and patients with PDR with (PDR+; n = 25) and without (PDR-; n = 8) previous retinal photocoagulation. IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-BP3 and albumin were determined by immunological methods and were confirmed to be increased in patients with PDR compared to controls. Retinal photocoagulation influenced neither the intraocular concentration of the permeability marker albumin (PDR+: 253.2 +/- 46 mg/dl; PDR-: 256.4 +/- 66.5 mg/dl) nor the levels of IGFs (PDR+: IGF-I: 1.2 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; p = 0.38; IGF-II: 34.8 +/- 2.2 ng/ml; p = 0.1; IGF-BP3: 75.7 +/- 9.7 ng/ml; p = 0.27; PDR-: IGF-I: 1.1 +/- 0.2ng/ml; IGF-II: 29.3 +/- 5.2 ng/ml; IGF-BP3: 61.5 +/- 18.3 ng/ml). Systemic levels of albumin and IGFs were not changed significantly by retinal photocoagulation. These results demonstrate that previous retinal photocoagulation in patients undergoing vitrectomy does not functionally reestablish the blood-retina barrier despite decreases in VEGF/VPF. The lack of influence on intraocular concentrations of the serum-derived growth factors, IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-BP3, might in part explain the failure of previous photocoagulation in the investigated patients. These results suggest that a combined treatment with retinal photocoagulation and growth hormone-lowering drugs, such as somatostatin analogues, could be a useful treatment, which may prevent further loss of visual acuity in patients with PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spranger
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Bergholz-Rehbrücke
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Pfeiffer
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Abt. Klinische Ernährung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke und Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Abt. Ernihrungsmedizin, Endokrinologie und Diabetes, Berlin, Germany.
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Assert R, Scherk G, Bumbure A, Pirags V, Schatz H, Pfeiffer AF. Regulation of protein kinase C by short term hyperglycaemia in human platelets in vivo and in vitro. Diabetologia 2001; 44:188-95. [PMID: 11270675 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Postprandial hyperglycaemia carries an increased risk of macrovascular disease even without Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Chronic hyperglycaemia activates protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro and in vivo but it is not known whether PKC is regulated by short-term post-prandial hyperglycaemia in vivo in humans. We investigated whether PKC is regulated in vivo in hyperglycaemic and hyperinsulinaemic infusion tests and correlated the results to stimulations in vitro. METHODS Protein kinase C regulation was measured in platelets obtained from 8 healthy subjects who were infused with glucose and insulin for 2 h attaining peak concentrations of 16 mmol/l glucose and in platelets from 8 healthy young subjects, 8 older subjects without diabetes, and 10 older subjects with Type II diabetes after incubation in vitro with 16 mmol/l glucose or glucose and insulin. For precise quantification, a shortened PKC beta1 standard protein was generated by bacterial expression and PKC alpha, beta1, beta2 and delta isoenzyme values were measured by immunoblot analyses. RESULTS Hyperglycaemic and hyperinsulinaemic in vivo tests increased the amounts of PKC alpha, beta1 and beta2 in the membrane fraction of platelets to 225 +/- 87 %, 164 +/- 22 % and 302 +/- 135 %, respectively, when compared with the baseline values in young healthy volunteers (n = 8, p < 0.05). The expression of PKC delta did not change. In comparison to the recombinant PKC beta1 standard protein, 5 ng PKC beta1/ microg protein was measured before the test and 2 ng/microg were translocated to the membrane fraction after the infusion. No change in the absolute amount of PKC beta1 was detected. In contrast, after incubation in vitro PKC was not regulated by glucose or glucose and insulin in 8 young healthy subjects (age 26 +/- 0.7 years) and in 8 older, healthy subjects (age 64,8 +/- 4 years) although 100 nmol/l 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate caused maximal activation. In marked contrast, PKC beta1 and PKC beta2, but not PKC alpha or PKC delta, were increased in vitro in the membrane fraction by 292 +/- 61% and 432 +/- 88% (p < 0.05) in 10 subjects with Type II diabetes mellitus matched for age, sex and BMI. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION We found that short-term hyperglycaemia activates PKC alpha, beta1 and beta2 in platelets of healthy persons making them potential candidates for mediating the increased cardiovascular risk of postprandial hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia did not cause short-term activation of PKC in platelets in vitro suggesting the existence of additional stimuli. Subjects with Type II diabetes showed a markedly altered reactivity of platelet PKC beta in vitro indicating some diabetes-related regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Assert
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke
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Spranger J, Hammes HP, Preissner KT, Schatz H, Pfeiffer AF. Release of the angiogenesis inhibitor angiostatin in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: association with retinal photocoagulation. Diabetologia 2000; 43:1404-7. [PMID: 11126410 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a major debilitating disease causing most cases of blindness in humans in the Western world. Photocoagulation is the established therapy of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, although the molecular mechanisms of its effects are still not known. Recently angiostatin has been characterized as a potent inhibitor of neovascularization. Apart from a possible down-regulation of angiogenic cytokines, release of angiostatin could initiate the anti-angiogenic effects of retinal photocoagulation. METHODS We investigated the regulation of angiostatin and the angiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in vivo by comparing vitreal concentrations of 18 control patients and 34 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with and without previous photocoagulation. Concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor and angiostatin were additionally measured in serum, while vascular endothelial growth factor is known to be regulated locally in the eye. Cytokines were measured by immunological methods. RESULTS Angiostatin could be detected in 2 out of 18 control patients and in 25 out of 34 diabetic patients (p < 0.00001). Most importantly, production of angiostatin in human vitreous correlated significantly with previous retinal photocoagulation (p < 0.0001) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Only two patients (one control and one diabetic) had detectable serum concentrations of angiostatin. Additionally patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and with previous photocoagulation had significantly lower concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (0.9 +/- 0.1 ng/ml; p < 0.0001) than diabetic patients without previous photocoagulation (4.0 +/- 0.8 ng/ml). The investigation of vitreal and serum basic fibroblast growth factor concentrations yielded no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Angiostatin is not a regularly expressed angiogenesis inhibitor in human vitreous. The alterations we observed suggest that local release of angiostatin and down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor mediate the therapeutic effects of retinal photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spranger
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Bergholz-Rehbrücke
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41
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Spranger J, Bühnen J, Jansen V, Krieg M, Meyer-Schwickerath R, Blum WF, Schatz H, Pfeiffer AF. Systemic levels contribute significantly to increased intraocular IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-BP3 [correction of IFG-BP3] in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Horm Metab Res 2000; 32:196-200. [PMID: 10871161 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-978621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased intraocular levels of angiogenic growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) have been demonstrated in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). It is unclear whether increased leakage of the blood retina barrier or local synthesis primarily determine intraocular levels of IGFs in man, which is of special interest regarding possible therapeutic options with somatostatin analogues in PDR. This is the first study investigating parallelly serum and vitreous levels of IGF-I/II, IGF-BP3 and the liver-derived permeability marker albumin to determine in vivo the amount of circulation-derived intraocular IGFs. A control group without retinal proliferation and patients with PDR were compared. Levels of IGF-I/II, IGF-BP3 and albumin were determined by immunological methods. Vitreous levels of albumin were 2.2-fold elevated in patients with PDR (254.1 +/- 37.2mg/dl; n = 27; p = 0.0027) compared to controls (115.7 +/- 36.2mg/dl; n =10), whereas serum levels were slightly decreased in diabetes patients (5049 +/- 196 mg/dl vs. 4330 +/- 186 mg/dl; p = 0.0283). This was comparable to an increase of IGF-I/11 and IGF-BP3 in vitreous from PDR patients (IGF-I: 2.3 +/- 1.1 ng/ml p = 0.005. IGF-II: 37.9 +/- 4.9 ng/ml; p = 0.0003. IGF-BP3: 97.9 +/- 26.9 ng/ml; p = 0.0001; n = 34) compared to controls (IGF-I: 0.7 +/- 0.1 ng/ml. IGF-II: 21.3 +/- 4.2 ng/ml. IGF-BP3: 31.3 +/- 4.9 ng/ml: n = 19). Serum levels did not differ significantly among the groups regarding IGF-I, II and IGF-BP3. Intraocular albumin and IGF-I levels calculated as percentage of the respective serum levels correlated significantly (r = 0.42; p = 0.012). This study demonstrates that influx of IGF-I, II and IGF-BP3 in PDR quantitatively parallels influx of the liver derived serum protein albumin suggesting that leakage of the blood retina barrier and serum levels of IGF primarily determine intravitreal IGF levels rather than local synthesis. Suppression of systemic IGF levels by new, highly effective somatostatin-analogues therefore provides a promising approach to prevent PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spranger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
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Rochlitz H, Voigt A, Lankat-Buttgereit B, Göke B, Heimberg H, Nauck MA, Schiemann U, Schatz H, Pfeiffer AF. Cloning and quantitative determination of the human Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) isoforms in human beta cells. Diabetologia 2000; 43:465-73. [PMID: 10819240 DOI: 10.1007/s001250051330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) is highly expressed in pancreatic islets and associated with insulin secretion vesicles. The suppression of CaMK II disturbs insulin secretion and insulin gene expression. There are four isoforms of CaMK II, alpha to delta, that are expressed from different genes in mammals. Our aim was to identify the isoforms of CaMK II expressed in human beta cells by molecular cloning from a human insulinoma cDNA library and to assess its distribution in humans. METHODS The previously unknown complete coding sequences of human CaMK IIbeta and the kinase domain of CaMK IIdelta were cloned from a human insulinoma cDNA library. Quantitative determination of CaMK II isoform mRNA was carried out in several tissues and beta cells purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting and compared to the housekeeping enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. RESULTS We found CaMK IIbeta occurred in three splice variants and was highly expressed in endocrine tissues such as adrenals, pituitary and beta cells. Liver showed moderate expression but adipose tissue or lymphocytes had very low levels of CaMK IIbeta-mRNA. In human beta cells CaMK IIbeta and delta were expressed equally with pyruvate dehydrogenase whereas tenfold lower expression of CaMK IIgamma and no expression of CaMK IIalpha were found. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Although CaMK IIdelta is ubiquitously expressed, CaMK IIbeta shows preferential expression in neuroendocrine tissues. In comparison with the expression of a key regulatory enzyme in glucose oxidation, pyruvate dehydrogenase, two of the four CaM kinases investigated are expressed at equally high levels, which supports an important role in beta-cell physiology. These results provide the basis for exploring the pathophysiological relevance of CaMK IIbeta in human diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rochlitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, University of Bochum, Germany
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