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Sehn JK, Spencer DH, Pfeifer JD, Bredemeyer AJ, Cottrell CE, Abel HJ, Duncavage EJ. Occult Specimen Contamination in Routine Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing Testing. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:667-74. [PMID: 26386089 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpr88wdjjldmbn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the extent of human-to-human specimen contamination in clinical next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. METHODS Using haplotype analysis to detect specimen admixture, with orthogonal validation by short tandem repeat analysis, we determined the rate of clinically significant (>5%) DNA contamination in clinical NGS data from 296 consecutive cases. Haplotype analysis was performed using read haplotypes at common, closely spaced single-nucleotide polymorphisms in low linkage disequilibrium in the population, which were present in regions targeted by the clinical assay. Percent admixture was estimated based on frequencies of the read haplotypes at loci that showed evidence for contamination. RESULTS We identified nine (3%) cases with at least 5% DNA admixture. Three cases were bone marrow transplant patients known to be chimeric. Six admixed cases were incidents of contamination, and the rate of contamination was strongly correlated with DNA yield from the tissue specimen. CONCLUSIONS Human-human specimen contamination occurs in clinical NGS testing. Tools for detecting contamination in NGS sequence data should be integrated into clinical bioinformatics pipelines, especially as laboratories trend toward using smaller amounts of input DNA and reporting lower frequency variants. This study provides one estimate of the rate of clinically significant human-human specimen contamination in clinical NGS testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Sehn
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - David H. Spencer
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - John D. Pfeifer
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Andrew J. Bredemeyer
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Catherine E. Cottrell
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Haley J. Abel
- Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Eric J. Duncavage
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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Yoo N, Heusel J, Bredemeyer AJ, Storer C, Cottrell CE. Frequency of BRCA1/2 and PTEN Alterations Identified by Clinical Next Generation Sequencing. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Yoo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Jonathan Heusel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Chad Storer
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
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3
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Chen KYK, Bredemeyer AJ, Ley JC, Michel LS, Wildes TM, Uppaluri R, Chen L, Adkins D. Prospective study of a tailored comprehensive cancer gene (TCCG) set built on a next generation sequencing (NGS) platform in incurable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (The Pro-TCCG Protocol). J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e17076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO
| | | | | | | | - Ravi Uppaluri
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ling Chen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
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4
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Hagemann IS, Devarakonda S, Lockwood CM, Spencer DH, Guebert K, Bredemeyer AJ, Al-Kateb H, Nguyen TT, Duncavage EJ, Cottrell CE, Kulkarni S, Nagarajan R, Seibert K, Baggstrom M, Waqar SN, Pfeifer JD, Morgensztern D, Govindan R. Clinical next-generation sequencing in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 2014; 121:631-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Hagemann
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Siddhartha Devarakonda
- Section of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Christina M. Lockwood
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - David H. Spencer
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Kalin Guebert
- Section of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Andrew J. Bredemeyer
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Hussam Al-Kateb
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - TuDung T. Nguyen
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Eric J. Duncavage
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Catherine E. Cottrell
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Shashikant Kulkarni
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Rakesh Nagarajan
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Karen Seibert
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Maria Baggstrom
- Section of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Saiama N. Waqar
- Section of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - John D. Pfeifer
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Daniel Morgensztern
- Section of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Section of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine; Washington University; St. Louis Missouri
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5
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Abel HJ, Al-Kateb H, Cottrell CE, Bredemeyer AJ, Pritchard CC, Grossmann AH, Wallander ML, Pfeifer JD, Lockwood CM, Duncavage EJ. Detection of gene rearrangements in targeted clinical next-generation sequencing. J Mol Diagn 2014; 16:405-17. [PMID: 24813172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of recurrent gene rearrangements in the clinical laboratory is the cornerstone for risk stratification and treatment decisions in many malignant tumors. Studies have reported that targeted next-generation sequencing assays have the potential to identify such rearrangements; however, their utility in the clinical laboratory is unknown. We examine the sensitivity and specificity of ALK and KMT2A (MLL) rearrangement detection by next-generation sequencing in the clinical laboratory. We analyzed a series of seven ALK rearranged cancers, six KMT2A rearranged leukemias, and 77 ALK/KMT2A rearrangement-negative cancers, previously tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rearrangement detection was tested using publicly available software tools, including Breakdancer, ClusterFAST, CREST, and Hydra. Using Breakdancer and ClusterFAST, we detected ALK rearrangements in seven of seven FISH-positive cases and KMT2A rearrangements in six of six FISH-positive cases. Among the 77 ALK/KMT2A FISH-negative cases, no false-positive identifications were made by Breakdancer or ClusterFAST. Further, we identified one ALK rearranged case with a noncanonical intron 16 breakpoint, which is likely to affect its response to targeted inhibitors. We report that clinically relevant chromosomal rearrangements can be detected from targeted gene panel-based next-generation sequencing with sensitivity and specificity equivalent to that of FISH while providing finer-scale information and increased efficiency for molecular oncology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley J Abel
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hussam Al-Kateb
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Catherine E Cottrell
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Allie H Grossmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - John D Pfeifer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christina M Lockwood
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric J Duncavage
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Cottrell CE, Al-Kateb H, Bredemeyer AJ, Duncavage EJ, Spencer DH, Abel HJ, Lockwood CM, Hagemann IS, O'Guin SM, Burcea LC, Sawyer CS, Oschwald DM, Stratman JL, Sher DA, Johnson MR, Brown JT, Cliften PF, George B, McIntosh LD, Shrivastava S, Nguyen TT, Payton JE, Watson MA, Crosby SD, Head RD, Mitra RD, Nagarajan R, Kulkarni S, Seibert K, Virgin HW, Milbrandt J, Pfeifer JD. Validation of a next-generation sequencing assay for clinical molecular oncology. J Mol Diagn 2013; 16:89-105. [PMID: 24211365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, oncology testing includes molecular studies and cytogenetic analysis to detect genetic aberrations of clinical significance. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows rapid analysis of multiple genes for clinically actionable somatic variants. The WUCaMP assay uses targeted capture for NGS analysis of 25 cancer-associated genes to detect mutations at actionable loci. We present clinical validation of the assay and a detailed framework for design and validation of similar clinical assays. Deep sequencing of 78 tumor specimens (≥ 1000× average unique coverage across the capture region) achieved high sensitivity for detecting somatic variants at low allele fraction (AF). Validation revealed sensitivities and specificities of 100% for detection of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) within coding regions, compared with SNP array sequence data (95% CI = 83.4-100.0 for sensitivity and 94.2-100.0 for specificity) or whole-genome sequencing (95% CI = 89.1-100.0 for sensitivity and 99.9-100.0 for specificity) of HapMap samples. Sensitivity for detecting variants at an observed 10% AF was 100% (95% CI = 93.2-100.0) in HapMap mixes. Analysis of 15 masked specimens harboring clinically reported variants yielded concordant calls for 13/13 variants at AF of ≥ 15%. The WUCaMP assay is a robust and sensitive method to detect somatic variants of clinical significance in molecular oncology laboratories, with reduced time and cost of genetic analysis allowing for strategic patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Cottrell
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hussam Al-Kateb
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric J Duncavage
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David H Spencer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Haley J Abel
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christina M Lockwood
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ian S Hagemann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephanie M O'Guin
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lauren C Burcea
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christopher S Sawyer
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dayna M Oschwald
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennifer L Stratman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Dorie A Sher
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Justin T Brown
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paul F Cliften
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bijoy George
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leslie D McIntosh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Savita Shrivastava
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tudung T Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark A Watson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Seth D Crosby
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard D Head
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robi D Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rakesh Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shashikant Kulkarni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Karen Seibert
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John D Pfeifer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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7
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Spencer DH, Tyagi M, Vallania F, Bredemeyer AJ, Pfeifer JD, Mitra RD, Duncavage EJ. Performance of common analysis methods for detecting low-frequency single nucleotide variants in targeted next-generation sequence data. J Mol Diagn 2013; 16:75-88. [PMID: 24211364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is becoming a common approach for clinical testing of oncology specimens for mutations in cancer genes. Unlike inherited variants, cancer mutations may occur at low frequencies because of contamination from normal cells or tumor heterogeneity and can therefore be challenging to detect using common NGS analysis tools, which are often designed for constitutional genomic studies. We generated high-coverage (>1000×) NGS data from synthetic DNA mixtures with variant allele fractions (VAFs) of 25% to 2.5% to assess the performance of four variant callers, SAMtools, Genome Analysis Toolkit, VarScan2, and SPLINTER, in detecting low-frequency variants. SAMtools had the lowest sensitivity and detected only 49% of variants with VAFs of approximately 25%; whereas the Genome Analysis Toolkit, VarScan2, and SPLINTER detected at least 94% of variants with VAFs of approximately 10%. VarScan2 and SPLINTER achieved sensitivities of 97% and 89%, respectively, for variants with observed VAFs of 1% to 8%, with >98% sensitivity and >99% positive predictive value in coding regions. Coverage analysis demonstrated that >500× coverage was required for optimal performance. The specificity of SPLINTER improved with higher coverage, whereas VarScan2 yielded more false positive results at high coverage levels, although this effect was abrogated by removing low-quality reads before variant identification. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of high-sensitivity variant callers with data from 15 clinical lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Spencer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Manoj Tyagi
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Francesco Vallania
- Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - John D Pfeifer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rob D Mitra
- Genomics and Pathology Services, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric J Duncavage
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Huh WJ, Esen E, Geahlen JH, Bredemeyer AJ, Lee AH, Shi G, Konieczny SF, Glimcher LH, Mills JC. XBP1 controls maturation of gastric zymogenic cells by induction of MIST1 and expansion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:2038-49. [PMID: 20816838 PMCID: PMC2997137 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The transition of gastric epithelial mucous neck cells (NCs) to digestive enzyme-secreting zymogenic cells (ZCs) involves an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and formation of many large secretory vesicles. The transcription factor MIST1 is required for granulogenesis of ZCs. The transcription factor XBP1 binds the Mist1 promoter and induces its expression in vitro and expands the ER in other cell types. We investigated whether XBP1 activates Mist1 to regulate ZC differentiation. METHODS Xbp1 was inducibly deleted in mice using a tamoxifen/Cre-loxP system; effects on ZC size and structure (ER and granule formation) and gastric differentiation were studied and quantified for up to 13 months after deletion using morphologic, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblot analyses. Interactions between XBP1 and the Mist1 promoter were studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation from mouse stomach and in XBP1-transfected gastric cell lines. RESULTS Tamoxifen-induced deletion of Xbp1 (Xbp1Δ) did not affect survival of ZCs but prevented formation of their structure. Xbp1Δ ZCs shrank 4-fold, compared with those of wild-type mice, with granulogenesis and cell shape abnormalities and disrupted rough ER. XBP1 was required and sufficient for transcriptional activation of MIST1. ZCs that developed in the absence of XBP1 induced ZC markers (intrinsic factor, pepsinogen C) but showed abnormal retention of progenitor NC markers. CONCLUSIONS XBP1 controls the transcriptional regulation of ZC structural development; it expands the lamellar rough ER and induces MIST1 expression to regulate formation of large granules. XBP1 is also required for loss of mucous NC markers as ZCs form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jae Huh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Emel Esen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jessica H. Geahlen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Andrew J. Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ann-Hwee Lee
- Dept. of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Guanglu Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Stephen F. Konieczny
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Laurie H. Glimcher
- Dept. of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Capoccia BJ, Lennerz JKM, Bredemeyer AJ, Klco JM, Frater JL, Mills JC. Transcription factor MIST1 in terminal differentiation of mouse and human plasma cells. Physiol Genomics 2010; 43:174-86. [PMID: 21098683 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00084.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their divergent developmental ancestry, plasma cells and gastric zymogenic (chief) cells share a common function: high-capacity secretion of protein. Here we show that both cell lineages share increased expression of a cassette of 269 genes, most of which regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi function, and they both induce expression of the transcription factors X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) and Mist1 during terminal differentiation. XBP1 is known to augment plasma cell function by establishing rough ER, and MIST1 regulates secretory vesicle trafficking in zymogenic cells. We examined morphology and function of plasma cells in wild-type and Mist1(-/-) mice and found subtle differences in ER structure but no overall defect in plasma cell function, suggesting that Mist1 may function redundantly in plasma cells. We next reasoned that MIST1 might be useful as a novel and reliable marker of plasma cells. We found that MIST1 specifically labeled normal plasma cells in mouse and human tissues, and, moreover, its expression was also characteristic of plasma cell differentiation in a cohort of 12 human plasma cell neoplasms. Overall, our results show that MIST1 is enriched upon plasma cell differentiation as a part of a genetic program facilitating secretory cell function and also that MIST1 is a novel marker of normal and neoplastic plasma cells in mouse and human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Capoccia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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10
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Lennerz JKM, Kim SH, Oates EL, Huh WJ, Doherty JM, Tian X, Bredemeyer AJ, Goldenring JR, Lauwers GY, Shin YK, Mills JC. The transcription factor MIST1 is a novel human gastric chief cell marker whose expression is lost in metaplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:1514-33. [PMID: 20709804 PMCID: PMC2928982 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The lack of reliable molecular markers for normal differentiated epithelial cells limits understanding of human gastric carcinogenesis. Recognized precursor lesions for gastric adenocarcinoma are intestinal metaplasia and spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia (SPEM), defined here by ectopic CDX2 and TFF2 expression, respectively. In mice, expression of the bHLH transcription factor MIST1, normally restricted to mature chief cells, is down-regulated as chief cells undergo experimentally induced metaplasia. Here, we show MIST1 expression is also a specific marker of human chief cells. SPEM, with and without MIST1, is present in human lesions and, akin to murine data, likely represents transitional (TFF2(+)/MIST1(+) = "hybrid"-SPEM) and established (TFF2(+)/MIST1(-) = SPEM) stages. Co-visualization of MIST1 and CDX2 shows similar progressive loss of MIST1 with a transitional, CDX2(+)/MIST1(-) hybrid-intestinal metaplasia stage. Interinstitutional analysis and comparison of findings in tissue microarrays, resection specimens, and biopsies (n > 400 samples), comprising the entire spectrum of recognized stages of gastric carcinogenesis, confirm MIST1 expression is restricted to the chief cell compartment in normal oxyntic mucosa, rare in established metaplastic lesions, and lost in intraepithelial neoplasia/dysplasia and carcinoma of various types with the exception of rare chief cell carcinoma ( approximately 1%). Our findings implicate MIST1 as a reliable marker of mature, healthy chief cells, and we provide the first evidence that metaplasia in humans arises at least in part from the chief cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen K M Lennerz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Louis, MO 63110, USA
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11
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Bredemeyer AJ, Geahlen JH, Weis VG, Huh WJ, Zinselmeyer BH, Srivatsan S, Miller MJ, Shaw AS, Mills JC. The gastric epithelial progenitor cell niche and differentiation of the zymogenic (chief) cell lineage. Dev Biol 2008; 325:211-24. [PMID: 19013146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, the cell fate decisions that specify the development of multiple, diverse lineages are governed in large part by interactions of stem and early lineage progenitor cells with their microenvironment, or niche. Here, we show that the gastric parietal cell (PC) is a key cellular component of the previously undescribed niche for the gastric epithelial neck cell, the progenitor of the digestive enzyme secreting zymogenic (chief) cell (ZC). Genetic ablation of PCs led to failed patterning of the entire zymogenic lineage: progenitors showed premature expression of differentiated cell markers, and fully differentiated ZCs failed to develop. We developed a separate mouse model in which PCs localized not only to the progenitor niche, but also ectopically to the gastric unit base, which is normally occupied by terminally differentiated ZCs. Surprisingly, these mislocalized PCs did not maintain adjacent zymogenic lineage cells in the progenitor state, demonstrating that PCs, though necessary, are not sufficient to define the progenitor niche. We induced this PC mislocalization by knocking out the cytoskeleton-regulating gene Cd2ap in Mist1(-/-) mice, which led to aberrant E-cadherin localization in ZCs, irregular ZC-ZC junctions, and disruption of the ZC monolayer by PCs. Thus, the characteristic histology of the gastric unit, with PCs in the middle and ZCs in the base, may depend on establishment of an ordered adherens junction network in ZCs as they migrate into the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Fehniger TA, Cai SF, Cao X, Bredemeyer AJ, Presti RM, French AR, Ley TJ. Acquisition of murine NK cell cytotoxicity requires the translation of a pre-existing pool of granzyme B and perforin mRNAs. Immunity 2007; 26:798-811. [PMID: 17540585 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although activated murine NK cells can use the granule exocytosis pathway to kill target cells immediately upon recognition, resting murine NK cells are minimally cytotoxic for unknown reasons. Here, we showed that resting NK cells contained abundant granzyme A, but little granzyme B or perforin; in contrast, the mRNAs for all three genes were abundant. Cytokine-induced in vitro activation of NK cells resulted in potent cytotoxicity associated with a dramatic increase in granzyme B and perforin, but only minimal changes in mRNA abundance for these genes. The same pattern of regulation was found in vivo with murine cytomegalovirus infection as a physiologic model of NK cell activation. These data suggest that resting murine NK cells are minimally cytotoxic because of a block in perforin and granzyme B mRNA translation that is released by NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Granzyme B (GzmB) is a cytotoxic protease found in the granules of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. GzmB cleaves multiple intracellular protein substrates, leading to caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, cytoskeletal instability, and rapid induction of target cell apoptosis. However, no known individual substrate is required for GzmB to induce apoptosis. GzmB is therefore thought to initiate multiple cell death pathways simultaneously to ensure the death of target cells. We previously identified Hop (Hsp70/Hsp90-organizing protein) as a GzmB substrate in a proteomic survey (Bredemeyer, A. J., Lewis, R. M., Malone, J. P., Davis, A. E., Gross, J., Townsend, R. R., and Ley, T. J. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101, 11785-11790). Hop is a co-chaperone for Hsp70 and Hsp90, which have been implicated in the negative regulation of apoptosis. We therefore hypothesized that Hop may have an anti-apoptotic function that is abolished upon cleavage, lowering the threshold for GzmB-induced apoptosis. Here, we show that Hop was cleaved directly by GzmB in vitro and in cells undergoing GzmB-induced apoptosis. Expression of the two cleavage fragments of Hop did not induce cell death. Although cleavage of Hop by GzmB destroyed Hop function in vitro, both cells overexpressing GzmB-resistant Hop and cells with a 90-95% reduction in Hop levels exhibited unaltered susceptibility to GzmB-induced death. We conclude that Hop per se does not set the threshold for susceptibility to GzmB-induced apoptosis. Although it is possible that Hop may be cleaved by GzmB as an "innocent bystander" during the induction of apoptosis, it may also act to facilitate apoptosis in concert with other GzmB substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
A wide variety of proteases play important roles in immunity, including the destruction of microbes, induction of apoptosis, antigen processing, and regulation of the immune response. Characterization of these proteases requires not only an understanding of substrate specificity, but also the identification of specific protein substrates. Recent advances in proteomics technology have introduced new techniques for the study of protease function. Here, we highlight a proteomic approach used in our laboratory that employs two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry to identify native protease substrates. With this technique, we have successfully detected both known and novel granzyme B substrates, characterized cleavage products, and identified a granzyme B cleavage site. This approach may serve as an important discovery tool for other immunologic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Bredemeyer AJ, Lewis RM, Malone JP, Davis AE, Gross J, Townsend RR, Ley TJ. A proteomic approach for the discovery of protease substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11785-90. [PMID: 15280543 PMCID: PMC511053 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402353101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized, comprehensive platforms for the discovery of protease substrates have been extremely difficult to create. Screens for protease specificity are now frequently based on the cleavage patterns of peptide substrates, which contain small recognition motifs that are required for the cleavage of the scissile bond within an active site. However, these studies do not identify in vivo substrates, nor can they lead to the definition of the macromolecular features that account for the biological specificity of proteases. To use properly folded proteins in a proteomic screen for protease substrates, we used 2D difference gel electrophoresis and tandem MS to identify substrates of an apoptosis-inducing protease, granzyme B. We confirmed the cleavage of procaspase-3, one of the key substrates of this enzyme, and identified several substrates that were previously unknown, as well as the cleavage site for one of these substrates. We were also able to observe the kinetics of substrate cleavage and cleavage product accumulation by using the 2D difference gel electrophoresis methodology. "Protease proteomics" may therefore represent an important tool for the discovery of the native substrates of a variety of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center and Proteomics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Grossman WJ, Revell PA, Lu ZH, Johnson H, Bredemeyer AJ, Ley TJ. The orphan granzymes of humans and mice. Curr Opin Immunol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
The granzyme/perforin pathway is a central pathway for lymphocyte-mediated killing in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This pathway is important in a variety of host defenses, including viral clearance and tumor cell killing, and its dysregulation results in several human and rodent diseases. To date, the majority of reports in this field have concentrated on the functions of granzymes A and B. Recent reports, however, suggest that the non-A/non-B 'orphan' granzymes found in both humans and mice are potentially significant. Although the functions of these orphan granzymes have yet to be fully established, initial data suggests their importance in both immune and nonimmune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Grossman
- Department of Pediatrics, Hale Irwin Center for Pediatric Oncology, #1 St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Liu S, Rivera-Rivera I, Bredemeyer AJ, Kemper B. Functional analysis of the phenobarbital-responsive unit in rat CYP2B211Abbreviations: P450, cytochrome P450; PB, phenobarbital; CYP, P450 gene; NR, nuclear receptor; NF-1, nuclear factor-1; GRE, glucocorticoid response element; CAR, constitutive androgen receptor; RXR, retinoid X receptor; PBRU, PB response element. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:21-8. [PMID: 11377393 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An 163-bp fragment of the rat cytochrome P450 gene, CYP2B2 has been shown to contain sequences that mediate phenobarbital (PB) responsiveness of this gene. In studies on this rat gene and the orthologous mouse gene, Cyp2b10, the minimal fragment required for near full PB responsiveness has varied from about 50 to 80 bp depending on the gene used and the number of copies of the PB responsive sequences assessed. Since there is a single copy of the CYP genes in the genome, we have evaluated deletion and block mutations across an 84-bp region of the PB responsive unit (PBRU), by in situ transfection in rat liver using single copies of the PBRU sequences. From the 5' end, deletions to -2243 retained more than 50% responsiveness to PB compared to the 163-bp fragment. The fragment -2237 to -2155 retained less than 20% responsiveness even though it contained the nuclear receptor (NR)-1, NR-2, and NF-1 motifs which are present in the core of the PBRU. From the 3' end, deletions from -2170 to -2194 eliminated PB responsiveness indicating that the 74-bp sequence from -2243 to -2170 is able to mediate full PB responsiveness. Block mutations within the NR-1 and NF-1 regions reduced responsiveness most dramatically, but did not abolish it, and mutations 3' of the NF-1 site modestly reduced responsiveness. Protein binding was not affected by mutations in the NR-1 region as assessed by DNase I footprinting in vitro but mutations within the NR-2 region reduced binding to the NF-1 site. Mutations of the 5' half or the 3' half of the bipartite NF-1 site, resulted in loss of protection of the NF-1 site and new footprints to the 3' or 5' side, respectively, of the NF-1 site. These results indicate that sequences in addition to the NR-1 and -2 and the NF-1 sites are required for full responsiveness to PB and suggest that proteins which bind to these sites may interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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