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Oussaada SM, Kilicarslan M, de Weijer BA, Gilijamse PW, Şekercan A, Virtue S, Janssen IMC, van de Laar A, Demirkiran A, van Wagensveld BA, Houdijk APJ, Jongejan A, Moerland PD, Verheij J, Geijtenbeek TB, Bloks VW, de Goffau MC, Romijn JA, Nieuwdorp M, Vidal-Puig A, Ter Horst KW, Serlie MJ. Tissue-specific inflammation and insulin sensitivity in subjects with obesity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 211:111663. [PMID: 38616042 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). The contribution of adipose tissue (AT) and hepatic inflammation to IR remains unclear. We conducted a study across three cohorts to investigate this relationship. The first cohort consists of six women with normal weight and twenty with obesity. In women with obesity, we found an upregulation of inflammatory markers in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, isolated AT macrophages, and the liver, but no linear correlation with tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. In the second cohort, we studied 24 women with obesity in the upper vs lower insulin sensitivity quartile. We demonstrated that several omental and mesenteric AT inflammatory genes and T cell-related pathways are upregulated in IR, independent of BMI. The third cohort consists of 23 women and 18 men with obesity, studied before and one year after bariatric surgery. Weight loss following surgery was associated with downregulation of multiple immune pathways in subcutaneous AT and skeletal muscle, alongside notable metabolic improvements. Our results show that obesity is characterised by systemic and tissue-specific inflammation. Subjects with obesity and IR show a more pronounced inflammation phenotype, independent of BMI. Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss is associated with reduced inflammation and improved metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Oussaada
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Kilicarslan
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B A de Weijer
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P W Gilijamse
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Şekercan
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Public Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Virtue
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - I M C Janssen
- Nederlandse Obesitas Kliniek, Departement of Science, Huis ter Heide, the Netherlands
| | - A van de Laar
- Spaarne Gasthuis, Department of Surgery, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - A Demirkiran
- Red Cross Hospital, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - B A van Wagensveld
- NMC Royal Hospital, Department of Surgery, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - A P J Houdijk
- Northwest Clinics, Department of Surgery, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | - A Jongejan
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P D Moerland
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Verheij
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T B Geijtenbeek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - V W Bloks
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Paediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M C de Goffau
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK; Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J A Romijn
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Nieuwdorp
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Vascular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - K W Ter Horst
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J Serlie
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
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Rodríguez-Fdez S, Vidal-Puig A. Fuelling the fire: de novo lipogenesis primes thermogenesis. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1646-1648. [PMID: 37783944 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Rodríguez-Fdez
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart & Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, Nanjing, P.R. of China.
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.
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Pellegrinelli V, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Rouault C, Figueroa-Juarez E, Schilbert H, Virtue S, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Bidault G, Vázquez-Borrego MC, Dias AR, Pucker B, Dale M, Campbell M, Carobbio S, Lin YH, Vacca M, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Mora S, Masiero MM, Emmanouilidou A, Mukhopadhyay S, Dougan G, den Hoed M, Loos RJF, Fernández-Real JM, Chiarugi D, Clément K, Vidal-Puig A. Dysregulation of macrophage PEPD in obesity determines adipose tissue fibro-inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Metab 2022; 4:476-494. [PMID: 35478031 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Resulting from impaired collagen turnover, fibrosis is a hallmark of adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction and obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR). Prolidase, also known as peptidase D (PEPD), plays a vital role in collagen turnover by degrading proline-containing dipeptides but its specific functional relevance in AT is unknown. Here we show that in human and mouse obesity, PEPD expression and activity decrease in AT, and PEPD is released into the systemic circulation, which promotes fibrosis and AT IR. Loss of the enzymatic function of PEPD by genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition causes AT fibrosis in mice. In addition to its intracellular enzymatic role, secreted extracellular PEPD protein enhances macrophage and adipocyte fibro-inflammatory responses via EGFR signalling, thereby promoting AT fibrosis and IR. We further show that decreased prolidase activity is coupled with increased systemic levels of PEPD that act as a pathogenic trigger of AT fibrosis and IR. Thus, PEPD produced by macrophages might serve as a biomarker of AT fibro-inflammation and could represent a therapeutic target for AT fibrosis and obesity-associated IR and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pellegrinelli
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - S Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - C Rouault
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, NutriOmique Research Unit, Paris, France
| | - E Figueroa-Juarez
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Schilbert
- Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Centre for Biotechnology (CeBiTec) & Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - S Virtue
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J M Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), University Hospital of Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institut of Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Bidault
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M C Vázquez-Borrego
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - A R Dias
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Pucker
- Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Centre for Biotechnology (CeBiTec) & Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Evolution and Diversity, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Dale
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Campbell
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - S Carobbio
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Y H Lin
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - M Vacca
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Insterdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - J Aron-Wisnewsky
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, NutriOmique Research Unit, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Nutrition department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Paris, France
| | - S Mora
- Dept Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M M Masiero
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Emmanouilidou
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Mukhopadhyay
- MRC Centre for Transplantation Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences King's College, London, UK
| | - G Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M den Hoed
- The Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J M Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), University Hospital of Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institut of Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Chiarugi
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Clément
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, NutriOmique Research Unit, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Nutrition department, Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Paris, France
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, Nanjing, P. R. China.
- Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.
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Badenes M, Amin A, González-García I, Félix I, Burbridge E, Cavadas M, Ortega FJ, de Carvalho É, Faísca P, Carobbio S, Seixas E, Pedroso D, Neves-Costa A, Moita LF, Fernández-Real JM, Vidal-Puig A, Domingos A, López M, Adrain C. Deletion of iRhom2 protects against diet-induced obesity by increasing thermogenesis. Mol Metab 2019; 31:67-84. [PMID: 31918923 PMCID: PMC6909339 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity is the result of positive energy balance. It can be caused by excessive energy consumption but also by decreased energy dissipation, which occurs under several conditions including when the development or activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is impaired. Here we evaluated whether iRhom2, the essential cofactor for the Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) sheddase ADAM17/TACE, plays a role in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Methods We challenged WT versus iRhom2 KO mice to positive energy balance by chronic exposure to a high fat diet and then compared their metabolic phenotypes. We also carried out ex vivo assays with primary and immortalized mouse brown adipocytes to establish the autonomy of the effect of loss of iRhom2 on thermogenesis and respiration. Results Deletion of iRhom2 protected mice from weight gain, dyslipidemia, adipose tissue inflammation, and hepatic steatosis and improved insulin sensitivity when challenged by a high fat diet. Crucially, the loss of iRhom2 promotes thermogenesis via BAT activation and beige adipocyte recruitment, enabling iRhom2 KO mice to dissipate excess energy more efficiently than WT animals. This effect on enhanced thermogenesis is cell-autonomous in brown adipocytes as iRhom2 KOs exhibit elevated UCP1 levels and increased mitochondrial proton leak. Conclusion Our data suggest that iRhom2 is a negative regulator of thermogenesis and plays a role in the control of adipose tissue homeostasis during metabolic disease. Deletion of iRhom2 protects mice from metabolic syndrome. In obesity, iRhom2 deletion increases energy expenditure, thermogenesis and white adipose tissue beiging. iRhom2 deletion enhances thermogenesis in naïve brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdulbasit Amin
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ismael González-García
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Inês Félix
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20520, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro Faísca
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Elsa Seixas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Dora Pedroso
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Luís F Moita
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - António Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Domingos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal; Obesity Lab, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Colin Adrain
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal; Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal-Puig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Enerback
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Arias de la Rosa I, Escudero-Contreras A, Rodríguez-Cuenca S, Ruiz-Ponce M, Jiménez-Gómez Y, Ruiz-Limón P, Pérez-Sánchez C, Ábalos-Aguilera MC, Cecchi I, Ortega R, Calvo J, Guzmán-Ruiz R, Malagón MM, Collantes-Estevez E, Vidal-Puig A, López-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N. Defective glucose and lipid metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis is determined by chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues. J Intern Med 2018. [PMID: 29532531 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are at increased risk of insulin resistance (IR); however, the specific mechanisms mediating this association are currently unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the inflammatory activity associated with RA accounts for the observed defective glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in these patients. METHODS We followed two main strategies: (i) extensive metabolic profiling of a RA cohort of 100 patients and 50 healthy control subjects and (ii) mechanistic studies carried out in both a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model and 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with conditioned serum from RA patients. RESULTS Following the exclusion of obese and diabetic subjects, data from RA patients demonstrated a strong link between the degree of systemic inflammation and the development of IR. These results were strengthened by the observation that induction of arthritis in mice resulted in a global inflammatory state characterized by defective carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in different tissues. Adipose tissue was most susceptible to the RA-induced metabolic alterations. These metabolic effects were confirmed in adipocytes treated with serum from RA patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the metabolic disturbances associated with RA depend on the degree of inflammation and identify inflammation of adipose tissue as the initial target leading to IR and the associated molecular disorders of carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis. Thus, we anticipate that therapeutic strategies based on tighter control of inflammation and flares could provide promising approaches to normalize and/or prevent metabolic alterations associated with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arias de la Rosa
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Escudero-Contreras
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbroke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Ruiz-Ponce
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Y Jiménez-Gómez
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - P Ruiz-Limón
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Pérez-Sánchez
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M C Ábalos-Aguilera
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Cecchi
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, Turin, Italy
| | - R Ortega
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Calvo
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - R Guzmán-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M M Malagón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Collantes-Estevez
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbroke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ch López-Pedrera
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - N Barbarroja
- Rheumatology Service, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Pellegrinelli V, Campbell M, Oresic M, Vidal-Puig A. Sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids - The "ying and yang" of lipotoxicity in metabolic diseases. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:14-29. [PMID: 28104532 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids in general and ceramides in particular, contribute to pathophysiological mechanisms by modifying signalling and metabolic pathways. Here, we present the available evidence for a bidirectional homeostatic crosstalk between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids, whose dysregulation contributes to lipotoxicity induced metabolic stress. The initial evidence for this crosstalk originates from simulated models designed to investigate the biophysical properties of sphingolipids in plasma membrane representations. In this review, we reinterpret some of the original findings and conceptualise them as a sort of "ying/yang" interaction model of opposed/complementary forces, which is consistent with the current knowledge of lipid homeostasis and pathophysiology. We also propose that the dysregulation of the balance between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids results in a lipotoxic insult relevant in the pathophysiology of common metabolic diseases, typically characterised by their increased ceramide/sphingosine pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK.
| | - V Pellegrinelli
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK
| | - M Campbell
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK
| | - M Oresic
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI -20520 Turku, Finland
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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8
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Langeveld M, Tan CY, Soeters MR, Virtue S, Ambler GK, Watson LPE, Murgatroyd PR, Chatterjee VK, Vidal-Puig A. Mild cold effects on hunger, food intake, satiety and skin temperature in humans. Endocr Connect 2016; 5:65-73. [PMID: 26864459 PMCID: PMC5002965 DOI: 10.1530/ec-16-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cold exposure increases energy expenditure and can influence energy balance, but at the same time it does not increase appetite and energy intake. OBJECTIVE To quantify dermal insulative cold response, we assessed thermal comfort and skin temperatures changes by infrared thermography. METHODS We exposed healthy volunteers to either a single episode of environmental mild cold or thermoneutrality. We measured hunger sensation and actual free food intake. After a thermoneutral overnight stay, five males and five females were exposed to either 18°C (mild cold) or 24°C (thermoneutrality) for 2.5 h. Metabolic rate, vital signs, skin temperature, blood biochemistry, cold and hunger scores were measured at baseline and for every 30 min during the temperature intervention. This was followed by an ad libitum meal to obtain the actual desired energy intake after cold exposure. RESULTS We could replicate the cold-induced increase in REE. But no differences were detected in hunger, food intake, or satiety after mild cold exposure compared with thermoneutrality. After long-term cold exposure, high cold sensation scores were reported, which were negatively correlated with thermogenesis. Skin temperature in the sternal area was tightly correlated with the increase in energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that short-term mild cold exposure increases energy expenditure without changes in food intake. Mild cold exposure resulted in significant thermal discomfort, which was negatively correlated with the increase in energy expenditure. Moreover, there is a great between-subject variability in cold response. These data provide further insights on cold exposure as an anti-obesity measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Langeveld
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Y Tan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - M R Soeters
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - G K Ambler
- Cambridge Vascular UnitAddenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - L P E Watson
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research FacilityAddenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - P R Murgatroyd
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research FacilityAddenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - V K Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research LaboratoriesWellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Barbarroja N, Vidal-Puig A. Dihydroceramide desaturase 1, the gatekeeper of ceramide induced lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Yu E, Calvert P, Mercer J, Harrison J, Baker L, Figg N, Kumar S, Wang J, Hurst L, Obaid D, Logan A, West N, Clarke M, Vidal-Puig A, Murphy M, Bennett M. Mitochondrial DNA damage can promote atherosclerosis independently of reactive oxygen species and correlates with higher risk plaques in humans. Atherosclerosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dhurandhar NV, Geurts L, Atkinson RL, Casteilla L, Clement K, Gerard P, Vijay-Kumar M, Nam JH, Nieuwdorp M, Trovato G, Sørensen TIA, Vidal-Puig A, Cani PD. Harnessing the beneficial properties of adipogenic microbes for improving human health. Obes Rev 2013; 14:721-35. [PMID: 23663746 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with numerous metabolic comorbidities. Weight loss is an effective measure for alleviating many of these metabolic abnormalities. However, considering the limited success of most medical weight-management approaches in producing a sustained weight loss, approaches that improve obesity-related metabolic abnormalities independent of weight loss would be extremely attractive and of practical benefit. Metabolically healthy obesity supports the notion that a better metabolic profile is possible despite obesity. Moreover, adequate expansion of adipose tissue appears to confer protection from obesity-induced metabolic comorbidities. To this end, the 10th Stock conference examined new approaches to improve metabolic comorbidities independent of weight loss. In particular, human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) and specific gut microbes were examined for their potential to influence lipid and glucose homeostasis in animals and humans. While these microbes possess some undesirable properties, research has identified attributes of adenovirus Ad36 and gut microbes that may be selectively harnessed to improve metabolic profile without the obligatory weight loss. Furthermore, identifying the host signalling pathways that these microbes recruit to improve the metabolic profile may offer new templates and targets, which may facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies for obesity-related metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Dhurandhar
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Yu E, Mercer J, Calvert P, Figg N, Logan A, Vidal-Puig A, Murphy M, Bennett M. 182 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DAMAGE PROMOTES ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CORRELATES WITH HIGHER RISK PLAQUE IN HUMANS. Heart 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304019.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Napolitano A, Miller SR, Murgatroyd PR, Delafont B, Brooke A, Elkhawad M, Tan CY, Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A, Nunez DJ. Prediction of weight loss and regain following dietary, lifestyle, and pharmacologic intervention. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 91:1027-34. [PMID: 22336590 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To develop statistical models for predicting weight loss and regain, we analyzed the phenotypic responses in an outpatient study of 60 obese subjects randomized to one of three 12-week interventions, diet (-600 kcal) alone, diet with exercise, and diet with sibutramine. This was followed by 12 weeks of observation. The best of the "baseline covariates" models was one that incorporated intervention group and baseline homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA(IR)). It predicted week 12 weight change with R(2) of 0.38 and root mean square error (√MSE) of 2.92 kg. An alternative model incorporating baseline fat mass plus change in weight and HOMA(IR) at week 4 improved the prediction (R(2), 0.67, √MSE, 2.19 kg). We could not identify a satisfactory model to predict weight regain. We conclude that prediction of weight loss over 12 weeks is significantly improved when short-term weight change is incorporated into the model. This information could be utilized to forecast the success of a weight-loss program and to motivate and contribute to innovative designing of obesity trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Napolitano
- Clinical Unit in Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Domestic winter indoor temperatures in the USA, UK and other developed countries appear to be following an upwards trend. This review examines evidence of a causal link between thermal exposures and increases in obesity prevalence, focusing on acute and longer-term biological effects of time spent in thermal comfort compared with mild cold. Reduced exposure to seasonal cold may have a dual effect on energy expenditure, both minimizing the need for physiological thermogenesis and reducing thermogenic capacity. Experimental studies show a graded association between acute mild cold and human energy expenditure over the range of temperatures relevant to indoor heating trends. Meanwhile, recent studies of the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in human thermogenesis suggest that increased time spent in conditions of thermal comfort can lead to a loss of BAT and reduced thermogenic capacity. Pathways linking cold exposure and adiposity have not been directly tested in humans. Research in naturalistic and experimental settings is needed to establish effects of changes in thermal exposures on weight, which may raise possibilities for novel public health strategies to address obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Virtue S, Dale M, Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig A. LEM-PCR: a method for determining relative transcript isoform proportions using real-time PCR without a standard curve. Genome 2010; 53:637-42. [PMID: 20725151 DOI: 10.1139/g10-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many genes express multiple transcript isoforms generated by alternative splicing of mRNA. Using real-time PCR, it is straightforward to determine the relative expression level of each isoform independently. However, it is less trivial to determine the relative proportions of different isoforms in a cDNA sample. The relative proportions of different isoforms can be important, as a small change in a highly abundant transcript may be more relevant than a large change in a minimally expressed transcript. Currently, determining the relative proportions of isoforms requires the construction of a standard curve using recombinant plasmid DNA or genomic DNA. As recombinant or genomic DNA standards often amplify with different efficiencies to cDNA samples, they may give under- or overestimations of isoform abundances. The method described in this article uses a titration curve generated from the same cDNA samples measured in the experiment. By using samples with different levels of separate isoforms, it is possible to derive linear equations which, when solved, allow the determination of the proportion of each isoform within the samples under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Virtue
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Box 289, Level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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McLaughlin BL, Wells AC, Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A, Wilkinson TD, Watson CJE, Robertson PA. Electrical and optical spectroscopy for quantitative screening of hepatic steatosis in donor livers. Phys Med Biol 2010; 55:6867-79. [PMID: 21048293 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/22/017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macro-steatosis in deceased donor livers is increasingly prevalent and is associated with poor or non-function of the liver upon reperfusion. Current assessment of the extent of steatosis depends upon the macroscopic assessment of the liver by the surgeon and histological examination, if available. In this paper we demonstrate electrical and optical spectroscopy techniques which quantitatively characterize fatty infiltration in liver tissue. Optical spectroscopy showed a correlation coefficient of 0.85 in humans when referenced to clinical hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections in 20 human samples. With further development, an optical probe may provide a comprehensive measure of steatosis across the liver at the time of procurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L McLaughlin
- Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 OFA, UK.
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17
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Boiani R, Cinti S, Savage DB, Vidal-Puig A, O'Rahilly S. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue morphology in a patient with a dominant-negative mutation (P467L) in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) gene. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20:e11-2. [PMID: 20153617 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schinner S, Ulgen F, Papewalis C, Schott M, Woelk A, Vidal-Puig A, Scherbaum WA. Regulation of insulin secretion, glucokinase gene transcription and beta cell proliferation by adipocyte-derived Wnt signalling molecules. Diabetologia 2008; 51:147-54. [PMID: 17994217 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adipocytes secrete signalling molecules that elicit responses from target cells, including pancreatic beta cells. Wnt signalling molecules have recently been identified as novel adipocyte-derived factors. They also regulate insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells and the cell cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adipocyte-derived Wnt signalling molecules on insulin secretion and beta cell proliferation. METHODS Human adipocytes were isolated to generate fat cell-conditioned medium (FCCM). Ins-1 cells were stimulated with FCCM and transiently transfected with reporter genes. Proliferation assays using [3H]thymidine incorporation were carried out in Ins-1 cells and primary islet cells. Insulin secretion from primary islets was assessed by radioimmunoassay. Gene expression in primary islets was assessed by Taqman PCR. RESULTS Treatment with human FCCM increased the transcription of a T cell-specific transcription factor reporter gene (TOPFLASH) in Ins-1 cells (241%, p < 0.05). FCCM induced the proliferation of Ins-1 cells (1.8 fold, p < 0.05) and primary mouse islet cells (1.6 fold, p < 0.05). Antagonizing Wnt signalling with secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 (FRP-1) inhibited the proliferative effect induced by Wnt3a and FCCM on Ins-1 cells by 49 and 41%, respectively. In addition, FCCM led to a twofold (p < 0.05) induction of cyclin D1 promoter activity in Ins-1 cells. Furthermore, FCCM stimulated insulin secretion (204% of controls, p > 0.05) in primary mouse islets, and this stimulation was inhibited by sFRP-1. At a molecular level, canonical Wnt signalling induced glucokinase gene transcription in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent fashion, thereby defining the glucokinase gene as a novel Wnt target gene. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taken together, these data show that adipocyte-derived Wnt signalling molecules induce beta cell proliferation and insulin secretion in vitro, suggesting a novel mechanism linking obesity to hyperinsulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schinner
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Rheumatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany.
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Burguera B, Agusti A, Arner P, Baltasar A, Barbe F, Barcelo A, Breton I, Cabanes T, Casanueva FF, Couce ME, Dieguez C, Fiol M, Fernandez Real JM, Formiguera X, Fruhbeck G, Garcia Romero M, Garcia Sanz M, Ghigo E, Gomis R, Higa K, Ibarra O, Lacy A, Larrad A, Masmiquel L, Moizé V, Moreno B, Moreiro J, Ricart W, Riesco M, Salinas R, Salvador J, Pi-Sunyer FX, Scopinaro N, Sjostrom L, Pagan A, Pereg V, Sánchez Pernaute A, Torres A, Urgeles JR, Vidal-Puig A, Vidal J, Vila M. Critical assessment of the current guidelines for the management and treatment of morbidly obese patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2007; 30:844-52. [PMID: 18075287 DOI: 10.1007/bf03349226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An interdisciplinary panel of specialists met in Mallorca in the first European Symposium on Morbid Obesity entitled; "Morbid Obesity, an Interdisciplinary Approach". During the two and half days of the meeting, the participants discussed several aspects related to pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment of morbid obesity. The expert panel included basic research scientists, dietitians and nutritionists, exercise physiologists, endocrinologists, psychiatrists, cardiologists, pneumonologists, anesthesiologists, and bariatric surgeons with expertise in the different weight loss surgeries. The symposium was sponsored by the Balearic Islands Health Department; however, this statement is an independent report of the panel and is not a policy statement of any of the sponsors or endorsers of the Symposium. The prevalence of morbid obesity, the most severe state of the disease, has become epidemic. The current recommendations for the therapy of the morbidly obese comes as a result of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference held in 1991 and subsequently reviewed in 2004 by the American Society for Bariatric Surgery. This document reviews the work-up evaluation of the morbidly obese patient, the current status of the indications for bariatric surgery and which type of procedure should be recommended; it also brings up for discussion some important real-life clinical practice issues, which should be taken into consideration when evaluating and treating morbidly obese patients. Finally, it also goes through current scientific evidence supporting the potential effectiveness of medical therapy as treatment of patients with morbid obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Burguera
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Instituto Universitario Ciéncias de la Salud (IUNICS), Mallorca, Spain.
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Paniagua JA, Gallego de la Sacristana A, Romero I, Vidal-Puig A, Latre JM, Sanchez E, Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F. Monounsaturated fat-rich diet prevents central body fat distribution and decreases postprandial adiponectin expression induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:1717-23. [PMID: 17384344 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Central obesity is associated with insulin resistance through factors that are not fully understood. We studied the effects of three different isocaloric diets on body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, and peripheral adiponectin gene expression. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eleven volunteers, offspring of obese type 2 diabetic patients with abdominal fat deposition, were studied. These subjects were considered insulin resistant as indicated by Matsuda index values <4 after an oral glucose tolerance test, and they maintained A1C <6.5% without therapeutic intervention. All subjects underwent three dietary periods of 28 days each in a crossover design: 1) diet enriched in saturated fat (SAT), 2) diet rich in monounsaturated fat (MUFA) (Mediterranean diet), and 3) diet rich in carbohydrates (CHOs). RESULTS Weight, body composition, and resting energy expenditure remained unchanged during the three sequential dietary periods. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry we observed that when patients were fed a CHO-enriched diet, their fat mass was redistributed toward the abdominal depot, whereas periphery fat accumulation decreased compared with isocaloric MUFA-rich and high-SAT diets (ANOVA P < 0.05). Changes in fat deposition were associated with decreased postprandial mRNA adiponectin levels in peripheral adipose tissue and lower insulin sensitivity index values from a frequently sampled insulin-assisted intravenous glucose tolerance test in patients fed a CHO-rich diet compared with a MUFA-rich diet (ANOVA P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An isocaloric MUFA-rich diet prevents central fat redistribution and the postprandial decrease in peripheral adiponectin gene expression and insulin resistance induced by a CHO-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Paniagua
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
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Sanchez-Garcia M, Paniagua J, Romero I, Gallego de la Sacristana A, Vidal-Puig A, Pérez-Martínez P, Fuentes F, Ruano J, López-Miranda J, Pérez-Jiménez F. WO3-OR-6 POSTPRANDIAL UCP2 EXPRESSION AND OXIDATIVE EFFECTS AFTER THREE DIET MODELS IN INSULIN-RESISTANT PATIENTS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(07)70958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. PC serves an anaplerotic role for the tricarboxylic acid cycle, when intermediates are removed for different biosynthetic purposes. In liver and kidney, PC provides oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis. In adipocytes PC is involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis and glyceroneogenesis, and is regulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, suggesting that PC is involved in the metabolic switch controlling fuel partitioning toward lipogenesis. In islets, PC is necessary for glucose-induced insulin secretion by providing oxaloacetate to form malate that participates in the 'pyruvate/malate cycle' to shuttle 3C or 4C between mitochondria and cytoplasm. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia impair this cycle and affect glucose-stimulated insulin release. In astrocytes, PC is important for de novo synthesis of glutamate, an important excitatory neurotransmitter supplied to neurons. Transcriptional studies of the PC gene pinpoint some transcription factors that determine tissue-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jitrapakdee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Christodoulides C, Scarda A, Granzotto M, Milan G, Dalla Nora E, Keogh J, De Pergola G, Stirling H, Pannacciulli N, Sethi JK, Federspil G, Vidal-Puig A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, Vettor R. WNT10B mutations in human obesity. Diabetologia 2006; 49:678-84. [PMID: 16477437 PMCID: PMC4304000 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent studies suggest that wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 10B (WNT10B) may play a role in the negative regulation of adipocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo. In order to determine whether mutations in WNT10B contribute to human obesity, we screened two independent populations of obese subjects for mutations in this gene. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied 96 subjects with severe obesity of early onset (less than 10 years of age) from the UK Genetics of Obesity Study and 115 obese Italian subjects of European origin. RESULTS One proband with early-onset obesity was found to be heterozygous for a C256Y mutation, which abrogated the ability of WNT10B to activate canonical WNT signalling and block adipogenesis and was not found in 600 control alleles. All relatives of the proband who carried this allele were either overweight or obese. Three other rare missense variants were found in obese probands, but these did not clearly cosegregate with obesity in family studies and one (P301S), which was found in three unrelated subjects with early-onset obesity, had normal functional properties. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These mutations represent the first naturally occurring missense variants of WNT10B. While the pedigree analysis in the case of C256Y WNT10B does not provide definitive proof of a causal link of this variant with obesity, the finding of a non-functioning WNT10B allele in a human family affected by obesity should encourage further study of this gene in other obese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christodoulides
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 232, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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Simmgen M, Knauf C, Lopez M, Choudhury AI, Charalambous M, Cantley J, Bedford DC, Claret M, Iglesias MA, Heffron H, Cani PD, Vidal-Puig A, Burcelin R, Withers DJ. Liver-specific deletion of insulin receptor substrate 2 does not impair hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. Diabetologia 2006; 49:552-61. [PMID: 16404553 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Hepatic insulin resistance is thought to be a critical component in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes but the role of intrinsic insulin signalling pathways in the regulation of hepatic metabolism remains controversial. Global gene targeting in mice and in vitro studies have suggested that IRS2 mediates the physiological effects of insulin in the liver. Reduced hepatic production of IRS2 is found in many cases of insulin resistance. To investigate the role of IRS2 in regulating liver function in vivo, we generated mice that specifically lack Irs2 in the liver (LivIrs2KO). MATERIALS AND METHODS Hepatic insulin signalling events were examined in LivIrs2KO mice by western blotting. Glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity were assessed by glucose tolerance tests and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp studies. The effects of high-fat feeding upon glucose homeostasis were also determined. Liver function tests were performed and expression of key metabolic genes in the liver was determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS Proximal insulin signalling events and forkhead box O1 and A2 function were normal in the liver of LivIrs2KO mice, which displayed minimal abnormalities in glucose and lipid homeostasis, hepatic gene expression and liver function. In addition, hepatic lipid homeostasis and the metabolic response to a high-fat diet did not differ between LivIrs2KO and control mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that liver IRS2 signalling, surprisingly, is not required for the long-term maintenance of glucose and lipid homeostasis, and that extra-hepatic IRS2-dependent mechanisms are involved in the regulation of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simmgen
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Rayne Institute, University College London, University Street, London, UK
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Schinner S, Papewalis C, Kocaoglu F, Schott M, Vidal-Puig A, Bornstein S, Scherbaum W. Sekretionsprodukte von Adipozyten induzieren die Proliferation von Ins-1 β-Zellen über den Wnt-Signalweg. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-944012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Semple RK, Crowley VC, Sewter CP, Laudes M, Christodoulides C, Considine RV, Vidal-Puig A, O'Rahilly S. Expression of the thermogenic nuclear hormone receptor coactivator PGC-1alpha is reduced in the adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2004; 28:176-9. [PMID: 14557831 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC1alpha) is an accessory protein which can potentiate the transcriptional activation function of many nuclear hormone receptors. Its tissue distribution and physiological studies suggest that its principal in vivo roles are to promote cold-induced thermogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid beta-oxidation. It is expressed in the white adipose tissue of both humans and rodents, and in rodents it has been suggested to mediate in part the leptin-induced conversion of white adipocytes from fat storing to fat oxidising cells. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR has been used in human tissue to demonstrate that (1) PGC1alpha mRNA levels in subcutaneous fat are three-fold lower in morbidly obese than in slim subjects; (2) there are no differences in PGC1alpha mRNA between omental and subcutaneous mature adipocytes; (3) there is a robust induction of PGC1alpha expression during subcutaneous human preadipocyte differentiation ex vivo. Whether low PGC1alpha expression is a prelude to the development of obesity, or a consequence of that obesity, attempts to upregulate endogenous white adipose tissue expression may prove a valuable new avenue to explore in obesity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Semple
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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30
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Savage DB, Agostini M, Barroso I, Gurnell M, Luan J, Meirhaeghe A, Harding AH, Ihrke G, Rajanayagam O, Soos MA, George S, Berger D, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Meeran K, Ross RJ, Vidal-Puig A, Wareham NJ, O'Rahilly S, Chatterjee VKK, Schafer AJ. Erratum: Digenic inheritance of severe insulin resistance in a human pedigree. Nat Genet 2002. [DOI: 10.1038/ng0902-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sewter C, Blows F, Considine R, Vidal-Puig A, O'Rahilly S. Differential effects of adiposity on peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma1 and gamma2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human adipocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:4203-7. [PMID: 12213872 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-011511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both genetic and pharmacological studies raise the possibility that a primary increase in the amount or activity of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in adipocytes could play a role in common types of human obesity. Using real-time RT-PCR assays we examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and PPARgamma isoform expression in freshly isolated human adipocytes. There were no consistent differences in the expression of either PPARgamma1 mRNA or PPARgamma2 mRNA between omental and sc adipocytes. In a group of 17 subjects (BMI range, 17-34 kg/m(2)) there was a strong and highly significant inverse correlation (r = -0.68; P < 0.005) between PPARgamma1 mRNA expression in adipocytes and BMI, whereas no significant relationship was apparent for PPARgamma2. In an independent study PPARgamma1 mRNA levels were decreased (1.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.8 arbitrary units; P < 0.01) in adipocytes from morbidly obese (BMI, 50.6 +/- 14.1 kg/m(2)) vs. lean (BMI, 21.1 +/- 1.0 kg/m(2)) subjects. In contrast, there was a significant increase in the expression of PPARgamma2 mRNA levels between the morbidly obese and lean groups (1.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.2 arbitrary units; P < 0.05). Treatment of isolated human adipocytes with TNFalpha resulted in a significant decrease in both PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2 mRNA levels [40.6 +/- 5.5% relative to control (P = 0.01) and 60.9 +/- 24.8% (P = 0.02) respectively]. The strong inverse relationship between BMI and PPARgamma1 expression in human adipocytes is striking and may represent part of an autoregulatory mechanism restraining the expansion of individual adipocytes in states of positive energy balance. On the other hand, the increase in PPARgamma2 observed in adipocytes of morbidly obese individuals suggests a potential pathogenic effect of this isoform in promoting fat acquisition. Although an autocrine effect of the enhanced TNFalpha secretion seen with increasing obesity might play a role in the changes in PPARgamma1, this would not provide an explanation for the different relationship of PPARgamma2 to adiposity. The significance of the divergent effect of human adiposity on the two isoforms will require a greater understanding of the differential properties of the two isoforms and of the differences in the functions of their respective regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sewter
- University of Cambridge, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 2QR
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sewter
- University of Cambridge, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Hagen T, Vidal-Puig A. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in human physiology and disease. Minerva Med 2002; 93:41-57. [PMID: 11850613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins are mitochondrial carrier proteins that catalyse a regulated proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane, diverting free energy from ATP synthesis by the mitochondrial F0F1-ATP synthase to the production of heat. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which is exclusively expressed in brown adipose tissue, is the mediator of thermogenesis in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Using gene a knockout mouse model, UCP1 has been shown to be required for cold acclimation. Two homologues of UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3, have been identified recently and show a much wider tissue distribution. UCP2 and UCP3 have been postulated to play a role in the regulation of cold acclimation, energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis in humans, who, in contrast to rodents, have very little brown fat in adult life. However, evidence is accumulating that thermogenesis and regulation of body weight may not be the physiological functions of UCP2 and UCP3. For instance, mice deficient for UCP2 or UCP3 are not cold-intolerant and do not develop obesity. Alternative functions were suggested, primarily based on findings in UCP2 and UCP3 gene knockout mice. Both UCP2- and UCP3-deficient mice were found to overproduce reactive oxygen species and UCP2-deficient mice to hypersecrete insulin. Thus, the UCP1 homologues may play a role in regulating mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and b-cell function. In this review, we discuss the role of UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3 in human physiology and disease, primarily based on findings from the various animal models that have been generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hagen
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge, UK
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Savage DB, Sewter CP, Klenk ES, Segal DG, Vidal-Puig A, Considine RV, O'Rahilly S. Resistin / Fizz3 expression in relation to obesity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma action in humans. Diabetes 2001; 50:2199-202. [PMID: 11574398 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.10.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in murine models suggest that resistin (also called Fizz3 [1]), a novel cysteine-rich protein secreted by adipocytes, may represent the long-sought link between obesity and insulin resistance (2). Furthermore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists appear to inhibit resistin expression in murine adipocytes, providing a possible explanation for the mode of action of this class of insulin sensitizers (2). Using a fluorescent real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-based assay, we found that resistin mRNA levels in whole adipose tissue samples were increased in morbidly obese humans compared with lean control subjects. However, in freshly isolated human adipocytes, resistin mRNA levels were very low and showed no correlation with BMI. Resistin mRNA was undetectable in preadipocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, but it was readily detectable in circulating mononuclear cells. Although exposure of human mononuclear cells to PPAR-gamma agonists markedly upregulated fatty acid-binding protein-4 expression, these agents had no effect on mononuclear cell resistin expression. Finally, resistin mRNA was undetectable in adipocytes from a severely insulin-resistant subject with a dominant-negative mutation in PPAR-gamma (3). We conclude that the recently described relationships of murine resistin/Fizz3 expression with obesity, insulin resistance, and PPAR-gamma action may not readily translate to humans. Further studies of this novel class of proteins are needed to clarify their roles in human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Savage
- University Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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36
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37
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Huppertz C, Fischer BM, Kim YB, Kotani K, Vidal-Puig A, Slieker LJ, Sloop KW, Lowell BB, Kahn BB. Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) stimulates glucose uptake in muscle cells through a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:12520-9. [PMID: 11278970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011708200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UCP3 is a mitochondrial membrane protein expressed in humans selectively in skeletal muscle. To determine the mechanisms by which UCP3 plays a role in regulating glucose metabolism, we expressed human UCP3 in L6 myotubes by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and in H(9)C(2) cardiomyoblasts by stable transfection with a tetracycline-repressible UCP3 construct. Expression of UCP3 in L6 myotubes increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake 2-fold and cell surface GLUT4 2.3-fold, thereby reaching maximally insulin-stimulated levels in control myotubes. Wortmannin, LY 294002, or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein abolished the effect of UCP3 on glucose uptake, and wortmannin inhibited UCP3-induced GLUT4 cell surface recruitment. UCP3 overexpression increased phosphotyrosine-associated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity 2.2-fold compared with control cells (p < 0.05). UCP3 overexpression increased lactate release 1.5- to 2-fold above control cells, indicating increased glucose metabolism. In H(9)C(2) cardiomyoblasts stably transfected with UCP3 under control of a tetracycline-repressible promotor, removal of doxycycline resulted in detectable levels of UCP3 at 12 h and 2.2-fold induction at 7 days compared with 12 h. In parallel, glucose transport increased 1.3- and 2-fold at 12 h and 7 days, respectively, and the stimulation was inhibited by wortmannin or genistein. p85 association with membranes was increased 5.5-fold and phosphotyrosine-associated PI3K activity 3.8-fold. In contrast, overexpression of UCP3 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes did not alter glucose uptake, suggesting tissue-specific effects of human UCP3. Thus, UCP3 stimulates glucose transport and GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells by activating a PI3K dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huppertz
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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38
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Vidal-Puig A, O'Rahilly S. Obesity and diabetes: an avalanche of new information. Mol Med Today 2000; 6:221-3. [PMID: 10939842 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-4310(00)01714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal-Puig
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 2QR United Kingdom.
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39
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Chung WK, Luke A, Cooper RS, Rotini C, Vidal-Puig A, Rosenbaum M, Chua M, Solanes G, Zheng M, Zhao L, LeDuc C, Eisberg A, Chu F, Murphy E, Schreier M, Aronne L, Caprio S, Kahle B, Gordon D, Leal SM, Goldsmith R, Andreu AL, Bruno C, DiMauro S, Leibel RL. Genetic and physiologic analysis of the role of uncoupling protein 3 in human energy homeostasis. Diabetes 1999; 48:1890-5. [PMID: 10480626 PMCID: PMC6155469 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.48.9.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of its potential effects on rates of energy expenditure, uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is an obesity candidate gene. We identified nine sequence variants in UCP3, including Val9Met, Val102Ile, Arg282Cys, and a splice site mutation in the intron between exons 6 and 7. The splice mutation results in an inability to synthesize mRNA for the long isoform (UCP3L) of UCP3. Linkage (sib pair), association, and transmission disequilibrium testing studies on 942 African-Americans did not suggest a significant effect of UCP3 on body composition in this group. In vastus lateralis skeletal muscle of individuals homozygous for the splice mutation, no UCP3L mRNA was detectable; the short isoform (UCP3S) was present in an increased amount. In this muscle, we detected no alterations of in vitro mitochondrial coupling activity, mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activity, or systemic oxygen consumption or respiratory quotient at rest or during exercise. These genetic and physiologic data suggest the following possibilities: UCP3S has uncoupling capabilities equivalent to UCP3L; other UCPs may compensate for a deficiency of bioactive UCP3L; UCP3L does not function primarily as a mitochondrial uncoupling protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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40
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Boss O, Bachman E, Vidal-Puig A, Zhang CY, Peroni O, Lowell BB. Role of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor and/or a putative beta(4)-adrenergic receptor on the expression of uncoupling proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 261:870-6. [PMID: 10441518 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Administration of beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) agonists, especially beta(3)-AR agonists, is well known to increase thermogenesis in rodents and humans. In this work we studied the role of the beta(3)-AR in regulating mRNA expression of genes involved in thermogenesis, i.e., mitochondrial uncoupling proteins UCP2 and UCP3, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1), in mouse skeletal muscle. For this purpose, different beta(3)-AR agonists were administered acutely to both wild type mice and mice whose beta(3)-AR gene has been disrupted (beta(3)-AR KO mice). CL 316243 increased the expression of UCP2, UCP3 and PGC-1 in wild type mice only. By contrast, BRL 37344 and CGP 12177 increased the expression of UCP2 and UCP3 in both wild type and beta(3)-AR KO mice, whereas they increased the expression of PGC-1 in wild type mice only. Finally, acute (3 h) cold exposure increased the expression of UCP2 and UCP3, but not PGC-1, in skeletal muscle of both wild type and beta(3)-AR KO mice. These results show that selective stimulation of the beta(3)-AR affects the expression of UCP2, UCP3 and PGC-1 in skeletal muscle. This effect is probably indirect, as muscle does not seem to express beta(3)-AR. In addition, our data suggest that BRL 37344 and CGP 12177 act, in part, through an as yet unidentified receptor, possibly a beta(4)-AR.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cold Temperature
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Ion Channels
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondrial Proteins
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Uncoupling Agents
- Uncoupling Protein 2
- Uncoupling Protein 3
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Affiliation(s)
- O Boss
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
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41
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Chung WK, Luke A, Cooper RS, Rotini C, Vidal-Puig A, Rosenbaum M, Gordon D, Leal SM, Caprio S, Goldsmith R, Andreu AL, Bruno C, DiMauro S, Heo M, Lowe WL, Lowell BB, Allison DB, Leibel RL. The long isoform uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3L) in human energy homeostasis. Int J Obes (Lond) 1999; 23 Suppl 6:S49-50. [PMID: 10454123 PMCID: PMC6217808 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biological role(s) proposed for UCP3 in energy homeostasis have been based primarily upon amino acid sequence homology to UCP1. Spontaneous mutations of UCP3> have been described in humans, but not in rodents. The functional consequences-or lack thereof-of these mutations in humans will be of great importance in elucidating the biology of this protein. The results of two such studies are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- WK Chung
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032
| | - A Luke
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, 2160 TS. First Avenue, Maywood, IL. 60153
| | - RS Cooper
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, 2160 TS. First Avenue, Maywood, IL. 60153
| | - C Rotini
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, 2160 TS. First Avenue, Maywood, IL. 60153
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - M Rosenbaum
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032
| | - D Gordon
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - SM Leal
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - S Caprio
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - R Goldsmith
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032
| | - AL Andreu
- St Luke’s / Roosevelt Hospital Center, Obesity Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025
| | - C Bruno
- St Luke’s / Roosevelt Hospital Center, Obesity Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - S DiMauro
- St Luke’s / Roosevelt Hospital Center, Obesity Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025
| | - M Heo
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Centre for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - WL Lowe
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - BB Lowell
- Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215
| | - DB Allison
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Centre for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - RL Leibel
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032
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Vidal-Puig A, Rosenbaum M, Considine RC, Leibel RL, Dohm GL, Lowell BB. Effects of obesity and stable weight reduction on UCP2 and UCP3 gene expression in humans. Obes Res 1999; 7:133-40. [PMID: 10102249 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The molecular determinants of energy expenditure are presently unknown. Recently, two uncoupling protein homologues, UCP2 and UCP3, have been identified. UCP2 is expressed widely, and UCP3 is expressed abundantly in skeletal muscle. Both could be important regulators of energy balance. In this paper, we investigated whether altered UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA levels are associated with obesity or weight reduction. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES UCP2, UCP3 long and short mRNA levels were examined in skeletal muscle and in white adipose tissue of lean, obese, and weight-reduced individuals by RNase protection assay. RESULTS Expression of UCP2, UCP3S, and UCP3L mRNA in skeletal muscle was similar in lean individuals and in individuals with obesity at stable weight. In contrast, UCP3L and UCP3S mRNAs were decreased by 38% (p<0.0059) and 48% (p<0.0047), respectively, in 20% weight-reduced patients with obesity at stable weight. In contrast, UCP2 mRNA levels were increased by 30% in skeletal muscle of 20% weight-reduced subjects with obesity. In a different set of patients, mostly lean, UCP3L mRNA in skeletal muscle was decreased by 28% (p = 0.0425) after 10% weight reduction at stable weight. Expression of UCP2 mRNA in subcutaneous adipose tissue was similar in lean individuals and in individuals with obesity, and was increased by 58% during active weight loss. DISCUSSION Stabilization at reduced body weight in humans is associated with a decrease in UCP3 mRNA in muscle. It is possible that reduced UCP3 expression could contribute to decreased energy expenditure in weight-stable, weight-reduced individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal-Puig
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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43
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Abstract
Serum levels of leptin are decreased in underweight AN patients and increase with weight restoration. To assess the relationship of decreased leptin levels with other hormonal abnormalities in AN and to evaluate the possible role of increasing leptin levels, alone or in combination with other hormones, in the resumption of menses that accompanies weight gain, we studied cross-sectionally sixty-five consecutively enrolled AN patients. Subjects were divided in three groups: (I) underweight and amenorrheic; (II) weight-recovered but still amenorrheic; and (III) weight-recovered and eumenorrheic women. Patients in group I had decreased BMI, serum leptin, estradiol (E2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and urinary growth hormone (GH) levels and increased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, compared to AN patients in groups II and III. Moreover, although no differences in leptin levels or BMI were observed between amenorrheic and eumenorrheic weight-recovered patients (groups II and III), free E2 and GH levels were higher (P<0.02) in weight-recovered, eumenorrheic women. Thus, it appears that leptin is a necessary, but not a sufficient, factor for the resumption of menses in AN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Audi
- Hospital Materno Infantil Vall' Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Ito M, Grujic D, Abel ED, Vidal-Puig A, Susulic VS, Lawitts J, Harper ME, Himms-Hagen J, Strosberg AD, Lowell BB. Mice expressing human but not murine beta3-adrenergic receptors under the control of human gene regulatory elements. Diabetes 1998; 47:1464-71. [PMID: 9726236 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.47.9.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Beta-adrenergic receptors (ARs) are expressed predominantly in adipose tissue, and beta3-selective agonists are effective anti-obesity drugs in rodents. Rodent and human beta3-ARs differ with respect to expression in white versus brown adipocytes as well as their ability to be stimulated by beta3-AR-selective agonists. Humans express beta3-AR mRNA abundantly in brown but not white adipocytes, while rodents express beta3-AR mRNA abundantly in both sites. To determine the basis for this difference, we have transgenically introduced 74 kilobases (kb) of human beta3-AR genomic sequence into gene knockout mice lacking beta3-ARs. Importantly, human beta3-AR mRNA was expressed only in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of transgenic mice, with little or no expression being detected in white adipose tissue (WAT), liver, stomach, small intestine, skeletal muscle, and heart. This pattern of expression differed from that observed in mice bearing a murine beta3-AR genomic transgene in which beta3-AR mRNA was expressed in both WAT and BAT, but not in other sites. Furthermore, we have transgenically introduced smaller human constructs containing -14.5 and -0.6 kb of upstream sequence into beta3-AR gene knockout mice. Both -14.5 and -0.6 kb constructs were expressed in BAT but not WAT. Thus, human but not murine cis-regulatory elements direct beta3-AR gene expression preferentially to brown adipocytes. Identification of responsible cis-regulatory element(s) and relevant trans-acting factor(s) should provide insight into mechanisms controlling human beta3-AR gene expression. In addition, the beta3-AR agonist, CGP-12177, stimulated oxygen consumption in mice expressing human but not murine beta3-ARs by 91% compared with only 49% in control beta3-AR gene knockout mice, demonstrating that the human beta3-AR can functionally couple with energy expenditure. These "humanized" mice should assist us in the development of drugs that may become effective anti-obesity agents in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Organ Specificity
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Propanolamines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ito
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Park KS, Ciaraldi TP, Lindgren K, Abrams-Carter L, Mudaliar S, Nikoulina SE, Tufari SR, Veerkamp JH, Vidal-Puig A, Henry RR. Troglitazone effects on gene expression in human skeletal muscle of type II diabetes involve up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:2830-5. [PMID: 9709955 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.83.8.5034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Troglitazone, besides improving insulin action in insulin-resistant subjects, is also a specific ligand for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). To determine whether troglitazone might enhance insulin action by stimulation of PPARgamma gene expression in muscle, total PPARgamma messenger RNA (mRNA), and protein were determined in skeletal muscle cultures from nondiabetic control and type II diabetic subjects before and after treatment of cultures with troglitazone (4 days +/- troglitazone, 11.5 microM). Troglitazone treatment increased PPARgamma mRNA levels up to 3-fold in muscle cultures from type II diabetics (277 +/- 63 to 630 +/- 100 x 10(3) copies/microg total RNA, P = 0.003) and in nondiabetic control subjects (200 +/- 42 to 490 +/- 81, P = 0.003). PPARgamma protein levels in both diabetic (4.7 +/- 1.6 to 13.6 +/- 3.0 AU/10 microg protein, P < 0.02) and nondiabetic cells (7.4 +/- 1.0 to 12.7 +/- 1.8, P < 0.05) were also upregulated by troglitazone treatment. Increased PPARgamma was associated with stimulation of human adipocyte lipid binding protein (ALBP) and muscle fatty acid binding protein (mFABP) mRNA, without change in the mRNA for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, PPARdelta, myogenin, uncoupling protein-2, or sarcomeric alpha-actin protein. In summary, we showed that troglitazone markedly induces PPARgamma, ALBP, and mFABP mRNA abundance in muscle cultures from both nondiabetic and type II diabetic subjects. Increased expression of PPARgamma protein and other genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle may account, in part, for the insulin sensitizing effects of troglitazone in type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Park
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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Solanes G, Vidal-Puig A, Grujic D, Flier JS, Lowell BB. The human uncoupling protein-3 gene. Genomic structure, chromosomal localization, and genetic basis for short and long form transcripts. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:25433-6. [PMID: 9325252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.41.25433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) is a recently identified candidate mediator of adaptive thermogenesis in humans. Unlike UCP1 and UCP2, UCP3 is expressed preferentially and at high levels in human skeletal muscle and exists as short and long form transcripts, UCP3S and UCP3L. UCP3S is predicted to encode a protein which lacks the last 37 C-terminal residues of UCP3L. In the present study, we have defined the intron-exon structure for the human UCP3 gene and determined that UCP3S is generated when a cleavage and polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) located in the last intron prematurely terminates message elongation. In addition we have mapped UCP3 to the distal segment of human chromosome 11q13 (between framework markers D11S916 and D11S911), adjacent to UCP2. Of note, UCP2 and UCP3 in both mice and humans colocalize in P1 and BAC genomic clones indicating that these two UCPs are located within 75-150 kilobases of each other and most likely resulted from a gene duplication event. Previous studies have noted that mouse UCP2 maps to a region of chromosome 7 which is coincident with three independently mapped quantitative trait loci for obesity. Our study shows that UCP3 is also coincident with these quantitative trait loci raising the possibility that abnormalities in UCP3 are responsible for obesity in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Solanes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Fajas L, Auboeuf D, Raspé E, Schoonjans K, Lefebvre AM, Saladin R, Najib J, Laville M, Fruchart JC, Deeb S, Vidal-Puig A, Flier J, Briggs MR, Staels B, Vidal H, Auwerx J. The organization, promoter analysis, and expression of the human PPARgamma gene. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:18779-89. [PMID: 9228052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.30.18779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARgamma is a member of the PPAR subfamily of nuclear receptors. In this work, the structure of the human PPARgamma cDNA and gene was determined, and its promoters and tissue-specific expression were functionally characterized. Similar to the mouse, two PPAR isoforms, PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2, were detected in man. The relative expression of human PPARgamma was studied by a newly developed and sensitive reverse transcriptase-competitive polymerase chain reaction method, which allowed us to distinguish between PPARgamma1 and gamma2 mRNA. In all tissues analyzed, PPARgamma2 was much less abundant than PPARgamma1. Adipose tissue and large intestine have the highest levels of PPARgamma mRNA; kidney, liver, and small intestine have intermediate levels; whereas PPARgamma is barely detectable in muscle. This high level expression of PPARgamma in colon warrants further study in view of the well established role of fatty acid and arachidonic acid derivatives in colonic disease. Similarly as mouse PPARgammas, the human PPARgammas are activated by thiazolidinediones and prostaglandin J and bind with high affinity to a PPRE. The human PPARgamma gene has nine exons and extends over more than 100 kilobases of genomic DNA. Alternate transcription start sites and alternate splicing generate the PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2 mRNAs, which differ at their 5'-ends. PPARgamma1 is encoded by eight exons, and PPARgamma2 is encoded by seven exons. The 5'-untranslated sequence of PPARgamma1 is comprised of exons A1 and A2, whereas that of PPARgamma2 plus the additional PPARgamma2-specific N-terminal amino acids are encoded by exon B, located between exons A2 and A1. The remaining six exons, termed 1 to 6, are common to the PPARgamma1 and gamma2. Knowledge of the gene structure will allow screening for PPARgamma mutations in humans with metabolic disorders, whereas knowledge of its expression pattern and factors regulating its expression could be of major importance in understanding its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fajas
- INSERM U325, Département d'Athérosclérose, Institut Pasteur, F-59019 Lille, France
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Vidal-Puig A, Bjørbaek C. [Molecular genetics of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus]. Med Clin (Barc) 1997; 109:107-14. [PMID: 9289511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal-Puig
- Departamento de Medicina, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Vidal-Puig A, Solanes G, Grujic D, Flier JS, Lowell BB. UCP3: an uncoupling protein homologue expressed preferentially and abundantly in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 235:79-82. [PMID: 9196039 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are inner mitochondrial membrane transporters which dissipate the proton gradient, releasing stored energy as heat. UCP1 is expressed exclusively in brown adipocytes while UCP2 is expressed widely. We now report the molecular cloning of a third uncoupling protein homologue, designated UCP3. At the amino acid level, hUCP3 is 71% identical to hUCP2 and 57% identical to hUCP1. UCP3 is distinguished from UCP1 and UCP2 by its abundant and preferential expression in skeletal muscle in humans, and brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in rodents. Since skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue are believed to be important sites for regulated energy expenditure in humans and rodents, respectively, UCP3 may be an important mediator of adaptive thermogenesis. Since UCP3 is minimally expressed in human heart and other critical organs, it is a promising target for anti-obesity drug development aimed at increasing thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal-Puig
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Vidal-Puig A, Jimenez-Liñan M, Lowell BB, Hamann A, Hu E, Spiegelman B, Flier JS, Moller DE. Regulation of PPAR gamma gene expression by nutrition and obesity in rodents. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2553-61. [PMID: 8647948 PMCID: PMC507341 DOI: 10.1172/jci118703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma, is implicated in mediating expression of fat-specific genes and in activating the program of adipocyte differentiation. The potential for regulation of PPAR gamma gene expression in vivo is unknown. We cloned a partial mouse PPAR gamma cDNA and developed an RNase protection assay that permits simultaneous quantitation of mRNAs for both gamma l and gamma 2 isoforms encoded by the PPAR gamma gene. Probes for detection of adipocyte P2, the obese gene product, leptin, and 18S mRNAs were also employed. Both gamma l and gamma 2 mRNAs were abundantly expressed in adipose tissue. PPAR gamma 1 expression was also detected at lower levels in liver, spleen, and heart; whereas, gamma l and gamma 2 mRNA were expressed at low levels in skeletal muscle. Adipose tissue levels of gamma l and gamma 2 were not altered in two murine models of obesity (gold thioglucose and ob/ob), but were modestly increased in mice with toxigene-induced brown fat ablation uncoupling protein diphtheria toxin A mice. Fasting (12-48 h) was associated with an 80% fall in PPAR gamma 2 and a 50% fall in PPAR gamma mRNA levels in adipose tissue. Western blot analysis demonstrated a marked effect of fasting to reduce PPAR gamma protein levels in adipose tissue. Similar effects of fasting on PPAR gamma mRNAs were noted in all three models of obesity. Insulin-deficient (streptozotocin) diabetes suppressed adipose tissue gamma l and gamma 2 expression by 75% in normal mice with partial restoration during insulin treatment. Levels of adipose tissue PPAR gamma 2 mRNA were increased by 50% in normal mice exposed to a high fat diet. In obese uncoupling protein diphtheria toxin A mice, high fat feeding resulted in de novo induction of PPAR gamma 2 expression in liver. We conclude (a) PPAR gamma 2 mRNA expression is most abundant in adipocytes in normal mice, but lower level expression is seen in skeletal muscle; (b) expression of adipose tissue gamma1 or gamma2 mRNAs is increased in only one of the three models of obesity; (c) PPAR gamma 1 and gamma 2 expression is downregulated by fasting and insulin-deficient diabetes; and (d) exposure of mice to a high fat diet increases adipose tissue expression of PPAR gamma (in normal mice) and induces PPAR gamma 2 mRNA expression in liver (in obese mice). These findings demonstrate in vivo modulation of PPAR gamma mRNA levels over a fourfold range and provide an additional level of regulation for the control of adipocyte development and function.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology
- Animals
- Aurothioglucose/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Dietary Fats
- Diphtheria Toxin/toxicity
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Leptin
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Obese
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Reference Values
- Spleen/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vidal-Puig
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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