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Warren CJ, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Bauer VL, Stabell AC, Dirasantha O, Yang Q, Sawyer SL. Adaptation of CD4 in gorillas and chimpanzees conveyed resistance to simian immunodeficiency viruses. bioRxiv 2024:2023.11.13.566830. [PMID: 38014262 PMCID: PMC10680607 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) comprise a large group of primate lentiviruses that endemically infect African monkeys. HIV-1 spilled over to humans from this viral reservoir, but the spillover did not occur directly from monkeys to humans. Instead, a key event was the introduction of SIVs into great apes, which then set the stage for infection of humans. Here, we investigate the role of the lentiviral entry receptor, CD4, in this key and fateful event in the history of SIV/HIV emergence. First, we reconstructed and tested ancient forms of CD4 at two important nodes in ape speciation, both prior to the infection of chimpanzees and gorillas with these viruses. These ancestral CD4s fully supported entry of diverse SIV isolates related to the viruses that made this initial jump to apes. In stark contrast, modern chimpanzee and gorilla CD4 orthologs are more resistant to these viruses. To investigate how this resistance in CD4 was gained, we acquired CD4 gene sequences from 32 gorilla individuals of two species, and identified alleles that encode 8 unique CD4 protein variants. Functional testing of these identified variant-specific differences in susceptibility to virus entry. By engineering single point mutations from resistant gorilla CD4 variants into the permissive human CD4 receptor, we demonstrate that acquired substitutions in gorilla CD4 did convey resistance to virus entry. We provide a population genetic analysis to support the theory that selection is acting in favor of more and more resistant CD4 alleles in ape species harboring SIV endemically (gorillas and chimpanzees), but not in other ape species that lack SIV infections (bonobos and orangutans). Taken together, our results show that SIV has placed intense selective pressure on ape CD4, acting to propagate SIV-resistant alleles in chimpanzee and gorilla populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Vanessa L. Bauer
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex C. Stabell
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Obaiah Dirasantha
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Yang Q, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Fairchild LM, Rowland TJ, Dowell RD, Allen MA, Warren CJ, Sawyer SL. Macrophages derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) serve as a high-fidelity cellular model for investigating HIV-1, dengue, and influenza viruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0156323. [PMID: 38323811 PMCID: PMC10949493 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01563-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important target cells for diverse viruses and thus represent a valuable system for studying virus biology. Isolation of primary human macrophages is done by culture of dissociated tissues or from differentiated blood monocytes, but these methods are both time consuming and result in low numbers of recovered macrophages. Here, we explore whether macrophages derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-which proliferate indefinitely and potentially provide unlimited starting material-could serve as a faithful model system for studying virus biology. Human iPSC-derived monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and then infected with HIV-1, dengue virus, or influenza virus as model human viruses. We show that iPSC-derived macrophages support the replication of these viruses with kinetics and phenotypes similar to human blood monocyte-derived macrophages. These iPSC-derived macrophages were virtually indistinguishable from human blood monocyte-derived macrophages based on surface marker expression (flow cytometry), transcriptomics (RNA sequencing), and chromatin accessibility profiling. iPSC lines were additionally generated from non-human primate (chimpanzee) fibroblasts. When challenged with dengue virus, human and chimpanzee iPSC-derived macrophages show differential susceptibility to infection, thus providing a valuable resource for studying the species-tropism of viruses. We also show that blood- and iPSC-derived macrophages both restrict influenza virus at a late stage of the virus lifecycle. Collectively, our results substantiate iPSC-derived macrophages as an alternative to blood monocyte-derived macrophages for the study of virus biology. IMPORTANCE Macrophages have complex relationships with viruses: while macrophages aid in the removal of pathogenic viruses from the body, macrophages are also manipulated by some viruses to serve as vessels for viral replication, dissemination, and long-term persistence. Here, we show that iPSC-derived macrophages are an excellent model that can be exploited in virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Laurence M. Fairchild
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Teisha J. Rowland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Robin D. Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary A. Allen
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Cody J. Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Pasquesi GIM, Allen H, Ivancevic A, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Joyner O, Guo K, Simpson DM, Gapin K, Horton I, Nguyen L, Yang Q, Warren CJ, Florea LD, Bitler BG, Santiago ML, Sawyer SL, Chuong EB. Regulation of human interferon signaling by transposon exonization. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.11.557241. [PMID: 37745311 PMCID: PMC10515820 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune signaling is essential for clearing pathogens and damaged cells, and must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive inflammation or autoimmunity. Here, we found that the alternative splicing of exons derived from transposable elements is a key mechanism controlling immune signaling in human cells. By analyzing long-read transcriptome datasets, we identified numerous transposon exonization events predicted to generate functional protein variants of immune genes, including the type I interferon receptor IFNAR2. We demonstrated that the transposon-derived isoform of IFNAR2 is more highly expressed than the canonical isoform in almost all tissues, and functions as a decoy receptor that potently inhibits interferon signaling including in cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. Our findings uncover a primate-specific axis controlling interferon signaling and show how a transposon exonization event can be co-opted for immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Irene Maria Pasquesi
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
- Crnic Institute Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303
| | - Holly Allen
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Atma Ivancevic
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Olivia Joyner
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Kejun Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - David M. Simpson
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Keala Gapin
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Isabella Horton
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Lily Nguyen
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Cody J. Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Liliana D. Florea
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
| | - Edward B. Chuong
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309
- Crnic Institute Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303
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Warren CJ, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Huey D, Yang Q, Worden-Sapper ER, Kuhn JH, Sawyer SL. Quantification of virus-infected cells using RNA FISH-Flow. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102291. [PMID: 37209094 PMCID: PMC10209735 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a protocol to detect cells that have been infected by RNA viruses. The method, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization flow cytometry (RNA FISH-Flow), uses 48 fluorescently labeled DNA probes that hybridize in tandem to viral RNA. RNA FISH-Flow probes can be synthesized to match any RNA virus genome, in either sense or anti-sense, enabling detection of genomes or replication intermediates within cells. Flow cytometry enables high-throughput analysis of infection dynamics within a population at the single cell level. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Warren et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Warren
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Devra Huey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Emma R Worden-Sapper
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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Barbachano-Guerrero A, Perez DR, Sawyer SL. How avian influenza viruses spill over to mammals. eLife 2023; 12:e86051. [PMID: 37039775 PMCID: PMC10089655 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The H3N2 canine influenza virus - which originally came from birds - is evolving to become more transmissible between dogs.
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Warren CJ, Yu S, Peters DK, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Yang Q, Burris BL, Worwa G, Huang IC, Wilkerson GK, Goldberg TL, Kuhn JH, Sawyer SL. Primate hemorrhagic fever-causing arteriviruses are poised for spillover to humans. Cell 2022; 185:3980-3991.e18. [PMID: 36182704 PMCID: PMC9588614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Simian arteriviruses are endemic in some African primates and can cause fatal hemorrhagic fevers when they cross into primate hosts of new species. We find that CD163 acts as an intracellular receptor for simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV; a simian arterivirus), a rare mode of virus entry that is shared with other hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses (e.g., Ebola and Lassa viruses). Further, SHFV enters and replicates in human monocytes, indicating full functionality of all of the human cellular proteins required for viral replication. Thus, simian arteriviruses in nature may not require major adaptations to the human host. Given that at least three distinct simian arteriviruses have caused fatal infections in captive macaques after host-switching, and that humans are immunologically naive to this family of viruses, development of serology tests for human surveillance should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Douglas K Peters
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Bridget L Burris
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - I-Chueh Huang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gregory K Wilkerson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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7
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Vásquez-Aguilar AA, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Angulo DF, Jarquín-Díaz VH. Phylogeography and population differentiation in Hepatozoon canis (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) reveal expansion and gene flow in world populations. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:467. [PMID: 34521451 PMCID: PMC8439048 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatozoon canis is a protozoan transmitted to dogs and other wild carnivores by the ingestion of ticks containing mature oocysts and is considered the principal cause of canine hepatozoonosis in the world. Here, we examined ribosomal RNA 18S gene sequence variation to determine the genetic differences and phylogeographic diversity of H. canis from various geographical areas around the world. METHODS We used 550 publicly available sequences of H. canis from 46 countries to assess haplotype relationships, geographical structure, genetic diversity indices, and relationships among populations. We performed neutrality tests and pairwise comparisons of fixation index (FST) values between groups and pairwise comparisons of FST values between populations. To determine whether populations are structured, analyses of molecular variance (AMOVAs) and spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) were performed. RESULTS The dataset of H. canis yielded 76 haplotypes. Differentiation among populations indicated that there is no phylogeographical structure (GST = 0.302 ± 0.0475). Moreover, when samples were grouped by continents a significant FST was obtained, meaning that populations were genetically differentiated. The AMOVA showed that 57.4% of the genetic variation was explained by differences within populations when all locations were treated as a single group and revealed that there is no population structure when populations are grouped into two, three, and four groups (FCT, p > 0.05), suggesting that dispersal between populations is high. SAMOVA revealed significant FCT values for groups K = 5. The Tajima's D and Fu's Fs show that populations have undergone recent expansion, and the mismatch distribution analysis showed population expansion (multimodal distribution). CONCLUSIONS The current molecular data confirmed that H. canis does not show phylogeographic or population structure. The haplotypes exhibit low genetic differentiation, suggesting a recent expansion due to gene flow among populations. These results provide pivotal information required for future detailed population genetic analysis or to establish control strategies of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Acini Vásquez-Aguilar
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000 México
| | | | - Diego F. Angulo
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Jarquín-Díaz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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Yang Q, Saldi TK, Gonzales PK, Lasda E, Decker CJ, Tat KL, Fink MR, Hager CR, Davis JC, Ozeroff CD, Muhlrad D, Clark SK, Fattor WT, Meyerson NR, Paige CL, Gilchrist AR, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Worden-Sapper ER, Wu SS, Brisson GR, McQueen MB, Dowell RD, Leinwand L, Parker R, Sawyer SL. Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104547118. [PMID: 33972412 PMCID: PMC8166196 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104547118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze data from the fall 2020 pandemic response efforts at the University of Colorado Boulder, where more than 72,500 saliva samples were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using qRT-PCR. All samples were collected from individuals who reported no symptoms associated with COVID-19 on the day of collection. From these, 1,405 positive cases were identified. The distribution of viral loads within these asymptomatic individuals was indistinguishable from what has been previously observed in symptomatic individuals. Regardless of symptomatic status, ∼50% of individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 seem to be in noninfectious phases of the disease, based on having low viral loads in a range from which live virus has rarely been isolated. We find that, at any given time, just 2% of individuals carry 90% of the virions circulating within communities, serving as viral "supercarriers" and possibly also superspreaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Tassa K Saldi
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Patrick K Gonzales
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Erika Lasda
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Carolyn J Decker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- HHMI, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Kimngan L Tat
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Morgan R Fink
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Cole R Hager
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Jack C Davis
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | | | - Denise Muhlrad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- HHMI, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Stephen K Clark
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Darwin Biosciences Inc., Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Will T Fattor
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Nicholas R Meyerson
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Darwin Biosciences Inc., Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Camille L Paige
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Darwin Biosciences Inc., Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Alison R Gilchrist
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | | | - Emma R Worden-Sapper
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Sharon S Wu
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Gloria R Brisson
- Wardenburg Health Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Matthew B McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Robin D Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Leslie Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Roy Parker
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- HHMI, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303;
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
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9
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Yang Q, Meyerson NR, Clark SK, Paige CL, Fattor WT, Gilchrist AR, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Healy BG, Worden-Sapper ER, Wu SS, Muhlrad D, Decker CJ, Saldi TK, Lasda E, Gonzales P, Fink MR, Tat KL, Hager CR, Davis JC, Ozeroff CD, Brisson GR, McQueen MB, Leinwand LA, Parker R, Sawyer SL. Saliva TwoStep for rapid detection of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers. eLife 2021; 10:e65113. [PMID: 33779548 PMCID: PMC8057811 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we develop a simple molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 in saliva based on reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. The test has two steps: (1) heat saliva with a stabilization solution and (2) detect virus by incubating with a primer/enzyme mix. After incubation, saliva samples containing the SARS-CoV-2 genome turn bright yellow. Because this test is pH dependent, it can react falsely to some naturally acidic saliva samples. We report unique saliva stabilization protocols that rendered 295 healthy saliva samples compatible with the test, producing zero false positives. We also evaluated the test on 278 saliva samples from individuals who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 but had no symptoms at the time of saliva collection, and from 54 matched pairs of saliva and anterior nasal samples from infected individuals. The Saliva TwoStep test described herein identified infections with 94% sensitivity and >99% specificity in individuals with sub-clinical (asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Nicholas R Meyerson
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Darwin Biosciences IncBoulderUnited States
| | - Stephen K Clark
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Darwin Biosciences IncBoulderUnited States
| | - Camille L Paige
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Will T Fattor
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Alison R Gilchrist
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | | | - Benjamin G Healy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Emma R Worden-Sapper
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Sharon S Wu
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Denise Muhlrad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Carolyn J Decker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Tassa K Saldi
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Erika Lasda
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Patrick Gonzales
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Morgan R Fink
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Kimngan L Tat
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Cole R Hager
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Jack C Davis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | | | - Gloria R Brisson
- Wardenburg Health Center, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Matthew B McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Roy Parker
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
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10
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Yang Q, Saldi TK, Lasda E, Decker CJ, Paige CL, Muhlrad D, Gonzales PK, Fink MR, Tat KL, Hager CR, Davis JC, Ozeroff CD, Meyerson NR, Clark SK, Fattor WT, Gilchrist AR, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Worden-Sapper ER, Wu SS, Brisson GR, McQueen MB, Dowell RD, Leinwand L, Parker R, Sawyer SL. Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities. medRxiv 2021:2021.03.01.21252250. [PMID: 33688663 PMCID: PMC7941634 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.01.21252250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We analyze data from the Fall 2020 pandemic response efforts at the University of Colorado Boulder (USA), where more than 72,500 saliva samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using quantitative RT-PCR. All samples were collected from individuals who reported no symptoms associated with COVID-19 on the day of collection. From these, 1,405 positive cases were identified. The distribution of viral loads within these asymptomatic individuals was indistinguishable from what has been previously reported in symptomatic individuals. Regardless of symptomatic status, approximately 50% of individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 seem to be in non-infectious phases of the disease, based on having low viral loads in a range from which live virus has rarely been isolated. We find that, at any given time, just 2% of individuals carry 90% of the virions circulating within communities, serving as viral "super-carriers" and possibly also super-spreaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Tassa K. Saldi
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Erika Lasda
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Carolyn J. Decker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Camille L. Paige
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Denise Muhlrad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Patrick K. Gonzales
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Morgan R. Fink
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Kimngan L. Tat
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Cole R. Hager
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Jack C. Davis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R. Meyerson
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Stephen K. Clark
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Will T. Fattor
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Alison R. Gilchrist
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | | | - Emma R. Worden-Sapper
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Sharon S. Wu
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Gloria R. Brisson
- Wardenburg Health Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Matthew B. McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Robin D. Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Leslie Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Roy Parker
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
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11
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Yang Q, Meyerson NR, Clark SK, Paige CL, Fattor WT, Gilchrist AR, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Healy BG, Worden-Sapper ER, Wu SS, Muhlrad D, Decker CJ, Saldi TK, Lasda E, Gonzales PK, Fink MR, Tat KL, Hager CR, Davis JC, Ozeroff CD, Brisson GR, McQueen MB, Leinwand L, Parker R, Sawyer SL. Saliva TwoStep for rapid detection of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers. medRxiv 2021:2020.07.16.20150250. [PMID: 33619503 PMCID: PMC7899473 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.16.20150250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we develop a simple molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 in saliva based on reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). The test has two steps: 1) heat saliva with a stabilization solution, and 2) detect virus by incubating with a primer/enzyme mix. After incubation, saliva samples containing the SARS-CoV-2 genome turn bright yellow. Because this test is pH dependent, it can react falsely to some naturally acidic saliva samples. We report unique saliva stabilization protocols that rendered 295 healthy saliva samples compatible with the test, producing zero false positives. We also evaluated the test on 278 saliva samples from individuals who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 but had no symptoms at the time of saliva collection, and from 54 matched pairs of saliva and anterior nasal samples from infected individuals. The Saliva TwoStep test described herein identified infections with 94% sensitivity and >99% specificity in individuals with sub-clinical (asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Nicholas R Meyerson
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Darwin Biosciences Inc., Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Stephen K Clark
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Darwin Biosciences Inc., Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| | - Camille L Paige
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Will T Fattor
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Alison R Gilchrist
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | | | - Benjamin G Healy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Emma R Worden-Sapper
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Sharon S Wu
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Denise Muhlrad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Carolyn J Decker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Tassa K Saldi
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Erika Lasda
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Patrick K Gonzales
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Morgan R Fink
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Kimngan L Tat
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Cole R Hager
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Jack C Davis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | | | - Gloria R Brisson
- Wardenburg Health Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Matthew B McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Leslie Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Roy Parker
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303
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12
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Byakwaga H, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Wang D, McAllister S, Naphri K, Laker-Oketta M, Muzoora C, Hunt PW, Martin J, King CA. Association Between Immunoglobulin E Levels and Kaposi Sarcoma in African Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:101-108. [PMID: 32561934 PMCID: PMC7781465 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that activated mast cells (MCs) are enriched in Kaposi sarcoma (KS) tumors and contribute to the inflammatory microenvironment. Mechanisms driving MC activation, however, are incompletely understood. We sought to understand whether immunoglobulin E (IgE), a potent activator of MCs, was associated with KS incidence and severity. In a cross-sectional study of untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults with or without KS in Uganda, we found that patients with KS had higher plasma IgE levels than those without KS. After adjustment for age, sex, CD4+ T-cell count, and HIV RNA levels, there was a dose-response relationship between plasma IgE levels and the presence and severity of KS. Higher eosinophil counts were also associated with IgE levels, and plasma interleukin 33 concentrations were higher in individuals with KS. These findings suggest that IgE-driven atopic inflammation may contribute the pathogenesis of KS. Therapies targeting IgE-mediated MC activation thus might represent a novel approach for treatment or prevention of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Byakwaga
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Shane McAllister
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kamal Naphri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | | - Conrad Muzoora
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christine A King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA,Correspondence: Christine A. King, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210 ()
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13
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Barbachano-Guerrero A, Endy TP, King CA. Dengue virus non-structural protein 1 activates the p38 MAPK pathway to decrease barrier integrity in primary human endothelial cells. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:484-496. [PMID: 32141809 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes an estimated 390 million infections worldwide annually, with severe forms of disease marked by vascular leakage. Endothelial cells (EC) are directly responsible for vascular homeostasis and are highly responsive to circulating mediators but are not commonly infected. DENV encodes seven non-structural (NS) proteins; with only one of those, NS1, secreted from infected cells and accumulating in the blood of patients. NS1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular permeability, but the mechanism is not completely understood. Here we used primary endothelial cells and an array of in vitro approaches to study the effect of NS1 in disease-relevant human ECs. Confocal microscopy demonstrated rapid NS1 internalization by ECs into endosomes with accumulation over time. Transcriptomic and pathway analysis showed significant changes in functions associated with EC homeostasis and vascular permeability. Functional significance of this activation was assessed by trans-endothelial electrical resistance and showed that NS1 induced rapid and transient loss in EC barrier function within 3 h post-treatment. To understand the molecular mechanism by which NS1 induced EC activation, we evaluated the stress-sensing p38 MAPK pathway known to be directly involved in EC permeability and inflammation. WB analysis of NS1-stimulated ECs showed clear activation of p38 MAPK and downstream effectors MAPKAPK-2 and HSP27 with chemical inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase pathway restoring barrier function. Our results suggest that DENV NS1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe dengue by activating the p38 MAPK in ECs, promoting increased permeability that characterizes severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse NY, USA
| | - Christine A King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse NY, USA
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14
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Mita-Mendoza NK, McMahon E, Kenneson A, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Beltran-Ayala E, Cueva C, King CA, Lupone CD, Castro-Sesquen YE, Gilman RH, Endy TP, Stewart-Ibarra AM. Chagas Disease in Southern Coastal Ecuador: Coinfections with Arboviruses and a Comparison of Serological Assays for Chagas Disease Diagnosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1530-1533. [PMID: 30350764 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of Chagas disease and arbovirus coinfections is unknown, despite the vast co-endemic areas throughout the Americas. This study examined the proportion of individuals positive for Trypanosoma cruzi and coinfections with dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in Machala, Ecuador (January 2014-December 2015). Chagas seropositivity was evaluated with five commercially available assays. Dengue infections were identified by nonstructural protein 1 rapid test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoglobulin M ELISA, and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR); chikungunya and Zika infections were identified by RT-PCR. Of 658 individuals, six were positive for T. cruzi (0.91%), including one T. cruzi/dengue coinfection and one T. cruzi/chikungunya/dengue coinfection. The clinical manifestations of coinfected individuals corresponded to severe dengue and dengue with warning signs, respectively. We observed discrepant results by using the Hemagen Chagas kit and the rapid test Chagas Detect Plus (false positives: 3.9% and 15.4%), highlighting the need to assess diagnostic assays in geographic regions with distinct taxonomic units of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neida K Mita-Mendoza
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Elizabeth McMahon
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Aileen Kenneson
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | | | - Efrain Beltran-Ayala
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Tecnica de Machala, Machala, El Oro Province, Ecuador
| | - Cinthya Cueva
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Christine A King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Christina D Lupone
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Yagahira E Castro-Sesquen
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Anna M Stewart-Ibarra
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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15
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Ayers LW, Barbachano-Guerrero A, McAllister SC, Ritchie JA, Asiago-Reddy E, Bartlett LC, Cesarman E, Wang D, Rochford R, Martin JN, King CA. Mast Cell Activation and KSHV Infection in Kaposi Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5085-5097. [PMID: 30084838 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor initiated by infection of endothelial cells (ECs) with KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KS is dependent on sustained proinflammatory signals provided by intralesional leukocytes and continued infection of new ECs. However, the sources of these cytokines and infectious virus within lesions are not fully understood. Here, mast cells (MCs) are identified as proinflammatory cells within KS lesions that are permissive for, and activated by, infection with KSHV.Experimental Design: Three validated MC lines were used to assess permissivity of MCs to infection with KSHV and to evaluate MCs activation following infection. Biopsies from 31 AIDS-KS cases and 11 AIDS controls were evaluated by IHC for the presence of MCs in KS lesions and assessment of MC activation state and infection with KSHV. Plasma samples from 26 AIDS-KS, 13 classic KS, and 13 healthy adults were evaluated for levels of MC granule contents tryptase and histamine.Results: In culture, MCs supported latent and lytic KSHV infection, and infection-induced MC degranulation. Within KS lesions, MCs were closely associated with spindle cells. Furthermore, MC activation was extensive within patients with KS, reflected by elevated circulating levels of tryptase and a histamine metabolite. One patient with clinical signs of extensive MC activation was treated with antagonists of MC proinflammatory mediators, which resulted in a rapid and durable regression of AIDS-KS lesions.Conclusions: Using complimentary in vitro and in vivo studies we identify MCs as a potential long-lived reservoir for KSHV and a source of proinflammatory mediators within the KS lesional microenvironment. In addition, we identify MC antagonists as a promising novel therapeutic approach for KS. Clin Cancer Res; 24(20); 5085-97. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona W Ayers
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Shane C McAllister
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Julie A Ritchie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | | | - Linda C Bartlett
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Christine A King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.
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16
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Stewart-Ibarra AM, Ryan SJ, Kenneson A, King CA, Abbott M, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Beltrán-Ayala E, Borbor-Cordova MJ, Cárdenas WB, Cueva C, Finkelstein JL, Lupone CD, Jarman RG, Maljkovic Berry I, Mehta S, Polhemus M, Silva M, Endy TP. The Burden of Dengue Fever and Chikungunya in Southern Coastal Ecuador: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, and Phylogenetics from the First Two Years of a Prospective Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1444-1459. [PMID: 29512482 PMCID: PMC5953373 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the findings from the first 2 years (2014-2015) of an arbovirus surveillance study conducted in Machala, Ecuador, a dengue-endemic region. Patients with suspected dengue virus (DENV) infections (index cases, N = 324) were referred from five Ministry of Health clinical sites. A subset of DENV-positive index cases (N = 44) were selected, and individuals from the index household and four neighboring homes within 200 m were recruited (N = 400). Individuals who entered the study, other than the index cases, are referred to as associates. In 2014, 70.9% of index cases and 35.6% of associates had acute or recent DENV infections. In 2015, 28.3% of index cases and 12.8% of associates had acute or recent DENV infections. For every DENV infection captured by passive surveillance, we detected an additional three acute or recent DENV infections in associates. Of associates with acute DENV infections, 68% reported dengue-like symptoms, with the highest prevalence of symptomatic acute infections in children aged less than 10 years. The first chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections were detected on epidemiological week 12 in 2015; 43.1% of index cases and 3.5% of associates had acute CHIKV infections. No Zika virus infections were detected. Phylogenetic analyses of isolates of DENV from 2014 revealed genetic relatedness and shared ancestry of DENV1, DENV2, and DENV4 genomes from Ecuador with those from Venezuela and Colombia, indicating the presence of viral flow between Ecuador and surrounding countries. Enhanced surveillance studies, such as this, provide high-resolution data on symptomatic and inapparent infections across the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra
- Center for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Center for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- College of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aileen Kenneson
- Center for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Christine A. King
- Center for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Mark Abbott
- Center for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Efraín Beltrán-Ayala
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, El Oro, Ecuador
| | - Mercy J. Borbor-Cordova
- Laboratorio para Investigaciónes Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Guayas Province, Ecuador
| | - Washington B. Cárdenas
- Laboratorio para Investigaciónes Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Guayas Province, Ecuador
| | - Cinthya Cueva
- Center for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | | | - Christina D. Lupone
- Center for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Richard G. Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Irina Maljkovic Berry
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Mark Polhemus
- Center for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Mercy Silva
- Ministry of Health, Machala, El Oro, Ecuador
| | - Timothy P. Endy
- Center for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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17
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Romero-Espinoza JA, Moreno-Valencia Y, Coronel-Tellez RH, Castillejos-Lopez M, Hernandez A, Dominguez A, Miliar-Garcia A, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Perez-Padilla R, Alejandre-Garcia A, Vazquez-Perez JA. Virome and bacteriome characterization of children with pneumonia and asthma in Mexico City during winter seasons 2014 and 2015. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192878. [PMID: 29447223 PMCID: PMC5813968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute asthma exacerbations and pneumonia are important causes of morbidity and mortality in children and may coexist in the same children, although symptom overlap may lead to difficulties in diagnosis. Microbial and viral diversity and differential abundance of either may play an important role in infection susceptibility and the development of acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Objectives To describe the virome and bacteriome present in the upper respiratory tract of hospitalized children with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and pneumonia during an acute exacerbation and an acute respiratory illness ARI episode respectively. Methods During the winter seasons of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, 134 nasopharyngeal swabs samples of children <15 years of age with ARI hospitalized at a referral hospital for respiratory diseases were selected based on clinical diagnosis of asthma or pneumonia. The virome and bacteriome were characterized using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and in-house bioinformatics analysis pipeline. Results The Asthma group was represented mainly by RV-C, BoV-1 and RSV-B and the pneumonia group by Bacteriophage EJ-1 and TTMV. TTV was found in both groups with a similar amount of reads. About bacterial composition Moraxella catarrhalis, Propionibacterium acnes and Acinetobacter were present in asthma and Veillonella parvula and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were mostly found with both asthma and pneumonia. Conclusions Our results show a complex viral and bacterial composition in asthma and pneumonia groups with a strong association of RV-C presence in asthmatic children. We observed Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae concurrently in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Romero-Espinoza
- Departamento de Investigación en Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yazmin Moreno-Valencia
- Departamento de Investigación en Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo H. Coronel-Tellez
- Signalisation et Réseaux de Régulations Bactériens, Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Castillejos-Lopez
- Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andres Hernandez
- Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aaron Dominguez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel Miliar-Garcia
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Rogelio Perez-Padilla
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alejandre-Garcia
- Unidad de Urgencias Pediátricas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joel A. Vazquez-Perez
- Departamento de Investigación en Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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18
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Alvarado-Villalobos MA, Cringoli G, Maurelli MP, Cambou A, Rinaldi L, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Guevara R, Chapman CA, Serio-Silva JC. Flotation techniques (FLOTAC and mini-FLOTAC) for detecting gastrointestinal parasites in howler monkeys. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:586. [PMID: 29169387 PMCID: PMC5701314 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Analyses of environmental correlates of the composition of gastrointestinal parasite communities in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) have been hindered by inadequate calibration techniques of detection and quantification methods of the parasites. Here we calibrate samples and compare the likelihood of parasite detection using two flotation techniques, FLOTAC and Mini-FLOTAC, and compare flotation solution, preservation method and dilution ratio for egg detection and counts of the most common parasites (Controrchis spp. and Trypanoxyuris spp.) in howler monkeys. Results For samples preserved in 5% formalin, the Mini-FLOTAC technique was the best option for qualitative and quantitative copro-microscopic analysis. This technique displays an 83.3% and 100% detection of Controrchis spp. and Trypanoxyuris spp. infections, respectively. For the trematode Controrchis spp., more eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were recorded with the flotation solution (FS) #7 (zinc sulfate; specific gravity SG = 1.35) at 1:20 and 1:25 dilution than other methods. By contrast, for the nematode Trypanoxyuris spp., the best results were recorded with FS1 (sucrose and formaldehyde; SG = 1.20) at 1:10 dilution. Conclusions We recommend the Mini-FLOTAC technique for general use with parasite analysis on frugivore/folivores like the howler monkey, especially if many samples are analyzed. The technique has a high detection rate and the best EPG counts, allowing the qualitative and quantitative analysis of parasite load among the species or populations without the need for specialized equipment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2532-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Aurelie Cambou
- ENSAIA (Ecole National e Supérieure d'Ágronomie et des Industries Alimentaires), Vandoeuvre-lés-Nancy, France
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Departamento de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Mexico
| | - Roger Guevara
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology & McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Quebec, Montreal, H3A 2T7, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Serio-Silva
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, Xalapa, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Jarquín-Díaz VH, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Maldonado-Rodríguez R, Vásquez-Aguilar AA, Aguilar-Faisal JL. First molecular evidence of Hepatozoon canis in domestic dogs and ticks in fragmented rainforest areas in Mexico. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2016; 6:4-8. [PMID: 31014527 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The tick-borne pathogens of the genus Hepatozoon affect domestic animals and wildlife; their prevalence has risen around the world in the past years. In Mexico there is not enough data available about their surveillance. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of Hepatozoon by PCR in domestic animals and ticks from a fragmented rainforest area from southeast Mexico and analyze the phylogeographic structure of the parasites detected. The total prevalence of H. canis in mammals was 9.7% (20/206; 95% Confidence limits: 6.0-14.6%), being dogs the species with the highest prevalence, of 63.3% (19/30; 95% Confidence limits: 43.9-80.1%). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that sequences from this study were closer to the sequence of H. canis of domestic origin, rather than from wild origin, but in an independent cluster. Haplotypes from our study were geographically restricted to Mexico and the closest haplotype was from Brazil. Ticks that resulted positive by PCR were identified as Amblyomma cajennense (A. mixtus) and Rhipicephalus turanicus. Under fragmented and disturbed conditions of habitat in Balancan, the presence of H. canis may represent a potential risk for other species of domestic and wildlife animals. To the knowledge of the authors, this study represents the first molecular finding of H. canis in Mexico in both domestic animals and ticks. This research lays the groundwork for further studies in order to elucidate the relationships between domestic hosts, wildlife and ticks and describe the life cycle of this parasite in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hugo Jarquín-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, D.F.; Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biotecnología Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, C. P. 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, D.F
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, D.F
| | - Rogelio Maldonado-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biotecnología Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, C. P. 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, D.F
| | - Antonio Acini Vásquez-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, D.F
| | - José Leopoldo Aguilar-Faisal
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, D.F..
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20
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Sotomayor-Bonilla J, Chaves A, Rico-Chávez O, Rostal MK, Ojeda-Flores R, Salas-Rojas M, Aguilar-Setien Á, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Gutiérrez-Espeleta G, Aguilar-Faisal JL, Aguirre AA, Daszak P, Suzán G. Dengue virus in bats from southeastern Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:129-31. [PMID: 24752688 PMCID: PMC4080551 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the relationship between landscape use and dengue virus (DENV) occurrence in bats, we investigated the presence of DENV from anthropogenically changed and unaltered landscapes in two Biosphere Reserves: Calakmul (Campeche) and Montes Azules (Chiapas) in southern Mexico. Spleen samples of 146 bats, belonging to 16 species, were tested for four DENV serotypes with standard reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocols. Six bats (4.1%) tested positive for DENV-2: four bats in Calakmul (two Glossophaga soricina, one Artibeus jamaicensis, and one A. lituratus) and two bats in Montes Azules (both A. lituratus). No effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the occurrence of DENV was detected; however, all three RT-PCR-positive bat species are considered abundant species in the Neotropics and well-adapted to disturbed habitats. To our knowledge, this study is the first study conducted in southeastern Mexico to identify DENV-2 in bats by a widely accepted RT-PCR protocol. The role that bats play on DENV's ecology remains undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Sotomayor-Bonilla
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Andrea Chaves
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Oscar Rico-Chávez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Melinda K Rostal
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Rafael Ojeda-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Mónica Salas-Rojas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Álvaro Aguilar-Setien
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Arturo Barbachano-Guerrero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Gustavo Gutiérrez-Espeleta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - J Leopoldo Aguilar-Faisal
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Peter Daszak
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México; Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Distrito Federal, México; Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología AC, Veracruz, México; Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Distrito Federal, México; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia
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