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Rogers AA, Shawcroft J, Stockdale LA, Coyne SM, Fraser AM. Trajectories of parents' gendered play attitudes during early childhood and implications for children's gender development. Child Dev 2024; 95:428-446. [PMID: 37584072 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
This study examined associations between parents' gendered attitudes about play and children's gender development. The sample was 501 families from a large US city followed annually for 4 years (501 mothers, 383 fathers; 69% White, 16% Latinx, 8% African American; children Mage = 5.67 months, 53% boys). Latent trajectories examined change in parents' attitudes toward same- and other-gender play during first 4 years of the child's life. On a subsample (n = 252), trajectories were examined in relation to children's later gender-typed preferences and gender constancy. Parents grew more gender-flexible in their attitudes, particularly parents of boys. Trajectories reflecting more stereotypic attitudes showed some associations (small in magnitude) with children's gender-typed preferences and gender constancy by age 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Rogers
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Jane Shawcroft
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Sarah M Coyne
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Ashley M Fraser
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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Padilla-Walker LM, Workman K, Calley A, Ashby S, Holmgren HG, Archibald C, Fraser AM, Coyne SM. Longitudinal associations between parents' prosocial behavior and media use and young children's prosocial development: The mediating role of children's media use. Infancy 2024; 29:95-112. [PMID: 38159108 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Research has found that media is associated with children's prosocial behavior (PB) from an early age, and that parents play a key role in children's media use and behavior. However, few studies explore these relations as early as infancy while also controlling for well-established predictors of PB (e.g., empathic concern). Thus, the present study examined longitudinal associations between parents' PB and media use, and prosocial development during early childhood, mediated by children's own media use. Participants were 519 children (M age at Time 1 = 17.77 months) and parents who participated in three timepoints of an ongoing, longitudinal study. A longitudinal path model suggested that children's media use was still significantly associated with PB 1 year later after accounting for factors such as parents' PB, media use, and empathy. These findings have important implications for the early development of behaviors that serve as a foundation for social and moral development.
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Holmgren HG, Stockdale L, Shawcroft J, Coyne SM, Fraser AM. Toddlers and the Telly: A latent profile analysis of children's television time and content and behavioral outcomes one year later in the U.S. J Child Media 2023; 17:298-317. [PMID: 37600082 PMCID: PMC10434976 DOI: 10.1080/17482798.2023.2195194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of tablets and smartphones, television remains the most frequently used screen media consumed by young children. However, it is likely that variability exists in how young children use media; for example, while some may view small amounts of aggressive content, others may view many hours each day of aggressive and prosocial media content. It is possible that differences in toddler television time and content also impact behavioral outcomes. The aims of this study were two-fold; first, we examined profiles of children's time spent watching television and media content viewed. Second, we examined longitudinal relations between media use profiles and outcomes including aggression, prosocial behavior, and problematic media use. Results suggested a three-profile solution of children's television time and content, including "Low TV content," "High child-centered content," and "High aggressive content" profiles. The "High aggressive content" group experienced higher levels of problematic media use and aggressive behavior one year later compared to other classes. The discussion focuses on implications of these findings. We urge parents to become aware of both television time and media content as they may relate to problematic media use behaviors in young children.
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Reschke PJ, Fraser AM, Picket J, Workman K, Lehnardt H, Stockdale LA, Padilla-Walker LM, Cox K, Holmgren HG, Hagen S, Summers K, Clifford BN, Essig LW, Coyne SM. Variability in infant helping and sharing behaviors across the second and third years of life: Differential roles of target and socialization. Dev Psychol 2023; 59:524-537. [PMID: 36074587 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infants can help and share in the second year of life. However, there is limited knowledge as to variability in these behaviors as a function of target (e.g., caregiver vs. unfamiliar adult) and the influence of caregiver support on infant prosocial behavior. Infants (N = 268, 124 female) at 1-2 years of age (M = 1.47, SD = .27) and again at 2-3 years of age (M = 2.48, SD = .26) participated in a helping task (with the caregiver or unfamiliar experimenter), a sharing task (with either target), and a free-play observation with their primary caregiver from which caregiver support was coded. The racial and ethnic composition of the sample consisted of 3% Asian, 10% Black, 20% Hispanic, 59% White, 1% mixed race, and 6% "other." Median family annual income was $50,000 to $59,000, and median caregiver education level was "some college." Infant helping favored caregivers at both time points. However, infant sharing did not differ by target for 1-2-year-olds, but 2-3-year-olds shared more with their caregivers than an unfamiliar experimenter. Additionally, infants' behaviors antecedent to the act of helping or sharing (e.g., latency to respond, checking behaviors, and looking duration toward the target) differed by target. Concurrent relations between caregiver support and helping and sharing were moderated by age and differed by time point. Caregiver support for 1-2-year-olds also longitudinally predicted an age-moderated relation with 2-3-year-olds' helping toward an unfamiliar experimenter. Theoretical implications for the role of socialization in the emergence of helping and sharing behaviors are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liam W Essig
- Department of Sociology and Social Data Analytics
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Fraser AM, Leavitt CE, Yorgason JB, Price AA. "Feeling It": Links between elements of compassion and sexual well-being. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1017384. [PMID: 36687821 PMCID: PMC9846806 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1017384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Compassion may be a particularly important component of a sexual relationship as it facilitates needed self-awareness, understanding, and connection to frame deeply intimate expressions of sexual emotion and vulnerability. Given the lack of research on how broad concepts of compassionate elements may be linked to sexual well-being, we examine how mindfulness (an ability to maintain awareness in the present moment), compassionate relational attitudes (i.e., accessibility, responsiveness, and engagement), and compassionate relational behaviors (i.e., forgiveness and gratitude), are linked to sexual well-being (sexual harmony, orgasm consistency, and sexual frequency), and sexual mindfulness (a state of being mindful during sex) for oneself and one's partner. Methods We constructed an actor partner structural equation model with newly married couples (n = 2,111) and regressed sexual outcomes at time 1 and time 2 on each partner's compassionate attitudes, behaviors and mindfulness reported at time 1. Results Results showed that cross-sectionally, nearly all elements of one's compassion related to one's own sexual well-being for both partners. Strongest paths included positive significant relations for women between mindfulness and non-judgment and from compassionate relational attitudes and behaviors to sexual harmony. Men's compassionate behaviors were positively related to their own sexual awareness. Perhaps more importantly, women's and men's compassionate behaviors had significant effects on their partner's sexual well-being longitudinally. Discussion Implications include an emphasis on compassion as a key mechanism that can increase sexual satisfaction and strengthen relationships, particularly in the critical time of early marriage where patterns of interconnectedness are being established.
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Bryce CI, Fraser AM. Students' perceptions, educational challenges and hope during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Care Health Dev 2022; 48:1081-1093. [PMID: 35921753 PMCID: PMC9538412 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of US students both at home and at school. Little is known regarding how adolescents perceive COVID-19 has impacted (both positively and negatively) their academic and social lives and how protective factors, such as hope, may assist with resilience. Importantly, not all pandemic experiences are necessarily negative, and positive perceptions, as well as potential protective factors, are key to understanding the pandemic's role in students' lives. METHOD Utilizing quantitative and qualitative approaches, the present study descriptively examined 726 6th through 12th grade (51% female, 53% White) students' perceptions of how COVID-19 related to educational and life disruptions, and positive aspects of their lives, within the United States. Analyses additionally explored the role of pre-pandemic hope in improving feelings of school connectedness during the pandemic. RESULTS Results showed that most students felt that switching to online learning had been difficult and their education had suffered at least moderately, with a sizeable proportion of students feeling less academic motivation compared with last year. When asked to share qualitative answers regarding perceived challenges and positive aspects of life, themes were consistent with quantitative perceptions. Students' pre-pandemic hope positively predicted students' feelings of school connectedness. CONCLUSIONS Findings paint a complex picture of youth's COVID-19 experiences and have implications for proactive ways to support students as COVID-19 continues to affect daily life and educational structures and practices.
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Fraser AM, Gaias LM, Guevara AMM, Johnson SL. A Person-centered Approach to Violence Exposure in Postwar Colombian Youth: Demographic Covariates and Positive Youth Development Outcomes. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP13533-NP13559. [PMID: 33832382 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211005136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While the negative impact of extensive exposure to community violence and armed conflict is known, less emphasis has been focused on outcomes supportive of resilience. It is critical to begin exploring these constructs to both promote healing from decades-long conflict and to inform targeted interventions that focus on positive youth development in contexts of adversity. This study thus utilized a person-centered approach to estimate violence exposure profiles among 3,443 Colombian youth to explore what demographic covariates and positive youth development outcomes, such as school engagement, hope, goals, social competence, future expectations, and barriers to education were associated with each violence exposure profile. Four profiles emerged: a low exposure profile, a high community violence profile, a some combined exposure profile, and a high combined exposure profile, each with various levels of community violence witnessing and victimization as well as armed conflict exposure. Demographic covariance results showed older, urban, male youth were more likely to be in the high violence exposure profiles compared to the low exposure group. Youth in the high combined exposure profile were more likely to have lower hope, educational expectations, and social competence compared to the low exposure group. Findings highlight that a person-centered approach provides a more multidimensional view of adolescent violence exposure. Demographic differences suggested the importance of tailoring violence prevention initiatives to the local context. Finally, results concerning positive youth development outcomes suggest that resiliency-oriented constructs, which can be instrumental toward youth's postwar healing and growth, should be emphasized among populations who experience high levels of co-occurring exposure.
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Fraser AM, Bryce CI, Alexander BL, Fabes RA. Hope levels across adolescence and the transition to high school: Associations with school stress and achievement. J Adolesc 2021; 91:48-58. [PMID: 34332262 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Feeling hopeful is an important condition for adolescents' health, well-being, and educational success and attainment, yet limited research has examined hope at different ages throughout adolescence. Information regarding hope levels across grade could help educators know when to capitalize on goal-setting behaviors, and when to intervene should hope levels be low. Additionally, hope could help with the middle to high school transition because it presents opportunities and challenges, including school-related stress, as students adjust to new environments and expectations. METHODS To investigate hope levels across adolescence, inter- and intra-personal analyses examined hope levels across grade-level in two cohorts of southwestern U.S. students (n = 1,018, 6th-10th grade students, 47% female, 55% White/45% non-White, (predominately Latinx)). The study used online self-report surveys to collect data. Next, longitudinal regression analyses across one year investigated relations of school stress and hope, and hope and achievement across the transition to high school. RESULTS Students in both cohorts reported relatively stable hope levels from 6th to 10th grade, except for large decreases in hope during 8th grade, which recovered during 9th grade. For longitudinal analyses across the high school transition, student stress about school performance primarily influenced 8th graders who had relatively low hope. Eighth grade hope predicted 9th grade academic achievement. CONCLUSION Findings regarding hope across adolescence show that hope is similar across grade, except for a large decrease in hope that may occur before the transition to high school. Longitudinal analyses showed that school performance stress may contribute to this decrease but may also assist in hope recovery after the transition. Findings support educational practices and policies that target student hope before the high school transition to potentially buffer student stress and promote high school achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Fraser
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. BOX 873701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3701, USA.
| | - Crystal I Bryce
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. BOX 873701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3701, USA
| | - Brittany L Alexander
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. BOX 873701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3701, USA
| | - Richard A Fabes
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, P.O. BOX 873701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3701, USA
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Valiente C, Swanson J, DeLay D, Fraser AM, Parker JH. Emotion-related socialization in the classroom: Considering the roles of teachers, peers, and the classroom context. Dev Psychol 2020; 56:578-594. [PMID: 32077726 PMCID: PMC7041856 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to apply aspects of the heuristic model advanced by Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad (1998) to the study of socialization that takes place in preschool and elementary school classrooms. Investigating socialization in this context is important given the number of hours students spend in school, the emotional nature of social interactions that take place involving teachers and students, and the emotions students often experience in the context of academic work. Guided by Eisenberg, Cumberland, et al.'s (1998) call to consider complex socialization pathways, we focus our discussion on ways teachers, peers, and the classroom context can shape students' emotion-related outcomes (e.g., self-regulation, adjustment) and academic-related outcomes (e.g., school engagement, achievement) indirectly and differentially (e.g., as a function of student or classroom characteristics). Our illustrative review of the intervention literature demonstrates that the proposed classroom-based socialization processes have clear applied implications, and efforts to improve socialization in the classroom can promote students' emotional and academic competence. We conclude our discussion by outlining areas that require additional study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Valiente
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics
| | - Jodi Swanson
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics
| | - Dawn DeLay
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics
| | - Ashley M. Fraser
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics
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Fraser AM, Hampton RS, Spinrad TL, Varnum M, Blais C, Eisenberg N, Gal-Szabo DE, Berger RH, Xu J, Xiao SX. Children's mu suppression is sensitive to witnessing others' social victimization. Soc Neurosci 2020; 15:348-354. [PMID: 31992137 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2020.1722220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Empathy has been a key focus of social, developmental, and affective neuroscience for some time. However, research using neural measures to study empathy in response to social victimization is sparse, particularly for young children. In the present study, 58 children's (White, non-Hispanic; five to nine years old) mu suppression was measured using electroencephalogram methods (EEG) as they viewed video scenarios depicting social injustices toward White and Black children. We found evidence of increased mu suppression in response to social victimization; however, contrary to well-documented findings of ingroup racial bias in empathic responses among adults, we found no evidence of racial bias in mu suppression in young children. Implications of these findings for neuroscience research on empathy and the development of ingroup bias are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Fraser
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
| | - Ryan S Hampton
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
| | - Tracy L Spinrad
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
| | - Michael Varnum
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
| | - Chris Blais
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
| | - Nancy Eisenberg
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
| | - Diana E Gal-Szabo
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
| | - Rebecca H Berger
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
| | - Jingyi Xu
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
| | - Sonya Xinyue Xiao
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University , Tempe, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal I. Bryce
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family DynamicsArizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Brittany L. Alexander
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family DynamicsArizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Ashley M. Fraser
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family DynamicsArizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Richard A. Fabes
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family DynamicsArizona State University Tempe Arizona
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Getty MD, Mueller M, Amella EJ, Fraser AM. Differences in Medical and Life-style Risk Factors for Malnutrition in Limited-Resource Older Adults in a Rural U.S. State: A Descriptive Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:121-7. [PMID: 26812507 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Medical and life-style factors are associated with malnutrition in older adults. This study assessed the presence of these risk factors in limited-resource, community-dwelling older adults to inform the development of a nutrition education interventions. DESIGN Quantitative descriptive study. SETTING A total of 24 randomly selected congregate nutrition sites (where limited-resource older adults can receive one hot meal/day, five days/week) in the rural state of South Carolina, USA. PARTICIPANTS Data were collected from 477 older adults (of the 407 who reported race, 219 were African American and 171 were White). MEASUREMENTS Extension Educators who work for the Cooperative Extension Service (a formalized educational outreach system associated with some U.S. universities) read aloud a 27-item instrument designed to assess risk factors for malnutrition. Response frequencies were tabulated and chi-square tests were performed using SAS 9.3. RESULTS More African Americans reported having a chronic illness or condition (81.2 vs. 68.3%; p=0.003), eating alone (66.2 vs. 53.6%; p=0.012), having a refrigerator that sometimes did not keep food cold (31.8 vs. 8.4%; p<0.0001), and sometimes not having enough money to buy food (38.9 vs. 18.5%; p<0.0001) compared to White older adults. CONCLUSION Rural older adults who attend congregate nutrition sites, especially African Americans, could be at risk for malnutrition due to health status and food preparation-related factors. Evidence-based, tailored programs are needed to minimize malnutrition among limited-resource older adults living in rural areas in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Getty
- Angela M. Fraser, 223 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA,
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Padilla-Walker LM, Fraser AM. How much is it going to cost me? Bidirectional relations between adolescents' moral personality and prosocial behavior. J Adolesc 2014; 37:993-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Media use in families has generally been examined from a narrow viewpoint, focusing on monitoring or co-viewing. The current research provides an expanded view of positive media use in families with adolescents by examining associations between diverse positive media use and family and adolescents outcomes. In addition, we used qualitative methods to provide a more comprehensive view of how families use media in positive ways, specifically drawing distinctions between traditional entertainment media and social media. Participants included 633 adolescents and their parents who completed a range of quantitative and qualitative measures on media use and adolescent and family outcomes. Results revealed that positive media use was positively associated with general family functioning (for girls), parental involvement (for both boys and girls), and adolescent disclosure to parents (for boys). Qualitative results revealed that families use media in diverse ways including for entertainment, emotional connection, discussion, information, and documentation. Results are discussed within the broad framework of family systems theory.
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Padilla-Walker LM, Coyne SM, Fraser AM, Dyer WJ, Yorgason JB. Parents and adolescents growing up in the digital age: Latent growth curve analysis of proactive media monitoring. J Adolesc 2012; 35:1153-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kapoor B, Toms A, Hooper P, Fraser AM, Cox CWFM. Infective lumbar discitis following laparascopic sacrocolpopexy. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2002; 47:709-10. [PMID: 12463713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A case report of infective lumbar discitis following laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. OBJECTIVES To improve awareness of the possibility of surgical procedures for genital prolapse causing discitis by presenting a case history. BACKGROUND Infective lumbar discitis following laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy is very rare. METHODS Case history of a 63 year old lady who developed infective L5-S1 discitis three weeks following a laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. CONCLUSION Discitis following a laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy procedure is a very rare but significant complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birender Kapoor
- Department of Orthpaedics, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
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19
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Abstract
Acid phosphatases (APs) are a family of enzymes that are widespread in nature, and can be found in many animal and plant species. Mystery surrounds the precise functional role of these molecular facilitators, despite much research. Yet, paradoxically, human APs have had considerable impact as tools of clinical investigation and intervention. One particular example is tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, which is detected in the serum in raised amounts accompanying pathological bone resorption. This article seeks to explore the identity and diversity of APs, and to demonstrate the relation between APs, human disease, and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bull
- Human and Clinical Research Group, School of Nursing, University of Nottingham, Derbyshire Royal Infirmary, Derby DE1 2QY, UK
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Helge JW, Fraser AM, Kriketos AD, Jenkins AB, Calvert GD, Ayre KJ, Storlien LH. Interrelationships between muscle fibre type, substrate oxidation and body fat. Int J Obes (Lond) 1999; 23:986-91. [PMID: 10490806 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate interrelationships between muscle fibre type, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise at a fixed workload and adiposity. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS 21 untrained, healthy male subjects. MEASUREMENTS Body fat composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Exercise test at 55% of VO2max, muscle fibre type composition, muscle NADH and citrate synthase enzyme activity levels; serum insulin, glucose and cortisol concentrations. RESULTS Percent body fat was inversely correlated to the proportion of type I muscle fibres (r=-0.55, P<0.02). In addition percent trunk fat was negatively correlated with percent type I fibres (r=-0.58, P<0.01) while this relationship was not present for percent leg fat. There was no relation between RER at rest or during exercise and muscle fibre type composition or percent body fat. CONCLUSION Body fat and percent type I muscle fibres were correlated, supporting skeletal muscle fibre type as a potential etiological factor in obesity. No correlation was observed between percent body fat and substrate oxidation at rest or during moderate exercise, indicating that muscle fuel substrate mix does not appear to provide a mechanism for this relation under either condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Helge
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Abstract
We report a displaced body of hamate fracture in the coronal plane with dislocation of the ring and little metacarpals and interposition of these metacarpals between the two hamate fragments. The diagnosis, radiographic studies and the treatment of this unusual injury are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Fakih
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the risk of preterm birth for mothers who themselves were born before term. METHODS Data were taken from a linked data base of birth certificates composed of two cohorts: 1) a parental cohort of women born between 1947 and 1957 and 2) their offspring born between 1970 and 1992. "Preterm mothers" were women in the parental cohort who were born at less than 37 weeks' gestation. "Term mothers" were women in the parental cohort born at or after 38 weeks' gestation. Preterm mothers and term mothers were matched for birth year, county of birth, marital status, parity, and age. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the risk of preterm delivery in preterm mothers. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the interaction of concomitant variables with the risk of premature delivery. RESULTS The risk of preterm birth was significantly higher in preterm mothers than in term mothers (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02, 1.37). The risk increased as the gestational age at the mothers' birth decreased (less than 30 weeks'; OR 2.38; 95% CI 1.37, 4.16). The interaction between maternal age and parity increased the risk of preterm delivery at less than 34 weeks in some age and parity strata. CONCLUSION An increased risk of preterm delivery exists for women who themselves were born before 37 weeks' gestation. The risk is inversely correlated with the maternal gestational age at birth and is influenced by maternal age and parity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Porter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
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Fraser AM, Rock CL. An innovative approach to teaching foodservice management: emphasis on community-based programs. J Am Diet Assoc 1996; 96:1282-1283. [PMID: 8948392 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Fraser
- Human Nutrition Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of cesarean delivery for women who themselves were born via operative delivery. METHODS A linked data base was constructed between the birth certificates of individuals born in Utah during 1947-1957 (parental cohort) and who subsequently became a parent of offspring born in Utah between 1970-1991 (offspring cohort). Parental cohort women (cases) who had been delivered operatively (cesarean delivery, mid- or high forceps) as well as women who had a sibling delivered by an operative procedure were matched (1:2) with parental-cohort women born by spontaneous vaginal delivery (controls). Both cases and controls were selected based on having a record of at least one delivery in Utah during 1970-1991. RESULTS Women who were delivered by cesarean were at increased risk of subsequently delivering their children by cesarean (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-1.70; P < .001). Progressive risk was associated with parental delivery by mid- or high forceps (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.20-2.47; P = .004), parental cesarean because of cephalopelvic disproportion alone (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.16-2.88; P = .01), or parental cesarean for dysfunctional labor (OR 5.97, 95% CI 1.5-23.6; P < .001). The attributable risk for cesarean delivery to the contemporary population is 3.5%. CONCLUSION An intergenerational predisposition to cesarean delivery exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Varner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
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25
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Fraser AM. Chaos and detection. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1996; 53:4514-4523. [PMID: 9964785 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.4514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Tandon
- Keele University, Royal Hospital, West Midlands, UK
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27
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy in adolescence is associated with an excess risk of poor outcomes, including low birth weight and prematurity. Whether this association simply reflects the deleterious sociodemographic environment of most pregnant teenagers or whether biologic immaturity is also causally implicated is not known. METHODS To determine whether a young age confers an intrinsic risk of adverse outcomes of pregnancy, we performed stratified analyses of 134,088 white girls and women, 13 to 24 years old, in Utah who delivered singleton, first-born children between 1970 and 1990. Relative risk for subgroups of this study population was examined to eliminate the confounding influence of marital status, educational level, and the adequacy of prenatal care. The adjusted relative risk for the entire study group was calculated as the weighted average of the stratum-specific risks. RESULTS Among white married mothers with educational levels appropriate for their ages who received adequate prenatal care, younger teenage mothers (13 to 17 years of age) had a significantly higher risk (P < 0.001) than mothers who were 20 to 24 years of age of delivering an infant who had low birth weight (relative risk, 1.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 2.0), who was delivered prematurely (relative risk, 1.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 2.1), or who was small for gestational age (relative risk, 1.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 1.4). Older teenage mothers (18 or 19 years of age) also had a significant increase in these risks. Even though sociodemographic variables associated with teenage pregnancy increase the risk of adverse outcomes, the relative risk remained significantly elevated for both younger and older teenage mothers after adjustment for marital status, level of education, and adequacy of prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS In a study of mothers 13 to 24 years old who had the characteristics of most white, middle-class Americans, a younger age conferred an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes that was independent of important confounding sociodemographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fraser
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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28
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Abstract
It has been assumed that a younger age at initiation of cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, but previous studies have not adjusted for two strong risk factors, the amount smoked and duration smoked. We used data from a population-based case-control study with 282 histologically confirmed lung cancer cases matched to 3,282 random controls to determine whether age at initiation of smoking plays an independent role in the occurrence of lung cancer. After controlling for age, sex, and amount of tobacco exposure, men who began to smoke before age 20 had a substantially higher risk of developing lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 12.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.39-25.2] compared with men who began smoking at age 20 or older (OR = 6.03; 95% CI = 2.82-12.9). For women, the heavy increase in risk continued until age 25 (OR = 9.97; 95% CI = 4.68-21.2) compared with women who began smoking at age 26 or older (OR = 2.58; 95% CI = 0.53-12.4). There was no predisposition toward a specific histologic type of lung cancer. In this study, up to 52.4% of lung cancer cases in men and up to 73.0% of lung cancer cases in women could be attributed to this effect of early age of first smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Hegmann
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132
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Baker BM, Fraser AM, Baker CD. Long-term postoperative dysphagia in oral/pharyngeal surgery patients: subjects' perceptions vs. videofluoroscopic observations. Dysphagia 1991; 6:11-6. [PMID: 1884633 DOI: 10.1007/bf02503458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysphagia commonly results from surgical resection of various structures within the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal areas. The type and severity of swallowing dysfunction are based largely on the number and quantity of structures removed as well as the reconstructive procedure. Short term-recovery has been addressed in many studies. However, follow-up studies of long-term functional results and continuing swallowing problems following oral/pharyngeal surgery are unavailable. In this study, perception of swallowing dysfunction was compared with actual videofluoroscopic findings in subjects at least 1 year after oral/pharyngeal surgery. The comparative results of a questionnaire developed to evaluate patients' perception of continuing swallowing difficulty and an analysis of actual videofluoroscopic tapes indicated that the degree or type of dysphagia could not be determined from patients' subjective descriptions of the swallowing problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Baker
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Kentucky
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30
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Abstract
The late prognosis of childhood encopresis is unclear: our literature reviews have failed to reveal any studies of it. Halpern (1977), discussing the effectiveness of treatment, states that this is difficult to evaluate “since encopresis is a self-limiting symptom”. Bellman (1966) followed up 186 children with encopresis seen at two Stockholm clinics; their age range at follow-up was 6–19 years. She found a steady decline in encopresis from the age of six in boys and eight in girls. It disappeared by the age of 16, although there were two relapses—one at 17 and one at 19.
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Abstract
The somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) is a technique that can be used to monitor sensory conduction within the spinal cord throughout the course of spinal surgery. The authors describe the technique, stimulation, and recording parameters, which most critically affect the success and reliability of monitoring trials. In addition, we show that in all 40 patients tested fully, the SEP results were in complete agreement with the clinical findings at the time of the wake-up test. In this series, there was no instance of a "false-positive" SEP result, or of the SEP failing to detect neural damage. Temporary, neurologic deficit occurred on two occasions, which are described in detail. These show that the SEP is rapid, enables neurologic complications to be detected at an early stage of surgery, and can identify lateralized problems. It is concluded that the technique may provide a clinically valuable method for continuous and prolonged monitoring of spinal cord function.
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Abstract
Suprapubic abscess formation was seen in 2 babies after attempted suprapubic bladder puncture. In both cases the baby was grossly dehydrated and gut contents were aspirated. Though this complication is rare, it should be remembered, as with all investigations, that a definite indication should be present before suprapubic aspiration is undertaken.
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Fraser AM. The effect of the posterior pituitary hormones on the inorganic phosphorus and sugar of the blood. J Physiol 1949; 108:345-52. [PMID: 16991865 PMCID: PMC1392489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
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Fraser AM. Special Discussion on the Epidemiology of Cerebrospinal Meningitis. Proc R Soc Med 1915; 8:87-88. [PMID: 19978946 PMCID: PMC2004208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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