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Constantinou A, Kotecha D, Laouris P, de Paula B. A closer look at chemotherapy-induced flagellate dermatitis. Skin Health Dis 2022; 2:e92. [PMID: 35665202 PMCID: PMC9060014 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flagellate dermatitis (FD) is a rare skin rash, which may occur following the administration of antineoplastic agents. It has been reported following the administration of bleomycin, docetaxel, trastuzumab, cisplatin, bendamustine and doxorubicin. We provide a summary of the epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, and distribution of chemotherapy-induced FD. METHODS PubMed was searched using ((flagellat*) AND (Dermat*)) OR ((Flagellat*) AND (Erythema)). The search yielded 206 publications, out of which 54 individual case reports were identified which fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was performed where appropriate. RESULTS Female patients were slightly more likely to develop FD compared to males. In the majority of cases FD appeared on the upper and lower limbs and pruritus was an accompanying feature in 51% of cases. Most cases developed after the first cycle of chemotherapy and females were statistically more likely to present within the first 72 hr (p <0.05). Skin biopsies were taken in 41% of cases and this was not statistically associated with the patient's gender, (p = 0.651), presentation within 72 hr (p = 0.076) or cancer diagnosis. Chemotherapy was stopped in 62% of patients and was associated with female gender (p = 0.0098). Most patients who received treatment were managed with topical steroids. Time for rash resolution ranged from a few weeks to four months following the discontinuation of the causative drug. CONCLUSION FD is a rare adverse skin effect of chemotherapeutic treatment, most commonly presenting on the upper and lower limbs of patients following their first cycle of chemotherapy. Early presentation is more common in females leading to increased likelihood of stopping chemotherapy. Biopsy findings poorly correlate with disease severity. Continuation of chemotherapy treatment in combination with topical steroids may not adversely affect rash resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Constantinou
- School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - D. Kotecha
- School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - P. Laouris
- School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - B. de Paula
- Department of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Krashias G, Deeba E, Constantinou A, Hadjiagapiou M, Koptides D, Richter J, Tryfonos C, Bashiardes S, Lambrianides A, Loizidou MA, Hadjisavvas A, Panayiotidis MI, Christodoulou C. Characterization of IgG Antibody Response against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in the Cypriot Population. Microorganisms 2021; 10:85. [PMID: 35056533 PMCID: PMC8777616 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has hit its second year and continues to damage lives and livelihoods across the globe. There continues to be a global effort to present serological data on SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different individuals. As such, this study aimed to characterize the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Cypriot population for the first time since the pandemic started. Our results show that a majority of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 developed IgG antibodies against the virus, whether anti-NP, anti-S1RBD, or both, at least 20 days after their infection. Additionally, the percentage of people with at least one antibody against SARS-CoV-2 in the group of volunteers deemed SARS-CoV-2 negative via RT-PCR or who remain untested/undetermined (14.43%) is comparable to other reported percentages worldwide, ranging anywhere from 0.2% to 24%. We postulate that these percentages reflect the underreporting of true infections in the population, and also show the steady increase of herd immunity. Additionally, we showed a significantly marked decrease in anti-NP IgG antibodies in contrast to relatively stable levels of anti-S1RBD IgG antibodies in previously infected individuals across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Krashias
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.H.); (A.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.I.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (E.D.); (A.C.); (D.K.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Elie Deeba
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (E.D.); (A.C.); (D.K.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Astero Constantinou
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (E.D.); (A.C.); (D.K.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Maria Hadjiagapiou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.H.); (A.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.I.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Dana Koptides
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (E.D.); (A.C.); (D.K.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Jan Richter
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (E.D.); (A.C.); (D.K.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Christina Tryfonos
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (E.D.); (A.C.); (D.K.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Stavros Bashiardes
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (E.D.); (A.C.); (D.K.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Anastasia Lambrianides
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.H.); (A.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.I.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Maria A. Loizidou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.H.); (A.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.I.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics and Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Hadjisavvas
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.H.); (A.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.I.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics and Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.H.); (A.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.I.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics and Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Christina Christodoulou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.H.); (A.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.I.P.); (C.C.)
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (E.D.); (A.C.); (D.K.); (J.R.); (C.T.); (S.B.)
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Kanti V, Constantinou A, Reygagne P, Vogt A, Kottner J, Blume‐Peytavi U. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: demographic and clinical characteristics of 490 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:1976-1983. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Kanti
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - A. Constantinou
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - A. Vogt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - J. Kottner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - U. Blume‐Peytavi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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4
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Al-Salem SM, Antelava A, Constantinou A, Manos G, Dutta A. A review on thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW). J Environ Manage 2017; 197:177-198. [PMID: 28384612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic plays an important role in our daily lives due to its versatility, light weight and low production cost. Plastics became essential in many sectors such as construction, medical, engineering applications, automotive, aerospace, etc. In addition, economic growth and development also increased our demand and dependency on plastics which leads to its accumulation in landfills imposing risk on human health, animals and cause environmental pollution problems such as ground water contamination, sanitary related issues, etc. Hence, a sustainable and an efficient plastic waste treatment is essential to avoid such issues. Pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical plastic waste treatment technique which can solve such pollution problems, as well as, recover valuable energy and products such as oil and gas. Pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW) has gained importance due to having better advantages towards environmental pollution and reduction of carbon footprint of plastic products by minimizing the emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide compared to combustion and gasification. This paper presents the existing techniques of pyrolysis, the parameters which affect the products yield and selectivity and identify major research gaps in this technology. The influence of different catalysts on the process as well as review and comparative assessment of pyrolysis with other thermal and catalytic plastic treatment methods, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Al-Salem
- Environment & Life Sciences Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait.
| | - A Antelava
- Division of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, SE1 0AA, UK
| | - A Constantinou
- Division of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, SE1 0AA, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, WCIE 7JE, UK
| | - G Manos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, WCIE 7JE, UK
| | - A Dutta
- Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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5
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Alsafadi S, Houy A, Battistella A, Popova T, Wassef M, Henry E, Tirode F, Constantinou A, Piperno-Neumann S, Roman-Roman S, Dutertre M, Stern M. Cancer-associated SF3B1 mutations affect alternative splicing by promoting alternative branchpoint usage. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)61332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Constantinou A, Barrass S, Gavriilidis A. CO2 Absorption in Polytetrafluoroethylene Membrane Microstructured Contactor Using Aqueous Solutions of Amines. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403444t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Constantinou
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - S. Barrass
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - A. Gavriilidis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
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7
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Roydhouse MD, Motherwell WB, Constantinou A, Gavriilidis A, Wheeler R, Down K, Campbell I. Ozonolysis of some complex organic substrates in flow. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra00125c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
The Beaudesert Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), originally built in 1966 and augmented in 1977, is a typical biological trickling filter (TF) STP comprising primary sedimentation tanks (PSTs), TFs and humus tanks. The plant, despite not originally being designed for nitrogen removal, has been consistently achieving over 60% total nitrogen reduction and low effluent ammonium concentration of less than 5 mg NH3-N/L. Through the return of a NO3(-)-rich stream from the humus tanks to the PSTs and maintaining an adequate sludge age within the PSTs, the current plant is achieving a substantial degree of denitrification. Further enhanced denitrification has been achieved by raising the recycle flows and maintaining an adequate solids retention time (SRT) within the PSTs. This paper describes the approach to operating a TF plant to achieve a high degree of nitrification and denitrification. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through the pilot plant trial. The results from the pilot trial demonstrate a significant improvement in nitrogen removal performance whilst maximising the asset life of the existing infrastructure. This shows great potential as a retrofit option for small and rural communities with pre-existing TFs that require improvements in terms of nitrogen removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dai
- CH2M HILL, Level 1, Queensland, Australia.
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9
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Roydhouse MD, Ghaini A, Constantinou A, Cantu-Perez A, Motherwell WB, Gavriilidis A. Ozonolysis in Flow Using Capillary Reactors. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op200036d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Roydhouse
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ
| | - A. Ghaini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE
| | - A. Constantinou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE
| | - A. Cantu-Perez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE
| | - W. B. Motherwell
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ
| | - A. Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE
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10
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Constantinou A, Beuing R, Mavrogenis AP. Genetic and phenotypic parameters for some reproduction and milk production characters of the Damascus goat. J Anim Breed Genet 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1985.tb00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Constantinou A, Epenetos AA, Hreczuk-Hirst D, Jain S, Wright M, Chester KA, Deonarain MP. Site-specific polysialylation of an antitumor single-chain Fv fragment. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:924-31. [PMID: 19402707 DOI: 10.1021/bc8005122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmacokinetic modulation is becoming an important tool in the development of biotherapeutics. Proteins can be chemically or recombinantly modified to alter their half-lives and bioavailability to suit particular applications as well as improve side effect profiles. The most successful and clinically used approach to date is chemical conjugation with poly(ethylene glycol) polymers (PEGylation). Here, therapeutic protein half-life can be increased significantly while retaining biological function, reducing immunogenicity and cross-reaction. Naturally occurring alternatives to such synthetic polymers could have major advantages such as lower side effects due to biodegradability and metabolism. Polysialic acid (PSA) has been investigated as a pharmacokinetic modulatory biopolymer with many successful examples in preclinical and clinical development. Single-chain Fvs (scFvs) are a choice antibody format for human therapeutic antibody discovery. Because of their small size, they are rapidly eliminated from the circulation and often are rebuilt into larger proteins for drug development and a longer half-life. Here we show that chemical polysialylation can increase the half-life of an antiplacental alkaline (PLAP) and anticarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) scFv (F1 and MFE-23, respectively) 3.4-4.9-fold, resulting in a 10.6-15.2-fold increase in blood exposure. Amine-directed coupling of the MFE-23 scFv reduced its immunoreactivity 20-fold which was resolved by site-specific polysialylation through an engineered C-terminal thiol residue. The site-specifically polysialylated MFE-23 scFv demonstrated up to 30-fold improved tumor uptake while displaying favorable tumor:normal tissue specificity. This suggests that engineering antibody fragments for site-specific polysialylation could be a useful approach to increase the half-life for a variety of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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12
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O'Hare K, Chadwick BP, Constantinou A, Davis AJ, Mitchelson A, Tudor M. A 5.9-kb tandem repeat at the euchromatin-heterochromatin boundary of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Genet Genomics 2002; 267:647-55. [PMID: 12172804 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-002-0698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2002] [Accepted: 05/13/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We present an analysis of a chromosomal walk in the region of the euchromatin-heterochromatin transition at the base of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. This region is difficult to analyse because of the presence of repeated sequences, and we have used cosmids to walk from the last euchromatic gene, suppressor of forked, towards the pericentric heterochromatin. The proximal 30-kb sequence we have isolated consists of repetitive DNA, including four tandem copies of a 5.9-kb sequence. This tandem repeat is itself a mosaic of other, mostly repeated, sequences, including part of a retrotransposon without long terminal repeats, a simple-sequence region of TAA repeats and part of a retrotransposon with long terminal repeats that has not been previously described. Although sequences homologous to these components are found elsewhere in the genome, this arrangement of repeated sequences is only found at the base of the X chromosome. It is conserved in D. melanogaster strains of different geographic origin, but is not conserved in even closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O'Hare
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Karacostas D, Christodoulou C, Drevelengas A, Paschalidou M, Ioannides P, Constantinou A, Milonas I. Cytomegalovirus-associated transverse myelitis in a non-immunocompromised patient. Spinal Cord 2002; 40:145-9. [PMID: 11859442 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
DESIGN Single case report. OBJECTIVE To report a rare case of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-associated transverse myelitis (TM) in the immunocompetent host. SETTINGS Collaboration between a Neurology and Radiology University Department in Greece and a Molecular Virology Department in Cyprus. PATIENT A 16-year-old male student developed an acute febrile illness followed shortly by TM, that resulted in paraplegia over 24 h. Rapid clinical improvement was followed by complete recovery in 2 months. Extensive laboratory work-up excluded other possible causes of TM and showed no evidence of an immunocompromised state. Antiviral serological data, identification of the viral genome by polymerase chain reaction and serial spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging findings, supported the diagnosis of CMV-associated TM in a non-immunocompromised patient. CONCLUSIONS Our case further indicates that CMV infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of TM of uncertain etiology, in the immunocompetent patient. Clinical, immunological and neuroimaging findings indicate that post-infectious immune mediated inflammation, seems the most probable pathogenetic mechanism in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Karacostas
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristoteleian University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
During homologous recombination, DNA strand exchange leads to Holliday junction formation. The movement, or branch migration, of this junction along DNA extends the length of the heteroduplex joint. In prokaryotes, branch migration and Holliday junction resolution are catalyzed by the RuvA and RuvB proteins, which form a complex with RuvC resolvase to form a "resolvasome". Mammalian cell-free extracts have now been fractionated to reveal analogous activities. An ATP-dependent branch migration activity, which migrates junctions through >2700 bp, cofractionates with the Holliday junction resolvase during several chromatographic steps. Together, the two activities promote concerted branch migration/resolution reactions similar to those catalyzed by E. coli RuvABC, highlighting the preservation of this essential pathway in recombination and DNA repair from prokaryotes to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Clare Hall Laboratories, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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15
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Cho KH, Pezzuto JM, Bolton JL, Steele VE, Kelloff GJ, Lee SK, Constantinou A. Selection of cancer chemopreventive agents based on inhibition of topoisomerase II activity. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36:2146-56. [PMID: 11044654 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine if in vitro inhibition of one or both of the two most dominant mammalian DNA topoisomerases (topos) is common among chemopreventive agents. To determine if an agent was a topo I inhibitor, we employed the DNA relaxation and nicking assays. For potential topo II inhibitors, we used the DNA unknotting and linearisation assays. 14 of 30 agents (47%) were ineffective in all four assays (IC(50) >100 microgram/ml), and 11 (37%) inhibited topo II catalytic activity. The sensitivity of the topo II assay was 63%, selectivity 93%, positive predictive value 91%, and total accuracy 77%. For chemopreventive efficacy, the positive predictive value of the unknotting assay was 92%, and the total accuracy was 60%. These data suggest that reduced topo II activity is a desirable property of many known chemopreventive agents. We conclude that the unknotting assay could be a valuable addition to the in vitro tests presently used to select chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Cho
- Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street 60612, Chicago, IL, USA
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Constantinou A, Tarsounas M, Karow JK, Brosh RM, Bohr VA, Hickson ID, West SC. Werner's syndrome protein (WRN) migrates Holliday junctions and co-localizes with RPA upon replication arrest. EMBO Rep 2000; 1:80-4. [PMID: 11256630 PMCID: PMC1083680 DOI: 10.1093/embo-reports/kvd004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2000] [Revised: 04/26/2000] [Accepted: 04/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals affected by the autosomal recessive disorder Werner's syndrome (WS) develop many of the symptoms characteristic of premature ageing. Primary fibroblasts cultured from WS patients exhibit karyotypic abnormalities and a reduced replicative life span. The WRN gene encodes a 3'-5' DNA helicase, and is a member of the RecQ family, which also includes the product of the Bloom's syndrome gene (BLM). In this work, we show that WRN promotes the ATP-dependent translocation of Holliday junctions, an activity that is also exhibited by BLM. In cells arrested in S-phase with hydroxyurea, WRN localizes to discrete nuclear foci that coincide with those formed by the single-stranded DNA binding protein replication protein A. These results are consistent with a model in which WRN prevents aberrant recombination events at sites of stalled replication forks by dissociating recombination intermediates.
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Karow JK, Constantinou A, Li JL, West SC, Hickson ID. The Bloom's syndrome gene product promotes branch migration of holliday junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:6504-8. [PMID: 10823897 PMCID: PMC18638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.100448097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloom's syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with dwarfism, immunodeficiency, reduced fertility, and elevated levels of many types of cancer. BS cells show marked genomic instability; in particular, hyperrecombination between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes. This instability is thought to result from defective processing of DNA replication intermediates. The gene mutated in BS, BLM, encodes a member of the RecQ family of DExH box DNA helicases, which also includes the Werner's syndrome gene product. We have investigated the mechanism by which BLM suppresses hyperrecombination. Here, we show that BLM selectively binds Holliday junctions in vitro and acts on recombination intermediates containing a Holliday junction to promote ATP-dependent branch migration. We present a model in which BLM disrupts potentially recombinogenic molecules that arise at sites of stalled replication forks. Our results have implications for the role of BLM as an anti-recombinase in the suppression of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Karow
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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Hadjipanayis A, Hadjichristodoulou C, Kallias M, Sava K, Petsa A, Demetriadou K, Christodoulou C, Constantinou A, Sidera M. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A among children and adolescents in Larnaca area, Cyprus. Eur J Epidemiol 1999; 15:903-5. [PMID: 10669123 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007680310138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus was investigated in 385 children and adolescents (52.2% males), aged 6 to 18, in the Larnaca area of Cyprus. This is the first study investigating the prevalence of hepatitis A in Cyprus for this age group. The population was stratified into two groups: 6 to 12 years old and 13 to 18 years old. None of the subjects in the first group were positive. The prevalence of hepatitis A in the age of group 13 tol8 was 1.6%. In conclusion, the low prevalence of anti-HAV demonstrates the susceptibility of young Cypriots to hepatitis A. This is a cause for concern as these unprotected young adults are frequently exposed to potentially infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hadjipanayis
- Department of Pediatrics, Larnaca General Hospital, Cyprus.
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19
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Constantinou A, Gunz D, Evans E, Lalle P, Bates PA, Wood RD, Clarkson SG. Conserved residues of human XPG protein important for nuclease activity and function in nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:5637-48. [PMID: 10026181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.9.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human XPG endonuclease cuts on the 3' side of a DNA lesion during nucleotide excision repair. Mutations in XPG can lead to the disorders xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne syndrome. XPG shares sequence similarities in two regions with a family of structure-specific nucleases and exonucleases. To begin defining its catalytic mechanism, we changed highly conserved residues and determined the effects on the endonuclease activity of isolated XPG, its function in open complex formation and dual incision reconstituted with purified proteins, and its ability to restore cellular resistance to UV light. The substitution A792V present in two XP complementation group G (XP-G) individuals reduced but did not abolish endonuclease activity, explaining their mild clinical phenotype. Isolated XPG proteins with Asp-77 or Glu-791 substitutions did not cleave DNA. In the reconstituted repair system, alanine substitutions at these positions permitted open complex formation but were inactive for 3' cleavage, whereas D77E and E791D proteins retained considerable activity. The function of each mutant protein in the reconstituted system was mirrored by its ability to restore UV resistance to XP-G cell lines. Hydrodynamic measurements indicated that XPG exists as a monomer in high salt conditions, but immunoprecipitation of intact and truncated XPG proteins showed that XPG polypeptides can interact with each other, suggesting dimerization as an element of XPG function. The mutation results define critical residues in the catalytic center of XPG and strongly suggest that key features of the strand cleavage mechanism and active site structure are shared by members of the nuclease family.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University Medical Centre, 9 ave de Champel, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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20
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Klungland A, Höss M, Gunz D, Constantinou A, Clarkson SG, Doetsch PW, Bolton PH, Wood RD, Lindahl T. Base excision repair of oxidative DNA damage activated by XPG protein. Mol Cell 1999; 3:33-42. [PMID: 10024877 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized pyrimidines in DNA are removed by a distinct base excision repair pathway initiated by the DNA glycosylase--AP lyase hNth1 in human cells. We have reconstituted this single-residue replacement pathway with recombinant proteins, including the AP endonuclease HAP1/APE, DNA polymerase beta, and DNA ligase III-XRCC1 heterodimer. With these proteins, the nucleotide excision repair enzyme XPG serves as a cofactor for the efficient function of hNth1. XPG protein promotes binding of hNth1 to damaged DNA. The stimulation of hNth1 activity is retained in XPG catalytic site mutants inactive in nucleotide excision repair. The data support the model that development of Cockayne syndrome in XP-G patients is related to inefficient excision of endogenous oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Klungland
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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21
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Abstract
We hypothesized that unexplained increases in nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) observed by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) after treatment of tumours by DNA-damaging agents were related to chemotherapy-induced up-regulation of the bcl-2 gene and DNA damage prevention and repair processes. To test this hypothesis, we treated HT-29 cells with 10(-4) M nitrogen mustard (HN2) and performed sequential perchloric acid extractions in replicate over 0-18 h. By reference to an internal standard (methylene diphosphonic acid), absolute changes in 31P-detectable high-energy phosphates in these extracts were determined and correlated with changes in bcl-2 protein levels, cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis and total cellular glutathione (GSH) (an important defence against DNA damage from alkylating agents). After HN2 administration, bcl-2 protein levels in the HT-29 cell line rose at 2 h. Cell viability declined to 25% within 18 h, but apoptosis measured using fluorescence techniques remained in the 1-4% range. Increased cell division was noted at 4 h. Two high-energy interconvertible phosphates, NTP (P < or = 0.006) and phosphocreatine (PCr) (P < or = 0.0002), increased at 2 h concurrently with increased levels of bcl-2 protein and glutathione. This study demonstrates that bcl-2 and glutathione are up-regulated by HN2 and links this to a previously unexplained 31P MRS phenomenon: increased NTP after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Boddie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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22
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Vavilis D, Bontis J, Agorastos T, Angelikakis G, Zournatzi V, Loufopoulos A, Constantinou A, Patsourou A. Lead concentrations in early human milk of urban and rural mothers. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 1998; 24:198-9. [PMID: 9478317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine and compare lead concentrations in breast milk between urban and rural women. Colostrum from 51 women living in the city of Thessaloniki (exposed to increased air lead concentration, 0.54 micrograms/m3) and from 40 women living in rural areas (exposed to significantly lower air lead concentrations) was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Urban women showed slightly higher lead concentrations (mean +/- SD: 0.090 +/- 0.029 micrograms/ml) than rural women (mean +/- SD: 0.084 +/- 0.024 micrograms/ml). This difference was not statistically significant. These results suggest that the lead content of human milk is not influenced by the concentrations of this environmental pollutant in the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vavilis
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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23
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Murley JS, Constantinou A, Kamath NS, Grdina DJ. WR-1065, an active metabolite of the cytoprotector amifostine, affects phosphorylation of topoisomerase II alpha leading to changes in enzyme activity and cell cycle progression in CHO AA8 cells. Cell Prolif 1998. [PMID: 9451419 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.1997.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of WR-1065 (2-((aminopropyl)amino)ethanethiol) on cell cycle progression, topoisomerase (topo) II alpha activity, and topo II alpha phosphorylation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been investigated. Exposure of CHO cells to 0.4 microM of WR-1065 for 30 min did not effect cell cycle progression nor topo II alpha activity and phosphorylation status. However, concentrations ranging from 4 microM to 4 mM were equally effective in significantly altering these three end points. Cell cycle progression was analysed by flow cytometry. Following a 30 min exposure to this range of concentrations, cells redistributed throughout the cell cycle with the most prominent changes being an accumulation of cells in G2. Topo II alpha activity was measured using a kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) decatenation assay. Enzyme activity was reduced by 50% relative to control levels throughout the 4 microM to 4 mM dose range tested. Likewise, topo II alpha phosphorylation levels, analysed using an immunoprecipitation assay and an antibody specific to the 170 kDa band of topo II, decreased between 42% to 48% of control levels. Inhibition of topo II alpha activity in cells exposed to WR-1065 is consistent with the associated observation of WR-1065 mediated cell cycle progression delay and build-up of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Murley
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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24
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van Gool AJ, Citterio E, Rademakers S, van Os R, Vermeulen W, Constantinou A, Egly JM, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH. The Cockayne syndrome B protein, involved in transcription-coupled DNA repair, resides in an RNA polymerase II-containing complex. EMBO J 1997; 16:5955-65. [PMID: 9312053 PMCID: PMC1170226 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/16.19.5955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription-coupled repair (TCR), a subpathway of nucleotide excision repair (NER) defective in Cockayne syndrome A and B (CSA and CSB), is responsible for the preferential removal of DNA lesions from the transcribed strand of active genes, permitting rapid resumption of blocked transcription. Here we demonstrate by microinjection of antibodies against CSB and CSA gene products into living primary fibroblasts, that both proteins are required for TCR and for recovery of RNA synthesis after UV damage in vivo but not for basal transcription itself. Furthermore, immunodepletion showed that CSB is not required for in vitro NER or transcription. Its central role in TCR suggests that CSB interacts with other repair and transcription proteins. Gel filtration of repair- and transcription-competent whole cell extracts provided evidence that CSB and CSA are part of large complexes of different sizes. Unexpectedly, there was no detectable association of CSB with several candidate NER and transcription proteins. However, a minor but significant portion (10-15%) of RNA polymerase II was found to be tightly associated with CSB. We conclude that within cell-free extracts, CSB is not stably associated with the majority of core NER or transcription components, but is part of a distinct complex involving RNA polymerase II. These findings suggest that CSB is implicated in, but not essential for, transcription, and support the idea that Cockayne syndrome is due to a combined repair and transcription deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J van Gool
- MGC Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
The size of supercoiled, topologically constrained DNA domains within the squamous carcinoma cell line SQ-20B were determined by direct comparison with a panel of irradiated supercoiled plasmid DNAs. Loss of supercoiling in plasmids was determined by gel electrophoresis and in cells by nucleoid flow cytometry. Comparison of dose-response data for plasmid relaxation with that obtained from SQ-20B cells enabled a direct estimation of supercoil target size in these cells. Plasmids pUCD9P (3.9 kbp), pXT-1 (10.1 kbp), pdBPV-MMT-neo (14.6 kbp), pRK290 (20.0 kbp), and R6K (38 kbp) were used and analyzed under the same exposure conditions as nucleoid DNA. Two sizes of topologically closed domains were found in nucleoids of 0.51+/-0.17Mbp and 1.34+/-0.3 Mbp. In an attempt to relate these large-scale organizations of DNA with function, cells were exposed to the DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor, VP16 and the G1/S cell cycle blocking agent mimosine. A 1 h exposure to VP16 was effective in reducing DNA synthesis which was associated with a parallel increase in nucleoid supercoiling. Addition of the G1 > S inhibitor mimosine enhanced both responses. It is concluded that chromosomes and interphase nuclei are organized into at least two sizes of topologically constrained domains of DNA which may have functional relevance to the control and execution of DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Khodarev
- Loyola University Medical Center, Dept. of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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26
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Murley JS, Constantinou A, Kamath NS, Grdina DJ. WR‐1065, an active metabolite of the cytoprotector amifostine, affects phosphorylation of topoisomerase IIα leading to changes in enzyme activity and cell cycle progression in CHO AA8 cells. Cell Prolif 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1997.tb00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Murley
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - A. Constantinou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - N. S. Kamath
- Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - D. J. Grdina
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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27
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Krygier A, Murley J, Mehta R, Constantinou A. Induction of human adenocarcinoma cell differentiation by the phytoestrogen genistein is independent of its antiestrogenic function. Int J Oncol 1997; 10:753-7. [PMID: 21533441 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.10.4.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine if genistein can induce human breast adenocarcinoma cell maturation. To gain understanding on its mechanism of action, we used estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) MCF-7, and ER MDA-MB-468 cells. Treating these cells with genistein resulted in growth inhibition accompanied by increased cell maturation, which was evaluated by the production of casein and lipids. These maturation markers were optimally expressed after nine days of treatment with 30 mu M of genistein. Since both ER(+) and ER(-) cells became differentiated, we conclude that the ER is not a component of the genistein-initiated scheme of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krygier
- UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL MED,DEPT SURG ONCOL MC 820,CHICAGO,IL 60612
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28
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Mehta RG, Moriarty RM, Mehta RR, Penmasta R, Lazzaro G, Constantinou A, Guo L. Prevention of preneoplastic mammary lesion development by a novel vitamin D analogue, 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D5. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:212-8. [PMID: 9017001 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.3.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The form of vitamin D (vitamin D3) in fortified milk and the provitamin D produced by the body undergo metabolic activation to a biologically active form, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3]. This compound can induce cell differentiation and can prevent proliferation of cancer cells. However, because 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is hypercalcemic (effective in increasing serum calcium level), it is not suitable for use in cancer prevention or cancer therapy trials. PURPOSE We synthesized a vitamin D5 series analogue, 1alpha-hydroxy, 24-ethyl-cholecalciferol, or 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D5 [1alpha(OH)D5], and evaluated its chemopreventive activity in carcinogen-treated mammary glands in organ culture experiments. METHODS The analogue 1alpha(OH)D5 was synthesized from sitosterol acetate and was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance. Its purity was evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The calcemic activities of vitamin D3 and D5 analogues were determined in vitamin D-deficient Sprague-Dawley rats. Mammary glands of BALB/c mice were placed in organ culture and treated with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to induce preneoplastic lesions. Vitamin D analogues were added to the culture medium at four different concentrations, and formation of mammary lesions was evaluated. The effects of 1alpha(OH)D5 and 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 on the expression of vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were studied by immunohistochemistry. Statistical significance was determined by the chi-squared test. All reported P values were two-sided. RESULTS 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 was fourfold more calcemic than 1alpha(OH)D5 at a dose of 0.042 microg/kg per day in rats. Both 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 1alpha(OH)D5 inhibited the development of DMBA-induced preneoplastic lesions in mouse mammary glands compared with untreated glands. The effect of the vitamin D3 analogue was observed at a much lower concentration (0.01 microM). Treatment with 1alpha(OH)D5 resulted in a dose-related (0.01-10.0 microM) inhibition without any toxicity, whereas the vitamin D3 analogue was highly potent but toxic at concentrations of 1.0 microM or higher. Normal mouse mammary glands poorly express VDR and TGF-beta1; incubation with 1alpha(OH)D5 or 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 dramatically induced their expression. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing the possibility of chemoprevention by a vitamin D5 series compound. We conclude that 1alpha(OH)D5 is less calcemic than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. It is nontoxic at a wide range of concentrations, but it is potent in inhibiting the development of preneoplastic lesions in mammary glands in organ culture. In addition, we show for the first time the induction of TGF-beta1 in normal mammary tissues by a chemopreventive agent. IMPLICATIONS 1alpha(OH)D5 is a good candidate for in vivo chemoprevention studies. It may mediate its action by inducing expression of VDR and of TGF-beta1, as is seen in other systems.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Animals
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Calcium/blood
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hydroxycholecalciferols/pharmacology
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemistry
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Calcitriol/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Calcitriol/drug effects
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/drug effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Mehta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612, USA
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29
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Pectasides D, Mylonakis A, Varthalitis J, Kostopoulou M, Constantinou A, Papazachariou K, Antoniou F, Dimitriadis M, Athanassiou A. Comparison of two different doses of ondansetron plus dexamethasone in the prophylaxis of cisplatin-induced emesis. Oncology 1997; 54:1-6. [PMID: 8978584 DOI: 10.1159/000227651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two different doses of ondansetron (8 mg vs. 24 mg) plus dexamethasone in the prevention of cisplatin (CDDP)-induced emesis and nausea (acute and delayed). The persistence of the anti-emetic efficacy during the second cycle of chemotherapy was also assessed. Eighty patients receiving high-dose CDDP (>80 mg/m2) were randomized to have either ondansetron 8 mg plus dexamethasone 20 mg (8 mg group) or ondansetron 24 mg plus dexamethasone 20 mg (24 mg group), given intravenously as a single dose before the CDDP infusion. From days 2-5, all patients received oral ondansetron 8 mg twice daily. Seventy-five patients (38 in the 8 mg group and 37 in the 24 mg group) were evaluable for analysis. Among these, there were 24 patients who received ifosfamide (IFO) on the 2nd day of treatment; these patients were evaluated separately for delayed emesis. Complete protection from acute emesis was obtained in 26 (68.4%) and 26 (70.3%) patients, in the two groups, respectively. Complete protection against acute nausea was achieved in 23 (60.5%) and 24 (64.9%) patients, respectively. With respect to the delayed emesis, complete protection was achieved in 14 (56%) and 13 (50%) patients not receiving IFO and in 4 (30.8%) and 3 (27.3%) of those receiving IFO. The figures for the delayed nausea were: 12 (48%) and 13 (50%), 2 (15.4%) and 2 (18.2%), respectively. Similar protection against emesis and nausea was recorded during the second cycle of chemotherapy. Both regimens have the same efficacy and thus, taking into account the cost-effectiveness, 8 mg of ondansetron plus dexamethasone in a single intravenous dose should be used for the prevention of high-dose CDDP-induced emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pectasides
- 1st Department of Medical Oncology, Metaxas Memorial Cancer Hospital of Piraeus, Greece
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30
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Ganapathi R, Constantinou A, Kamath N, Dubyak G, Grabowski D, Krivacic K. Resistance to etoposide in human leukemia HL-60 cells: reduction in drug-induced DNA cleavage associated with hypophosphorylation of topoisomerase II phosphopeptides. Mol Pharmacol 1996; 50:243-8. [PMID: 8700130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell resistance to anthracyclines and epipodophyllotoxins can be due to reduced drug accumulation and/or alterations in the activity of topoisomerase II (TOPO II). HL-60 cells selected in 0.05 micrograms/ml doxorubicin (DOX) are 10-fold and > 20-fold resistant to DOX and etoposide (VP-16), respectively. The accumulation of [3H]VP-16 was 2-3-fold lower in the resistant cells (HL-60/DOX 0.05) than in similarly treated parent-sensitive cells (HL-60/S). However, compared with HL-60/S cells, the HL-60/DOX 0.05 cells required > 20-fold higher concentrations of VP-16 to produce equivalent damage to DNA. The reduced formation of VP-16-stabilized DNA cleavable complex in the HL-60/DOX 0.05 cells was not due to differences in the amount of 170-kDa TOPO (alpha) II protein or enzyme catalytic activity between HL-60/S and HL-60/DOX 0.05 cells. Metabolic labeling with [32P]orthophosphoric acid and immunoprecipitation indicated that the level of phosphorylated 170-kDa TOPO II alpha protein in the HL-60-/S cells was 2.2 +/- 0.4-fold higher than that in HL-60/DOX 0.05 cells. Hypophosphorylation (3-fold) of 170-kDa TOPO II protein in HL-60/S cells treated with the calcium chelator 1,2-bis-(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester produced a > 2-fold reduction in VP-16-induced TOPO II-mediated DNA cleavable complex formation. Two-dimensional mapping of phosphopeptides in complete tryptic digests demonstrated that the reduced phosphorylation of the 170-kDa TOPO II alpha in HL-60/DOX 0.05 cells was due to the hypophosphorylation of at least three phosphopeptides characteristic of HL-60/S cells. Thus, the attenuated ability of TOPO II to form drug-stabilized DNA cleavable complex is related to the phosphorylated state of 170-kDa TOPO II, and in HL-60/DOX 0.05 cells, resistance may be related to hypophosphorylation of three phosphopeptides characteristic of HL-60/S cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ganapathi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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31
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Joel SP, Ellis P, O'Byrne K, Papamichael D, Hall M, Penson R, Nicholls S, O'Donnell C, Constantinou A, Woodhull J, Nicholson M, Smith I, Talbot D, Slevin M. Therapeutic monitoring of continuous infusion etoposide in small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:1903-12. [PMID: 8656259 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1996.14.6.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of therapeutic monitoring of etoposide at different plasma concentrations of the drug, and the resulting pharmacodynamic effects of such an approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-nine previously untreated small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients received single-agent etoposide every 3 weeks by continuous infusion over 5 days. Plasma etoposide concentrations were monitored 18 and 66 hours into the infusion to permit dose modification. The first cohort of 15 patients began treatment with etoposide 2 micrograms/mL, with dose escalation to 3 micrograms/mL for cycles 3 and 4 and 4 micrograms/mL for cycles 5 and 6, toxicity permitting. The second cohort of 34 patients commenced at 3 micrograms/mL, with dose escalation to 4 and 5 micrograms/mL on cycles 3 and 5, respectively. RESULTS Mean plasma etoposide concentration during the first treatment cycle was 93.4% +/- 26.6% of the target level at 18 hours (57% of patients within +/- 20% of the target) and 98.9% +/- 14.5% of the target level at 66 hours (82% of patients within +/- 20%). Hematologic toxicity was more pronounced in those treated with 3 micrograms/mL versus 2 micrograms/mL (median nadir neutrophil count, 1.3 v 2.6 x 10(9)/L, P = .032). Tumor responses, typically documented by the third cycle, were similar in each cohort (71% in patients commenced at 2 micrograms/mL and 70% at 3 micrograms/mL). Treatment cohort was not independently predictive of survival. CONCLUSION Therapeutic monitoring of infusional etoposide is feasible and dramatically reduces interpatient pharmacokinetic variability. Although this was a small nonrandomized trial, the observation of different hematologic toxicity at the two starting concentrations but similar antitumor activity further suggests that these effects may be associated with different plasma etoposide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Joel
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London.
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32
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Mehta R, Mehta R, Constantinou A, Moon R. Distribution of epidermal growth-factor receptors in normal and neoplastic mammary tissues. Oncol Rep 1995; 2:281-4. [PMID: 21597726 DOI: 10.3892/or.2.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is considered to be mitogenic for proliferation of mammary glands in animals. The action of EGF is mediated by specific EGF receptors (EFG-R). In the present study, we investigated distribution of EGF receptors during various physiological stages of mammary glands, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumors in rats and human breast cancer samples. EGF receptor concentrations were determined by Scatchard analyses in the membrane fraction of the tissues. Results showed increased EGF receptor levels in the structurally differentiated mammary tissues from pregnant rats; whereas lower concentrations were observed in the functionally differentiated glands from lactating rats. EGF receptors were absent in the majority of the tumors induced by MNU. The loss of EGF receptor was not observed during the first 20 days post carcinogen treatment, but appeared to be correlated with the onset of the tumor. Consistent with the literature, the majority of the steroid receptor positive human breast cancer samples were EGF receptor negative, whereas steroid receptor negative samples contained EGF receptors. These results suggest that the loss of EGF receptors in ovarian hormone dependent mammary tumors does not occur gradually during carcinogenesis but appears to be a characteristic of hormone dependent mammary tumor cells.
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Constantinou A, Mehta R, Runyan C, Rao K, Vaughan A, Moon R. Flavonoids as DNA topoisomerase antagonists and poisons: structure-activity relationships. J Nat Prod 1995; 58:217-25. [PMID: 7769390 DOI: 10.1021/np50116a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Selected flavonoids were tested for their ability to inhibit the catalytic activity of DNA topoisomerase (topo) I and II. Myricetin, quercetin, fisetin, and morin were found to inhibit both enzymes, while phloretin, kaempferol, and 4',6,7-trihydroxyisoflavone inhibited topo II without inhibiting topo I. Flavonoids demonstrating potent topo I and II inhibition required hydroxyl group substitution at the C-3, C-7, C-3', and C-4' positions and also required a keto group at C-4. Additional B-ring hydroxylation enhanced flavonoid topo I inhibitory action. A C-2, C-3 double bond was also required, but when the A ring is opened, the requirement for the double bond was eliminated. Genistein has been previously reported to stabilize the covalent topo II-DNA cleavage complex and thus function as a topo II poison. All flavonoids were tested for their ability to stabilize the cleavage complex between topo I or topo II and DNA. None of the agents stabilized the topo I-DNA cleavage complex, but prunetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin stabilized the topo II DNA-complex. Competition experiments have shown that genistein-induced topo II-mediated DNA cleavage can be inhibited by myricetin, suggesting that both types of inhibitors (antagonists and poisons) interact with the same functional domain of their target enzyme. These results are of use for the selection of flavonoids that can inhibit specific topoisomerases at specific stages of the topoisomerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA
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Mehta RG, Liu J, Constantinou A, Thomas CF, Hawthorne M, You M, Gerhüser C, Pezzuto JM, Moon RC, Moriarty RM. Cancer chemopreventive activity of brassinin, a phytoalexin from cabbage. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16:399-404. [PMID: 7859373 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/16.2.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinin [3-(S-methyldithiocarbamoyl)aminomethyl indole], a phytoalexin first identified as a constituent of cabbage, was synthesized and evaluated for cancer chemopreventive activity. Dose-dependent inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced preneoplastic lesion formation was observed with mouse mammary glands in organ culture, as was dose-dependent inhibition of DMBA-induced mouse skin tumors that were promoted by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cyclobrassinin is a biologically derived product of the oxidative cyclization of brassinin, and was as active as the parent compound in inhibiting the formation of preneoplastic mammary lesions in culture; however, 2-methylbrassinin was not significantly active in this process. Therefore, oxidative cyclization may be an effective metabolic activation step. As judged by these tumor inhibition studies in conjunction with potential to induce phase II enzymes in mice or cell culture, brassinin may be effective as a chemopreventive agent during both the initiation and promotion phases of carcinogenesis. This is the first report documenting the chemopreventive potential of structurally novel indole-based phytoalexins that are naturally occurring in cruciferous vegetables, and the synthetic route described herein has proven amenable for scale-up production. The bifunctional structural nature of brassinin, bearing both an indole nucleus and a dithiocarbamoyl-aminomethyl moiety, is notably similar to the individual structural elements of other known chemopreventive agents such as indole-3-carbinol or benzylisothiocyanate. The favorable biological activity demonstrated by the compound may originate from the presence of these two moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Mehta
- Specialized Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612
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Abstract
Decreased activity of either topoisomerases or tyrosine kinases has been implicated in the differentiation of a number of cell types. It is therefore conceivable that genistein, because of its reported ability to inhibit these activities in vitro, may be an inducer of cellular differentiation. We investigated this possibility in human promyelocytic HL-60 and erythroid K-562 leukemia cells and in human SK-MEL-131 melanoma cells. Our results indicated that genistein, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited cell multiplication and induced cell differentiation. The maturing HL-60 cells acquired granulocytic and monocytic markers. The differentiating K-562 cells stained positively with benzidine, which indicates the production of hemoglobin, an erythroid marker. Following genistein treatment, maturing SK-MEL-131 melanoma cells formed dendrite-like structures and exhibited increased tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Experiments were designed to identify the molecular mechanism of genistein's action. Data from our laboratory suggest that this isoflavone triggers the pathway that leads to cellular differentiation by stabilizing protein-linked DNA strand breakage. Other possible mechanisms reported in the literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612
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Constantinou A, Stoner GD, Mehta R, Rao K, Runyan C, Moon R. The dietary anticancer agent ellagic acid is a potent inhibitor of DNA topoisomerases in vitro. Nutr Cancer 1995; 23:121-30. [PMID: 7644381 DOI: 10.1080/01635589509514368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid and 12 related agents have been tested for their ability to inhibit the activities of human DNA topoisomerase (topo) I and II. Using specific in vitro assays, we found ellagic acid and flavellagic acid to be potent inhibitors of the catalytic activities of the two topoisomerases. The minimum concentration required to inhibit > or = 50% of catalytic activity (IC50) of ellagic acid was determined at 0.6 and 0.7 micrograms/ml for topo I and topo II, respectively. Flavellagic acid's IC50 was determined at 3.0 and 3.6 micrograms/ml for topo I and topo II, respectively. Unlike topoisomerase poisons, these two plant phenols did not trap the enzyme-DNA reaction intermediate, known as the cleavable complex. In contrast, ellagic acid prevented other topo I and topo II poisons from stabilizing the cleavable complex, suggesting that the mode of its action is that of an antagonist. Structure-activity studies identified the 3,3'-hydroxyl groups and the lactone groups as the most essential elements for the topoisomerase inhibitory actions of plant phenols. On the basis of these findings and other properties of ellagic acid, a mechanistic model for the documented anticarcinogenic effects of the agent is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA
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Mehta RG, Liu J, Constantinou A, Hawthorne M, Pezzuto JM, Moon RC, Moriarty RM. Structure-activity relationships of brassinin in preventing the development of carcinogen-induced mammary lesions in organ culture. Anticancer Res 1994; 14:1209-13. [PMID: 8074474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brassinin, a phytoalexin, is found in Chinese cabbage. Previously, we showed that brassinin significantly inhibited dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary lesions in organ culture. Moreover, it was an effective inhibitor against two stage skin carcinogenesis. In the present study, we synthesized several analogs of brassinin and evaluated their effectiveness in the mouse mammary gland organ culture model. Results showed that cyclobrassinin, also a naturally occurring brassinin analog, was more effective than brassinin. Spirobrassinin and N-ethyl-2,3-dihydrobrassinin also significantly inhibited mammary lesion formation. However, none of the methyl substituted analogs were effective. The effects of brassinin may, in part, be mediated by induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes such as quinone reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Mehta
- Specialized Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612
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Grdina DJ, Constantinou A, Shigematsu N, Murley JS. Inhibition of topoisomerase II alpha activity in CHO K1 cells by 2-[(aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol (WR-1065). Radiat Res 1994; 138:44-52. [PMID: 8146299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aminothiol 2-[(aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol (WR-1065) is the active thiol of the clinically studied radioprotective agent S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721). WR-1065 is an effective radiation protector when it is administered 30 min prior to exposure of Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells to radiation (i.e., a dose modification factor of 1.4) at a concentration of 4 mM. Under these exposure conditions, topoisomerase (Topo) I and II alpha activities and associated protein contents were measured in cells of the K1 cell line using the DNA relaxation assay, the P4 unknotting assay and immunoblotting, respectively. WR-1065 was ineffective in modifying Topo I activity, but it did reduce Topo II alpha activity by an average of 50%. The magnitude of Topo II alpha protein content, however, was not affected by these exposure conditions. The effects on the cell cycle were monitored by the method of flow cytometry. Exposure of cells to 4 mM WR-1065 for up to 6 h resulted in a build-up of cells in the G2/M-phase compartment. However, under these conditions and in contrast to Topo II inhibitors used in chemotherapy, WR-1065 is an effective radioprotective agent capable of protecting against both radiation-induced cell lethality and mutagenesis. One of several mechanisms of action attributed to aminothiol compounds such as WR-1065 has been their ability to affect endogenous enzymatic reactions involved in DNA synthesis and repair and progression of cells through the phases of the cell cycle. These results are consistent with such a proposed mechanism and demonstrate in particular a modifying effect by WR-1065 on Topo II, which is involved in DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Grdina
- Center for Mechanistic Biology and Biotechnology, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 60439
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Ganapathi R, Zwelling L, Constantinou A, Ford J, Grabowski D. Altered phosphorylation, biosynthesis and degradation of the 170 kDa isoform of topoisomerase II in amsacrine-resistant human leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 192:1274-80. [PMID: 8389546 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to amsacrine in HL-60/AMSA is 50-100 fold compared to the parental HL-60/S cells. Synthesis and phosphorylation of topoisomerase II (TOPO II) were 2-3 fold lower in HL-60/AMSA compared to HL-60/S cells metabolically labelled with [32P]-orthophosphoric acid or [35S]-L-methionine. Incubating cells in radiolabel-free media following metabolic labelling for 4 hr revealed: (a) dephosphorylation of topoisomerase II at 4 hr was 70% and 20% in HL-60/S and HL-60/AMSA cells, respectively; and (b) degradation of topoisomerase II at 4 hr was 40% and 10% in HL-60/S and HL-60/AMSA cells, respectively, while at 8 hr degradation was 80% and 50% in HL-60/S and HL-60/AMSA cells, respectively. The magnitude of topoisomerase II band depletion in immunoprecipitates of amsacrine-treated cells labelled with [35S]-L-methionine or [32P]-orthophosphoric acid, correlated with the differential amsacrine sensitivity of HL-60/S and HL-60/AMSA cells, suggesting that the amount of newly synthesized and phosphorylated topoisomerase II may be contributing to amsacrine resistance. Thus, the attenuated synthesis and phosphorylation of TOPO II in HL-60/AMSA may contribute to the resistance of these cells to amsacrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ganapathi
- Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195
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Constantinou A, Grdina D, Kiguchi K, Huberman E. The effect of topoisomerase inhibitors on the expression of differentiation markers and cell cycle progression in human K-562 leukemia cells. Exp Cell Res 1992; 203:100-6. [PMID: 1330653 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of human K-562-J leukemia cells for 1 h with the topoisomerase II-reactive drugs VP-16, VM-26, or mAMSA resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation and in an increase in the percentage of cells staining positive for hemoglobin, a marker of erythroid differentiation. Staining for hemoglobin of up to about 60% of the cells was observed at 20 microM VP-16, 1 microM VM-26, and 8 microM mAMSA. Such treatment also caused a G2/M arrest in the cell cycle. Incubation of the cells with radiolabeled VP-16 indicated that the induced erythroid differentiation was not due to continuous cell exposure to a residual amount of the drug. VP-16-induced erythroid differentiation was also not affected by DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis inhibitors. Differentiation induction and the G2/M arrest evoked by VP-16, VM-26, and mAMSA were, however, reduced in the presence of novobiocin. Our results indicate that topo-reactive drugs that cause G2/M arrest in the K-562-J cell cycle can induce in these cells erythroid differentiation after a short and irreversible interaction with their target molecule(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Biological and Medical Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60436-4833
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Ganapathi R, Kamath N, Constantinou A, Grabowski D, Ford J, Anderson A. Effect of the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine on phosphorylation of P-glycoprotein and topoisomerase II: relationship to modulation of subcellular distribution, DNA damage and cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in multidrug resistant L1210 mouse leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41:R21-6. [PMID: 1674871 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90115-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The results from the present study using the sensitive and progressively DOX resistant L1210 model system demonstrated that the effects of TFP are not due to redistribution of DOX to the nucleus, and modulation of cytotoxicity is related to effects on DOX-induced DNA strand breaks. Although TFP affects phosphorylation of PGP and TOPO II (R2 greater than R1), the comparable DNA strand breaks at lower DOX levels with TFP in the resistant sublines suggest that modulation of TOPO II function related to drug-induced DNA damage by calmodulin-mediated events may be an important mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ganapathi
- Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195
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Constantinou A, Kiguchi K, Huberman E. Induction of differentiation and DNA strand breakage in human HL-60 and K-562 leukemia cells by genistein. Cancer Res 1990; 50:2618-24. [PMID: 2158395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, an in vitro inhibitor of topoisomerase II and tyrosine kinases, suppressed growth and induced differentiation in HL-205 cells, a clonal population of the human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cells, and in K-562-J cells, a clonal population of the human erythroid K-562 leukemia cells. Maturing HL-205 cells acquired either granulocytic or monocytic markers, namely, reactivity with the murine OKM1 monoclonal antibody, expression of nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, and staining for nonspecific esterase. The maturing K-562-J cells stained with benzidine, which indicates the presence of hemoglobin, an erythroid maturation marker. Although the acquisition of the maturation markers in both HL-205 and K-562-J cells was time dependent up to 6 days, the kinetics of this induction differed between the two cell types. Despite the in vitro inhibitory effect of genistein, treatment of either HL-205 or K-562-J cells with 150 micrograms/ml genistein for up to 16 h did not alter topoisomerase II activity (as determined by the unknotting assay) in their nuclear extracts. Analysis with the anti-phosphotyrosine PY-20 murine monoclonal antibody indicated that treatment of K-562-J cells with genistein decreased the reactivity of the antibody with two of the cellular proteins. However, no reactivity with the PY-20 antibody was detected in untreated or genistein-treated HL-205 cells. An early event in the HL-205 and K-562-J cells, occurring after only 1 h of treatment with 30-200 micrograms/ml genistein, was the induction of DNA damage as measured by an alkaline elution assay. This damage may be a contributing factor in the genistein-induced cell differentiation in the HL-205 and K-562-J cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Biological and Medical Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439
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Constantinou A, Henning-Chubb C, Huberman E. Novobiocin- and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced differentiation of human leukemia cells associated with a reduction in topoisomerase II activity. Cancer Res 1989; 49:1110-7. [PMID: 2537141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the possible involvement of DNA topoisomerase II (Topo II) in the induction of differentiation in two human promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cell variants that are either susceptible or resistant to differentiation induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator. The acquisition of maturation markers and changes in the activity, level, and phosphorylation of Topo II were determined after treatment with either novobiocin, a Topo II inhibitor, or PMA. Novobiocin at 50-150 microM induced differentiation in the HL-205 cells but not in the HL-525 cells, although both cell types were equally susceptible to novobiocin-evoked cytotoxicity. In both cell types, novobiocin induced similar reductions in topoisomerase I activity but different reductions in Topo II activity. Treatment with novobiocin at 150 microM for 6 h or at 2 mM for 30 min resulted in a 4-fold or higher reduction in Topo II activity in the differentiation-susceptible HL-205 cells but not in the differentiation-resistant HL-525 cells. A differential response in Topo II activity was also observed after treatment with PMA. The novobiocin-evoked decrease in Topo II activity seems to be due to an enhanced enzyme proteolysis, whereas the PMA-elicited decrease in Topo II activity is associated with an increase in Topo II phosphorylation. 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, which is an inhibitor of protein kinases, including protein kinase C, diminished the novobiocin-elicited proteolysis of Topo II and the PMA-induced Topo II phosphorylation, as well as the decrease in Topo II activity and the acquisition of differentiation markers induced by either novobiocin or PMA. These results suggest that induction of differentiation in HL-60 cells by novobiocin or PMA is associated with a reduction in Topo II activity, mediated directly or indirectly by a protein kinase(s), perhaps protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Medical Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 60439
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Constantinou A, Louca A, Mavrogenis AP. The effect of the gene for polledness on conception rate and litter size in the Damascus goat. Genetics Selection Evolution 1981; 13:111-8. [PMID: 22896193 PMCID: PMC2717987 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-13-2-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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